Nsukyenee a Ɛyɛ Nwini, Bridge Deck Black Ice, ne Sudden Road Glazing¶

Nwini a ɛyɛ nwini ne bridge deck ahwehwɛ a wɔde hyɛ mpofirim no ka awɔw bere mu wim tebea a egye ntɛmpɛ a ɛyɛ nnaadaa sen biara a ofirikafo biara betumi ahyia no ho. Nea ɛnte sɛ sukyerɛmma anaa osutɔ a ɛtɔ, baabi a osutɔ a ɛtɔ ma wuhu ade a ɛda adi pefee sɛ wobɛtew ahoɔhare so no, sum a ɛyɛ nwini no yɛ nsu a ɛyɛ nsu nketenkete a ɛsensɛn mframa mu a akɔ fam dedaw sen digrii Celsius 0 (digrii Fahrenheit 32). Saa nsu nketenkete a ɛyɛ nwini kɛse yi kɔ so yɛ nsu bere a ɛrehuruhuruw wɔ mframa a ɛyɛ komm mu no, nanso bere a wɔde wɔn nsa ka biribi a ɛyɛ den te sɛ abɔnten so kwan a ɛkorɔn, ɔkwan a wɔde asphalt ayɛ, dade a wɔde bɔ nneɛma ho ban, anaa mframa ahwehwɛ a ɛretu no, ɛyɛ nwini a ɛyɛ hyew ma ɛbɛyɛ nsukyenee a ɛyɛ glaze anaa rime nsukyenee a ɛnyɛ hann a ɛkɔ so na ɛda adi.

Wɔ simma kakraa bi mu no, ɔkwan kɛse bi a ɛda adi sɛ ɛso yɛ kusuu anaasɛ ɛhɔ yɛ nwini kakra betumi ahwere ne tae a ɛtwetwe no ɔha biara mu nkyem 80 bere a nea wotumi hu no so tew ba fam sen mita 50 (anammɔn 165). Esiane sɛ mframa a ɛyɛ nwini wɔ abɔnten so abɔnten so ne akwan akɛse a wɔfa so no so wɔ akwan a wɔfa so tu kwan no atifi ne adan a wɔde ayɛ dan no ase nyinaa nti, ɛyɛ nwini denneennen simma 30 kosi 90 ansa na dɔte a wɔde fa akwan so ayɛ. Sɛ wunim sɛnea wubehu sum a ɛyɛ nwini kɛse ansa na wo tae atwa nsukyenee a ɛyɛ bridge expansion joint, sɛnea wubesiw wo mframa ahwehwɛ a wɔde popa ne radar sensor ahorow ano sɛ nsu nnwini wɔ mid-drive so, sɛnea wobɛsan anya wo ho afi bridge deck skid a worenka breki no mu, ne sɛnea wubenya nkwa wɔ kar pii sum a wɔaboaboa ano mu no gye nkwa.

