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Nkuku Fononoo mu Ogya, Dade a Wɔabɔ no Nsu a Ɛpae, ne Adwumayɛbea Fononoo Ahobammɔ

Ɛsono dodow a wɔde ma ntɛm ara wɔ ɔman biara mu. Kratafa yi de 911, nɔma a wɔde ma United States ne Canada na edi dwuma. Aman afoforo pii de 112, 999, anaa nɔma foforo di dwuma. Hwehwɛ nɔma a ɛwɔ wo man mu.

Nkukuo a wɔde dade gu wɔ akyi, nkuku a wɔde dɔte ayɛ, ne adwumayɛbea a wɔde ahwehwɛ afrafra yɛ adwuma wɔ mfiridwuma mu hyew a ano yɛ den a ɛyɛ 660 kosi 1,350 digrii Celsius (1,220 ne 2,460 digrii Fahrenheit). Wɔ ofie anaa sukuu adwumayɛbea a wɔde aluminium, kɔbere, kɔbere, anaa dade a wɔabɔ no nwene wɔ propane anaa anyinam ahoɔden fononoo mu no, asiane biako pɛ a ɛyɛ hu sen biara ne dade a wɔabɔ no nsuonwini a ɛpae. Sɛ wɔde nsuo a ɛyɛ nsuo, anɔpa bosuo, fifiri, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwunu, anaa dadeɛ a ɛyɛ nwini adwinnadeɛ a ɛyɛ nwini gu aluminium a wɔanwene (660+ digrii Celsius / 1,220+ digrii Fahrenheit) anaa kɔbere a ayɛ nwini (1,050+ digrii Celsius / 1,920+ digrii Fahrenheit) ani ase a, ɛno yɛ microscopic nsu a ɛtɔ gu fam a ɛtɔ gu fam no hyerɛn ntɛm ara kɔ nsu a ɛyɛ hyew kɛse mu na ɛtrɛw kɔ ne mfitiase nsu dodow mmɔho 1,600 kosi 3,500 wɔ nea ennu milisekɔn biako mu. Nsuonwini a ɛpae a ɛboro nnyigyei so a efi mu ba no bɔ ahina no mu nneɛma nyinaa kɔ wim tẽẽ te sɛ ogya bepɔw a ɛpae, na ɛde dade a ɛyɛ nsu a ɛyɛ fitaa a ɛyɛ hyew gu nea ɔde di dwuma no ne ɔdan no atifi a ɛma ɔdan no hyew ntɛm ara na ne kɛse yɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ (a ɛto so abiɛsa ne anan) na ɛhyew.

Bere koro no ara mu no, anyinam ahoɔden ne gas nkuku ne ahwehwɛ fononoo de anifere kwan so ɔhyew guan, awuduru a wɔhome, ne aniwa mframa a egye ntɛmpɛ ba. Wɔ anyinam ahoɔden fononoo a wɔde dɔte ayɛ a wɔde nhama abɔ 240-volt, 40-to-60-ampere circuit mu no, mfiri a ɛma anyinam ahoɔden a ɛma ɔhyew nneɛma no yɛ adwuma na ɛdum no betumi weld wɔn mu nkitahodi ahorow no atoto, na ɛma fononoo no bu n’ani gu ne dijitaal controller no so na ɛforo kɔ soro a ennyae atwa 1,300 degrees Celsius (2,370 degrees). Fahrenheit) kosi sɛ dɔte nneɛma no bɛyow ayɛ ɔtare a ɛyɛ ogyaframa, ogya birikisi fam no bɛhyew, na studio afasu a ɛbɛn hɔ no paee ogya. Sɛ wɔhyew dɔte nipadua ne glazes wɔ dan mu a wonni fononoo mu mframa a ɛyɛ nnam a wɔatu ho ama nso a, ɛma carbon monoxide (\(\text{CO}\)), sulfur dioxide (\(\text{SO}_2\)), hydrofluoric acid (\(\text{HF}\)) gas, ne dade a emu yɛ duru a ayɛ hyew (kɔbere, cadmium, barium, manganese, ne cobalt), bere a ɛhwɛ mu mpɛn pii no spyholes a ɛhyerɛn a enni aniwa a ɛsiw infrared ano no de retina ne lens a ɛboaboa ano sɛe (glassblower’s / infrared cataracts). Nim a wunim sɛnea wobɛto fononoo a aguan afi anyinam ahoɔden a wɔatwa mu titiriw no mu, atra ase na woasa dade a ayɛ hyew a ɛrehyew a wɔmfa nsu nhyɛ ahina a ɛte ase mu, na wɔayi fononoo mu wusiw a awuduru wom afi mu no gye nkwa ne studio ahorow.

