Ɛse a wɔabɔ no ne nsensan ho nsɛm a egye ntɛmpɛ¶

Sɛ wɔbɔ mpanyimfo sẽ a ɛtra hɔ daa fi ano koraa (tooth avulsion) a, simma biara ho hia. Nkwammoaa a ɛyɛ mmerɛw na ɛte ase ɔpepem pii a ɛkata ɛse no ntini ani a sɛ wɔma ɛwo wɔ mframa mu a, efi ase wuwu wɔ simma 15 kosi 30 mu. Sɛ wode n’abotiri fitaa no di ɛse no ho dwuma katee na wode san kɔ ne socket mu anaasɛ wode hyɛ nufusu a ɛyɛ nwini mu wɔ simma 30 kosi 60 mu a, ɛma ntini ho oduruyɛfo nya hokwan kɛse sɛ ɔbɛsan de wo sẽ a efi awosu mu no ahyɛ mu na wakora so nkwa.

Saa akwankyerɛ yi ka anammɔn a wɔfa so gye ntɛm ara ma akokoaa sẽ a wɔabɔ no daa ne nea edi kan, sɛnea wodi sẽ a wɔapia anaasɛ abubu ho dwuma, sɛnea wobegyae ano ne tɛkrɛma mu mogya a ɛtɔ kɛse, ne sɛnea wobehu kɔn mu nyarewa a emu dɔ a ɛde nkwa to asiane mu te sɛ Ludwig angina.

Yɛ eyi mprempren¶

1. Hwehwɛ ɛse a wɔabɔ no na fa abotiri fitaa no NKUTOO. Mfa wo nsa nka, ntwitwiw, anaa ntwitwiw ntini a ɛyɛ kɔkɔɔ no da, efisɛ sɛ wobubu ntini nketenkete a ɛwɔ ntini no so no a, ɛmma ɛse no ntumi nsan nkɔ anom dompe no so.
2. Hwɛ sɛ ɛyɛ mpanyimfo sẽ a ɛtra hɔ daa anaa abofra akokoaa sẽ. Mfa sẽ titiriw (akokoaa) sẽ nhyɛ abofra kumaa anom socket mu da, efisɛ sɛ wopia akokoaa sẽ san kɔ mu a, ɛsɛe mpanyimfo sẽ a ɛtra hɔ daa a enyin wɔ n’ase tẽẽ no.
3. Hohoro ɛse a ɛho agu fĩ a ɛtra hɔ daa no brɛoo anyɛ yiye koraa no sikani 10. Sɛ mpanyimfo sẽ no hwee efĩ anaa akwan so a, fa kura abotiri no mu na hohoro no bere tiaa bi wɔ nufusu a ɛyɛ nwini, nkyene a ɛnyɛ ɔyare mmoawa, anaa tap nsu a ɛyɛ nwini mu; mfa nhohoro ho da, mfa samina nni dwuma da, na fa ntini nwoso da.
4. San fa ɛse a ɛtra hɔ daa no hyɛ ne socket mu ntɛm ara sɛ onipa no adwene mu da hɔ a. Fa ɛse no kyerɛ ɔkwan pa so (fa toto ɛse a ɛbɛn no ho), fa nsateaa nhyɛsoɔ twetwe brɛoo kɔ gum socket no mu, na ma onipa no nka fam brɛoo wɔ ntama a ɛho tew a wɔabobɔw anaa gauze pad a ɛnyɛ ɔyare mmoawa so na ama akura mu.
5. Fa ɛse no hyɛ nufusu a ɛyɛ nwini mu sɛ wuntumi nsan mfa nhyɛ mu bio a. Sɛ socket no yɛ yaw dodo anaasɛ asɛe a, fa ɛse no gu nantwi nufusu a ɛyɛ nwini, Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution (Save-A-Tooth kit), anaa nkyene a ɛnyɛ sterile kuruwa ketewaa bi mu ntɛm ara; mfa ntama a ɛyɛ nwunu nkyekyere wo sẽ da anaasɛ mfa nsie nsu a ɛnyɛ den mu wɔ tap mu.
6. Kɔ ntini ho oduruyɛfo anaa ayaresabea a egye ntɛmpɛ nkyɛn wɔ simma 30 kosi 60 mu. Di kan frɛ bere a worekɔ so sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a nsensan kuw no betumi asiesie ntini a ɛyɛ mmerɛw ansa na ntini a ɛwɔ ntini mu nkwammoaa no awuwu.