Yɛ eyi mprempren¶

1. Twa cruise control ne adaptive speed control no mu ntɛm ara denam steering wheel button no so. Mma breki pedal no nkɔ da na yi cruise control no mfi mu bere a worehyɛn sum mu wɔ ɔhyew a ɛbɛn anaa ɛba fam sen Celsius digrii 4 (digrii Fahrenheit 40) no. Sɛ womia breki a ɛwɔ bridge deck a wɔde ahwehwɛ ayɛ so a, ɛma anim ntwahonan no to anaasɛ ɛmma entumi nnyina, bere a sɛ wogyae cruise control no yɛ adwuma a, ɛma kar no kɔmputa no de throttle torque di dwuma mpofirim sɛ drive tae bi hwe ase wɔ nsukyenee tuntum so a.
2. Ma wo nan ase mmerɛw fi accelerator no so ansa na woatwa bridge biara, overpass, anaa causeway a ɛkorɔn. Hyehyɛ wo ahoɔhare so wɔ dɔte kwan a ɛkɔ hɔ no so bere a wo tae da so ara wɔ grip. Sɛ wo ntwahonan no twa kɔ dade ntrɛwmu nkwaa a ɛwɔ bridge deck so no so pɛ a, kura stia no mu ma awu tẽẽ, ma wo nan mfi breki ne gas pedal no nyinaa so, na fa mpoano kɔ span no so yiye.
3. Dan wo kanea a ɛnyɛ hann a ɛba fam, anim akanea a mframa bɔ kɛse, ne akyi kanea a ɛyɛ sum kanea ntɛm ara. Mfa kanea a ɛhyerɛn kɛse nni dwuma da wɔ sum a ɛyɛ nwini mu, efisɛ kanea a ɛkɔ soro no dannan tẽẽ kɔ akyi fi microscopic droplets a ɛsensɛn hɔ no so na ɛma ɔfasu fitaa a ɛyɛ anifurae a ɛyɛ hyew ba. Mfa wo ho nto akanea a wɔde tu mmirika awiabere a ɛnyɛ adwuma so, na ɛtaa ma w’akyi kanea no yɛ sum koraa wɔ sum kabii a ɛyɛ den mu.
4. Fa wo mframa ahwehwɛ defroster no si mframa a ɛyɛ hyew kɛse so na dum mframa a ɛsan kɔ baabi foforo no. Supercooled fog droplets no yɛ nwini bere a ɛne ahobammɔ ahwehwɛ a ɛyɛ nwini di nkitaho no, na ɛyɛ ntɛm ara opaque crust wɔ wo mframa ahwehwɛ no so na ɛde nsukyenee a ɛyɛ den kata wo wiper blades so. Fa ɔhyew a edi mũ kyerɛ ahwehwɛ no so na paapae ɔfã mfɛnsere bi mu milimita 5 (nsateakwaa 0.2) na ama nsu a ɛwɔ mu no ho atew na tie sɛ ebia ɛbɛhwe ase wɔ w’anim anaa.
5. Fa kar no kwan no so yiye kɔ baabi a kar no bɛtwetwe no yiye na mmɔ breki no da. Sɛ w’akyi tae no bubu wɔ bridge deck a wɔde ahwehwɛ ayɛ so a, ma w’ani nkɔ akyirikyiri wɔ ɔkwan a wode w’ani asi so no mfinimfini na dannan stia no yiye wɔ ɔkwan koro no ara a kar no akyi retwetwe no so. Sɛ slide no kɔ so a, dan kɔ Neutral anaa mia clutch pedal no so na twa engine twetwe ne regenerative breki no mu.
6. Fi ɔkwan kɛse no so wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ ɔkwan kɛse no so, beae a wogye w’ahome, anaa ɔsom beae a edi hɔ koraa. Nsukyenee a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsukyenee tuntum a ɛwɔ bridge deck no ntaa nnya span biako pɛ so nkɛntɛnso; sɛ wɔde ahwehwɛ ayɛ ɔkwan biako so a, abɔnten so kwan biara, abotan a wɔatwa a sunsuma wom, ne asubɔnten bon mu kwan a ɛda n’anim no yɛ nsukyenee afiri a ɛyɛ nnam. Sɛ wode wo ho ahyɛ spinout anaasɛ wobɔ mu a, ma wo seatbelt nkyekyere wo kar no mu na frɛ wo mpɔtam hɔ nɔma a egye ntɛmpɛ (911 wɔ United States ne Canada, 112 wɔ European Union nyinaa, 999 wɔ United Kingdom) anaa hwɛ nɔma ahorow a egye ntɛmpɛ.

Wim abɔde mu nneɛma a ɛfa sum a ɛyɛ nwini, rime nsukyenee, ne nsukyenee tuntum ho¶

Ɛyɛ karkafo pii nwonwa sɛ wobehu sɛ nsu a ɛyɛ kusuu betumi atra hɔ bere a mframa no hyew yɛ digrii Celsius 5 (digrii Fahrenheit 23) anaa mpo digrii Celsius 15 (digrii Fahrenheit 5) no. Sɛnea nsu nketenkete a ɛyɛ nwini kɛse yɛ wɔn ade no ntease kyerɛkyerɛ nea enti a sum a ɛyɛ nwini yɛ nsisi koraa sen sum a ɛyɛ nsu a ɛyɛ nwini anaa sukyerɛmma a ɛyɛ powder a ɛyɛ nwunu no mu.

