Abɔdeɛ mu Mframa a Ɛtu Hua (‘Mercaptan Fade’): Asase ase Asase a Ɛtu Kɔ Asase ase¶

Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ afiewuranom ne wɔn a wɔagye adan dodow no ara fi wɔn mmofraase sɛ wubehu bere nyinaa sɛ ebia abɔde mu mframa retu akɔ wo dan mu efisɛ wobɛte "kwa a aporɔw" anaa sulfur hua a ɛboro so. Bere a nnwumakuw a wɔde nneɛma di dwuma no hyɛ da de nnuru a ɛyɛ hua kakraa bi (tert-butyl mercaptan / TBM ne tetrahydrothiophene / . THT) ayɛ no methane a enni kɔla a ɛnyɛ huam ( .CH4) enti wobetumi ate dan mu mfiri a ɛretu no hua a ennu Lower Explosive Limit ( ) no nkyem anum mu biako.LEL), wo hwene nkutoo a wode wo ho bɛto so no betumi adi nkogu kɛse bere a asase ase abɔnten-main leak. Wɔ atrae a ɛpaee a ekunkum nnipa du du pii a U.S. Ɔman Transportation Ahobammɔ Boayikuw (NTSB) ne Nsuo afiri ne Nneɛma a Ɛyɛ Hu Ahobammɔ Dwumadibea (PHMSA), abɔde mu mframa a ɛretu afi dade a wɔde ayɛ, dade a ɛda hɔ kwa, anaa plastic utility main a apaapae mu wɔ abɔnten no ase no antumi annguan akɔ soro akɔ mframa a ɛda hɔ mu efisɛ na kɔnkrit a wɔde ayɛ kwan, asphalt, anaa awɔw bere mu awɔw akata dɔte a ɛwɔ soro no so. Esiane sɛ wɔhyɛɛ no ma ɔkɔɔ nkyɛnkyɛn wɔ asase ase nti, mframa a wɔahyɛ no den no dii ɔkwan a ɛnyɛ den koraa no akyi wɔ nsu nhama a abotan ayɛ mu ma, nsu a ɛkɔ nsu mu a ɛho tew ho, ahum nsu a ɛkɔ nsu mu, ne anyinam ahoɔden anaa fiber-optic nsu a ɛkɔ mu so tẽẽ faa fapem afasu ne fam nsu a ɛkɔ fam mu kɔ adan ase a ɛkɔ akyiri kodu mita 100 (anammɔn 330), a afie a anyinam ahoɔden nyinaa wom a wonni abɔde mu mframa mpo ka ho service anaa gas mita.

Nea ɛyɛ hu kɛse mpo, bere a saa mframa a ɛretu no sen mita du du pii fa dɔte a ɛyɛ nsu, asase a dade oxide wom, peat, anaasɛ backfill a wɔahaw foforo, physicochemical adsorption ne oxidation adeyɛ a wonim no sɛ "Odorant Fade" (Mercaptan Fade anaasɛ Soil Stripping) yi sulfur hua molecule ahorow no fi mframa a ɛretu no mu bere a ɛma kwan ma methane a ɛho tew, ɔha biara mu nkyem 100 a hua nnim (CH4) sɛ wobɛfa mu tẽẽ akɔ wo dan ase. Edu bere a ofie wura bi bɛkɔ fam na wadan kanea switch, anaasɛ dan ase sump pump, dehumidifier, anaa anyinam ahoɔden nsu a wɔde yɛ hyew relay bɛbɔ a, na dan no adu komm ɔha biara mu nkyem 5 kosi ɔha biara mu nkyem 15 Explosive Range (50,000 to 150,000 ppm) a zero porɔwee-egg hua. Sɛ wɔte abɔde mu nneɛma a ɛfa asase ase mframa a ɛkɔ baabi foforo ho ase, hu anifere kwan so kɔkɔbɔ nsɛnkyerɛnne a ɛnyɛ hua a ɛkyerɛ sɛ asase ase nsu a ɛretu a ɛretu, wobɛtu afi hɔ a ɛnkanyan ogyaframa a ɛnyɛ adwuma anaa anyinam ahoɔden, na wode UL 1484 adansedi krataa a wɔde hwehwɛ mframa a ɛhyew a wɔde ahyɛ mu si hɔ a, egye nkwa.

(Sɛ wopɛ abɔnten so nsu afiri a nhyɛso kɛse wom a ɛpaapae pefee ne mpɔtam hɔ a wofi hɔ a, hwɛ Gas nhama a ɛpaapae ne mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔatu afi hɔ. Sɛ wopɛ anyinam ahoɔden vault ogya a ɛtɔ wɔ asase ase ne manhole a ɛpae a, hwɛ Ɔmantam no mu nsu a ɛyɛ hyew paipu a ɛpae, ogya a ɛtɔe wɔ manhole mu, ne asase ase vault a ɛpaee, na yɛkora yɛn wiase nyinaa so nɔma ahorow a egye ntɛmpɛ directory a wɔahyɛ no agyirae.)

