Sidewalk Contact Voltage (Stray Voltage) a ɛwɔ Mmɔnten Kanea, Manholes, ne Utility Poles so¶

Awɔw bere biara ne osu kɛse a ɛtɔ akyi no, anyinam ahoɔden kumfo bi a ɔyɛ komm a wontumi nhu koraa kum akraman na ɔde anyinam ahoɔden bɔ wɔn a wɔnam fam wɔ kurow no akwan, mmɔnten so, ne akwan a wɔfa so twa kwan so: Contact Voltage (a ɔmanfo nim no kɛse sɛ Stray Voltage). Wɔ nkurow akɛse mu mmɔnten ne nkurow no akyi akwan ase no, wɔde 120-volt, 208-volt, 240-volt, 277-volt, ne 480-volt anyinam ahoɔden nhama a ɛto so abien a wɔasie tẽẽ a ɛma mmɔnten so akanea a wɔde dade ayɛ, kar akwan ho nsɛnkyerɛnne, bɔs dan a hann wom, ne adan akɛse a ɛwɔ adan akɛse mu no wɔ hɔ. Sɛ mfe du du pii a awɔw-thaw a ɛkɔ so, asɛe a wɔatutu, anaa awɔw bere mu kwan so nkyene a ɛyɛ hyew (sodium chloride ne calcium chloride) slush di fa asase ase waya a wɔde siw ano wɔ abɔnten so kanea nnyinaso anaa junction box mu a, kɔbere anaa aluminium conductor a ɛda hɔ kwa no ka dade dan anaa asase a ɛyɛ nsu no a ɛntwetwe mfomso a ɛdɔɔso a ɛbɛma utility substation a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri no ahwe ase breaker a ɛbubu. Nea afi mu aba ne sɛ, dade a wɔde kata manhole no so, dade a wɔde yɛ abɔnten so kanea dua, aluminum abɔnten so kanea dua, ban a wɔde nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn ayɛ, anaa kɔnkrit atɛkyɛ a ɛyɛ nsu a atwa ho ahyia no kɔ so nya ahoɔden wɔ 50 kosi 480 volts a ɛyɛ alternating current (AC) nna anaa adapɛn pii a wusiw biara nni mu, ogyaframa biara nni mu, na nnyigyei biara nni mu.

Akraman a wɔnantew wɔ hama so ne "canaries a ɛwɔ fango a wotu mu" titiriw ma ɔkwan a wɔfa so di nkitaho no mu ahoɔden efisɛ wɔnantew wɔ abɔso a ɛda hɔ kwa a nkyene ayɛ mu ma so na wɔwɔ ntwahonan atenten a ɛwɔ nan anan a ɛma ahoɔden a ɛkɔ fam no di ntwahonan so nnua abien ntam (anammɔn tumi). Nea ɛyɛ awerɛhow kɛse mpo no, **wɔtaa de anyinam ahoɔden bɔ afieboa wuranom ne Samariafo Pa anaasɛ wɔtow wɔn gu wɔn koma mu bere a wofi awosu mu de wɔn nsa kɔ fam a wɔde wɔn nsa da hɔ anaasɛ wɔde wɔn nan si dade a ɛyɛ nsu so kɔkyere ɔkraman a ɔreteɛteɛm na ne ho popo no. Nim a wonim abɔnten so mmeae a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔkwati wɔ wim tebea a ɛyɛ nsu na sukyerɛmma wom mu, sɛnea wobegye obi anaa afieboa a wɔato no mu wɔ abɔnten so afiri a ahoɔden wom so a ɛnyɛ nea ɔto so abien a wɔayɛ no bɔne, sɛnea wɔyɛ akraman ne nnipa CPR ntɛm ara ma low-voltage ventricular fibrillation, ne sɛnea wɔhyɛ utility "Make-Safe" dispatch ntɛm ara no gye nkwa wɔ kurow no mmɔnten so.