Yɛ eyi mprempren

  1. MMFA nsuo, ahurututu, anaa nsuo-toa-afiri a wɔde dum gya ngu ahina a dade a wɔanwene wom so anaasɛ anyinam ahoɔden fononoo a ɛhyerɛn mu da. Sɛ wode nsuo a ɛyɛ nsuo gu aluminium, kɔbere, anaa dadeɛ a ayow so a, ɛkanyan 1,600-to-1 steam explosion a ɛyɛ hu a ɛma dade a ɛyɛ nsuo a ɛyɛ fitaa a ɛyɛ hyew fa dan no mu; ma dade a wɔahwie agu no nwini nwini wɔ kɔnkrit a ayow so wɔ awosu mu anaasɛ fa ahwɛyiye sie no denam anhwea a wɔde yɛ nnompe a ɛyɛ nnompe anaasɛ Class D dry powder aduru so.
  2. Tow akyirikyiri ɔfasu no mu anyinam ahoɔden a ɛtwa mu no gu anaasɛ to abɔnten propane tank valve no mu NTAM ara sɛ nkuku fononoo bi tɔ ogya boro so (runaway relay) anaasɛ fononoo a wɔde yɛ fononoo bi mu nsu fi mu a. Sɛ anyinam ahoɔden fononoo mu ɔhyew nneɛma kɔ so yɛ dede na ɛhyerɛn fitaa-hyew bere a dijitaal controller no aka sɛ "OFF" anaa "ERR" akyi a, mfiri relay bi ayɛ welded shut ahoɔden a wotwa wɔ circuit breaker titiriw no so ne ɔkwan biako pɛ a wobɛfa so asiw ɔhyew nneɛma no ano.
  3. Sɛ dade a ayow petepete ntade, mpaboa, anaa honam ani a, TEtew atade/boot a ɛrehyew anaasɛ wɔde dade a ayow ayɛ no ntɛm ara, afei fa tap nsu a ɛyɛ nwini hohoro were a ahyew no ho simma 20 a edi mũ. Sɛ nea wɔakum no no twe ne ho fi ahina no ho dwoodwoo pɛ a, nsu a ɛsen pii a wode bɛhyɛ honam ani no yɛ nea ahobammɔ wom koraa na ɛyɛ ahyɛde (gye sɛ dade a ɛyɛ adwuma na ɛyɛ adwuma sodium/potassium/magnesium powder a wɔde hyew gya). Mfa dade a ayɛ den mfi nam a ayɛ hyew mu da; hwɛ ɔhyew.
  4. Ma nkukuo fononoo a wɔahyew boro so anaa wusiw rehyew ano no TO MU bere a ɛredwo. Mma ntow dɔte fononoo a ɛyɛ fitaa a ɛyɛ hyew 1,200 °C (2,200 °F) ano a emu yɛ duru no mmue da bere a ogya retɔ guan anaasɛ studio; sɛ wubue anoano no a, ɛma ɔhyew a ɛbɔ w’ani a ɛyɛ anifurae a ɛboro 1,000 degrees Celsius kɔ w’anim ne w’anim tẽẽ, na ɛhyew nnua a ɛwɔ soro no ntɛm ara.
  5. Tu fi ɔdan no mu ntɛm ara na kɔ abɔnten mframa pa mu sɛ fononoo anaa fononoo bi ma wusiw a ɛyɛ nwini, sulfur a aporɔw/ahyew-match hua, anaasɛ ɛkanyan carbon monoxide alarm. Ceramic bisque ne glaze firings ma carbon monoxide, corrosive sulfur dioxide, ne hydrogen fluoride fi adi; frɛ wo mpɔtam hɔ nɔma a egye ntɛmpɛ (911 wɔ United States ne Canada, 112 wɔ Europa Aman Nkabom no nyinaa mu, 999 wɔ United Kingdom) sɛ obi ti yɛ no yaw, ne ti yɛ no yaw, ne moma so yɛ no yaw, anaasɛ ɔfe a; hwɛ nɔma ahorow a egye ntɛmpɛ na hwɛ carbon monoxide a wɔde yɛ adwuma.
  6. Sɛ silicon carbide anaa dɔte-graphite ahina bi mu paapae na ɛtow dade a ayow gu kɔnkrit fam a ɛyɛ nsu so a, TU TU KƆKƆE wɔ kataso a ɛyɛ den akyi ntɛm ara. Nsu a ɛwɔ ntini mu a akyea ne nsu a wɔde yɛ nsu a wɔde nnuru akyekyere wɔ kɔnkrit mu; dade a ayow a ɛboaboa ano wɔ kɔnkrit a ɛda hɔ kwa so no yɛ nsu a ɛyɛ nwini kɔ kotoku a nsuonwini a ɛwɔ nhyɛso kɛse mu a ɛpae kɔnkrit ne dade a ɛyɛ nsu asinasin na ɛpae kɔ soro te sɛ atopae a wɔtow simma pii.
flowchart TD
    Start["Kiln, Foundry, anaa Ceramic Studio a Ɛho Hia Ntɛmntɛm"] --> EmergencyType{"Egye ntɛmpɛ bɛn na ɛrekɔ so?"}
    EmergencyType -->|"Molten Metal Steam a Ɛpae anaasɛ Crucible a Ɛhwie Gu"| Foundry["1. Dum propane hyew mu pɛtro valve anaa anyinam ahoɔden fononoo a ɛbubu<br/>2. MFA nsuo npetepete dadeɛ a ayɛ nwini so wɔ ahina mu anaa fam DA<br/>3. Tu kɔ akyirikyiri fi kɔnkrit spalling a ɛpae<br/>4. Rip off splashed boots/clothing na cool skin hyew wɔ tap nsu ase 20 min"]
    EmergencyType -->|"Nkuku Fononoo a Wɔde Ogya Tow (Stuck Relay) anaa Studio Ogya"| KilnFire["1. OFF main 240V wall breaker anaa yi 50A furn cord<br/>2. Dum gas a wɔde ma no valve a ɛwɔ gas/raku fononoo so<br/>3. MA KILN LID TO MU na ama 1,200 °C hyew a ɛhyerɛn akɔ ogya birikisi mu<br/>4. Fa ABC/CO2 dum gya di dwuma wɔ abɔnten nnua/shelf ogya so NKUTOO; frɛ 911/112/999"]
    EmergencyType -->|"Kiln Glaze/Bisque Wusiw a Wɔhome anaa CO Alarm"| Fumes["1. Tu studio no kɔ abɔnten mframa pa mu ntɛm ara<br/>2. Dum fononoo no wɔ akyirikyiri sɛ ahobammɔ wɔ a na bue abɔnten bay apon<br/>3. Hwɛ sɛ ahurututu mu edema a ɛkyɛ fi SO2 / HF / Cadmium wusiw<br/>4. Frɛ 911 / 112 / 999 na woanya oxygen ne ayaresabea nhwehwɛmu"]

Dade a ayow nsu a ɛpae ne crucible huammɔdi wɔ foundry no mu

Abɔde mu nneɛma a ɛyɛ hu a ɛfa nsu a ɛyɛ hyew a ɛpae a ɛyɛ hu ho

Wɔ dade a wɔde gu mu mu no, aluminium nwene wɔ digrii Celsius 660 (digrii Fahrenheit 1,220) na wɔtaa hwie gu ** digrii Celsius 700 kosi 760 (digrii Fahrenheit 1,300 kosi 1,400)**, bere a wohwie kɔbere ne kɔbere gu wɔ digrii Celsius 1,000 kosi 1,150 (1,830 kosi 2,100 digrii Fahrenheit) ne dade a wɔagu a ɛyɛ 1,350+ digrii Celsius (2,460+ digrii Fahrenheit).