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Yɛ eyi mprempren¶

1. **Sɛ wo mframa a ɛhyew alarm (UL 1484). Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nantew mita 100 (anammɔn 330) wɔ mframa a ɛkɔ soro fi ofie no, abɔnten so manhole a wɔde kata so, ne adan a ɛbemmɛn hɔ no ho.
2. Ka anyinam ahoɔden anaa mfiri BIBIARA BIARA bere a worefi adi no: MMFA kanea switch dum anaa nsɔ, MMFA mfiri ahorow mfi kar mu, MMFA kar dan pon a wobue mu nni dwuma, na MMFA wo fon nni dwuma kosi sɛ wobɛba abɔnten. Bere a methane te 5.0% (Lower Explosive Limit / LEL) ne 15.0% (Upper Explosive Limit / UEL) wɔ mframa mu, ne Ahoɔden a Ɛsua (MIE) yɛ nea ɛteɛ 0.28 millijoules, a ɛyɛ ketewaa araa ma microscopic arc a ɛwɔ ɔfasu kanea switch mu, telefon a ɛwɔ asase so a ɛrebɔ, kar fob a enni safe, kar dan pon motor a ɛyɛ adwuma ankasa, anaa anyinam ahoɔden a ɛnyɛ adwuma a efi mu ba a ɛfrafra rug mu no dɔɔso sɛ ɛbɛpae ɔdan no nyinaa.
3. Frɛ 911 (anaa 112 / 999) NA wo gas utility no 24/7 Emergency Dispatch Line bere a woakɔ mita 100 (anammɔn 330) no. Ka kyerɛ 911 ogya dispatcher no sɛ: "Yɛwɔ ntɛmpɛ a wosusuw sɛ abɔde mu gas tu kɔ baabi foforo wɔ [Street Address]. Yɛn gas alarm a ɛyɛ hyew no rebɔ [anaasɛ yɛwɔ bubbling wɔ sump no mu pit / sulphur smell], na yɛatu afi hɔ wɔ mframa a ɛkɔ soro no so Yɛsrɛ sɛ momfa 4-gas LEL CGI mita nkɔma Ogya Dwumadibea no na mommɔ gas adwumayɛbea no amanneɛ ntɛm ara." (Wɔ UK no, frɛ National Gas Emergency Service wɔ 0800 111 999 deɛ; wɔ U.S., Canada, EU, ne Australia no, hwɛ nɔma ahorow a egye ntɛmpɛ.) .
4. Mfa no da sɛ "Ɛrentumi nyɛ Abɔde mu Gas Efisɛ Yɛn Fie Yɛ 100% Electric." Sɛ wo gas alarm a ɛyɛ hyew no kanyan anaasɛ odumgyafo hu methane wɔ wo dan ase ɛwom mpo sɛ wo fie no wɔ anyinam ahoɔden pɔmpɛ na gas mita biara nni mu a, ka kyerɛ Ogya Panyin a ɔwɔ baabi a asɛm no sii no sɛ: "Yɛn fie no nni gas service: eyi yɛ underground lateral migration a woretu kwan afi abɔnten kɛse bi so afa yɛn sewer lateral, water service trench, anaa anyinam ahoɔden kwan, ebia asase mercaptan fade." Hwehwɛ sɛ odumgyafo adwumayɛfo ne gas utility no nsɔ wo sewer cleanout, sump pit, basement wall penetrations, ne ofie biara a ɛbɛn wo wɔ block no so nhwɛ.
5. MMUNm wo anyinam ahoɔden breaker panel titiriw no anaasɛ mmɔ mmɔden sɛ wubedum abɔnten gas mita valve bi sɛ ɛbɛn baabi a nsu no retu a. Sɛ wodannan 200-amp main circuit breaker wɔ dan ase a gas ahyɛ mu ma mu a, ɛma anyinam ahoɔden arc kɛse bi ba a ɛbɛhyew dan no ntɛm ara. Gyae anyinam ahoɔden mfiri ne valve nyinaa nkutoo ma odumgyafo adwumayɛbea no hazmat adwumayɛfo a ahobammɔ wom ankasa.
6. Nsan nkɔ fie no mu bio da kosi sɛ Ogya Dwumadibea ne Gas Utility nyinaa beyi dan ase, nsu a ɛkɔ nsu mu a ɛwɔ akyi, ne asase a atwa ho ahyia no mu bar-holes wɔ 0% LEL. Sɛ mpo apon a wobue no mframa fi ase dan no mu mframa kɔ 0% LEL simma 10, sɛ abɔnten so kwan kɛse bi a apaapae da so ara de mframa a wɔahyɛ no den fa asase a awɔw wom no mu kɔ wo nsu fĩ mu amena anaa sump drain tile mu a, mframa a ɛpae bɛsan ahyɛ dan no ase bere a wɔato apon no mu ara pɛ.