Yɛ eyi mprempren¶

1. Sɛ ɔkraman bi teɛm, ɔbɔ n’akyi, ɔka ne nan, anaasɛ ɔhwe ase wɔ kwan ho, anaasɛ sɛ obi a ɔnam fam no hwe ase wɔ kanea dua anaa grate so a, GYINA na MMFA WO NSA a ɛda hɔ kwa NKA WƆN. Fa no sɛ dade grate, manhole cover, streetlight pole, fire hydrant, ne wet pavement a ɛwɔ wɔn ase no te 120 kosi 480 volts AC.
2. Twe ɔkraman a ne ho adwiriw no no pefee denam nylon, aboa nhoma, anaa hama a ɛyɛ dry a ɛnyɛ nea ɛde nsu kɔ mu NKUTOO so, anaasɛ fa nnua a ɛyɛ dry broom, rubber car mat, anaa thick dry coat bɔ onipa a wɔakum no no mu pefee. Ma w’ankasa wo nan dua pintinn wɔ dry center concrete so anyɛ yiye koraa no mita 1.5 kosi 2 (anammɔn 5 kosi 6.5) fi dade abɔnten so nneɛma biara ho anaasɛ atɛkyɛ. Mfa dade nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn hama anaa hama a ɛyɛ nsu a wotumi twetwe nni dwuma da.
3. Sɛ w’ankasa wote nka sɛ wo nan anaa wo nan ho reyɛ ayɛ wo yaw, woreyɛ dede, anaasɛ wo ho ayɛ wo yaw bere a wonam kwan a ɛyɛ nsu so a, MMFA anammɔn foforo nkɔ w’anim. Mia wo nan abien no nyinaa mu denneennen na fa wo nan abien no nyinaa fra akyi anaasɛ fa wo nan abien no nyinaa bom kɔ kɔnkrit a ɛyɛ dry slab mfinimfini fi dade grates, curbs, ne poles nyinaa ho (step potential defense).
4. Hwɛ sɛnea ɛyɛ n’ade ne sɛnea ɔhome bere a wɔatwe onipa anaa ɔkraman no mita 3 (anammɔn 10) akɔ kɔnkrit a ayow so ara pɛ, na sɛ wɔnhome a, fi ase CPR ntɛm ara. Ofie ne abɔnten so ahoɔden a ɛto so abien (50/60 Hz AC) ma koma no gyae denam ventricular fibrillation a ɛkanyan no so a ennyaw ɔhyew agyiraehyɛde biako mpo wɔ honam ani.
5. Frɛ wo mpɔtam hɔ ntɛmpɛ nɔma (911 wɔ U.S. ne Canada no, . 112 wɔ EU no, . 999 wɔ UK) NE anyinam ahoɔden adwumayɛbea no nnɔnhwerew 24 ntɛm ara. Hwɛ yɛn nɔma ahorow a egye ntɛmpɛ directory a wɔde kyerɛw nsɛm. Ka kyerɛ wɔn a wɔde nneɛma kɔma nkurɔfo sɛ: "Yɛwɔ asiane a ɛyɛ nnam a ɛfa akwan ho Contact Voltage / Stray Voltage anyinam ahoɔden a ɛbɛbɔ wɔ [Exact Street Address / Corner]. Requesting Fire/EMS ne ntɛm ara Electric Utility Priority 1 Make-Safe crew."
6. Gyina wɛm mita 5 (anammɔn 16) w’akyi na fa nwura kotoku, kar akwan, anaa nkongua siw kwan no nkyɛn kosi sɛ odumgyafo anaa utility linemen de voltage detectors bɛba. Esiane sɛ grate ne nnua a ahoɔden wom no te sɛ nea ɛyɛ nea ɛfata koraa nti, ɔkwantufo anaa ɔkraman a odi hɔ a ɔnam block no so simma abien akyi no bɛtiatia beae koro no ara a edi awu pɛpɛɛpɛ gye sɛ wode honam fam bɔ wɔn kɔkɔ.

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Nteaseɛ a ɛfa Contact Voltage vs. Dairy/Farm "Stray Voltage" ho.¶

Wɔ anyinam ahoɔden mfiridwuma mu (a IEEE Standard 1695: Guide to Understanding, Diagnosing, and Mitigating Stray and Contact Voltage na ɛhwɛ so) mu no, wɔtaa ma nneɛma abien a ɛfa ho yɛ basaa:

1. Nkitahodi Voltage (Urban Sidewalk & Street Fixture Faults): Voltage a efi insulation huammɔdi anaa wiring mfomso wɔ low- anaa medium-voltage anyinam ahoɔden nhama (120V to 480V secondary distribution anaa street lighting circuits) a ɛma nneɛma a ɔmanfo tumi kɔ te sɛ manholes, grates, kanea adum, ne akwan a ɛyɛ nsuo nya ahoɔden. Contact voltage taa susuw 30 kosi 480 volts na ɛde ventricular fibrillation a edi awu ba nnipa ne akraman mu.
2. Neutral-to-Earth Voltage (NEV / True "Stray Voltage"): Voltage a ɛba fam (mpɛn pii no 1 kosi 10 volts AC) a ɛda adi wɔ dade nneɛma a wɔde ato fam (te sɛ nufusu dan mu stanchions, mmoa nsu a wɔde gu mu, anaasɛ atrae akyi asuguarebea nsateaa ne wet patio decks) ne asase no ntam esiane mprempren a ɛnkari pɛ a ɛsan ba nti a ɛsen wɔ utility multi-grounded neutral system anaasɛ corroded residential neutral bond so. Bere a volts 2 kosi 5 a ɛtwa akyi ɔtare anaa hyɛn gyinabea ho hyia no ntaa nkum nnipa tẽẽ wɔ asase kesee so no, wɔ nsu mu no ebetumi ama asuguarefo ntini ayɛ obubuafo na ama Electric Shock Drowning (ESD) aba.

flowchart TD
    A["Ɔkwantufo anaa Ɔkraman Ho Adwiriw no wɔ Sidewalk / Near Street Fixture"] --> B{"So Victim Da so ara Ka Grate, Pole, anaa Wet Zone no?"}
    B -->|YES: Victim or Dog Still in Contact| C["MMA MMFA GRATE SO ANAA NKƆ VICTIM NO NSƐM"]
    B -->|NO: Victim Already Clear on Dry Concrete| D["Hwɛ sɛnea Wohome ne Wo Pulse Ntɛm ara"]
    C --> E["Gyina Dry Concrete so: Twe Ɔkraman denam Dry Nylon/Leather Leash so ANAA Pia Onipa Fi Dry Wood / Rubber Mat / Dry Coat so"]
    E --> D
    D --> F{"So Onipa Anaa Ɔkraman Rehome na Ɔyɛ Ho Asɛm?"}
    F -->|NO: Unresponsive / Gasping / No Heartbeat| G["Fi ase Ntɛm ara CPR: 100 kosi 120 Compressions/Min na Frɛ 911 / 112 / 999"]
    F -->|YES: Awake / Whimpering / Shaking| H["Tu kɔ akyirikyiri mita 5 (anammɔn 16): Ɛsɛ sɛ ER anaa Emergency Vet ECG Monitoring"]
    G --> I["Station Bystander sɛ Block Sidewalk na Frɛ Electric Utility ma Priority 1 Contact Voltage Make-Safe"]
    H --> I

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Nkurow akɛse mu Mmɔnten so Nneɛma 7 a Asiane Kɛse (Baabi a Contact Voltage Sie) .¶

Bere a nsɛm a agye din a ekunkum nnipa (te sɛ anyinam ahoɔden a wɔde bɔɔ Jodie Lane a ɔnam fam wɔ New York Kuropɔn mu wɔ 2004 mu bere a ne kraman tiatiaa dade adaka bi a ahoɔden wom so wɔ kwan ho akyi, a ɛmaa wɔhyɛɛ sɛ wɔmfa mfiri mu ahoɔden a wɔde di dwuma afe biara scan wɔ abɔnten ne akwan biara so wɔ NYC ne nkurow afoforo mu) akyi no, nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛe wɔ mfiri a wɔde di dwuma ho no daa mmɔnten so adan a ɛtaa di nkogu no adi pɛpɛɛpɛ.

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Nea Enti a Awɔw Bere Mu Kwan Nkyene Kanyan "Stray Voltage Season".¶

Bere a contact voltage betumi aba wɔ ahohuru bere mu da biara a osu tɔ no, Nurow akɛse mu anyinam ahoɔden a ɛbɔ wɔ nkurow akɛse mu ne manhole mu ɔha biara mu nkyem 75 kosi 85 si wɔ December ne March ntam. Nneɛma abiɛsa a ɛwɔ nipadua mu no bom wɔ awɔw bere mu ahum bere mu:

1. Brine Electrolyte Slush: Osuo nsuo a ɛho tew anaa sukyerɛmma a ɛyɛ foforɔ yɛ anyinam ahoɔden a ɛnyɛ papa koraa. Sɛ nkurow akɛse mu afuw trɛw abotan nkyene (sodium chloride), calcium chloride, anaa magnesium chloride mu kɔ mmɔnten ne akwan ho pɛ a, sukyerɛmma a ɛrewosow dan ionic brine solution a ɛyɛ den a ɛde anyinam ahoɔden kɔ yiye mpɛn ɔhaha pii sen tap nsu.
2. Exothermic Cable Insulation Breakdown: Nkyene slush tu mmirika fa manhole pick-holes ne sidewalk ntrɛwmu joints kɔ asase ase splicing chambers. Sɛ brine hyɛn mpaapaemu nketenkete nketenkete a ɛwɔ rɔba, kɔbere, anaa cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) nhama a wɔde abɔ mu no mu a, anyinam ahoɔden sen fa akwan horow ntam, na ɛma ɔhyew a ano yɛ den ba, ɛsɛe kɔbere nhama, na ɛma kɔnkrit a ɛyɛ nsu a ɛwɔ soro no nyinaa nya ahoɔden.
3. Conductive Salt Crust on Dog Paws and Boot Soles: Ɔkraman a ɔnam awɔw bere mu kwan a nkyene wom so no wɔ paw pads a ɛyɛ nsu a wɔde brine akata so (a mpɛn pii no ɛpaapae anaasɛ ɛyɛ raw esiane kwan so nkyene nti, na ɛma honam ani ahoɔden a ɛko tia no so tew kodu 300 kosi 500 ohms pɛ). Sɛ ahoɔden a ɛba fam a ɛkɔ fam a ɛyɛ volt 15 kosi 30 wɔ ɔkraman anammɔntu a ne tenten yɛ sɛntimita 60 (anammɔn 2) so mpo ma miliamperes a ɛdɔɔso fa ɔkraman no koko mu ma ɛma tetanic ntini a ɛyɛ yaw yɛ yaw anaasɛ koma no gyaee a edi awu.

Suban ho kɔkɔbɔ a edi kan kyerɛ sɛ wo kraman rete nka sɛ contact voltage a ɛba fam¶

Akraman tumi te asase so ahoɔden a ɛkɔ fam te sɛ 1 kosi 5 volts AC nka ansa na onipa a ɔhyɛ mpaboa a wɔde rɔba ayɛ no ate biribiara nka koraa. Hwɛ wo kraman yiye bere a ɔrebɛn nhyiam, grate, anaa kanea dua bi no:

• Pofirim a ɛpow sɛ ɔbɛkɔ n'anim ("Putting on the brakes"): Wo kraman no gyina mpofirim awu, ɔtwe kɔ n'akyi wɔ hama no so, na ɔpow sɛ ɔbɛtwa kwan pɔtee bi a ɛwɔ nkyɛnkyɛn, atɛkyɛ, anaa ɔkwan a wɔfa so twa kwan. Mfa yank anaa ntwe ɔkraman mfa baabi a ehu ka no mpofirim sɛ ɔbɛnantew so da.
• High-stepping, paw-lifting, or frantic paw-licking: Ɔkraman no ma ne nan biako anaa abien so ntɛmntɛm te sɛ nea ɔretiatia fango a ɛyɛ hyew so, anaasɛ ɔka n’anim nan. (Bere a nkyene a ɛyɛ nwini nso keka ne nan no, sɛ ɔkraman no yɛ n’ade ntɛm ara bere a watiatia baabi a ɛbɛn manhole, grate, anaa kanea dua na ogyae bere a ɔsan n’akyi no a, susuw sɛ anyinam ahoɔden.)
• Nwi a egyina n’awieɛ, ɛrebɔ gyegyeegye wɔ fam, anaasɛ ɔkotow mpofirim: Ɔkraman no hwɛ fam hwɛ manhole cover anaa sidewalk seam, ɔkotow, anaasɛ ɔteɛm denneennen a ɔmfa ne nan nsi ahwehwɛ so.

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Anamɔn-Anamɔn Nkwagye Nhyehyɛe: Obi anaa Ɔkraman a Ne Ho Adwiriw no a Wobegye no Dwoodwoo¶

Sɛ current a ɛsesa wɔ 50 Hz anaa 60 Hz fa nnompe mu ntini mu a, ɛkanyan tetanic contraction ("No-Let-Go" lock-on): nsa, anim nsa, anaa nan ntini a ɛbɔ no twetwe denneennen na ɛyɛ nwini, na ɛma onipa anaa aboa no nsiw dua no anaasɛ ontu mfi grate a ahoɔden wom no so wɔ honam fam.