Sɛ wɔde nsuo a ɛyɛ nsuo ba wɔ akwanhyia mu wɔ dadeɛ a ɛyɛ hyeɛ so a, ɛsaw fa nsuo no ani a asiane biara nni ho wɔ nsuo a ɛyɛ hyew (Leidenfrost nkɛntɛnsoɔ) so na ɛyɛ nwini kɔ soro. Nanso, sɛ wɔde nsu gram biako (a ɛtɔ ketewaa biako) mpo kɔ dade a wɔabɔ no ani ase a, honam fam nsakrae a ɛyɛ basabasa a ɛpae ba:

  1. Instantaneous superheating and 1,600x volumetric expansion: Sɛ wɔde nsuo gu dade a ɛyɛ duru nsuo ase wɔ 750 kɔsi 1,200 °C a, nsuo hyerɛn firi nsuo mu kɔ nsuo a ɛyɛ hyew mu wɔ microseconds mu. Sɛ nsuo bow wɔ wim 100 °C a, ɛtrɛw mmere 1,600 wɔ ne kɛse mu; sɛ ɛyɛ hyew dodo kodu 750 °C wɔ aluminium a wɔabɔ no mu a, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ saa nsu a ɛyɛ hyew no trɛw bɛboro mpɛn 3,500 wɔ ne kɛse mu ntɛm ara.
  2. Acoustic shockwave fragmentation: Steam bubble a ɛretrɛw no bubu nsu dade a atwa ho ahyia no mu ma ɛbɛyɛ ɔpepem pii a ɛwɔ soro-beae nsuo, na ɛde ɔhyew kɔ ntɛmntɛm mpo wɔ vapor explosion a ɛma ne ho yɛ kɛse a ɛma crucible a emu duru yɛ kilogram 10 (22-pound) no da mpan kɔ ɔdan atifi ne afasu so wɔ sikɔne 0.05 mu.

Nneɛma a ɛtaa de akyi ne mfiridwuma mu nneɛma a wɔde yɛ nneɛma a ɛpae ba

Nsuo anaa Nnuru Fibea Sɛnea Ɛhyɛn Molten Melt no mu Nea Enti a Ɛpae Mmara a Wɔde Siw Ano
Ingots a ɛyɛ nwini anaasɛ wɔanhyɛ da ayɛ hyew / Scrap Metal Caster de aluminum ingot a ɛyɛ nwini, anonne toa a wɔaboaboa ano, anaa nea wɔsɛe no fã bi gu dade ɔtare a ayɛ dedaw mu tẽẽ denam tongs so Wɔ da a owia bɔ kɛse mpo no, dade a ɛyɛ nwini kura wim nsu a wɔagye, anɔpa bosu, anaasɛ aluminium oxide/rust a nsu wom (\(\text{Fe}_2\text{O}_3\cdot\text{H}_2\text{O}\)) a aniwa nhu wɔ ne soro ne microscopic pores mu BERE BIARA, di kan yɛ ingot biara, nneɛma a wɔabubu no asinasin, skimmer, ne shank a wɔde hwie gu fononoo no ano no so hyew simma 10 kosi 15 kosi sɛ ɛbɛboro 150 kosi 200 °C (300 kosi 400 °F) ansa na wode ahyɛ dade a wɔabɔ mu
Hollow Sealed Scrap, Nsã Nkotoku, anaa Pistons Soda nkotoku a wɔabubu a wɔde nsu a ɛyɛ fĩ a akyea, dade nsukorade a ɛyɛ tokuru, nsu a wɔde hyɛ mu, anaa piston a wɔagu a emu abura wom a wɔde bɛbɔ Nsu a ɛyɛ nsu, ngo, anaa mframa a akyea wɔ abura a wɔatoto mu mu no ntumi nguan kosi sɛ akyi ɔfasu no bɛyow wɔ nsu no ase, na ama mframa/nsuonwini ɔtopae a ɛwɔ asase ase a ɛyɛ nhyɛso kɛse afi hɔ Mfa nneɛma a wɔatoto mu a ɛyɛ tokuru, anonne nkotoku a ɛyɛ nsu, anaa nneɛma a srade wom nhyɛ nan ase a ayɛ nwini mu da; drill drain holes na tow dry kan
Wet Green-Sand Nkuku anaa Nsuo Ingot Nkuku Dade a wɔabɔ no a wobɛhwie agu dade a wɔde ayɛ muffin tin/ingot nkuku a wɔanhyew mu a nsu a ɛyɛ nwini wom mu, anaasɛ wɔde gu anhwea ahabammono a nsu dɔɔso dodo anaasɛ nsu a ɛyɛ hyew a wɔasiw mu Nsu a ɛyɛ hyew a ɛba dade a wɔahwie a emu yɛ duru no ase no ntumi mfa dade nkuku a entumi nkɔ mu no ase mfi mu na ɛbɔ dade a wɔabɔ no tẽẽ fi sprue a ɛrehwie agu no mu kɔ caster no anim Di kan yɛ dade ingot nkuku no hyew kosi sɛ nnompe bɛyow na sɛ woka a, ɛbɛyɛ hyew; yi anhwea nkuku mu mframa yiye na ennyina sprue a ɛrehwie gu so tẽẽ da
Molten Spill wɔ Bare Concrete Fam Crucible mpaapaemu anaa tongs twetwe, hwie dade a ayow gu kar dan mu kɔnkrit apon so Kɔnkreti kura 3% kosi 6% nsu a enni mu na wɔde nnuru akyekyere; ɔhyew a ano yɛ den dan nsu a ɛwɔ asase ase no ma ɛbɛyɛ nsu a ɛyɛ hyew kɛse a ɛpaapae kɔnkrit a wɔde ayɛ no na ɛtow kɔnkrit ne dade a ɛyɛ fitaa a ɛyɛ hyew kɔ soro Mfa fononoo a wɔde yɛ fononoo nsi hɔ da anaasɛ nhwie dade a ayow ngu kɔnkrit a ɛda hɔ kwa so da; bere nyinaa yɛ adwuma wɔ mpa a ne kɛse yɛ sɛntimita 5 kosi 10 (nsateakwaa 2 kosi 4) a wɔde anhwea a ɛyɛ dry foundry anaa efĩ ayɛ so

Danger

Mfa dade ntow anaa nnwow wɔ kɔnkrit kar kwan a ɛda hɔ kwa, kar dan fam, anaa abrannaa so da. Sɛ dɔte-graphite anaa silicon carbide ahina bi mu paapae wɔ digrii Celsius 1,000 mu na ɛhwie kɔbere anaa aluminium a wɔanwene kilogram 5 gu kɔnkrit so a, kɔnkrit fam no befi ase apae wɔ atɛkyɛ no ase wɔ sikɔne 2 kosi 5 mu, na abɔ kɔnkrit asinasin ne dade a ɛyɛ nsu no akɔ wo nan, wo srɛ, ne w’ani mu tẽẽ. Bere nyinaa fa wo fononoo ne adaka a wode nkuku gu mu no hyɛ dade anhwea adaka kɛse bi a anyɛ yiye koraa no anhwea a ɛyɛ sɛntimita 5 kosi 10 (nsateakwaa 2 kosi 4) a ɛyɛ nnompe a ɛyɛ nnompe ahyɛ mu ma mu.