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Gyinaesi dua: Sɛnea wobehu na wɔanya nkwa wɔ asase ase abɔde mu mframa a wotu kɔ baabi foforo ho ntɛmpɛ mu¶

flowchart TD
    Start["Gas Detector a Ɛtumi hyew Nnyigyei, Sulphur/Sewer Hua a Ɛnyɛ Den, ANAA Hissing/Bubbling wɔ Sump Pit / Drain mu"] --> Evac["Anamɔn 1: Ntɛm ara ZERO-SPARK EVACUATION (Ka NO Switches/Phones Wɔ Fie Mu, Gyae Apon Bue, Tu fi 100 m Upwind)"]

    Evac --> Call911["Anamɔn 2: Frɛ 911 / 112 / 999 ne Gas Utility Emergency Line Fi Upwind (Sɛ Mpo Ofie Yɛ 100% Electric) ."]

    Call911 --> FireArrival["Anamɔn 3: Ogya Dept ne Utility Crew De Intrinsically Safe CGI / LEL Mita Ba"]

    FireArrival --> LELCheck{"Dɛn ne % LEL (Lower Explosive Limit) anaa Methane ppm Akenkan wɔ Asase mu ne Asase mu?"}

    LELCheck -->|"1. Akenkan a ɛwɔ dan mu >= 10% LEL (0.5% Methane / 5,000 ppm) ANAA Kotoku a ɛpae a ɛyɛ nnam"| HotZone["NSƐM A ƐPAE NTAM NO YI YI YI MU: Twitwa Tumi no Akyirikyiri wɔ Street Pole, Drill Soil Bar-Holes, Clamp Main, na Ventilate"]

    LELCheck -->|"2. Pia Mframa < 10% LEL, Nanso Akenkan a Ɛkorɔn Wɔ Fam Nsuo, Sump Pit, anaa Ɔfasu Conduit Mu"| ConduitPath["Wɔahyɛ Asase ase Trench / Sewer Migration a ɛyɛ nnam no so dua (Mercaptan Fade): Sɔ Block Manholes hwɛ, Siesie Main, ne Seal Conduits"]

    LELCheck -->|"3. 0% LEL Methane Baabiara, Nanso H2S (Hydrogen Sulfide) a Wohu wɔ Nsu a Ɛtwetwe Mu"| SewerGas["Wɔahu sɛ ɛyɛ Anaerobic Sewer Gas (H2S), Ɛnyɛ Utility Methane: Prime Dry Floor-Drain P-Traps a Nsu ne Mineral Oil wom"]

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Ɔfã 1: Abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnuruyɛ a ɛwɔ "Mercaptan Fade" (Odorant Stripping) ne atutra a ɛkɔ asase a awɔw wom so¶

Sɛ wobɛte sɛnea ofie a anyinam ahoɔden nyinaa wom a ɛne abɔde mu mframa afiri a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri mita 60 (anammɔn 200) betumi apae wɔ January anɔpa a awɔw wom a mframa hua biara nni mu ase a, ɛsɛ sɛ wote nneɛma abien a ɛkɔ so wɔ asase ase a PHMSA (49 CFR Part 192) ne NTSB no:

1. Sɛnea "Odorant Fade" (Soil Stripping) Yi Rotten-Egg Hua no fi hɔ¶

Abɔde mu mframa a wɔde fa nsu afiri mu yɛ 90% kosi 98% methane (CH4), hydrocarbon molecule ketewaa bi a ɛnyɛ polar, a ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ a ɛwɔ hua biara, kɔla biara nni mu, na ɛnyɛ dɛ. Ansa na wɔde abɔde mu mframa bɛhyɛ kurow no mu nneɛma a wɔkyekyɛ mu (49 CFR 192.625), utilities de sika nketenkete bi ka ho (mpɛn pii no afã 4 kosi 16 wɔ ɔpepem biara mu, anaasɛ 0.25 to 1.0 pound per million cubic feet) a ɛyɛ abɔde mu nneɛma a sulfur wom, a nea ɛtaa ba no yɛ tert-butyl mercaptan ( .TBM), isopropyl merkaptan ( .IPM), anaa tetrahydrothiophene ( .THT), ma mframa a efi fononoo a wɔde hyew nneɛma mu tẽẽ kɔ dan mu mframa mu no hua denneennen a ɛyɛ 1% LEL (500 ppm methane), a ɛma wo ahobanbɔ 5-to-1 ansa na gas no adu 20% wɔ Lower Explosive Limit no mu.