1. Ɔkraman a Ne Ho Adwiriw no a Wobegye wɔ Akwantu anaa Grate so¶

1. Fa wo nan si baabi a ɛwɔ (anaasɛ fa anammɔn BIAKO san w’akyi kɔ kɔnkrit a ayow so). Mma ntu mmirika nkɔ w’anim da wɔ ɔbotan a ɛyɛ nsu anaa dade a wɔde ayɛ grate a ɔkraman no hwee ase no so.
2. Hwɛ leash a ɛwɔ wo nsam no:
   • Sɛ wokura DRY nylon webbing, polypropylene hama, biothane, anaa leather leash: Twe denneennen tẽẽ kɔ akyi na fa ɔkraman no mita 2 kosi 3 (anammɔn 6 kosi 10) san kɔ kɔnkrit a ɛyɛ dry slab a ɛwɔ w’akyi no so.
   • Sɛ hama no yɛ METAL CHAIN, anaasɛ ɛreyɛ sopping wet ne nkyene slush na tingling wɔ wo nsa mu: Tow dade nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn no anaasɛ kyekyere dry winter coat, dry scarf, dry plastic grocery bag, anaa dry leather glove denneennen twa nylon strap no ho hyia ansa na woatwe, anaasɛ loop dry coat/scarf twa kraman no akyi nan anaa ne honam ani de atwe ɔkraman no afi baabi a ɛhɔ yɛ hyew no.
3. Sɛ ɔkraman no ho tew mita 3 (anammɔn 10) wɔ ɔkwan a ɛso yɛ kusuu so pɛ a, hwɛ sɛ ɔrehome na ne koma bɔ ntɛm ara (hwɛ Canine CPR akwankyerɛ a ɛwɔ aseɛ ha).

2. Onipa a Wɔayɛ no Ayayade a Wɔato No Dua, Ban, anaa Grate So a Wobegye¶

1. MMFA wo nsa a ɛda hɔ kwa nkyere nea wɔayɛ no bɔne no honam ani a ɛda hɔ kwa, ne jacket a ɛyɛ nsuo, anaa ne mpaboa. Sɛ wokyere obi a ɔda so ara ne 120V kɔsi 480V abɔnten so afiri bi di nkitaho a, anyinam ahoɔden no fa wɔn nipadua mu tẽẽ kɔ wo deɛ mu, na ɛto mo mmienu nyinaa wɔ ɔmansin no mu.
2. Bu anyinam ahoɔden nkitahodi no denam dry non-conductor so:
   • Loop and Drag: Fa nylon kraman hama a ɛyɛ dry, scarf a ayow, abɔso a ɛyɛ dry, hama a ayow, anaa awɔw bere mu atade a ɛyɛ dry nsateaa twa nea wɔayɛ no bɔne no nansoaa, ne nsateaa, anaa n’asen ho na twe no san fi grate no so anaasɛ twe fi dua no ho.
   • Push or Pry: Fa nnua broom nsa a ɛyɛ dry, nnua 2x4 board, fiberglass sukyerɛmma sow nsa a ɛyɛ dry, plastic nwura kotoku, anaa rɔba kar fam mpa a ɛyɛ den di dwuma fa pia nea wɔayɛ no bɔne no akwaa fi dade a ahoɔden wom no so.
   • Body Tackle ONLY as a Last Resort on Dry Ground: Mfa nipadua-tackle obi a wɔayɛ no bɔne da sɛ asase a ɛwɔ wɔn ase no yɛ wet voltage gradient a.

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Mmoa a Edi Kan a Wɔde Ma Ntɛmara: Nnipa CPR ne Akraman CPR Bere a Ɛwɔ Electric Shock akyi¶

Ahoɔden a ɛba fam a ɛsesa ( .50 to 480V AC) kum titiriw denam koma no anyinam ahoɔden afiri a ɛma koma no mu yɛ den a ɛhaw no so, tow ventricles no gu basabasayɛ a ɛwosow mu (ventricular fibrillation) anaasɛ ɔhome a egyae (ɔhome a ɛgyae fi diaphragm ne brainstem tetany mu). Esiane sɛ nea wɔayɛ no bɔne no koma ntini ne ne akwaa ahorow no wɔ apɔwmuden koraa nti, CPR a wofi ase ntɛm ara wɔ sikɔne 60 mu no wɔ dodow a ɛkɔ soro yiye a ɛma nnipa ne akraman nyinaa san ba nkwa mu.