Mmoa a edi kan a wɔde ma anammɔn anammɔn ma dade a wɔabɔ no apetepete ɔhyew ne ogya a ɛtɔ wɔ foundry mu

1. Foundry scene a wobedi so a ɛrenkanyan ɔtopae a ɛto so abien

  1. Dum pɛtro anaa anyinam ahoɔden a wɔde ma no ntɛm ara: To valve a ɛwɔ propane cylinder no mu (a ɛwɔ mframa a ɛkɔ soro na ɛne fononoo no ntam kwan ware) anaasɛ dane anyinam ahoɔden fononoo a ɛbubu no.
  2. Sɛ dade a wɔabɔ no ahwie agu fam anaasɛ asɔ nnua/kaadboard a ɛbɛn hɔ a:
  3. MMFA nsuo hose, wet mop, anaa nsuo/foam dum afiri nni dwuma wɔ baabiara a ɛbɛn crucible anaa pooled molten metal.
  4. Sɛ dade a ayow no te anhwea mpa a ayow so a, gyaw no ma ɛnyɛ den na ɛnnwo (ma obiara nkɔ akyi bere a ɛma ɔhyew a ano yɛ den a ɛwɔ infrared ba no). Sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ womene nsuo a agugu mu anaa dadeɛ ogya ketewa bi a ɛtumi hyew a, fa nhwea a ɛyɛ nnompe a ɛyow foundry sand, nkyene a ɛyɛ dry, anaa Class D dry powder gu so brɛoo a ɛnpetepete so.
  5. Fa nnuru a ɛyɛ dry (ABC) anaa \(\text{CO}_2\) ogya dum afiri nkutoo di dwuma wɔ nnua adwumayɛ benkyi anaa afasu a ɛrehyew so a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri fi nsu dade ɔtare no ho.

2. Dade a ayɛ hyew a ɛka honam ani, nan, ne aniwa ho hyew a wɔsa

Aluminium a wɔanwene (660+ °C) ne kɔbere (1,050+ °C) kura ɔhyew a ɛwɔ ɔhyew mu (ɔhyew a ahintaw a efi fusion mu a wɔde ɔhyew pɔtee bi ka ho) sen nsu a wɔnoa anaa ngo a ɛyɛ hyew a wɔde noa aduan:

  1. Sɛ dade a ayɛ nwini petepete mu a, tetew mpaboa, nsateaa, anaa ntade mu ntɛm ara:
  2. Foundry opira a ɛtaa di dɛm a ɛma obi di dɛm no ba bere a dade a wɔabɔ no apetepete adwuma mpaboa a wɔde hama ayɛ so anaasɛ ɛhwe ase wɔ mpaboa anaa gauntlet glove nsateaa so, na ɛhyew tẽẽ fa nan no atifi (dorsum) kɔ extensor ntini ne tarsal nnompe no mu no.
  3. Twe boot anaa glove no wɔ nea ennu sikani 2 mu (ɛno nti na ɛsɛ sɛ foundry adwumayɛfo hyɛ elastic-sided slip-on leather Congress gaiter boots wɔ spats a ogya ntumi nhyew ase sen sɛ wɔde laced boots bɛhyɛ).
  4. Sɛ dade a ayɛ hyew ahyew afa ntade mu na ayɛ den tẽẽ akɔ honam ani a emu dɔ na ayɛ hyew a, ntetew were a ɛbata ho, na mmom twa ntama a atwa ho ahyia a ɛrehyew wusiw no nyinaa ntɛm ara.
  5. Fhohoro ɔyarefo no were a ahyew no wɔ tap nsu a ɛyɛ nwini ase simma 20 mũ nyinaa:
  6. Sɛ wɔtwe nea wɔayɛ no bɔne no fi fononoo no mu wie a, ntɛm ara fa tap nsu a ɛyɛ nwini a ɛretu no ma ɔhyew a ɛwɔ wɔn nipadua so no nnwo simma 20 a ɛkɔ so; hwɛ ɔhyew. (Bere a ɛnsɛ sɛ wode nsu gu dade a wɔabɔ no ahina mu da no, tap mu nsu a ɛreworo so a wode bɛpete dade ketewaa bi a ɛrepete onipa akwaa so no ho hia na ama woatwe ɔhyew ahoɔden a aka a ano yɛ den no na ama ntini a emu dɔ asɛe no agyae.)
  7. Nnyigye dade asinasin a ɛyɛ den mfi ɔbotan hyew a emu dɔ a ne kɛse yɛ pɛ mu da:
  8. Mpɛn pii no, dade a ayow a ɛhyew no ma ɛyɛ ɔbotan a ayɛ mmerɛw, ayɛ hyew, na ɛte sɛ aboa nhoma a aluminium anaa kɔbere bɔton a ayɛ nwini a wɔde abɔ ntini no mu. Fa dade no so nnwo pɛɛ wɔ nsu a ɛreworo so ase simma 20, fa afiri a wɔde kyekyere nneɛma a nkwa nnim anaasɛ ade a ɛho tew a ɛnyɛ nea ɛbata ho kata so yiye, na ma nnuruyɛfo a wɔyɛ oprehyɛn a wɔyɛ hyew no nyi dade no mfi ayaresabea hɔ.
  9. Dade a ayɛ nwini anaasɛ slag a ɛyɛ hyew wɔ aniwa mu:
  10. Fa nkyene a ɛnyɛ den a ɛyɛ nwini anaa tap nsu a ɛho tew a ɛyɛ hyew hohoro aniwa no ntɛm ara na fa simma 15, mmɔ mmɔden da sɛ wode tweezers bɛma dade a ayɛ den a wɔatow afi ani no so, fa kyɛm a ɛyɛ den kata aniwa abien no nyinaa so wɔ aniwa a apira no so, na frɛ 911 / 112 / 999; hwɛ aniwa mu apirakuru.