Nanso, sɛ abɔde mu mframa tu asase ase fi dade paipu a asɛe, dade a wɔde ayɛ a awɔw apaapae mu, anaasɛ obi a ɔto so abiɛsa a ɔtutu fam no bɔ a, ɛsɛ sɛ mframa no pia fa asase mita mu ansa na adu dan ase: - Chromatographic Dɔte Adsorption: Nea ɛnte sɛ methane nketenkete a ɛnyɛ polar (CH4) molecule ahorow, a sulfur wom mercaptan ( .R-SH) molecule ahorow no yɛ akɛse, ɛyɛ polar, na ɛwɔ molecule mu duru a ɛkorɔn. Bere a mframa a wɔde afra no piapia dɔte, bentonite, loam, anaa organic peat asase a ɛyɛ nwini no, dɔte no mu silicate a ɛwɔ ahoɔden bɔne no yɛ adwuma te sɛ molecular sieve kɛse ne activated-carbon filter, na ɛtwetwe polar mercaptan molecules no honam fam na ɛkyere polar mercaptan molecules no gu asase no mu nnua no so bere a ɛma methane a ɛnyɛ polar no kɔ fam pɛɛ. - Iron-Oxide Chemical Oxidation to Odorless Disulfides: Wɔ asase a rust (iron oxide, Fe2O3) anaasɛ dade nsu afiri a wɔde ahyɛ mu foforo mu, mercaptans ( .2 R-SH) fa catalytic oxidation reaction mu bere a asase mu oxygen kakraa bi wɔ hɔ, na ɛdan organic disulfides ( .R-S-S-R) ne nsuo. Organic disulfides wɔ hua a ɛkorɔn kɛse ne hua a ɛyɛ mmerɛw, ɛyɛ dɛ/a ɛyɛ nwini a onipa biara nhu sɛ ɛyɛ abɔde mu mframa. - Nea Efi Mu Ba a Edi Owu: Nea ɛnam fapem mu mpaapaemu, sump pit, anaa conduit mu hyɛn dan no ase no yɛ scrubbed, deodorized, 99% pure methane a ebetumi ayɛ 50,000 kosi 150,000 afã horow wɔ ɔpepem biara mu (100% LEL) bere a ne hua te sɛ nea biribiara nni hɔ koraa.

2. Nea Enti a Awɔw Bere mu Awɔw ne Asphalt Dan Utility Trenches Ma Ɛyɛ Asase ase Gas Akwan Kɛse¶

Mpɛn pii no, methane ( .specific gravity 0.55 to 0.60, a emu yɛ hare sen mframa wɔ 1.0) a ɛretu afi paipu a wɔasie a emu nnɔ mu no foro kɔ soro tẽẽ fa efĩ a ɛwɔ abon mu na ɛtrɛw kɔ wim wɔ abɔnten a asiane biara nni ho.

Tebea abiɛsa siw mframa a ɛkɔ soro no kwan koraa na ɛhyɛ mframa no ma otu kwan kɔ soro (lateral migration) ma ɛkɔ mita 100 kosi 150 (anammɔn 330 kosi 500): 1. Awɔw bere mu "Frost Cap" (Frozen Topsoil): Wɔ awɔw bere mu awɔw a emu dɔ mu no, asase a ɛwɔ soro 0.3 kosi 1.2 mita (anammɔn 1 kosi 4) no yɛ nwini ma ɛbɛyɛ nsukyenee-semɛnte a ɛmma nsu ntumi nkɔ mu, bere a asase a ɛwɔ awɔw no ase wɔ baabi a gas titiriw no te (1.0 to 1.5 meters / 3 to 5 feet deep) da so ara yɛ nwini na ɛyɛ porous. Bere koro no ara mu no, asase a ɛyɛ nwini no trɛw (frost heave), na ɛpaapae dade a wɔde agu dɔn-ne-spigot nkwaa a adi mfe 80 a ɛyɛ mmerɛw wɔ abɔnten no ase. 2. Wall-to-Wall Asphalt and Concrete Paving: Abɔnten so asphalt, kɔnkrit akwan a wɔfa so nantew, ne kar akwan a awɔw wom no kata asase no ani fi curb so kosi ofie fasu so. 3. High-Permeability Gravel Utility Trenches ("The French Drain Effect"): Sɛ nsuo ho adwumayɛfoɔ ne kuropɔn mu adwumayɛfoɔ de nsuo dwumadie paipu, sanitary sewer laterals, ahum nsuo, anaa asase ase anyinam ahoɔden/nhama nsuo a ɛkɔ wo dan ase firi abɔnten kɔ wo dan ase a, wɔde saa nsuo afiri no to ɔboɔ a wɔabubu a ɛnyɛ den, pea gravel, anaa anhwea mu. Bere a ɛkame ayɛ sɛ kurom hɔ dɔte asase a ɛnhaw no nni tumi a ɛtumi fa mu no, saa nsu anaa nsuo a ɛkɔ nsuo mu a wɔde abotan ahyɛ mu ma no yɛ asase ase kwan kɛseɛ a ɛde abɔnten so mframa a wɔahyɛ no den fa tokuru a wɔantoto mu no mu tẽẽ a wo nsuo paipu anaa nsuo a ɛkɔ nsuo mu paipu no hyɛn wo dan ase fasuo mu, anaasɛ mpo tẽẽ wɔ dɔteɛ nsuo a ɛkɔ nsuo mu a apaapae mu wɔ akyi, a ɛhuruhuruw kɔ soro fa fam a wɔanhyɛ mu nsuo a ɛkɔ fam no mu anaasɛ sump pɔmpɛ a wɔde gu mu.