Gyinaesi nsu a ɛsen ma nsensan mu ahodwiriw ne sẽ a egye ntɛmpɛ¶

flowchart TD
    Start["Nsõ mu Opira a Ɛyɛ Hu anaa Ano mu Ɛyaw a Ɛyɛ Den"] --> AirwayCheck{"So mframa kwan anaa kɔn mu frankaa kɔkɔɔ wɔ hɔ?<br/>Nsu a ɛtɔ, ɔhome/mene mu haw,<br/>ano fam a ɛho ahonhon, anaasɛ ti a opira?"}

    AirwayCheck -->|Yes| Call911["Frɛ Emergency Dispatch Ntɛm ara<br/>911 US/Canada, 112 EU, 999 UK<br/>Ma boasetɔ tra ase gyina hɔ tẽẽ a ɔde ne ho to w’anim"]
    AirwayCheck -->|No| TraumaType{"Nsõ ho asɛm a egye ntɛmpɛ bɛn na esii?"}

    TraumaType -->|Knocked-Out Tooth (Avulsion)| ToothAge{"So ɛyɛ mpanyimfo sẽ anaa akokoaa sẽ?"}
    ToothAge -->|Permanent Adult Tooth| Reinsert["Pick Up by Crown Only and Rinse 10 Sec Max<br/>San fa gu socket mu brɛoo ANAA fa gu nufusu a ɛyɛ nwini mu<br/>Du ntini ho oduruyɛfo nkyɛn wɔ simma 30 kosi 60 ntam"]
    ToothAge -->|Primary Baby Tooth| NoReinsert["MFA Akokoaa sẽ NHYƐ<br/>Ka gauze a ɛho tew so na ama mogya a ɛretu wo anom<br/>Hwɛ mmofra ntini ho oduruyɛfo wɔ nnɔnhwerew 24 ntam"]

    TraumaType -->|Pushed Out of Position (Luxation)| LeaveInPlace["MFA Pliers anaa Nsateaa Nhyɛ Nse no San Akyi<br/>Kwe brɛoo wɔ ntama a ɛyɛ mmerɛw so sɛ wɔayi afi mu a<br/>Hwɛ ntini ho oduruyɛfo a ogye ntɛmpɛ wɔ nnɔnhwerew 2 kosi 6 ntam"]
    TraumaType -->|Broken Crown or Lost Filling| SavePieces["Sie Nse Asinasin a Abubu Wɔ Nufusu Mu<br/>Fa nsensan mu wax anaa bere tiaa mu semɛnte kata ano a ano yɛ nnam so<br/>Hwɛ ntini ho oduruyɛfo wɔ nnɔnhwerew 24 ntam"]

Ɛse a wɔabɔ (avulsion): ɛse a ɛtra hɔ daa ne nkokoaa sẽ¶

Amanaman Ntam Fekuw a Ɛhwɛ Nsensan Ho Nsɛm So (IADT) akwankyerɛ ahorow akyi a wubedi no hwɛ hu sɛ wobɛkora ntini ahoɔden so wɔ dɔnhwerew a edi kan a ɛho hia wɔ nkɛntɛnso bi akyi no mu.

Nea enti a nsu a wɔde di dwuma ne nea wɔde sie ho hia kɛse¶

Sɛ wɔtetew ɛse bi fi ne nnompe socket (alveolus) mu a, periodontal ligament (PDL) no mu paapae: ne fã kɔ so bata socket no fasu ho na fã bata ɛse no ntini cementum no ho. Sɛ saa ntini mu nkwammoaa no wow wɔ mframa a ɛda hɔ mu bɛboro simma 30 kosi 60, anaasɛ wɔde gu tap nsu a ɛnyɛ den mu (a ɛwɔ osmolality a ɛba fam koraa na ɛma ntini mu nkwammoaa no hohoro na ɛpae denam hypotonic lysis so) a, ntini mu nkwammoaa no wuwu. Sɛ wɔsan de ntini a awu bi si nipadua no mu a, nipadua no mu nnompe nkwammoaa no bom kɔ ntini no ntini no mu tẽẽ (ankylosis) na ɛde nkakrankakra ɛpete ntini no wɔ mfe kakraa bi mu (replacement resorption).