Nkuku ne ahwehwɛ fononoo mu tebea horow a egye ntɛmpɛ: Relay ahorow a guan, ogya a ɛtɔ wɔ studio, ne wusiw a awuduru wom

Sɛnea anyinam ahoɔden nkuku fononoo hyɛn "Thermal Runaway" (Stuck Relay Failure) .

Nnɛyi anyinam ahoɔden fononoo a wɔde kɔmputa di dwuma a wɔde dɔte ayɛ di dwuma de ɔhyew a ɛwɔ volt 240 (anaasɛ 208/400-volt three-phase) a wɔde sɔ na dum mpɛn mpempem pii wɔ nnɔnhwerew 10 a wɔde mfiri electromagnetic relays rehyew no mu di dwuma. Wɔ ɔhaha pii a wɔtow tuo so no, anyinam ahoɔden arcing pits dwetɛ-alloy contacts no mu relay kosi sɛ relay contacts no weld wɔn ho daa bom.

Sɛ relay welds to mu (anaasɛ bere a kiln sitter mfiri cone nwene a ɛntow weight claw no, anaasɛ thermocouple twe fã bi fi birikisi fasu no mu ma ɛkenkan artificially cool):

  1. Digital controller no ntumi nsiw ɔhyew no ano: Ɛwom mpo sɛ digital controller screen no hyerɛn an FTL (Wɔtow Tuo Bere Tenten Dodo), . ERR1, anaasɛ TC mfomso koodu na ɛhyɛ fononoo no sɛ dum, anyinam ahoɔden kɔ so sen tẽẽ fa welded relay contacts no mu kɔ ɔhyew nneɛma no mu wɔ 100% tumi.
  2. Ceramic meltdown ne firebrick breach: Bere a emu hyew kɔ soro twa Cone 10 (1,300 degrees Celsius / 2,370 degrees Fahrenheit) kɔ 1,400+ degrees Celsius (2,550+ degrees Fahrenheit) no, dɔte nkuku a ogya sua anaasɛ ɛwɔ mfinimfini na ɛma ɛyɛ hyew ma ɛbɛyɛ nsu a ɛrefɔw silicate lava a ɛsen fi fononoo no so kɔ ogya birikisi a ɛwɔ ase no fam, na ɛma ogya birikisi a ɛmma mframa nkɔ mu a ɛwɔ abon no mu tew na ɛma dɔte a wɔayam no fa dade ase kyɛnsee no mu kɔ nnua anaa vinyl fam a ɛwɔ ase hɔ no so.

Anamɔn biara mmuae wɔ nkuku fononoo anaa fononoo dan mu ogya a ɛrehyew boro so ho

  1. Twa anyinam ahoɔden titiriw wɔ ɔfasu breaker no so anaasɛ yi 50A range/kiln plug a emu yɛ duru no NTAM:
  2. Sɛ wobɔ "STOP" wɔ kiln no digital keypad no so a, ɛnyɛ biribiara sɛ wɔde welded relay no to mu a.
  3. Kɔ ntɛm ara kɔ ɔfasu so disconnect switch anaa main circuit breaker panel na dannan kiln breaker no kɔ OFF (anaasɛ twe 240V plug a emu yɛ duru no fi ɔfasuo receptacle no mu denam dry leather glove so sɛ arcing biara nni outlet no so a).
  4. Sɛ wopɛ gas-fired anaa abɔnten raku fononoo a, to propane cylinder valve titiriw anaa natural gas quarter-turn shutoff valve no mu ntɛm ara.
  5. MA KILN LID NE PONO NO MU YIYE:
  6. Mmue fononoo a ɛyɛ hyew fitaa anaa borɔdɔma a ɛhyerɛn no ano da na "ma ɔhyew no nkɔ." Wɔayɛ ogya birikisi afasu a ɛyɛ milimita 65 kosi 75 (nsateakwaa 2.5 kosi 3) a ɛmma ogya ntumi nhyew no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɔhyew a ɛyɛ 1,300 °C betumi akɔ mu dwoodwoo wɔ dan no mu. Sɛ wubue anoano no a, ɛma ɔhyew a ɛyɛ hyew a ɛyɛ infrared a ɛhyerɛn ne mframa a ɛyɛ hyew dodo a ɛyɛ adum a wontumi nnyina ano a ɛhyew ɔdan atifi drywall/joists a ɛwɔ soro no ntɛm ara, bubu w’aniwa ahwehwɛ no, na ɛma w’anim ne mframa kwan mu hyew kɛse.
  7. Gyae ceramic peephole plugs nketewa no mpo sɛ wɔde ahyɛ mu sɛ ogyaframa anaa ɔhyew a ano yɛ den a ɛhyerɛn reto tuo afi akwansrafo ntokuru no mu akɔ afasu a ɛbɛn hɔ no so a.
  8. Popa nneɛma a ɛyɛ hyew fi fononoo no akyi na ma wusiw a awuduru wom nkɔ mu:
  9. Sɛ wode broom nsa tenten anaa dua di dwuma sɛ abɔnten jacket a wɔde dade a ɛnyɛ den ayɛ no rema ɔhyew a ano yɛ den a, twe plastic bokiti, dɔte nnaka a wɔde krataa ayɛ, nnua a wɔde yɛ nneɛma, anaa ntama biara fi fononoo no ho.
  10. Dane dan a ɛwɔ soro no exhaust fan na bue abɔnten apon/mfɛnsere ma wusiw a ɛyɛ nwini a efi dɔte a ɛrewosow anaa wax resist mu no nkɔ mu, afei tu dan no mu bere a fononoo no dwo nkakrankakra wɔ nnɔnhwerew 12 kosi 24 mu.
  11. Sɛ ogya atɔ fam a ɛwɔ fononoo no ase anaa studio afasu a ɛbɛn hɔ no a:
  12. Tu obiara fi hɔ, to studio pon no mu na wusiw nkɔ mu, na frɛ 911 / 112 / 999 ntɛm ara.
  13. Sɛ wɔsi 240V anyinam ahoɔden breaker no so dua sɛ OFF wie a, wobɛtumi de Class ABC dry chemical anaa \(\text{CO}_2\) ogya dum afiri abɔ ogyaframa a ɛwɔ nnua fam anaa shelving a atwa fononoo no ase ho ahyia no agu; mfa nsuo a ɛyɛ nsuo npete anyinam ahoɔden fononoo a ɛyɛ kɔkɔɔ a ɛhyerɛn so da, a ɛbɛpaapae ogya birikisi a ɛyɛ hyew no mu na ama nsuo a ɛyɛ hyew a ɛpae; hwɛ ofie ogya a ɛtɔ.
  14. Siw ceramic fiber blanket (kaowool) ne ogya birikisi mfutuma a ɛnyɛ den a wɔhome bere a woresiesie ogya akyi no ano:
  15. Ceramic fiber insulation blankets ne insulating firebricks a abubu a wɔayɛ no hyew boro 980 degrees Celsius (1,800 degrees Fahrenheit) no fa devitrification fã bi kɔ cristobalite, awuduru kɛse a ɛyɛ crystalline silica a wotumi home. Mprapra anaa nprapra fononoo a asɛe mu da bere a ogya atɔ boro so akyi a wonhyɛ NIOSH P100 / FFP3 particulate respirator, nitrile nsateaa, ne aniwa ho banbɔ.

