Nsuo anaa Nnuru a Ɛsɛe Mmoa a Edi Kan ne Nsuo a Wɔde Guu Ntɛmntɛm¶

Nneɛma a ɛporɔw ntua (wɔtaa frɛ no acid ntua, ɛwom sɛ wɔn a wɔyɛ saa no taa de alkalis a ɛyɛ hyew te sɛ sodium hydroxide drain cleaner, mfiridwuma mu ammonia, anaa ofie bleach a wɔahyɛ no den di dwuma saa ara de) yɛ aduruyɛ mu tebea a egye ntɛmpɛ a ɛde nkwa ne aniwa to asiane mu. Mpɛn pii no, wɔn a wɔtow hyɛ nkurɔfo so no petepete nsu a ɛyɛ hyew a efi agumadi mu anonne toa, kuruwa, anaa toa a wɔde petepete obi a wɔatow ahyɛ no so no anim, n’ani, kɔn, ne ne moma so bere a wɔrebɔ korɔn wɔ mmɔnten so, wɔrewia kar wɔ moped so, anaasɛ wɔreto ahyɛ nkurɔfo so no. Nea ɛnte sɛ ogya a ɛyɛ hyew a ɛhyew a egyae sɛe ntini bere a ogyaframa no dum no, nnuru a ɛyɛ acid anaa alkali kɔ so hyew kɔ akyiri fa aniwa no ani, anim were, ntini, ne mogya ntini mu sekan biako biara a ɛbɛka nipadua no so.

Aduruyɛ ho akwankyerɛ a efi Wiase Nyinaa Akwahosan Ahyehyɛde (WHO), Ɔman Akwahosan Dwumadibea (NHS, United Kingdom), ne Amerika Ɔhyew Fekuw (ABA, United States) hɔ no gyina mmara biako a ɛsen biara so: nsu pa a wɔde hyɛ mu ntɛm ara, kɛse, bere nyinaa wɔ sikɔne 60 a edi kan no mu no ne ade biako pɛ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ebia nea wɔayɛ no bɔne no kura n’ani so na ɔkwati anim a ɛbɛsɛe daa wɔ ɔkwan a ɛto so abiɛsa so. Sɛ wɔkyere UK Fire and Rescue Services protocol a ɛwɔ nsɛmfua abiɛsa, REPORT, REMOVE, RINSE (anaa REMOVE, REMOVE, FLUSH) a, ɛma wɔn a wɔayɛ wɔn basabasa ne wɔn a wɔrehwɛ no tumi gyae nnuru a ɛyɛ adwuma wɔ abɔnten so bere tenten ansa na ambulance a edi kan no aba.

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Yɛ eyi mprempren¶

Sɛ wɔde nsu a wosusuw sɛ ɛyɛ mmerɛw, acid, aduru a wɔde tew nsu a ɛkɔ nsu mu ho, anaa nnuru a wonnim a ɛhyew apete wo anaa obi a ɔbɛn wo so mprempren a, yɛ anammɔn asia yi ntɛm ara:

1. YI wo ho fi ɔtowhyɛfo no ho na frɛ wo mpɔtam hɔ nɔma a egye ntɛmpɛ ntɛm ara: Tu mmirika kɔ sotɔɔ a ɛbɛn wo a wɔabue mu, adidibea, asawdan, pɛtro adwumayɛbea, anaa ofie a tap nsu a ɛreworo so wom mu, na teɛm ma obi frɛ wo mpɔtam hɔ ntɛmpɛ nɔma (911 wɔ United States ne Canada, 112 wɔ Europa Aman Nkabom no nyinaa mu, 999 wɔ United Kingdom) anaa hwɛ yɛn nɔma ahorow a egye ntɛmpɛ directory a wɔde kyerɛw nsɛm. Ka kyerɛ nea ɔde kɔma no sɛ: "Nnuru a ɛporɔw ntua a ɛba anim/nipadua so: yehia Polisifo, Ogya HazMat, ne Paramedics ntɛm ara."
2. Brush nnuru biara a ɛyɛ dry powder ANSA na wode nsuo aka ho: Sɛ ɔtowhyɛfo no tow dry powder (te sɛ dry lime, lye granules, anaa cement dust) sen sɛ wobɛtow nsu a, fa mpopaho a ɛyɛ dry, shirt hem, anaa nsa a wɔde nsateaa brush powder a ayow nyinaa fi honam ani ne ntade so ansa na wobɛhwie nsu agu, efisɛ nsu kakraa bi na ɛyɛ adwuma lime a ɛyɛ dry anaa lye exothermic ɔhyew. Sɛ wobɔ wo brush wie (anaasɛ sɛ ɛyɛ nsu dedaw a) kɔ nsu a wɔhoro kɛse mu tẽẽ.
3. FƆ nsuo pa pii hohoro w’ani ne w’anim ntɛm ara anyɛ yie koraa no simma 20 kɔsi 60: Ntwɛn mma ayarehwɛfoɔ mfi aseɛ nhohoro. Hwie nsuo a wɔde ahyɛ toa mu, tap nsuo a ɛfiri sink faucet mu, shower head, turo mu hose, anaa mpo tii/nkyene a ɛyɛ nwini a ɛho tew (nnom nufusuo anaa soda da sɛ nsuo pa wɔ hɔ a, na ntwentwɛn wo nan ase da sɛ wobɛhwehwɛ "neutralizer") daa wɔ anim ne honam ani a ahyew no so. Sɛ wɔkyɛ sikɔne 30 biara a, ɛma alkali anaa acid kɔ aniwa no mu.
4. YI ntade, mpaboa, dɔn, ne agude a efĩ wom nyinaa bere a worehoro (Twi ntade, MMFA ntwe mfa ti so): Nsu a ɛporɔw a wɔde ahyɛ cotton atade anaa kɔla mu no yɛ adwuma sɛ awuduru a ɛma wo ho yɛ hyew a ɛkɔ so hyew koko ne kɔn. Fa nkankyee, sekan, anaa tetew nea wɔabɔ no nhama mu twitwa nea wɔayɛ no bɔne no atade, ne bra, ne ne trako sen sɛ wobɛtwe T-shirt a nnuru ayɛ mu ma akɔ soro wɔ wɔn anim ne n’ani so. Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔn a wogye nkurɔfo no de nitrile nsateaa, plastic bag, anaa ntama a ayow bɔ wɔn ankasa nsa ho ban sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔrenhyew wɔn ankasa nsateaa.
5. Fa wo nsateaa kura aniwa no mu kɛse na hohoro fi emu ntwea (hwene no fã) kɔ abɔnten: Obi a ɔwɔ acid anaa alkali wɔ n’ani so no nya aniwa mu ntini a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a ɔmpɛ (blepharospasm) a ɛpiapia aniwa no mu, na ɛkyere nsu a ɛyɛ mmerɛw no kɔ aniwa no kurukuruwa no so. Fa wo nsateaa kɛse ne wo nsateaa a wode kyerɛ ade no kura aniwa a ɛwɔ soro ne ase no brɛoo, dannan nea wɔakum no no ti sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ani a apira no bɛba fam nsen aniwa a enpira (enti nnuru a ɛsen no renhohoro hwene no bridge no so nkɔ aniwa pa no mu), na hwie nsu gu bere nyinaa mfi hwene no mu ntwea so nkɔ abɔnten nkɔ aso no ho.
6. MMFA cream, bɔta, ngo, aduru a wɔde sew sẽ, anaa baking soda/vinegar nhyɛ nnuru a wɔahyew so DA: Mmɔ mmɔden da sɛ wode baking soda anaa alkali a wɔde vinegar ayɛ "neutralize" wɔ onipa honam ani; acid-base neutralization reactions yɛ exothermic (ɛma ɔhyew a ano yɛ den) a ɛde ɔhyew hyew a emu yɛ den ka nnuru a ɛhyew no ho. Fa nsu a ɛsen kɔ so na ɛyɛ nwini nkutoo di dwuma kosi sɛ nnuruyɛfo a wɔboa nkurɔfo begye adwuma no.