Nneɛma a wɔde sie sẽ a wɔde toto ho (nea eye sen biara ne nea enye koraa) .¶

Sɛ wuntumi mfa ɛse a ɛtra hɔ daa nsan nkɔ ne ntini a ɛwɔ baabi a akwanhyia no sii no mu pɛɛ a, fa gu nsu a ɛkorɔn sen biara a ɛwɔ hɔ no mu ntɛm ara:

Sɛnea wobehu nsonsonoe a ɛda akokoaa sẽ ne mpanyimfo sẽ a ɛtra hɔ daa ntam¶

Mmofra a wɔadi fi mfe 6 kosi 12 wɔ "nsen a wɔadi afra" a nkokoaa sẽ titiriw ne mpanyimfo sẽ a ɛtra hɔ daa a ɛpae foforo nyinaa wom:

• Mfe 5 ne nea ennu saa: Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛyɛ akokoaa sẽ titiriw. Mfa nhyɛ mu bio.
• Mfe 6 kosi 8 (Anim atifi ntini): Mfimfini anim sẽ a ɛtra hɔ daa no taa pae fi mfe 6 kosi 8. Ntini a ɛtra hɔ daa a ɛpae foforo no yɛ akɛse a ɛda adi sɛ ɛsõ, ɛyɛ kɔkɔɔ kakra, na ɛwɔ abon nketewa abiɛsa a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa (mamelons) wɔ wɔn ano a ɛka no ho, bere a nkokoaa sẽ yɛ nketewa, ɛyɛ fitaa te sɛ chalky, na ɛwɔ tratraa, . n’afã horow a ɛka obi a asɛe.
• Sɛ w’adwene mu yɛ wo naa: Mfa ɛse a asɛm wɔ ho no nsan nkɔ abofra bi socket mu da. Fa ɛse no gu nufusu a ɛyɛ nwini kuruwa mu ntɛm ara na fa kar kɔ ntini ho oduruyɛfo a ogye ntɛmpɛ nkyɛn tẽẽ, na sɛ ɛtra hɔ daa a, obetumi ahu wɔ sikɔne kakraa bi mu na wasan de ahyɛ mu.

Nse a atu, ayɛ mmerɛw, anaasɛ ayɛ mmerɛw (dental luxation) .¶

Mpɛn pii no, sɛ obi nsateaa, ɔhwe ase, anaa stia a ɛbɔ no mmɔ ɛse bi mfi ano koraa, na mmom ɛpia no ma ɛnsɛ bere a ɛda so ara bata anom socket no ho fã bi no:

• Lateral luxation (wɔpia kɔ anim anaa akyi) anaa Extrusion (ɛsensɛn socket no fã bi a ɛnyɛ den): Gyae ɛse no wɔ ano. Mfa ɛse a ayɛ mmerɛw mfi mu, na sɛ ɛte sɛ nea wɔato dompe mu a, mmɔ mmɔden sɛ wobɛsan abɔ wo sẽ a akyeakyea no mu. Ma ɔyarefo no nka gauze a ɛyɛ nwini brɛoo na ama agyina pintinn na onhu ntini ho oduruyɛfo a ogye ntɛmpɛ wɔ nnɔnhwerew 2 kosi 6 ntam sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a obetumi ama ntini no ayɛ mmerɛw, asan de dompe ne ne sẽ no asi hɔ yiye, na ɔde hama a ɛyɛ mmerɛw abɔ sẽ no so adapɛn 2 kosi 4.
• Intrusion (tooth jammed up into the jawbone): Ɛtɔ da bi a, ɛse a ɛyɛ den ma ɛse bi kɔ soro tẽẽ kɔ anom ne dompe no mu ma ɛse no bɛyɛ tiaa anaasɛ ɛyera koraa wɔ anom ntini a ahonhon no ase, na ɛsuasua ɛse a wɔabɔ no. Mmɔ mmɔden da sɛ wode wo nsateaa anaa nnwinnade bɛtwe ɛse a ɛhyɛn mu no akɔ fam; ɛho hia sɛ wɔyɛ nsensan X-ray a egye ntɛmpɛ de hwɛ ntini ne socket fam.