Nkukuo a wɔde yɛ fononoo mu wusiw a awuduru wom, awuduru a ɛwɔ glaze mu, ne raku carbon monoxide

Dɔte a wɔmfa nhyehyɛ mu (bisque firing) ne nnuru a wɔde yɛ ahwehwɛ a wɔtow no kanyan nnuru a ɛyɛ den a ɛyɛ hyew a ɛma mframa a ɛyɛ hu kɔ afie a mframa nnim mu, adan ase, kar dan, ne adesuadan ahorow mu:

Firing Stage anaa Nneɛma a Wɔde Yɛ Adwuma Mframa ne Nsuonwini a Awuduru wom a Wɔayi afi Mu Nsɛnkyerɛnne a Ɛyɛ Hu a Ɛkyerɛ sɛ Wɔde Wɔn Ho Di Dwuma Mmoa a Edi Kan & Ahobammɔ Ho Nhyehyɛe a Ɛho Hia Ntɛmntɛm
Bisque Tuo (300 kosi 900 °C / 570 kosi 1,650 °F)
(Nkwammoaa, carbon, dade pyrites, ne fluorides a ɛhyew wɔ abɔde mu dɔte mu, ne wax resist)		 Carbon Monoxide (\(\text{CO}\)), Sulphur Dioxide (\(\text{SO}_2\)), Sulfur Trioxide (\(\text{SO}_3\)), Hydrogen Fluoride (\(\text{HF}\)), ne hydrocarbon aldehydes a ɛyɛ nwini Anim tiyɛ a ɛbɔ denneennen, adwenemhaw, akisikuru, adwene a ɛyɛ basaa (\(\text{CO}\) awuduru); ɔfe a ɛyɛ nnam a ɛyɛ hu, aniwa/menewa a ɛhyew, ne ahurututu (\(\text{SO}_2\) / \(\text{HF}\) acid gas) . Tu fi mu kɔ mframa pa mu ntɛm ara; apon/mfɛnsere a wɔabue; hwehwɛ aduruyɛ mu oxygen a egye ntɛmpɛ sɛ tiyɛ, adwenemhaw, anaa ahome a ɛyɛ tiaa a; hwɛ carbon monoxide a wɔde yɛ adwuma
Glaze & Luster Firing (700 kosi 1,300 °C)
(Volatilization a ɛyɛ dade kɔla, fluxes, ne dade overglaze lusters)		 Vaporized Kɔbere, Cadmium, Barium, Manganese, Chromium, Cobalt, Kɔbere, ne chlorine/fluorine mframa ne awuduru resin aduru (lavender ngo / nitrobenzene a ɛwɔ sika kɔkɔɔ a ɛhyerɛn mu) Dade dɛ, koko a ɛyɛ den, nnuru a wɔde yɛ ahurututu mu yare a emu yɛ den (titiriw efi cadmium anaa manganese wusiw), ne ntini mu tiyɛ a emu yɛ den Tu fi dan a mframa nni mu no mu ntɛm ara; ntra dan bi mu da bere a woreto gya a ɛyɛ hyew, china paint, anaa heavy-metal glazes a wunni fononoo mu mframa a ɛkɔ fam a ɛyɛ nnam a ɛma ɔbrɛ wɔ abɔnten no
Raku Akyi Tuo a Wɔtew So
(Wɔde tong twe nkuku a ɛyɛ kɔkɔɔ a ɛyɛ hyew 980 °C fi fononoo mu na wɔde gu dade nwura kotoku a atesɛm krataa, sawdust, anaa nhaban ahyɛ mu ma mu)		 Carbon Monoxide (\(\text{CO}\)), Hydrogen Cyanide (\(\text{HCN}\)), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, ne nnua wusiw a ɛyɛ den a ɛyɛ nwini akɛse; mpofirim backdraft flare-up bere a reduction bin lid no mu apaapae Anim/aniwa a ɛhyerɛn mpofirim bere a mframa hyɛn reduction bin a ɔkɔm de no mu na ɛhyew pyrolysis gas a wɔanhyew no; wusiw a ano yɛ den ne \(\text{CO}\) a wɔhome Yɛ raku katee wɔ abɔnten anyɛ yiye koraa no 6 m (20 ft) fi adan; burp/crack reduction no betumi akata so afi nkyɛn de tongs atenten bere a wode anim kɔ akyi na woakwati backdraft fireball
Nkyene, Soda, & Nnua Fononoo Vapor Glazing
(Sodium chloride nkyene anaa sodium carbonate a wɔde bɛhyɛ ogya adaka a ne kɛse yɛ 1,260 °C mu)		 Mununkum fitaa a ɛyɛ den a ɛyɛ Hydrochloric Acid (\(\text{HCl}\)) gas ne sodium oxide a ayɛ hyew Ɔfe a emu yɛ den ntɛm ara, ahurututu mu yare, ani a ɛhyew, ne nnuru a ɛkyɛ a ɛyɛ ahurututu mu yare anaa ahurututu mu akisikuru Gyina mframa a ɛkɔ soro denneennen wɔ abɔnten a wohyɛ acid-gas cartridge respirator na splash goggles bere a wode nkyene/soda reba no; hohoro aniwa/mframa kwan sɛ ɛda adi a
Dry Glaze Powder & Silica Dɔte Mfutuma
(Silica a ayow, feldspar, barium carbonate, lithium, cobalt, anaa kɔbere frits a wɔde frafra)		 Crystalline Silica mfutuma a wotumi home ne nkyene a awuduru wom a wɔde dade a emu yɛ duru (wɔnom anaa wɔhome bere a wɔrefrafra bisqueware a ɛyɛ dry anaasɛ wɔde sanding) Acute ingestion: Barium carbonate anaa soluble copper/cobalt/lead glazes a mmofra anaa afieboa mene no ma GI fe a emu yɛ den, koma no mu yɛ den, ne neurotoxicity Ingestion: MMA obi nnya ɔfe; hohoro w’ano, fa glaze aduannoa/ahina bra, na frɛ Poison Control (1-800-222-1222 wɔ U.S.) anaa 911/112/999 ntɛm ara; hwɛ awuduru a wɔde ma