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Corrosive assault ntɛmpɛ mmuae flowchart¶

Di ayaresabea gyinaesi dua a ɛyɛ adwuma ntɛmntɛm yi akyi wɔ simma 20 a edi kan wɔ nnuru anaa acid a wɔde petepete ntua akyi no mu.

flowchart TD
    Attack["Obi a Wɔde Nsu anaa Nnuru a Wosusuw sɛ Ɛsɛe Petepete No"] --> SafeZone["1. Twe Fi ɔtowhyɛfo no Ho Wɔ Sotɔɔ, Adidibea, Anaa Fie a Ɛbɛn Wo Mu a Nsu a Ɛsen Fa Mu; Frɛ 911 / 112 / 999 wɔ telefon so"]
    SafeZone --> PowderCheck{"2. So ade no yɛ powder a ɛyɛ dry anaasɛ nsu a ɛyɛ nsu?"}
    PowderCheck -->|"Powder a Ɛyɛ Dry (Lime, Lye Nnuadewa, Semɛnte) ."| BrushDry["Fa Ntama a Ɛyɛ Dry Brush Off Dry Powder Di kan; Afei Fa Nsu Kɛse a Ɛsen Hohoro Ntɛm ara"]
    PowderCheck -->|"Nsu a Ɛyɛ Nsu anaa Gel"| StartWater["3. Ntɛm ara Fa Nsuo a Wɔde Toa Toa Mu, Tap, Shower, anaa Hose Nsuo Anim, Aniwa & Wora"]
    BrushDry --> StartWater
    StartWater --> EyeCheck{"4. So na aniwa anaa anim a ɛwɔ soro no apetepete?"}
    EyeCheck -->|"Yiw: Aniwa a Ɛka Ho (Sight Emergency) ."| FlushEyes["Tilt Head Enti Aniwa a Apira no Wɔ Fam; Kura Aniwa a Wobɛbue Mu; Flush Fi Hwene Ntwea so Kɔ Abɔnten; Yi Contact Lenses no fi hɔ"]
    EyeCheck -->|"Dabi: Wora & Nipadua Nkutoo"| CutClothes["4. Twitwa Ntade, Mpaboa & Agude a Efĩ wom Bere a Worehohoro (NTWE Shirt Nkɔ Ti So) ."]
    FlushEyes --> CutClothes
    CutClothes --> NoNeutral["5. MFA Baking Soda, Vinegar, Nufusu, Nsõ, anaa Nsukyenee NHWEE DA; Ma Nsu Nsen Nkɔso"]
    NoNeutral --> Duration["6. Kɔ so Ngugu so a Wonnyae Simma 20 kosi 60 Kosi sɛ Ayarehwɛfo De Saline & pH Strips Begye Adwuma no"]

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Acids vs. Alkalis vs. Noxious Irritants: Sɛnea nnuru a wɔde tow hyɛ mmɔnten so yɛ adwuma¶

Wɔn a wɔyɛ ntua a ɛyɛ hu de nnuru atitiriw anan a wɔde di dwuma wɔ fie anaa mfiridwuma mu di dwuma. Bere a mmoa a edi kan a wɔde ma ntɛm ara ma nsu a ɛporɔw nyinaa yɛ pɛ (nsu a ɛtɔ ntɛm ara, nsu kɛse), honam fam nsɛnkyerɛnne a wuhu no boa wo ma wobɔ nsɛm a ɛho hia ho amanneɛ kyerɛ nnuruyɛfo a wɔba hɔ ne mmeae a wɔhwɛ awuduru so.