Nse a abubu, abubu, anaa abubu¶

Sɛnea ɛse a abubu hia ayaresa ntɛm no gyina ɛse no mu fã ko a ano mu mmoawa nya so:

Nneɛma a wɔde ahyɛ mu ma a ayera, abotiri a atutu, ne nhama a wɔde hyɛ mu a abubu¶

Sɛ biribi a wɔasan asiesie no hwe ase anaasɛ nneɛma a wɔde siesie sẽ no bubu wɔ nnɔnhwerew akyi a, bere tiaa mu a wɔde gyina hɔ pintinn no bɔ sẽ a ɛda adi no ho ban na esiw sẽ a wɔbɛtwetwe no ano wɔ akwanhyia mu kosi sɛ wo sẽ ho oduruyɛfo bebue:

• Lost filling: Fa nkyene nsu a ɛyɛ hyew hohoro abura no mu brɛoo na ama aduan a asɛe no afi hɔ; mfa aduru a wɔde sew sẽ anaa pin ntwitwiw tokuru no mu da. Mia bere tiaa mu semɛnte a wɔde hyɛ sẽ mu ma (zinc oxide/calcium sulfate paste a wɔtɔn wɔ nnurutɔnbea ahorow) anaa aduru a wɔde di dwuma a asikre nnim a wɔayɛ no mmerɛw bɔɔl ketewaa bi gu abura no mu na ama mframa a ɛyɛ nwini ne aduan asiw ano (mfa aduru a asikre wom nni dwuma da, a ɛma ɛyaw kɛse ba dentin tubules a wɔabue mu).
• Crown (cap) falls off intact: Sie abotiri no na hwɛ mu; sɛ ɛyɛ tokuru na wo sẽ a ɛwɔ ase no nsɛee na ɛnyɛ yaw a, wubetumi asɔ abotiri no ahwɛ asan de ahyɛ sẽ no so. Sɛ ɛtwetwe ntɛmntɛm wɔ ɔkwan biako a ɛda adi pefee so a, fa aduru a wɔtɔn a wɔmfa nnuru nhyɛ mu bere tiaa mu semɛnte a wɔde yɛ nsensan, aduru a wɔde sew sẽ, anaa aduru a wɔde kata sẽ sẽ so a ɛyɛ tratraa kata abotiri no mu na keka fam brɛoo na ama atra ase kosi sɛ wubehu wo sẽ ho oduruyɛfo. Mfa ofie superglue (cyanoacrylate) nni dwuma da wɔ w’ano, efisɛ ɛyɛ awuduru, ekum sẽ ntini no, na ɛsɛe abotiri no anoano. Sɛ abotiri no ayɛ mmerɛw anaasɛ ɔyarefo no yɛ abofra a, gyaw abotiri no wɔ kotoku a ɛwɔ zip so mu sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔremene anaasɛ wɔrenhome bere a wɔada no.
• Poking orthodontic braces wire: Sɛ archwire bi fi akyi bracket mu na ɛbɔ wo mu hwene a, bɔ mmɔden sɛ wode pɛnsere rɔba eraser awiei a ɛho tew no bedi dwuma de apia waya a ɛyɛ mmerɛw no brɛoo akɔ sẽ no so, afei fa tissue ma dade bracket no ma ɛyow na fa orthodontic relief wax (anaasɛ wax ketewaa bi a efi babybel cheese mu bɔɔl a ne kɛse te sɛ pea mia rind anaa paraffin kyɛnere wɔ pinch mu) denneennen wɔ waya a ano yɛ nnam no awiei. Mmɔ mmɔden da sɛ wode afiri a wɔde twa nhama a wɔde twitwiw sẽ a emu yɛ duru bɛtwa ano no mu gye sɛ ɛrekyere hwene no, efisɛ dade ano a wɔatwitwa no betumi atow tuo akɔ menewa no mu.

Ɛse a ɛyɛ yaw kɛse, sẽ a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa, ne Ludwig angina¶

Ɛse a ɛyɛ yaw a emu yɛ den a ɛbɔ a ɛkanyan wo fi nna mu anaasɛ ɛde nsu a ɛyɛ hyew ma ɛyɛ kɛse no taa kyerɛ sɛ wowɔ akisikuru a wontumi nsakra anaasɛ periapical dental abscess (kotoku a ɔyare mmoawa a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a ɛboaboa ano wɔ ntini a awu no ano wɔ anom dompe no mu).