1. Nnipa Electric Shock Mmoa a Edi Kan & CPR¶

1. Sɛ nea wɔayɛ no bɔne no wɔ asase a ahobammɔ wom a ɛso yɛ kusuu so pɛ a, bɔ wɔn mmati so na teɛm. Hwɛ wɔn moma so sɛ wɔrehome sɛnea ɛsɛ (bu w'ani gu ahome a ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔhome anaasɛ "agonal" a wɔhome no so).
2. Sɛ wonyɛ hwee na woanhome sɛnea ɛsɛ a, fi ase ntɛm ara Chest Compressions:
   • Fa wo nsa biako nan ase to wo koko mfinimfini (nufu mu dompe/asen no fã a ɛwɔ fam), fa wo nsa foforo no to so, na pia no denneennen na pia no ntɛmntɛm wɔ nhyɛso 100 kosi 120 simma biara ma emu dɔ sentimita 5 kosi 6 (nsateakwaa 2 kosi 2.4) ma mpanyimfo.
   • Sɛ wɔatete wo wɔ ahomegye a wɔde gye nkwa mu a, ma nhyɛ 30 na fa ahome 2 a wɔde gye nkwa di akyi (ma wo ti no kɔ akyi, ma wo hwene so, twitwiw hwene no, na bɔ no sekan 1 kosi sɛ wo koko no bɛsɔre).
   • Soma obi a ɔhwɛ hɔ ma ɔnkɔfa Automated External Defibrillator (AED) a ɛbɛn wo fi sotɔɔ, apɔw-mu-teɛteɛ, ɔfese abrannaa, anaa sukuu a ɛbɛn hɔ. Esiane sɛ anyinam ahoɔden a ɛbɔ no ma shockable rhythm (ventricular fibrillation) ba nti, AED a wɔde bedi dwuma ntɛmntɛm sɛnea wobetumi no ne nkwagye a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu biako pɛ a etu mpɔn sen biara. (Hwɛ Mmoa a edi kan a anyinam ahoɔden a wɔde bɔ obi na CPR a wɔde yɛ adwuma.) .
3. Sɛ mpo onipa no sɔre na ɔte nka sɛ ne ho ye a, hwehwɛ sɛ ɔyɛ Ambulance / Emergency Room 12-Lead ECG: Ahodwiriw a ɛba fam betumi ama koma no ayɛ basaa akyɛ, ntini a ɛwɔ nipadua no mu asɛe (rhabdomyolysis), anaasɛ ne ti/akyi berɛmo mu akisikuru a ɛto so abien esiane sɛ ɔhwee kɔnkrit so nti.

2. Canine CPR (Ɔkraman a Wɔma Ɔsan Nyan No Bere a Wɔde Afiri a Wɔde Bɛbɔ Ɔkraman Wɔ Akwan Ho Akyi) .¶

Sɛ wo kraman nnim hwee wɔ kɔnkrit a ayow so bere a wɔatwe no afi grate anaa kanea dua a ahoɔden wom so akyi a:

+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|              EMERGENCY CANINE CPR FOR ELECTRIC SHOCK                    |
|                                                                         |
|  1. CHECK BREATHING & HEARTBEAT (Max 10 seconds):                       |
|     - Watch the chest for rise/fall; feel for the heartbeat on the      |
|       left side of the chest right where the bent left front elbow      |
|       touches the ribs (3rd to 6th rib space).                          |
|  2. POSITION THE DOG ON ITS RIGHT SIDE on a flat, dry surface.          |
|  3. HAND PLACEMENT FOR CHEST COMPRESSIONS:                              |
|     - Medium/Large Round-Chested Dogs (Retrievers, Shepherds, Labs):    |
|       Place hands over the WIDEST part of the ribcage.                  |
|     - Deep/Narrow-Chested Dogs (Greyhounds, Dobermans, Pointers):       |
|       Place hands directly over the HEART (where the left elbow meets   |
|       the chest).                                                       |
|     - Barrel-Chested Dogs (English Bulldogs, Pugs, French Bulldogs):    |
|       Lay dog on its BACK and compress directly on the breastbone       |
|       like a human.                                                     |
|     - Small Dogs & Cats (< 7 kg / 15 lbs):                              |
|       Wrap one hand around the sternum, squeezing the heart between     |
|       your thumb on one side of the chest and fingers on the other.     |
|  4. COMPRESSION RATE & DEPTH:                                           |
|     - Push at 100 to 120 compressions per minute.                       |
|     - Compress 1/3 to 1/2 the width of the dog's chest.                 |
|  5. SNOUT-TO-MOUTH RESCUE BREATHS (30 Compressions : 2 Breaths):        |
|     - Hold the dog's jaws tightly closed with your hands.               |
|     - Place your mouth completely over the dog's NOSE (both nostrils).  |
|     - Blow gently for 1 second until you see the dog's chest rise.      |
|     - Repeat 30 compressions : 2 breaths continuously until the dog     |
|       breathes on its own or you reach an emergency veterinarian.       |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+