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3-Anamɔn "YI, YI, FLUSH" Bystander Nkwagye Protocol¶

Sɛ wuhu sɛ nsu a ɛyɛ hu reto ahyɛ wo so wɔ kwan ho, keteke asɛnka agua so, anaa baabi a wɔde kar sisi a, wunhia aduruyɛ ho nneɛma a wode begye nea wɔayɛ no bɔne no ani ne n’anim. Nea wode nsu toa anaa sotɔɔ mu sink yɛ wɔ sekan 45 a edi kan mu no wɔ tumi kɛse sen oprehyɛn biara a oduruyɛfo a ɔyɛ oprehyɛn a wɔde yɛ oprehyɛn betumi ayɛ akyiri yi.

Anamɔn 1: Bɔ Wo Ho Ban Bere a Worebɛn (Zero Secondary Casualties) .¶

1. Hwɛ sɛ ɔtowhyɛfo no aguan: Ntu mmirika nkɔ ɔtowhyɛfo a okura akode a okura toa a wɔabue kwan so. Twɛn kosi sɛ nea ɔtow hyɛɛ no ​​so no bɛtra pɔnkɔ so anaasɛ obeguan, anaasɛ twe nea wɔatow ahyɛ no so no kɔ sotɔɔ bi pon mu na to mu wɔ w’akyi.
2. Kwati sɛ wo nsa da hɔ a wode bɛka atɛkyɛ a acid a ɛyɛ den wom:
3. Mfa nkotodwe a ɛda hɔ kwa nkotow nsu a ɛyɛ atɛkyɛ mu wɔ akwan no so, na mfa wo nsateaa a ɛda hɔ kwa mpopa nea wɔayɛ no bɔne no anim.
4. Sɛ wunni aduruyɛ mu nitrile nsateaa wɔ wo kotoku mu a, fa plastic nkotoku abien a ɛho tew a wɔde tɔ nneɛma, nkotoku a wɔde akraman nwura gu mu, anaa mpopaho a ɛyɛ dry dish fa wo nsa so ansa na wode wo nsa aka nea wɔayɛ no bɔne no atade a ɛyɛ nsu no.
5. Gyina kakra mframa a ɛkɔ soro sɛ nnuru a ɛyɛ hyew anaa wusiw a wotumi hu reforo afi nea wɔayɛ no bɔne no ntade mu a.

Anamɔn 2: Fibea Massive Volumes of Clean Water Ntɛm ara ("Nsu a Wɔde Toa Toa Mu → Tap/Hose" Bridge) .¶

• Seconds 0 to 30 (The Bottled Water Bridge): Teɛm kyerɛ obiara a ɔnam fam, sakrekafo, ne sotɔɔ wura a ɔwɔ aso mu sɛ: "ACID ATTACK. FA NSU TO TO BIARA A WOWƆ MPREMPREN BƐRE." Wɔde nsu a wɔnom toa a ne kɛse yɛ mililita 500 (16-ounce) mpo hwie guu nea wɔakum no no aniwa ne n'anim a abue so ntɛm ara wɔ sikɔne 15 a edi kan no mu no, ɛma acid a ɛwɔ mu no yɛ mmerɛw ɔha biara mu nkyem 90 bere a wode nea wɔayɛ no bɔne no kɔ faucet bi mu no.
• Seconds 30 to Minute 30 (The Running Tap, Shower, anaa Hose): Kyerɛ nea wɔayɛ no bɔne no kwan ntɛm ara kɔ nsu a ɛsen fa a ɛbɛn no so:
• Adidibea bi adididan mu sink a ɛwɔ hose a wɔde petepete so a wɔtwe kɔ fam.
• Hair salon shampoo sink (ɛyɛ papa sɛ wobɛdan ti no akɔ akyi na woahohoro aniwa ne n’anim a worenmene nea wɔayɛ no bɔne no).
• Apɔw-mu-teɛteɛ dan, ahɔhodan, anaa baabi a wɔte hɔ a wɔde nsu gu mu.
• Turo mu hose anaa nsu nkuruwa pii a emu duru yɛ lita 5 (galɔn 1) a wɔde fi sotɔɔ a wɔtɔn nnuan anaa sotɔɔ a wɔtɔn nneɛma a ɛyɛ nwini mu kɔ.
• Na sɛ nsuo biara nni hɔ ankasa wɔ sikani 30 a ɛdi kan no mu nso ɛ? Sɛ wowɔ kar mu anaa wote kar mu a tap anaa nsuo a wɔde ahyɛ toa mu nni mu a, fa nsã biara a ɛyɛ nwini, ɛnyɛ nsa, ɛnyɛ nea ɛyɛ nwura a nsuo wom a ɛwɔ hɔ (te sɛ tii a ɛyɛ nwini a wɔmfa nnuru nhyɛ mu, agumadi mu anonneɛ, anaa nkyene contact lens solution) di dwuma wɔ sikani 30 a ɛdi kan no mu berɛ a woretu mmirika akɔ nsuo tap mu. Nanso, sɛ wotumi du tap nsuo ho pɛ a, fa nsuo a ɛho tew a ɛsen anaa nkyene a ɛnyɛ sterile NKUTOO di dwuma; nhwie nufusu ngu aniwa a wɔahyew mu wɔ nnuru mu, efisɛ nufusu nyɛ nea ɛyɛ mmerɛw na ɛyɛ aduru a ɛnyɛ hann a acid wom a ɛkata aniwa ho oduruyɛfo no adwene wɔ aniwa no ho.