Adwumayɛbea fononoo ne akyi dan mu foundry ahobammɔ nhwehwɛmu kratasin

  • Ahyɛ sɛ wɔbɛma fononoo mu kwan a ɛyɛ sɛntimita 45 kosi 90 (nsateakwaa 18 kosi 36) ne semɛnte-board fam pad: Fa dɔte fononoo biara gu dade gyinabea a nea ɔyɛe no apene so no so wɔ kɔnkrit a entumi hyew anaasɛ semɛnte-board pad a ɛwɔ ntoatoaso abien so (ɛnyɛ dua, vinyl, anaa kapet so tẽẽ da, na ɛnsɛ sɛ ɛnkɔ kɔnkrit a hwee nni mu a mframa kwan biara nni mu so tẽẽ da), anyɛ yiye koraa no, afasu ne nneɛma a ogya hyew nyinaa a wɔbɛma akɔ akyirikyiri sentimita 45 kosi 90 (nsateakwaa 18 kosi 36).
  • Fa backup high-limit safety contactor / Kiln Sitter si hɔ na hwɛ firing termination: Nnyaw anyinam ahoɔden furn firing a obiara nhwɛ so anadwo biara a enni backup mechanical Kiln Sitter anaasɛ ahofadi high-limit safety relay contactor a ɛtwa ahoɔden sɛ primary relay welds to mu.
  • Active downdraft furn vent ne Carbon Monoxide detector: Fa downdraft anaa overhead canopy hood a ahoɔden wom yi dan mu fononoo wusiw nyinaa tẽẽ wɔ abɔnten, na fa dijitaal Carbon Monoxide (\(\text{CO}\)) alarm si fononoo dan no akyi.
  • Hyɛ Shade 1.7 kosi 3.0 IR/UV-blocking green welding anaa didymium/IR kiln glasses bere a worehwɛ peepholes a ɛhyerɛn mu no: UV awia ahwehwɛ a ɛyɛ tumm a ɛyɛ daa no ɛnyɛ siw infrared (IR) thermal radiation kwan; sɛ wohwɛ fononoo mu akwansrafo tokuru a ne kɛse yɛ 1,200 °C a enni ahobammɔ ahwehwɛ a wɔde IR ahyɛ mu a, ɛnoa aniwa no aniwa no bere tenten, na ɛde infrared cataracts ba.
  • Foundry moisture-elimination discipline: Yɛ adwuma wɔ mpa a emu dɔ a nnompe ayow anhwea (nsɛ kɔnkrit a ɛda hɔ da) so nkutoo, di kan yɛ ingot ne dade adwinnade biara hyew kodu 150+ °C ansa na wode akɔhyɛ melt mu, na hyɛ slip-on leather boots a leather spats akata so, leather apron, aluminized gaiters/gloves, ne ANSI Z87.1+ polycarbonate anim kyɛm.

Nsɛm a wɔtaa bisa

Dɛn nti na nsu biako pɛ a ɛwɔ aluminium ingot a ɛyɛ nwini so no ma dade a wɔabɔ no pae kɛse bere a wɔtow gu ahina mu no?

Sɛ wɔpia dade a ɛyɛ nwini a ɛwɔ soro a ɛyɛ nwini, anɔpa bosu, anaa nkannare a nsu wom mpo wɔ aluminium a wɔanwene (a ɛyɛ digrii Celsius 700 / digrii Fahrenheit 1,300) anaa kɔbere (a ɛyɛ digrii Celsius 1,050 / digrii Fahrenheit 1,920) ase a, nsu a ɛyɛ nsu a akyea no yɛ ntɛm ara a wɔde dade a ɛyɛ nsu a emu yɛ duru atwa ho ahyia wɔ n’afã nyinaa. Wɔ nea ennu milisekɔn biako mu no, saa nsu a ɛtɔ gu fam no hyerɛn ma ɛbɛyɛ nsuonwini a ɛyɛ hyew dodo na ɛtrɛw kodu ne nsu dodow a na ɛwɔ hɔ mfiase no mmɔho 1,600 kosi 3,500. Esiane sɛ nsu a ɛyɛ hyew no akɔhyɛ dade a ɛyɛ den a wɔabɔ no ase sen sɛ ɛbɛyow afi soro a asiane biara nni ho nti, volumetric ntrɛwmu a ɛkɔ ntɛmntɛm no yɛ adwuma te sɛ ɔtopae kɛse bi a ɛpae wɔ dade a ayow no ase, na ɛpae nneɛma a ɛwɔ ahina no mu nyinaa fi fononoo no mu tẽẽ.

Dɛn nti na me anyinam ahoɔden nkuku fononoo no kɔɔ so yɛɛ hyew na ɛyow me shelves bere mpo a digital controller no daa mfomso adi na "dum" akyi?