• Sɛ mpo wo kraman sɔre na ɔwosow no bere a wabɔ wɔ kwan ho akyi a, kɔ Mmoa Oduruyɛfo a ɔhwɛ ntɛm so a ɔde nnɔnhwerew 24 yɛ adwuma no nkyɛn tẽẽ: Akraman a wonya nkwa wɔ anyinam ahoɔden mu no betumi anya non-cardiogenic neurogenic pulmonary edema (nsu a ɛhyɛ ahurututu no ma fi adrenaline kɛse ne mogya mmoroso a ɛkɔ soro bere a ahopopo no mu ba) ** nnɔnhwerew 1 kosi 12 akyi**, bere tenten a koma no ntumi nyɛ adwuma yiye. Hwɛ sɛ obi rehome ntɛmntɛm, ɔfefe, ne ntini a ɛyɛ bruu anaa bruu, anaa mmerɛwyɛ.

(Nsa a wɔde yɛ CPR ne mmoa a edi kan ntetee gye nkwa. Yɛhyɛ nyansa denneennen sɛ fa mmoa a edi kan a wɔde ma obi ankasa ne CPR/AED adesua a wɔagye atom, ne Pet First Aid adesua, a efi Red Cross, St John Ambulance, anaa wo mpɔtam hɔ ayaresa a egye ntɛmpɛ ho.)

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Nneɛma a Wɔde Siw Ano ne Sɔhwɛ: Akraman Mpaboa, Nhama a Ɛnyɛ Nkɔso, ne Amanneɛbɔ¶

1. Awɔw bere mu akwan ho ahobammɔ ma akraman ne wɔn a wɔnam fam¶

• Rubber-Soled Dog Booties: Standard thin ntama anaa fleece "paw socks" bɛyɛ soaked ne conductive nkyene brine wɔ simma kakraa bi mu na ɛma zero anyinam ahoɔden insulation. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobɛbɔ ɔkraman ho ban afi nkurow akɛse mu nkitahodi ahoɔden ho no, fa vulcanized natural rubber balloon booties (te sɛ Pawz waterproof rubber booties) anaasɛ thick molded rubber-soled dog boots a wɔma ɛyɛ nwunu wɔ mu, a ɛde dielectric rubber barrier to paw pad ne ahoɔden pavement ntam.
• Kwati Metal Chain Leashes: Mfa chrome anaa dade nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn hama nantew ɔkraman wɔ kurow no mu da. Sɛ ɔkraman no kɔla anaa ne hwene ka kanea dua anaa ban a ahoɔden wom a, dade nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn de ahoɔden no nyinaa kɔ wo nsateaa a ɛda hɔ kwa no mu tẽẽ. Fa nylon, biothane, anaa aboa nhoma nhama di dwuma bere nyinaa.
• Nantew wɔ Center of Dry Concrete Slabs: Tete wo ho ne wo mma sɛ momfa dade a wɔde kata manhole so, dade splice mprɛte a ɛyɛ ahinanan, ne akwan ho grating nni dwuma sɛ "lava": bere nyinaa fa wo nan si wɔn so anaa twa ho hyia wɔ kɔnkrit abo a wɔde paving so mfinimfini.