Frɛko kɔkɔɔ a wɔde kyerɛ Ludwig angina ne kɔn mu ahunmu yare a emu dɔ¶

Esiane sɛ wo sẽ a ɛwɔ fam no ntini te kɔn no mu ntini a ɛwɔ ase ne kasa ase no nkyɛn pɛɛ, na ntini a ɛwɔ soro no te wo ntini ne w’aniwa ntini ase milimita nti, sẽ mu akisikuru a wɔansa no betumi abubu anom nnompe mprɛte a ɛyɛ tratraa no mu na atrɛw ntɛmntɛm akɔ kɔn no mu anaasɛ akɔ soro akɔ amemene no mu:

• Ludwig's angina (bilateral floor-of-mouth cellulitis): Sɛ ɔyare mmoawa a efi anom a ɛwɔ fam no mu trɛw wɔ tɛkrɛma no ase a, ano no fam a ɛyɛ mmerɛw no yɛ den te sɛ nnua, ɛho ahonhon, na ɛkɔ soro, na ɛpia tɛkrɛma no kɔ soro ne akyi kɔ ano no atifi na ɛto mframa kwan no mu koraa wɔ nnɔnhwerew kakraa bi mu.
• Cavernous sinus thrombosis ne orbital cellulitis: Sɛ upper canine anaa molar abscess trɛw kɔ soro a, ɛma aniwa biako hohoro ntɛmntɛm na ɛyɛ kɔkɔɔ, aniwa anim a ɛtɔ fam, ɛma wohu ade mprenu, anaasɛ tiyɛ kɛse.
• Bere a ɛsɛ sɛ wokɔ ayaresabea dwumadibea a wɔhwɛ ntɛmpɛ so tẽẽ (ɛnyɛ ntini ho adwumayɛbea a wɔyɛ no daa): Hwehwɛ ayaresabea ER hwɛ ntɛm ara ma nnuru a ekum ɔyare mmoawa a wɔde fa ntini mu ne mframa kwan ho ahobammɔ sɛ ɛse a ɛyɛ yaw no hohoro biara a wotumi hu wɔ w’anim, wo hwene, wo hwene, w’ani, anaa wo kɔn akyi, ɛyɛ den sɛ wubebue w’ano atrɛw asen nsateaa abien (trismus), tɛkrɛma a ɛkɔ soro anaasɛ ɛho ahonhon denneennen wɔ tɛkrɛma ase, nsu a ɛtɔ anaasɛ ɛyɛ yaw a ɛmene, anaa atiridii ne awɔw.

Ɛyaw ne ɔfe a ahobammɔ wom bere a woretwɛn ntini ho oduruyɛfo no¶

1. Fa nnuru a wɔde kum ɛyaw a ɛko tia ɔyare mmoawa a wɔnom: Wɔ mpanyimfo a wobetumi anom NSAIDs dwoodwoo fam no, sɛ wɔde ibuprofen (a ɛde n’ani si prostaglandin ɔfe a ɛwɔ dompe no mu) a wɔnom a wɔayɛ ho nhyehyɛe ne acetaminophen (paracetamol) bom sɛnea akwankyerɛ a wɔakyerɛw wɔ krataa a wɔde ahyɛ mu no kyerɛ no a, ɛma ɛyaw ano brɛ ase a emu yɛ den sen nnuru abien no mu biara nkutoo.
2. Fa awɔw gu w’afono akyi nkutoo: Fa awɔw pack a wɔde mpopaho abɔ ho no hyɛ anom akyi simma 15, simma 15 fi hɔ. Mfa ɔhyew aduru anaa nsu a ɛyɛ hyew toa nhyɛ anom a akisikuru no akyi da, efisɛ abɔnten so ɔhyew trɛw anim mogya ntini mu na ɛtwetwe akisikuru kɔ abɔnten fa hwene were no mu.
3. Fa nkyene nsuo a ɛyɛ hyew hohoro wo ano brɛoo: Fa nkyene pon so nkyene mililita 2.5 (teaspoon 0.5) gu nsuo a ɛyɛ hyew mililita 240 (ounces 8) mu, fa ano biako gu anom a ɛyɛ yaw no so sikɔne 30, na teɛteɛ mu brɛoo.
4. Ma wo ti so nkɔ soro wɔ pillow abien anaa abiɛsa so: Sɛ woda fam koraa a, ɛma mogya mmoroso a ɛwɔ wo ti ne wo hwene mu no kɔ soro, na ɛma wo sẽ mu akisikuru bɔ denneennen anadwo.