Anamɔn 3: Nsuo a Wɔde Gu Nnua Ho Mfiri a Ɛfata (Wɔsiw "Runoff Cross-Contamination") .¶

Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ sɛnea wuhwie nsu no ho hia te sɛ nsu dodow a wuhwie gu no. Afã horow a enye a wɔde hwie gu no betumi ahohoro acid a wɔahyɛ no den afi obi moma so anaa ne ti nhwi mu tẽẽ akɔ n’ani anaa n’anom a enpirae no mu wɔ akwanhyia mu:

1. Sɛ nnuru no wɔ NTWI anaa MMƆBƆ SO a, dan ti no AKYI anaa AKWAN: Mma obi a wɔayɛ no bɔne no nnyina hɔ tẽẽ da na hwie nsu bokiti ngu wɔn ti nhwi a acid ayɛ no ma no atifi, anyɛ saa a awuduru a ɛbɛsen no bɛsen tẽẽ akɔ wɔn aniwa so akɔ wɔn aniwa ne wɔn ano nyinaa mu. Ma nea wɔayɛ no bɔne no mfa ne ti kɔ akyi wɔ sink so (te sɛ nea ɛwɔ baabi a wɔyɛ ti nhwi) anaa kɔ nkyɛnkyɛn nkɔ anim a ahyew no so sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a nsu no bɛsen akɔ fam tẽẽ.
2. Sɛ ANI BAKO hyew a, dan ti no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ANI A APIRAA no bɛda ASƐM:
3. Ma nea wɔayɛ no bɔne no nna fam anaasɛ ɔmfa ne ti nkɔ nkyɛnkyɛn sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a aniwa a ahyew no bɛbɛn fam sen aniwa a ɛwɔ apɔwmuden no.
4. Hwie nsuo a ɛyɛ brɛoo, a ɛnna pintinn gu hwene no bridge no so, ma ɛnsen fa aniwa a ahyew no mu ntwea so na ɛnsen kɔ abɔnten fi asɔredan ne hwene no so nkɔ fam.
5. Yi Contact Lenses ntɛm ara: Sɛ nea wɔayɛ no bɔne no hyɛ contact lenses a ɛyɛ mmerɛw anaa ɛyɛ den a, nnuru no bɛkyere plastic lens no ase te sɛ kuruwa a wɔde suw anim a ɛbɔ ani no. Sɛ wo hohoro wo ho simma 60 wie a, ka kyerɛ nea wɔayɛ no bɔne no sɛ ɔmfa nsateaa a ɛho tew a ɛyɛ nsu ntwiw n’ani anaasɛ ɔntwe contact lens no mfi mu (anaasɛ hohoro no tẽẽ kosi sɛ lens no bɛsensɛn mu).
6. Flip the eyelids (Eversion) sɛ particles wɔ hɔ: Bisa nea wɔayɛ no bɔne no sɛ ɔmfa n’aniwa no nkɔ soro, fam, benkum, ne nifa so bere a wokura anim no mu bue wɔ nsu asuten no ase sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a nsu bɛhohoro kotoku a emu dɔ a ɛwɔ aniwa no atifi ne ase (the conjunctival fornices) ase wɔ baabi a caustic particles no ahintaw no.

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Defensive street awareness: Sɛnea wobehu na wɔakwati nsu a ɛyɛ hyew a wɔde bɛtow ahyɛ wɔn so¶

Nsɛmmɔnedi ho nhwehwɛmu a UK Home Office, Metropolitan Police Service, ne amanaman ntam mmarahyɛ bagua ahorow yɛe no da no adi sɛ nnuru a ɛyɛ hu a wɔde tow hyɛ nkurɔfo so no ntaa nyɛ nea wɔanhyɛ da. Bɛboro ɔha biara mu nkyem 80 ba wɔ nsɛm abiɛsa a wobetumi ahyɛ ho nkɔm mu: (1) Moped ne moto adwowtwafo de ammonia toa a wɔde petepete mu anaasɛ nsu a wɔde tew nsu mu di dwuma sɛ akode a ne bo nyɛ den de bu ɔpɔnkɔsotefo, sakrekafo, anaa ofirikafo anifurae na wowia wɔn kar anaa dɔn a ɛyɛ fɛ (2) Anadwo asetra, asanombea, anaa mmɔnten so ntawntawdi a ɛkɔ soro baabi a ɔtowhyɛfo bi twe agumadi-nsã toa a wɔde asie fi jacket kotoku mu; ne (3) Ofie basabasayɛ a wɔde wɔn ani asi so, akyidi, anaa ntua a egyina nidi so wɔ obi a wɔayɛ no bɔne no anim pon ano anaa ɔkwan a wɔfa so kɔ hɔ.

Kɔkɔbɔ nsɛnkyerɛnne anum a wotumi hu a ɛkyerɛ sɛ obi kura akode a asɛe a wɔde asie¶