Kɔmputa so anyinam ahoɔden fononoo ahorow de anyinam ahoɔden mfiri a wɔde fa nneɛma di dwuma de dannan anyinam ahoɔden a ɛyɛ volt 240 a ahoɔden kɛse wom kɔ ɔhyew nneɛma no so na ɛdum no mpɛn mpempem pii bere a wɔreto gya no. Bere a relay nkitahodi ahorow no sɛe esiane anyinam ahoɔden arcing nti, dade nkitahodi ahorow a ɛwɔ relay mu no betumi honam fam weld wɔn ho abom wɔ tebea a wɔato mu ("ON") no mu. Sɛ relay welds bi to mu pɛ a, digital circuit board no ntumi ntwa anyinam ahoɔden nkɔ saa ɔhyew nneɛma no mu bio, sɛ mpo screen no da mfomso code bi adi anaasɛ ɛka sɛ "COMPLETE," enti fononoo no kɔ so yɛ hyew a wontumi nni so kosi sɛ obi bɛdan ɔfasu titiriw no circuit breaker no anaasɛ obeyi fononoo no mu nhama.

Dɛn nti na ɛnsɛ sɛ wuhwie dade a ayow gu anaasɛ wode fononoo a wɔde yɛ nneɛma wɔ akyi hɔ si kɔnkrit kwan a ɛda hɔ kwa a wɔde fa kar anaa kar dan fam so da?

Bere nyinaa na nsu a ɛwɔ ntini mu a ɛkyere ɔha biara mu nkyem 3 kosi 6 ne nsu a wɔde nnuru akyekyere a nsu wom wɔ ne mineral matrix no mu bere nyinaa. Sɛ ahina bi mu paapae anaasɛ ɛhwie dade a ayow gu digrii Celsius 700 kosi 1,200 gu kɔnkrit a ɛda hɔ kwa so a, ɔhyew a ano yɛ den no ma nsu a akyea milimita kakraa bi wɔ kɔnkrit no ase no anoa ntɛm ara ma ɛbɛyɛ nsu a ɛyɛ hyew a ano yɛ den. Esiane sɛ kɔnkrit a ɛyɛ den no ntumi mma saa nsu a ɛyɛ hyew no nkɔ ntɛmntɛm nti, kɔnkrit fam no pae denneennen na ɛpae kɔ soro te sɛ atuo a ɛtoatoa so, na ɛtow kɔnkrit a ano yɛ nnam te sɛ akutu ne dade a ɛyɛ nsu a ɛyɛ fitaa gu beae hɔ. Bere nyinaa fa fononoo a wɔde yɛ fononoo ne nkuku gu tray a anyɛ yiye koraa no anhwea a ɛyɛ nnompe a ayow a ne kɛse yɛ sɛntimita 5 kosi 10 (nsateakwaa 2 kosi 4) ahyɛ mu ma mu.

So mihia ahwehwɛ soronko a esiw infrared ano ankasa sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a mɛhwɛ nkuku fononoo mu akwansrafo tokuru mu sikɔne kakraa bi akɔhwɛ adansefo kɔne?

Aane. Sɛ dɔte fononoo du ɔhyew a ɛyɛ borɔdɔma kosi fitaa (digrii Celsius 900 kosi 1,300 / digrii Fahrenheit 1,650 kosi 2,370) a, akwansrafo tokuru a wɔabue mu no ma ɔhyew mframa a ano yɛ den a ɛyɛ infrared (IR) ka hann a ɛhyerɛn a wotumi hu ho. Da biara da awia ahwehwɛ a wɔtaa de di dwuma no siw ultraviolet (UV) mframa ne hann a wotumi hu nkutoo ano; nokwarem no, awia ahwehwɛ tuntum a wobɛhyɛ a IR filter nnim no nye sen sɛ worenhyɛ biribiara efisɛ tuntum no ma w’aniwa no trɛw kɛse, na ɛma ɔhyew a ɛwɔ infrared kɛse mpo tumi twe adwene si w’aniwa ahwehwɛ a ɛte sɛ ahwehwɛ ne w’aniwa no so tẽẽ. Bere nyinaa kura anaa hyɛ ANSI Z87.1 Shade 1.7 kosi 3.0 infrared-blocking furn glasses (anaasɛ green oxy-acetylene brazing lens) bere biara a worehwɛ adansefo cones a ɛyɛ hyew.

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Saa akwankyerɛ yi de ahosiesie a egye ntɛmpɛ ne mmoa a edi kan ho nsɛm ma wɔ ceramic fononoo mu ogya, awuduru glaze wusiw, ne foundry molten metal akwanhyia ho na ensi mfiridwuma mu foundry ahobammɔ ntetee anaa ayaresabea ayaresa ananmu. Susuw ho sɛ wobɛfa mmoa a edi kan ne CPR adesua a wɔagye atom afi Red Cross, St John Ambulance, anaa wo man ahobammɔ ahyehyɛde hɔ.

Akwankyerɛ ahorow a ɛfa ho

Sources a wɔhwɛɛ mu

  • Adwumayɛ mu Ahobammɔ ne Akwahosan Dwumadibea (OSHA, United States): Foundry Molten Metal Moisture Explosion Prevention, Ankorankoro Ahobammɔ Nnwinnade a Wɔde Yɛ Dade a Wɔabɔ no Dwumadi (29 CFR 1910.132 / 1910.133 Infrared Eye Protection), ne Dade a Awuduru wom a ɛwɔ Ceramic Glazes mu
  • Akwahosan ne Ahobammɔ Dwumadibea (HSE, United Kingdom): Dade a Wɔabɔ: Nsu/Nsu a Ɛpae wɔ Foundries a Wɔkwati ne Fononoo a Wɔde Di Dwuma Dwoodwoo wɔ Ceramics ne Nhomasua mu
  • Ɔman Ogya Ho Banbɔ Fekuw (NFPA, United States): Gyinapɛn a Ɛfa Fononoo ne Fononoo Ho (NFPA 86) ne Ahwehwɛde a Ɛfa Electrical Fononoo a Wɔde Popa ne Ɔhyew a Ɛboro So a Wɔtwa
  • Ɔman Asoɛe a Ɛhwɛ Adwumayɛ mu Ahobammɔ ne Akwahosan So (NIOSH / CDC, United States): Silica Mfutuma, Kɔbere, Cadmium, Sulphur Dioxide, ne Carbon Monoxide a Wɔde Di Dwuma wɔ Nkukudan Mu
  • Amerika Ɔhyew Fekuw (ABA, United States): Onwini a Wɔde Ma Ansa na Wɔakɔ Ayaresabea ne Ɔhyew a Wɔde Di Dwuma wɔ Dade a Ɛyɛ Den a Ɛyɛ Den a Ɛka Ɔhyew Ho