Ano, ano, anaa tɛkrɛma a mogya tu kɛse a wobedi so¶

Tɛkrɛma, anofafa, ne anom ntini no wɔ mogya a ɛdɔɔso soronko, na mogya ketewaa bi a wɔde afra ano nnompe ma anom apirakuru no yɛ te sɛ nea enye koraa sen sɛnea ɛte.

• Sɛ wopɛ sɛ mogya tu wɔ socket akyi: Fa nsu a ɛyɛ nwini hohoro ano no brɛoo pɛnkoro na ama nsu a ɛyɛ nwini a ɛte sɛ jelly no afi hɔ, bobɔw gauze pad a ɛyɛ nwini a ɛyɛ sterile (anaasɛ moistened standard black tea bag, a abɔde mu astringent tannic acid a ɛma ntini nketenkete no mu yɛ den na ɛma mogya mu nkwammoaa a ɛtwetwe ntɛmntɛm wom) gu cylinder a ɛyɛ den mu, fa to socket gap no so tẽẽ, na de nhyɛso a enhinhim a wontwa mu ka fam simma 30 kosi 45 a edi mũ a wunbue w’ano mfa nhwɛ. Kwati sɛ wobɛteɛteɛm, wobɛhohoro wo ho, wobɛnom sigaret, wobɛnom nsu a ɛyɛ hyew, anaasɛ wode sare a wɔde nom bedi dwuma anyɛ yiye koraa no nnɔnhwerew 24.
• Sɛ anofafa, afono, anaa tɛkrɛma mu atetew: Fa ntama a ɛho tew anaa gauze a ɛnyɛ ɔyare mmoawa twitwiw anofafa anaa tɛkrɛma a mogya retu no denneennen wɔ wo nsateaa kɛse ne wo nsateaa a wode kyerɛ ade no ntam simma 10 kosi 15 a ɛkɔ so. Hwehwɛ aduruyɛ anaa nsensan a wɔde bɛpam no wɔ nnɔnhwerew 6 mu sɛ anofafa a wɔatwa no twa vermilion hye (ntrɛwmu soronko a anofafa a ɛyɛ pink no hyia anim were, a ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔpam no pɛpɛɛpɛ na wɔasiw anofafa a ɛtra hɔ daa no ano), sɛ akuturuku bi fa anofafa no mu nyinaa, anaasɛ sɛ tɛkrɛma a wɔatwa no mu trɛw, ɛware sen sɛntimita 1 (nsateakwaa 0.4), anaasɛ kɔ so tu mogya ntɛmntɛm bere a wɔde simma 15 abɔ no denneennen akyi.

Nsɛm a wɔtaa bisa¶

Sources a wɔhwɛɛ mu¶

• Amanaman Ntam Fekuw a Ɛhwɛ Nsõ Ho Apirakuru So (IADT): 2020 Akwankyerɛ a Ɛfa Nsõ a Ɛyɛ Hu a Wɔde Di Dwuma Ho: Nsõ a Ɛtra Hɔ Daa a Ɛpae, Nsõ a Ɛpaapae, ne Nsõ a Ɛbɔ, ne Apirakuru wɔ Nsensan a Ɛho Hia Mu.
• Amerika Nsõ Ho Fekuw (ADA): Nsõ Ho Nsɛm a Egye Ntɛmpɛ, Nsõ a Wɔabɔ, ne Nse a Apaapae Ho Ayaresabea Akwankyerɛ.
• UK Ɔman Akwahosan Dwumadibea (NHS) ne Scotland Nsõ Ho Ayaresabea a Etu mpɔn Dwumadi (SDCEP): Nsõ Ho Ɔhaw a Ɛyɛ Den ne Nsõ Ho Apirakuru a Wɔhwɛ So.
• Amerika Endodontists Fekuw (AAE): Ayaresa Gyinapɛn a Wɔde Ma Nsõ a Ɛwɔ Avulsed ne Fractured Permanent Teeth.

Akwankyerɛ ahorow a ɛfa ho¶

• Ti apirakuru ne akisikuru ho kɔkɔbɔ nsɛnkyerɛnne
• Mogya a ɛtwetwe a emu yɛ den a wɔde siw ano
• Sepsis ne septic shock a wohu
• Mpanyimfo a wɔmene wɔn yam mmoa a edi kan
• Emergency nɔma ahorow ho kyerɛwtohɔ