1. Agumadi-Nsã Toa a Pop-Up "Squirt Cap" a Wɔde Kura Nsa mu Bere a Wɔrehyia Ako: Ntuafo dodow no ara pɛ plastic sports-drink anaa sakre nsu nkotoku a ɛwɔ push-pull squirt nozzle (anaasɛ lucozade/energy drink nkotoku a tokuru a wɔabɔ wɔ screw cap no mu) efisɛ sɛ wopia toa no a, ɛma acid a ɛyɛ teateaa bi ba mita 2 kosi 4 (anammɔn 6.5 kosi 13) a ɛnpete nea ɔtow hyɛɛ no so no ankasa nsa.
2. Nsuo a ne kɔla asesa, ɛyɛ nwene, anaa wɔankyerɛw so wɔ anonneɛ toa mu: Sulfuric drain cleaner a wɔde ahyɛ mu no taa yɛ te sɛ nea ɛyɛ den, srade, bruu tuntum, anaa kɔkɔɔ wɔ plastic toa a emu da hɔ mu, na ɛtaa ma PET nsu toa a ɛyɛ tratraa no yɛ mmerɛw anaasɛ ɛkyinkyin esiane ɔhyew a ɛyɛ hyew nti.
3. Gloves anaa Anim Akatasoɔ a Ɔnam fam anaa Pillion Rider hyɛ wɔ Wim Tebea a Ɛyɛ Ɔhyeɛ: Wɔn a wɔyɛ bɔne a wɔde fuming acid anaa alkali a wɔahyɛ no den taa hyɛ rɔba/aboa nhoma nsateaa baako wɔ wɔn nsa a wɔde tow no so ne oprehyɛn akatasoɔ anaa balaclava na wɔakwati sɛ wɔbɛhome wusiw no anaasɛ wɔbɛhyew wɔn ankasa nsateaa.
4. Nnipa Baanu a Wɔte Skuter anaa Moped mu Rebɛn Ofirikafo anaa Motokafo a Wagyae: Wɔ nkurow akɛse mu adwowtwa a wɔde moped di dwuma mu no, ɔkwantufo a ɔwɔ akyi pillion no kura squirt toa no bere a ofirikafo no twe kɔ moto a agyina, convertible, anaa kar mfɛnsere a wɔabue nkyɛn wɔ kanea kɔkɔɔ bi so.
5. Kuruwa anaa Kuruwa a Wɔabue a Ɔhɔho anaa Ɔhokafo a Ɔyɛ Abufuw Soa Kɔ Wo So: Bere a wɔregye akyinnye wɔ kasa mu wɔ asanombea, adwumayɛbea, anaa ofie aponkɛse akyi no, ɛsɛ sɛ wobu obiara a ɔbɛn no wɔ mita 4 (anammɔn 13) mu a okura kɔfe kuruwa a wɔabue mu, ahwehwɛ, anaa thermos a ɔnom bi a ɔnnom bi no sɛ asiane a ebetumi aba sɛ ɔbɛtow nsu agu.

Honam fam kwati akwan pɔtee wɔ sikɔne 2 ansa na wɔatow nsu bi agu no mu¶

Sɛ wuhu sɛ ɔtowhyɛfo bi retwe toa a wɔde nsu gu mu anaasɛ ɔretwe kuruwa bi a wɔabue san n’akyi bere a wɔrehyia akasakasa no a:

• Dan w’anim digrii 180 na sie w’ani wɔ wo nsateaa a ɛyɛ kronkron no mu ntɛm ara: Wo ani ne mframa kwan a wobɛbɔ ho ban no ho hia mpɛn 100 sen sɛ wobɛbɔ wo jacket anaa wo mmati akyi ho ban. Ntɛm ara a obi pia toa anaasɛ ɔwosow kuruwa bi kyerɛ wo, twitwa wo ti ne wo honam ani koraa, kyekyere w’aniwa anim, de wo hwene hyɛ wo moma so, na mia w’anim kɔ wo nsa a ɛyɛ kronkron no mu bere a woretu mmirika akɔ nkyɛnkyɛn no. Sɛ wofa acid a wɔde petepete denim anaa nylon jacket a ɛyɛ den akyi a, ɛma wutumi tetew jacket no mu wɔ sikɔne abien mu a wunpirapira biara, bere a sɛ wode saa apetepete koro no ara fa aniwa a abue so a, ebetumi ama w’ani afura daa.
• Sɛ wote moto, skuter, anaa sakre so a, ma wo dade kyɛw polycarbonate visor no nkɔ fam wɔ nkurow akɛse mu kar akwan mu: Ntra nkurow akɛse mu kar akanea so anaasɛ nnyina da a w’anim nyinaa dade kyɛw visor no abue. Polycarbonate dade kyɛw a wɔato mu (anaasɛ sakre ahwehwɛ a wɔde kyekyere ho) siw toa a wɔde petepete aniwa so tẽẽ no ɔha biara mu nkyem 100 ano; sɛ wɔde petepete wo dade kyɛw visor a wɔato mu no so a, mfa wo nsa a ɛda hɔ kwa nnbɔ visor no nkɔ soro. Twe wo ho fi nea ɔtow hyɛ wo so no ho, gyina baabi a ahobammɔ wɔ, yi abɔso no mu, na twe dade kyɛw no nyinaa fi wo ti so kɔ w’anim bere a w’ani da so no.
• Sɛ wowɔ kar mu a, ma mfɛnsere bobɔw wɔ kar akanea ho: Sɛnea wɔakata so wɔ yɛn kar a wɔawia ho banbɔ akwankyerɛ, sɛ wode wo kar mfɛnsere bobɔw wɔ nkurow akɛse mu nhyiam ahorow so a, edi moped squirt-bottle ntua so nkonim koraa.

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Nea ɛkɔ so wɔ ambulance ne ayaresabea: Diphoterine, Morgan Lens, ne Burn Center hwɛ¶

Sɛ wote sɛnea nnuruyɛfo a wɔboa nkurɔfo ne nnuruyɛfo a wɔhwɛ ntɛmpɛ so sa ɔhyew a ɛyɛ hu a wobɛte ase a, ɛboa wo ma woyɛ biako yiye bere a wode wo rekɔ no na wokamfo kyerɛ sɛ wonyi efĩ fi hɔ koraa:

1. Litmus pH Sɔhwɛ a Wɔyɛ wɔ Aniwa ne Wora ho:
2. Nnuruyɛfo a wɔboa nkurɔfo ne ayarehwɛfo a wɔhwɛ wɔn a wɔhwɛ wɔn a wɔwɔ ayaresa a egye ntɛmpɛ mu de litmus pH indicator strips nketewa a wɔde mia aniwa no ase kotoku (fornix) ne honam ani a wɔahyew no brɛoo di dwuma de susuw acid anaa alkalinity.
3. Nnipa nusu a ɛyɛ daa no wɔ pH a ɛnyɛ nea ɛfa biribiara ho a ɛyɛ 7.0 kosi 7.4. Sɛ litmus strip no kenkan nnu 6.5 (acidic) anaa ɛboro 7.6 (alkaline, mpɛn pii no pH yɛ 11 kosi 14 wɔ drain-cleaner ntua akyi) a, nsuo a wɔde gugu nnɔbaeɛ so ɛsɛ sɛ wɔtoa so a ennyae, ɛtɔ da bi a ɛhia sɛ wɔde lita 2 kɔsi 4 (galɔn 0.5 kɔsi 1) a ɛyɛ sterile normal saline anaa Lactated Ringer’s solution ma aniwa biara.
4. Morgan Lens a Wɔde Gu Aniwa So Nsuo a Ɛkɔ So:
5. Wɔ Dwumadibea a Ɛhwɛ Nneɛma a Egye Ntɛmpɛ So no, oduruyɛfo no de nnuru a ɛma aniwa no yɛ mmerɛw (te sɛ proparacaine anaa tetracaine) bɛhyɛ mu de asiw aniwa a ɛyɛ yaw no ano, de kotoku a wɔde nsu afra mu aprapra aniwa no atifi ne ase de ayi lime anaa lye a ɛyɛ den biara a akyea, na ɔde Morgan Lens, afiri ketewa bi a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a wɔde di dwuma wɔ plastic contact-lens mu ahyɛ mu a ɛbata IV bag a nkyene nnim a ɛsensɛn aniwa no atifi brɛoo na ɛguare ani no bere nyinaa simma 30 kosi 60 kosi sɛ pH no bɛyɛ nea ɛfata na akɔ so ayɛ nea ɛfata wɔ simma 30 akyi bere a wɔagyae no.
6. Amphoteric Hohoro Nnuru (Diphoterine) wɔ Ogya/HazMat Units mu:
7. UK Ogya ne Nkwagye Dwumadibea pii, Europa ambulance akuw, ne mfiridwuma mu HazMat akuw de amphoteric, hypertonic chelating solutions a ɛnyɛ sterile (te sɛ Diphoterine) gu nsuhina a wɔde petepete nneɛma so ne nkotoku a wɔde hohoro aniwa mu. Nea ɛnte sɛ baking soda anaa vinegar no, amphoteric molecules kyekyere acid protons (\(H^+\)) ne alkali hydroxide ions (\(OH^-\)) nyinaa brɛoo a ɛmma ɔhyew biara a efi akyi ba, bere a wɔn hypertonic osmotic pressure boa ma wɔtwe nnuru ions san fi akyi ani hwɛbea ne honam ani ntini no mu. Nanso, ɛnsɛ sɛ wotwentwɛn nsuo a wode gugu nnɔbaeɛ so no ase da na woatwɛn Diphoterine: hyɛ aseɛ fa tap anaa nsuo a wɔde ahyɛ toa mu hohoro ho wɔ sikani 10 a ɛdi kan no mu, na dan kɔ nkyene a ɛnyɛ yareɛ anaa Diphoterine so berɛ a EMS aba no.
8. Oduruyɛfo Titiriw a Wɔde Kɔ Aniwa Ho Oduruyɛfo ne Ɔmantam Ɔhyew Asoɛe:
9. Nnuru biara a wɔde bɛhyew aniwa no hwehwɛ sɛ aniwa ho oduruyɛfo (a ebia ɔbɛkyerɛw ascorbate/citrate a wɔde gu nipadua no so, cycloplegics, ngo a ekum ɔyare mmoawa, anaasɛ amniotic membrane grafts a ɛbɛboa ma aniwa mu nkwammoaa a ɛsan ayɛ foforo) yɛ no ntɛm ara da koro no ara.
10. Wɔde anim, kɔn, nsa, anaa honam ani yare a wɔde nnuru ayɛ a emu dɔ kɔ Regional Burn Center titiriw bi mu ma wotwa tangential excision, grafting, ne scar-contracture siw ano.

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Kɔkɔbɔ titiriw: Hydrofluoric Acid (HF) ne White Phosphorus a wɔde hyɛ mu¶

Bere a nnuru a wɔde tow hyɛ mmɔnten so ɔha biara mu nkyem 95 fa sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, ammonia, anaa sodium hydroxide a wɔde tew nsu a ɛkɔ nsu mu ho no, mfiridwuma mu nnuru pɔtee abien de wuduru a edi awu wɔ nhyehyɛe mu ba mpo esiane honam ani apetepete ketewaa bi mpo mu na ehia ayaresabea nnuru titiriw a wɔde ko tia:

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Mframa kwan no a wɔbɛbɔ ho ban ne nhyehyɛe mu ahodwiriw a wɔhwɛ so bere a wɔretwɛn EMS no¶

Sɛ wɔde nsu a ɛyɛ mmerɛw petepete anim, ano, anaa kɔn ase a, aduruyɛ mu ntɛmpɛ abien a ɛto so abien betumi aba wɔ simma 10 kosi 20 mu bere a woda so ara regugu honam ani nsu no:

1. Mframa kwan a ɛwɔ soro a Ɛhonhon (Laryngeal Edema) ne Opira a Ɛma Wɔhome:
2. Sɛ nea wɔayɛ no bɔne no menee nsu no ketewaa bi mpo, nyaa nnuru wɔ wɔn anom, anaasɛ ɔhome wusiw a ano yɛ den a efi nitric/hydrochloric acid a ɛrehuruw anaa mfiridwuma mu ammonia mu ba a, ɛnne nhama a ɛyɛ mmerɛw ne ahurututu a ɛwɔ soro no betumi ahonhon atoto mu ntɛmntɛm.
3. Kɔkɔbɔ nsɛnkyerɛnne a ɛkyerɛ sɛ mframa kwan a ɛreba abɛto mu: Ɛnne a ɛyɛ dede anaasɛ ɛyɛ raspy, nnyigyei a ɛyɛ den a ɛyɛ abɛn bere a worehome (stridor), nsu a ɛtɔ anaasɛ ontumi nmene nnompe, anofafa anaa tɛkrɛma a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa, ne ahome a ɛyɛ tiaa.
4. Adeyɛ ntɛm ara: Ma nea wɔayɛ no bɔne no ntra ase trenee anaasɛ ɔmfa ne ho nkɔ n’anim kakra (mmfa ɔyarefo a n’anim/anom nnuru ahyew no ntra n’akyi tratraa da), ma wɔnhohoro na nteɛteɛm nsuonwini n’ano mpɛn pii (mma wɔnnnom nsu anaasɛ mma wɔnfe da sɛ wɔmenee ade a ɛporɔw a, sɛnea ɔfe no hyew esophagus no sekan biako bere), na bɔ 911 / 112 / 999 dispatcher no kɔkɔ sɛ ɔyarefo no wɔ stridor/mframa kwan mu hyew enti ayarehwɛfo a wɔakɔ anim de mfiri a wɔde hyɛ nipadua mu ntɛmntɛm a ɛtoatoa so ba.
5. Hypothermia a Wosiw ano Wɔ Simma 30 Nsuo a Wɔde Gugu Nsuo Mu:
6. Sɛ wɔde tap anaa hose nsu a ɛyɛ nwini ma ɔpanyin anaa abofra simma 30 kosi 45 bere a wɔatwitwa wɔn ntade akyi a, ebetumi ama ne ho ayɛ hyew kɛse, titiriw wɔ abɔnten wɔ wim tebea a ɛyɛ nwini mu.
7. Nsuo a wɔde gugu nnɔbaeɛ so: Fa w’adwene si tap nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini anaa ɛyɛ nwini a ɛkɔ so no so katee wɔ nipadua mu mmeae a wɔahyew (te sɛ n’anim, ne kɔn, ne ne nsa nifa) bere a wode ntama a ɛyɛ nwunu, atade, anaa ntama a ɛyɛ hyew kyekyere nea wɔakum no no nan ne ne honam ani a ɛnyɛ hyew no.
8. Mfa nnuru a wɔahyew no mfa cotton wool a ɛyɛ dry anaa aduru a wɔde kyekyere nneɛma a ɛyɛ den nkyekyere da ansa na woawie nsuo a wɔde gugu nnɔbaeɛ so:
9. Sɛ nnuruyɛfo a wɔboa nkurɔfo ba hɔ pɛ anaasɛ bere a wɔde simma 30 kosi 60 akɔ so ahohoro nsu mu akyi no, fa plastic kitchen cling-film a ɛho tew (a wɔde ato akwaa no ho tenten, a wɔmfa nkyekyere no denneennen da te sɛ tourniquet) anaasɛ nkyene a ɛyɛ nsu a ɛyɛ nwunu a ɛnyɛ den kata honam ani hyew a wɔde gugu so no so. Hwɛ yɛn ɔhyew a emu yɛ den ne nnuru a wɔde hohoro ho akwankyerɛ.
10. Kora nnuru a wɔde gu mu no so anaasɛ twa ho mfonini fi akyirikyiri ma Poison Control:
11. Sɛ ɔtowhyɛfo no tow kuruwa, toa, anaa ade a wɔde tew nsu mu no guu fam a, mfa wo nsa a ɛda hɔ kwa mfa. Twe adwene si polisini a odi kan a ɔbɛba no so anaa twa mfonini a ɛda adi pefee a wɔde kyerɛ sɛnea wɔakyerɛw so no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ayaresabea nnuruyɛfo ne Poison Control (1-800-222-1222 wɔ United States) behu nnuru a wɔde yɛ no pɛpɛɛpɛ ne pH ntɛm ara.

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Nsɛm a wɔtaa bisa¶

Dɛn nti na ɛnsɛ sɛ mehwie nufusu, baking soda, anaa vinegar gu acid anaa nnuru a wɔahyew so na ama ayɛ nea ɛnyɛ hwee?¶

Mfa baking soda, vinegar, lemon nsu, anaa nnuru biara a ɛma ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ ɛbɛhyew wɔ onipa honam ani anaa n’ani so da. Sɛ acid ne base fra a, ɛkanyan nnuru a efi ɔhyew mu a ɛma ɔhyew a ano yɛ den kɔ ntini a asɛe dedaw no so tẽẽ, na ɛde ɔhyew hyew a emu yɛ den ka nnuru a wɔahyew no so. Saa ara nso na aniwa ho animdefo bu nufusu a wɔhwie gu aniwa a wɔde nnuru apira mu no nkuran denneennen efisɛ nufusu nyɛ nea ɛyɛ mmerɛw na sɛ wɔde acid fra a, ɛma protein fitaa a ɛnyɛ hann a ɛkyere nnuru wɔ aniwa no ase na esiw nnuruyɛfo kwan sɛ wɔbɛkɔ aniwa no anim. Tap mu nsu a ɛho tew na ɛyɛ nwini anaa nkyene a ɛho ntew ne amansan sika kɔkɔɔ aduru a wɔde di dwuma.