2. Sɛnea wɔbɔ amanneɛ sɛ wosusuw sɛ Contact Voltage shock bi ama utilities asiesie no ntɛm ara¶

Sɛ wo anaa wo kraman te nka sɛ wo ho ayɛ wo yaw kakra mpo anaasɛ woabɔ zap wɔ ɔkwan a wɔfa so twa kwan, kanea dua, anaa manhole a wɔde kata so a:

1. Hyɛ fixture no pɛpɛɛpɛ fi akyirikyiri a ahobammɔ wom agyirae: Twa mfonini a ɛkyerɛ manhole no kataso pɔtee, grate, anaa dade nɔma mprɛte a ɛwɔ abɔnten so kanea dua so bere a wɔde toto ɔdan no address a ɛbɛn wo no ho.
2. Frɛ ABIEN NO BIARA 911 (anaasɛ 112 / . 999) NE anyinam ahoɔden adwumayɛbea no telefon a wɔde frɛ nneɛma a egye ntɛmpɛ: Hyɛ no nsow sɛ wɔ nkurow pii mu no, dade a wɔde yɛ mmɔnten so akanea ne kar akwan ho nsɛnkyerɛnne yɛ Kurow no Dwumadibea a Ɛhwɛ Kar So (DOT) dea, bere a asase ase nhama a ɛma wɔn aduan no yɛ Electric Utility dea. Frɛ a wɔfrɛ 911 na Electric Utility no hyɛ bere koro no ara mu ma wɔyɛ nkabom "Make-Safe" mmuae wɔ baabi a utility ɔhawfo bi de calibrated low-impedance contact-voltage detector (Shunt-resistor voltmeter) na ɛtwa anyinam ahoɔden a ɛkɔ fixture a asɛe no mu wɔ hɔ ara.

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Nsɛm a wɔtaa bisa¶

Sources a wɔhwɛɛ mu¶

• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): IEEE Standard 1695-2016: IEEE Akwankyerɛ a ɛfa nteaseɛ, nhwehwɛmu, ne brɛoo Stray ne Contact Voltage (Nkuropɔn mu nkyekyɛmu mfomsoɔ a ɛtɔ so mmienu, anammɔn/ka tumi, ne shunt-resistor susudua protocols).
• New York State Public Service Commission (NYSPSC) & Consolidated Edison (United States): Electric Safety Standards: Stray Voltage Testing and Inspection Order (Afe afe mobile ne nsaano contact-voltage scanning data a ɛfa manholes, service boxes, ne municipal streetlights ho).
• American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) & RECOVER Initiative (Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society): RECOVER Clinical Practice Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Dogs and Cats (Nsa a wɔde si hɔ denam ne koko so, 100 kosi 120 compressions/min rate, 30:2 snout-to-mouth ventilation, ne akyi shock neurogenic ahurututu mu edema a wɔhwɛ so).
• Amerika Koma Fekuw (AHA) & European Resuscitation Council (ERC): Akwankyerɛ a ɛfa Koma ne Ahurututu mu Nkate ne Koma ne Ntini a Wɔde Hwɛ Ntɛmntɛm Ho: Electrical Opira ne Low-Voltage Ventricular Fibrillation.
• Akwahosan ne Ahobanbɔ Adwumayɛfoɔ (HSE, United Kingdom) & Mfiridwuma ne Mfiridwuma Asoɛeɛ (IET): Mmara a ɛfa anyinam ahoɔden ahobanbɔ ho dwumadie ho wɔ Ɔkwan Kɛseɛ so Abɔnten so Kanea ne Mmɔnten so Nneɛma mu.

Akwankyerɛ ahorow a ɛfa ho¶

• Mmoa a edi kan a anyinam ahoɔden a wɔde bɔ obi
• CPR (Koma ne ahurututu mu ahoɔden a wɔde ma obi nya nkwa) .
• Nnipa a wɔnom sigaret, anyinam ahoɔden akorae a ɛpae wɔ asase ase, ne nsu a ɛyɛ hyew paipu a ɛpaapae
• Mpɔtam hɔ transformer a ɛpae, ogya a ɛtɔ wɔ dua so, anaasɛ utility box a ɛyɛ ahabammono a wɔabue mu
• Tumi nhama a ahwe ase ne kar mu anyinam ahoɔden a ɛbɔ
• Swimming pool drain entrapment ne anyinam ahoɔden a ɛmene
• Afieboa a wɔwɔ tebea horow a egye ntɛmpɛ mu
• Nnɔmba ahorow a egye ntɛmpɛ