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Ɔfã 2: Anohyeto a Ɛba Fam a Ɛma Nneɛma Pae (LEL) ne sɛnea wɔkenkan mframa dodow a ɛwɔ mu¶

Odumgyafo, mfiridwumayɛfo a wɔyɛ nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma, ne mfiri a wɔde hwehwɛ mframa a ɛhyew wɔ afie mu susuw methane wɔ akuw abien mu: Ɔha biara mu nkyem abien a ɛwɔ Mframa mu (% Gas) ne Ɔha biara mu nkyem a ɛwɔ Anohyeto a Ɛba Fam a Ɛpae (% LEL) na ɛyɛ. Ɛsɛ sɛ ofie wura biara te saa nsenia yi ase:

Methane ( .CH4) Nneɛma a Wɔde Si Nneɛma So, Anohyeto a Ɛpae, ne Adeyɛ a Ɛho Hia Ntɛmntɛm¶

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Ɔfã 3: Nneɛma 5 a ɛnyɛ hua a ɛkyerɛ sɛ mframa a ɛwɔ asase ase retu akɔ wo fie¶

Esiane sɛ mercaptan fade betumi ayi nkesua hua a aporɔw no afi asase ase mframa a ɛretu no mu nti, hwɛ saa nsɛnkyerɛnne anum a wotumi hu ne nea wote yi wɔ wo dan ase ne gyaade, titiriw wɔ awɔw bere mu awɔw bere, ahohuru bere mu nsu a ɛyɛ nwini, anaa bere biara a utility anaa akwan so adwumayɛfo retutu fam wɔ wo abɔnten so:

1. Bubbling, Gurgling, anaa Hissing wɔ Wo Basement Sump Pit anaa Floor Drain (Bere a Osu Ntɔ):
2. Sɛ wote sɛ mframa a ɛrebɔ denneennen anaasɛ wuhu sɛ gas a ɛrehuruhuruw a ɛreforo fa nsu a egyina hɔ no mu wɔ wo basement sump pump basin, fam nsu a ɛkɔ fam, anaa tiafi kuruwa mu wɔ wim tebea a ɛyɛ kusuu anaa awɔw wom mu a, ebia asase ase mframa a wɔahyɛ no den no retu akɔtra abɔnten perimeter foundation drain tile no so (French drain) anaasɛ ɛnam sanitary sewer a apaapae wɔ lateral so.
3. Sare, Nnua, anaa Abɔnten so Nnua a Awu, Ɛyɛ Kɔkɔɔ, anaa Ayow a Ɛwɔ Akwantuo no So:
4. Wɔ ahohuru bere, ahohuru bere, ne osutɔbere mu no, abɔde mu mframa a efi asase ase abɔnten kɛse bi mu no ma asase mu mframa pa nyinaa fi hɔ (O2) twa afifide ntini ho hyia na ɛma ntini no fã no we. sare bruu a awu anaa abɔnten so dua a ɛrewu a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa anaa nsensanee a ɛwɔ curb line no atifi pɛɛ (bere a sare a atwa ho ahyia no yɛ ahabammono) yɛ classic utility-survey indicator a ɛkyerɛ sɛ asase ase gas main leak a enni sabea.
5. Sukyerɛmma a ɛreyɛ ayɛ hyew, Efĩ a ɛrebɔ, anaa atɛkyɛ a ɛrehuruhuruw wɔ Abɔnten anaa Curb Line:
6. Wɔ awɔw bere mu no, mframa a ɛyɛ hyew a wɔahyɛ no den a efi asase ase afiri bi mu no taa ma sukyerɛmma anaa awɔw a ayɛ kurukuruwa a wontumi nkyerɛkyerɛ mu ba abɔnten kɛse no atifi, anaasɛ ɛma nsu a egyina hɔ wɔ gutter puddle anaa valve box mu no bɔ bere nyinaa te sɛ anonne a carbonated wom.
7. Pofirim Spike wɔ Basement Humidity anaasɛ Wɔnkyerɛkyerɛ mu Dizziness / Tiyɛ (Oxygen Displacement):
8. Bere a methane a ɛho tew nyɛ awuduru wɔ dodow kakraa bi mu (ɛnyɛ te sɛ carbon monoxide (CO), a ɛkyekyere hemoglobin wɔ 50 to 400 ppm), methane a ɛkɔ baabi foforo anaa asase mu mframa a ɛka ho a ɛdɔɔso (CO2) de mframa pa a wɔhome gu dan ase a wɔatoto mu denneennen mu, na ɛma ne ti yɛ hare, ne ti yɛ no yaw, anaasɛ afieboa pow sɛ wɔbɛsian antweri a ɛwɔ dan ase no so.
9. Nnansa yi ara Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD Fiber-Optic / 5G Installation) wɔ Wo Block so:
10. Nnɛyi nneɛma a asiane wom sen biara a ɛde gas a ɛkɔ asase ase a wɔmmɔ ho amanneɛ no mu biako ne adwumayɛfo bi a wɔde Horizontal Directional Drill (HDD) sɛ wobɛbobɔ fiber-optic intanɛt nhama wɔ wo abɔnten so na bore tẽẽ afa plastic gas line ne residential dɔte sewer lateral ("Cross-Bore") nyinaa so. Sɛ nsu a ɛkɔ nsu a ɛkɔ nsu mu no akyi ba akyiri na obi a ɔyɛ nsu ho adwuma de dade a twitwiw ntini a twitwiw nsu mu no fa wo nsu a ɛkɔ nsu mu no mu a, ɛtwitwa gas paipu a ahintaw wɔ wo nsu a ɛkɔ nsu mu no mu no mu, na ɛde gas kronkron kɔ soro tẽẽ kɔ nsu a ɛkɔ fie no mu biara mu. Mmara: Sɛ wo nya nsuo a ɛkɔ nsuo mu a ɛkɔ brɛoo wɔ asram pii mu wɔ abɔnten so fiber-optic anaa utility boring akyi a, frɛ wo gas utility no ma wɔnyɛ camera inspection a wontua hwee mma "Sewer Cross-Bore" ANSA na wobɛma plumber biara atu mmirika wɔ mfiridwuma mu drain snake.