Bere tenten ahe na ɛsɛ sɛ mekɔ so de nsu hohoro honam ani ne m’ani bere a ntua a ɛyɛ hu awie no?¶

Ɛsɛ sɛ wode nsu a ɛkɔ so sen hohoro nnuru a ɛyɛ hyew a anyɛ yiye koraa no simma 20 kosi 30 ma acid hyew ne simma 30 kosi 60 anaa nea ɛboro saa ma alkali (drain cleaner/lye) hyew anaasɛ biribiara a ɛbɛpetepete aniwa no ho. Mma nnyae sɛ wobɛhohoro wɔ simma anum akyi esiane sɛ wo honam ani te sɛ nea ɛho tew nti; nnuru a ɛma ɛyɛ hyew no kɔ honam ani ne ani a ɛyɛ mmerɛw no mu na ɛkɔ so sɛe nkwammoaa kosi sɛ nnuruyɛfo a wɔboa no bedu hɔ na wɔde litmus pH nhama ahwɛ sɛ nusu sini ne honam ani hwɛbea no asan aba pH a ɛnyɛ nea ɛfa biribiara ho a ɛyɛ 7.0 kosi 7.4.

Sɛ sink anaa tap nsu biara nni hɔ a ɛbɛn hɔ bere a wɔde acid apete obi so wɔ abɔnten so a, dɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ meyɛ?¶

Ntɛm ara teɛm kyerɛ obiara a ɔrehwɛ, ofirikafo, ne sotɔɔ wura biara a ɔbɛn no sɛ ɔmfa nsu a wɔnom a wɔde ahyɛ toa mu biara a ɔwɔ wɔ wɔn bag anaa wɔn kar mu mmra, na hwie saa nsu no ngu nea wɔayɛ no bɔne no ani ne n’anim wɔ sikɔne 15 a edi kan no mu bere a worekyerɛ nea wɔayɛ no bɔne no kwan akɔ adidibea, kɔfetɔnbea, baabi a wɔyɛ ti nhwi, asanombea, anaa atrae a ɛbɛn no mu ma wakɔdu sink faucet anaa shower a ɛbɛn no mu no. Sɛ nsu biara nni hɔ a wotumi du ho ankasa wɔ sikɔne 30 a edi kan no mu a, fa anonne biara a ɛyɛ nwini, nsu wom, a ɛnyɛ nsa (te sɛ tii a ɛyɛ nwini anaa agumadi mu anonne) di dwuma sɛ ɔkwan a wobɛfa so ayɛ ntɛm ara na ama acid no ayɛ mmerɛw bere a woretu mmirika akɔ tap a ɛbɛn wo no so no.

Mɛyɛ dɛn ayi obi a wɔayɛ no bɔne no atade a acid ayɛ mu ma a memfa nnuru no ntrɛw n’anim anaasɛ menhyew m’ankasa me nsa?¶

Mma ntwe T-shirt, sweater, anaa atade a nnuru ayɛ mu ma no nkɔ soro wɔ nea wɔayɛ no bɔne no ti so da, efisɛ saa a wobɛyɛ no popa acid a ɛyɛ nsu a ɛwɔ wɔn hwene, ano, ne wɔn ani so no. Mmom no, ma nsu nkɔ nea wɔakum no no so bere a wode nkankyee, kotoku mu sekan, anaasɛ worebubu kɔla no nhama de atwitwa ntade no afi soro akosi ase no, na fa plastic bag, nitrile nsateaa, anaa ntama a ɛyɛ den a ɛyɛ nwunu hyɛ w’ankasa wo nsa so sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a woremfa nneɛma a asɛe no nkɔ wo nsateaa so.

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Sources a wɔhwɛɛ mu¶

• Ɔman Akwahosan Dwumadibea (NHS) ne Home Office / Ɔman Polisifo Panyin Bagua (United Kingdom): Acid ne Nneɛma a Ɛsɛe Ntuo: Bɔ amanneɛ, Yi, Hohoro Mmoa a Edi Kan Protocol ne Pre-Hospital Operational Guide.
• Wiase Akwahosan Ahyehyɛde (WHO) ne Amanaman Ntam Asoɛe a Ɛhwɛ Anifurae a Wosiw Ano (IAPB): Aniwa mu Nnuru a Ɛhyew ne Ntua a Ɛporɔw a Wɔpaw no Ntɛmntɛm.
• Amerika Ɔhyew Fekuw (ABA) ne Amerika Oprehyɛn Ho Nnuruyɛfo Kuw (ACS, United States): Advanced Burn Life Support (ABLS) Ɔdemafo Nhoma: Nnuru a Ɛhyew, Alkali Liquefaction Necrosis, ne Hydrofluoric Acid Management.
• American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO, United States) ne Royal College of Ophthalmologists (United Kingdom): Ayaresabea Akwankyerɛ a Ɛfa Aniwa mu Nnuru a Ɛma Apira a Ɛyɛ Den Ho: Nsuo a Wɔde Gu Nsuo pii Ntɛm ara ne Fornix Sweeping.
• Adwumakuo a ɛhwɛ nneɛma a awuduru wom ne nyarewa so (ATSDR / CDC, United States): Aduruyɛ ho akwankyerɛ a ɛfa Sodium Hydroxide, Sulfuric Acid, Ammonia, ne Hydrogen Fluoride ho.

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Akwankyerɛ ahorow a ɛfa ho¶

• Ɔhyew a emu yɛ den ne nnuru a wɔde hohoro mmoa a edi kan
• Ɔhyew ne ɔhyew a ɛyɛ hyew mmoa a edi kan
• Aniwa a wɔapirapira, nneɛma a ɛyɛ ananafo, ne nnuru a wɔde petepete so
• Mframa a ɛma nusu, ɛmo a wɔde petepete, ne nnuru a wɔde siw mmoa a edi kan a wɔde siw nnipadɔm ano
• Adwowtwa ne korɔnbɔ a wonya nkwa
• Emergency nɔma ahorow ho kyerɛwtohɔ