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Ɔfã 4: Nea enti a Carbon Monoxide (CO) detector NTUMI nhu abɔde mu mframa a ɛretu¶

Adwene a ɛnteɛ a edi awu a afiewuranom bɛboro ɔha biara mu nkyem 60 kura no resusuw ho sɛ: "Mewɔ Wusiw ne Carbon Monoxide a wɔaka abom dedaw (CO) detectors a ɛwɔ abansoro biara so, enti sɛ abɔde mu mframa tu kɔ me dan ase a, wɔbɛbɔ me kɔkɔ."

Baabi a Wobɛfa Wo Abɔde mu Mframa a Ɛhyew Detector (Ceiling vs. Floor Rule) .¶

1. Ma Abɔde mu Mframa (Methane, CH4): Bepɔw HIGH (15 to 30 centimeters / 6 to 12 inches Wɔ Ɔdan no ase):
2. Efisɛ methane kronkron no tumi a ɛtwe ade ba fam pɔtee a ɛyɛ ** .0.55** (bɛyɛ mframa mu duru fã), abɔde mu mframa kɔ soro ntɛmntɛm kɔ ɔdan no atifi na ɛhyɛ dan ase anaa dan a wɔde nneɛma di dwuma ma fi soro ba fam.
3. Sɛ wode abɔde mu mframa a wɔde hwehwɛ nneɛma mu hyɛ anyinam ahoɔden afiri a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ a ɛkɔ soro kodu ankle mu mu a 30 centimeters (12 inches) off the basement floor, ceiling joists a basement kanea bɔlɔb ne fononoo nhama te no betumi ayɛ dedaw yiye wɔ 5%-15% Explosive Range (100% LEL) ansa na gas layer no akɔ fam da a ɛbɛma adu wo ankle-height sensor no ho.
4. Nhyehyɛe a ɛteɛ: Fa mfe 10 lithium-batere a enni nhama UL 1484 Methane Detector (NFPA 715 compliant) a wɔde asisi ɔfasu no so mu 30 centimeters (12 inches) of the basement ceiling, anaa fa plug-in detector a ɛwɔ detachable wall-mount sensor cord a ɛwɔ baabi a ɛbɛn ceiling no, a ɛwɔ fapem fasuo a ɛhwɛ abɔnten so / sump pit / sewer entry ne basement antweri no ntam.
5. Ma Propane (LPG, C3H8): Bepɔw LOW ( .Near the Floor):
6. Sɛ wo fie de nsu propane ( .LPG) sɛ́ anka ɛbɛyɛ abɔde mu mframa a mfaso wɔ so no, propane wɔ tumi a ɛtwe ade ba fam pɔtee a ɛyɛ ** .1.52** (ɛyɛ duru sen mframa) na ɛkɔ ɔtare a ɛba fam sen biara wɔ fam no mu. Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde mfiri a wɔde hwehwɛ mframa pii anaa propane alarm ahorow sisi baabi a ɛba fam bere a wɔrehwɛ propane anaa.
7. Seal Wo Basement no Asase ase Nkwammoaa a Wɔde Kɔ Mu (NFPA 715 / Ɔdansi Mmara Ho Banbɔ):
8. Sɛ wosi so dua sɛ wo dan ase yɛ nea ahobammɔ wom wie a (0% LEL), hwɛ fapem ɔfasu a ɛhwɛ abɔnten so baabi a wo nsuo paipu titiriw, nsuo a ɛkɔ nsuo mu no akyi, anyinam ahoɔden kwan, ne fiber-optic nsateaa fa kɔnkrit no mu. Fa closed-cell polyurethane foam backer poma ne elastomeric ogya/gas-rated duct seal putty (3M Fire Barrier anaa hydraulic cement), na hwie nsuo lita 2 (galɔn 0.5) a wɔde mineral oil a ɛyɛ aduane nkaribo 2 ahyɛ so gu nsuo a ɛwɔ fam a wɔntaa mfa nni dwuma mu sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a P-trap nsuo nsɔano no rensɛe da na ɛma sewer-trench gas nkɔ fie no mu.

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Mpɔtam hɔ ntɛmpɛ nɔma ne adwumakuw no nhyehyɛe ahorow¶

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Nsɛm a wɔtaa bisa¶

Sɛ yenni gas service, gas fononoo, anaa gas stove mpo a, ɛbɛyɛ dɛn na me fie atumi abɔ esiane abɔde mu mframa a ɛretu nti?¶

Sɛ abɔde mu mframa titiriw bi a wɔahyɛ no den a wɔasie wɔ abɔnten so no mu paapae (mpɛn pii no efi awɔw bere mu awɔw a ɛkɔ soro, asase a ɛtɔ, nsɛe, anaa fam tutu a ɛbɛn hɔ) a, sɛ wɔde asphalt abɔ abɔnten no so anaasɛ asase a ɛwɔ soro no ayɛ nwini a ɛyɛ den a, mframa a ɛguan no ntumi nkɔ soro tẽẽ. Mmom no, gas no kɔ nkyɛnkyɛn wɔ asase ase kodu mita 100 (anammɔn 330) fa abotan a wɔde gu akyi a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a atwa ofie biara kurow no mu nsu paipu, ahotew nsu a ɛkɔ nsu mu wɔ afã, ahum nsu a ɛkɔ, ne asase ase anyinam ahoɔden anaa fiber-optic nsu a ɛkɔ mu no ho ahyia no so. Saa abotan amena no kɔ ntokuru a ɛwɔ wo dan ase fapem fasu no mu tẽẽ baabi a wo nsu paipu ne nsu a ɛkɔ wo fie no hyɛn wo fie, na ɛde abɔnten so mframa kɔ ofie bi a anyinam ahoɔden nyinaa wom mu tẽẽ.

Sɛ mekɔ me dan ase na mete gas hua (anaasɛ me detector no reyɛ biep) a, so ɛsɛ sɛ mibue dan ase mfɛnsere anaasɛ mesɔ adaka mu fan ansa na matu mmirika akɔ abɔnten?¶

Dabi, nnyina hɔ da mmue mfɛnsere a ɛwɔ dan ase no, nhyɛ fan bi mu anaasɛ nsɔ da, na dum kanea a ɛwɔ dan ase no da bere a worefi adi no. Nea edi kan no, sɛ wode ofie adaka mu fan a wɔtaa de di dwuma wɔ dan a gas ahyɛ mu ma mu hyɛ mu anaasɛ wodannan mu a, ɛma anyinam ahoɔden brɔs hyerɛn ntɛm ara wɔ fan motor no mu a ɛbɛpae dan no mu wɔ hɔ ara. Nea ɛto so abien no, sekan foforo biara a wode bedi dwuma wɔ dan ase a methane ɔha biara mu nkyem 5 kosi 15 wom mu no ma wuhu ɔtopae bi a ɛreba a afiri bi a ɛyɛ adwuma ankasa a ɛrehyerɛn (te sɛ frigye mu afiri a ɛma nsu yɛ hyew, anyinam ahoɔden afiri a ɛma nsu yɛ hyew, anaa sump pump float switch) na ɛde ba. Dan wo ho na fi ɔpon no mu tẽẽ ntɛm ara, na gyaw ɔpon no ma ɛbue wɔ w’akyi.

Mɛyɛ dɛn ahu nsonsonoe a ɛda abɔde mu mframa a ɛyɛ hu a ɛtwetwe fi nsu a ɛkɔ nsu mu a asiane biara nni ho (anaasɛ nea ɛba fam) a efi nsu a ɛkɔ fam a ɛyɛ kusuu mu ba ntam?¶

Worentumi mfa wo hwene nkutoo nhu nsonsonoe no dwoodwoo, na sɛ wobɔ mmɔden sɛ wubesusuw ho a, ebetumi akum wo. Utility mercaptan odorant ne anaerobic sewer gas (hydrogen sulfide, H2S) nyinaa hua te sɛ nkesua a aporɔw, na nea enye koraa no, utility natural gas a ɛretu fi abɔnten kɛse a apaapae anaasɛ "cross-bore" a ɛkyerɛ kwan so no taa kɔ afie mu tẽẽ fa sanitary sewer pipe no mu na ɛbɔ fa basement floor drain a ɛyɛ dry mu. Bere nyinaa di kan fa nkesua anaa sulfur hua biara a ɛporɔw mpofirim wɔ wo dan ase no sɛ abɔde mu mframa a wɔde di dwuma ntɛm ara: tu fi hɔ ntɛm ara na frɛ 911 ne wo gas adwumayɛbea no fi abɔnten. Odumgyafo adwumayɛbea ne utility technician de multi-gas CGI detector bedi dwuma kwa wɔ simma 15 mu de akyerɛ wo sɛ ebia LEL methane ɔha biara mu nkyem 0 wɔ nsu a ɛkɔ nsu mu no mu (a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wohwie nsu gu P-trap a ɛyɛ dry mu ara kwa) anaasɛ utility gas a ɛpae.

So gas adwumayɛbea ahorow gye sika bi sɛ mefrɛ wɔn anaa 911 kɔhwɛ sɛnea wosusuw sɛ gas hua bi wɔ hɔ na ɛbɛdaa adi sɛ ɛnyɛ hwee a?¶

Da. Wɔ United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Europa Aman Nkabom Kuw, ne Australia no, nkurow akɛse mu odumgyafo adwumayɛbea ahorow ne nnwumakuw a wɔhwɛ ma wɔkyekyɛ abɔde mu mframa mu no di ɔha biara mu nkyem 100 ho dwuma wɔ ɔfrɛ a wosusuw sɛ gas retu no ho nnɔnhwerew 24 da biara, nnafua 365 afe biara, a wontua hwee koraa, sɛ mpo wo fie nni gas akontaabu wɔ wɔn nkyɛn na sɛ mpo hua no bɛda adi sɛ ɛyɛ skunk a awu, nsu fĩ a ayow P-trap, anaasɛ a dedaw a wɔde paint ayɛ. Nnwumakuw a wɔde anyinam ahoɔden di dwuma ne odumgyafo adwumayɛbea ahorow pɛ wɔ amansan nyinaa mu sɛ wɔyɛ mita a wɔde atoro kɔkɔbɔ ho nhwehwɛmu du sen sɛ wɔbɛyɛ ho biribi wɔ ofie biako a ɛpae a wobetumi asiw ano ho.

Adansedi nɔma pɔtee bɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ mehwehwɛ bere a meretɔ afiri a wɔde hwehwɛ abɔde mu mframa ma me dan ase no?¶

Hwehwɛ gyinapɛn abien pɔtee a wɔatintim wɔ adaka no ne akyi nkyerɛwde so: UL 1484 (Underwriters Laboratories Standard for Residential Gas Detectors, a ɛsɔ methane ne propane sensor ahorow hwɛ ma ɛbɔ kɔkɔ wɔ ɔkwan a wotumi de ho to so wɔ LEL ɔha biara mu nkyem 25 anaa nea ɛba fam, ne sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ yiye no, ɔha biara mu nkyem 10 LEL, a enni atoro kɔkɔbɔ a efi afie mu ahotewfo hɔ) ne NFPA 715 (Ɔman Ogya Ho Banbɔ Fekuw Gyinapɛn a Ɛma Wɔde Sisi Hɔ Fuel Gas Detection ne Kɔkɔbɔ Nnwinnade). Wɔ nkurow te sɛ New York Kuropɔn mu (wɔ Mpɔtam Mmara 157 ase) no, mmara foforo ho mmara hwehwɛ sɛ wɔde UL 1484 / NFPA 715 abɔde mu mframa alarm a wɔde si hɔ wɔ sɛntimita 30 (nsateakwaa 12) fi ɔdan no atifi, baabi a methane a emu yɛ hare sen mframa di kan boaboa ano.

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Akwankyerɛ ahorow a ɛfa ho¶

• Gas nhama a ɛpaapae ne mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔatu afi hɔ
• Ɔmantam no mu nsu a ɛyɛ hyew paipu a ɛpae, ogya a ɛtɔe wɔ manhole mu, ne asase ase vault a ɛpaee
• Municipal sewer force-main break: raw sewage abɔnten so nsuyiri ne ofie akyi nsuo a wɔsiw ano
• Sewage backup wɔ fie hɔ
• Nnɔmba a egye ntɛmpɛ ne amanaman ntam nneɛma a wɔde mena

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Fibea ne aban akwankyerɛ¶

• Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA / U.S. Department of Transportation): 49 CFR Ɔfa 192.625 (Gas hua a ɛwɔ Pae Anohyeto a Ɛba fam no nkyem anum mu biako), Afotuo Amanneɛbɔ a ɛfa Asase ase Mframa a Ɛtu Fa Asase a Ɛyɛ Nwini ne Nsuo a Ɛfa Nsuo Mu, ne Cross-Bore Sewer Lateral Prevention Akwankyerɛ.
• Ɔman Transportation Safety Board (NTSB, United States): Pipeline Ahobammɔ Ho Nyansahyɛ ne Akwanhyia Nhwehwɛmu Amanneɛbɔ a ɛfa Odorant Fade (Asase a Wɔyi Mercaptans wɔ Dɔte ne Iron-Oxide Asase mu), Cast-Iron Frost-Heave Fractures, ne Residential Fuel Gas Detector Mandate Recommendations (P-19-001 & . P-19-002).
• Ɔman Ogya Ahobammɔ Fekuw (NFPA) & Underwriters Laboratories (UL): NFPA 715: Gyinapɛn a wɔde besisi Fuel Gas Detection ne Kɔkɔbɔ Nnwinnade ne UL 1484: Gyinapɛn ma Residential Gas Detectors (10% kosi 25% LEL Methane Alarm Thresholds ne Ceiling Mounting Mmara).
• UK Akwahosan ne Ahobanbɔ Adwumayɛkuo (HSE) & Gas Engineers ne Adwumayɛfoɔ Asoɛeɛ (IGEM): Gas Ahobanbɔ (Adwumakuo) Mmara (GSMR) ne IGEM/SR/16: Odorant Systems for Natural Gas and Biomethane (Mitigating Soil Adsorption and Oxidation Fade).
• Cross Bore Safety Association (CBSA) & Common Ground Alliance (CGA): Nneyɛe Pa a Wɔde Siw Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) Abɔdeɛ mu Mframa Cross-Bores a ɛwɔ Sanitary Sewer Laterals mu no ano na wɔhunu.