flowchart TD
    A["Sɛ Woka Kar wɔ Susu anaa Nsuyiri a Ɛba Fam 4 C (40 F) Mu ."] --> B{"Hwɛ Afã Ahwehwɛ, Antenna, ne Ɔkwan so Spray"}
    B -->|"Tae bɔ nsu a wɔde petepete so na ahwehwɛ yɛ nsu"| C["Liquid Fog: Dane low beams, mmɔho abien akyi gap kɔ 6+ sikani"]
    B -->|"Nsukyenee a ɛwɔ ahwehwɛ/wipers so ANAA zero tae a wɔde petepete w’anim"| D["FREEZING FOG & BLACK ICE A ƐYƐ ADWUMA"]
    D --> E["Twa cruise control via button, dan defrost kɔ soro, brɛ ase wɔ dɔte kwan so"]
    E --> F{"Worebɛn Bridge Deck, Overpass, anaa Asubɔnten Viaduct bi?"}
    F -->|"Yiw"| G["Wie breki nyinaa ANSA na bridge joint; mpoano tẽẽ twa ne zero pedal input"]
    F -->|"Dabi: Wɔ ɔkwan a ɛda hɔ so"| H["Ma nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ akyi no nkɔ soro kodu sikɔne 10 kosi 12; hwɛ lane lines wɔ nifa so"]
    G --> I{"So kar no fi ase hwirew wɔ nsukyenee a wɔde glaze ayɛ so?"}
    H --> I
    I -->|"Dabi"| J["Fi ɔkwan kɛse so wɔ ɔkwan a edi hɔ a ahobammɔ wom so na twɛn ma owia ahoɔden anaa nkyene lɔre ahorow"]
    I -->|"Yiw: Oversteer anaa Understeer"| K["Tena off breki, hwɛ ɔkwan a ɛbue, steer smoothly kɔ slide, dan kɔ Neutral"]
    K --> J

Sɛnea nsu nketenkete a ɛyɛ nwini kɛse no yɛ flash-freeze bere a ɛbɔ no¶

Wɔ wim mframa a ɛho tew mu no, nsu nketenkete a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma nketenkete hia ade ketewaa bi a ɛyɛ den, a wɔfrɛ no nsukyenee nucleus, na ama ayɛ ahwehwɛ gye sɛ ɔhyew no kɔ fam sen digrii Celsius 35 (a wɔayi digrii Fahrenheit 31 afi mu). Sɛ mframa a ɛyɛ nwini a ɛbɛn fam no dwo ntɛmntɛm wɔ awɔw bere mu anadwo a ɛhɔ yɛ komm na emu tew (radiation fog) anaasɛ sɛ mframa a ɛyɛ hyew na ɛyɛ nwini bɔ fa sukyerɛmma anaa mpoano nsu a ɛyɛ nwini te sɛ Mexico Po no atifi fam anaa North Sea (advection fog) so a, nsu a ɛyɛ nsu a ɛtɔ ɔpepepem pii no dwo wɔ digrii Celsius 0 (digrii Fahrenheit 32) a ɛnyɛ nwini. (Gulf of Mexico)

Sɛ saa nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini paa yi bɔ biribi a ɛyɛ den, te sɛ kɔnkrit bridge deck, ɔkwan kɛseɛ a wɔayɛ ho adwini, aluminium kwan so sɛnkyerɛnne, anaa wo kar no anim ara pɛ a, mfiri a ɛka ho no bubu wɔn ani so nhyɛsoɔ na ɛma nucleation ba ntɛm ara. Nsuo a ɛtɔ gu fam no yɛ nwini wɔ sekan fã ketewaa bi mu, na ɛma ɔhyew a ahintaw a ɛyɛ fusion no fi adi na ɛbata ade a ɛyɛ nwini no ho denneennen.

Glaze ice (nsukyenee tuntum) ne rime nsukyenee a wɔde sie akwan¶

Ɛdenam nsukyenee a ɛtɔ gu fam no kɛse, mframa ahoɔhare, ne baabi a ɔkwan no ani te nwini ase no so no, sum a ɛyɛ nwini no ma nsukyenee ahorow abien a ɛsono emu biara ba a ɛsɛ sɛ awɔw bere mu karkafo biara hu:

Nea enti a bridge decks ne overpass yɛ nwini simma 30 kosi 90 ansa na dɔte akwan aba¶

Ɔkwan ho kɔkɔbɔ sɛnkyerɛnne a ɛkenkan "Bridge Ices Before Road" no wɔ fam wɔ ɔhyew a ɛkɔ nipadua mu abɔde mu nneɛma mu:

1. Asase so ahoɔden a wɔde siw ano a enni hɔ: Akwan akɛse a ɛyɛ daa no te asase a ɛyɛ den ne asase a emu dɔ so. Saa asase no yɛ adwuma sɛ ɔhyew akorae a ɛde ɔhyew kɔ soro kɔ asphalt no mu, na ɛkyɛ nwini bere a mframa hyew kɔ fam no.
2. Five-sided convective cooling on bridges: Bridge deck anaa viaduct a ɛkorɔn no nni asase zero wɔ n’ase. Awɔw bere mu mframa a ɛnyɛ nwini ne sum a ɛyɛ nwini no di akɔneaba fa kar a ɛwɔ soro no so, fa kɔnkrit a ɛwɔ akyi no nyinaa so, na ɛfa dade anaa kɔnkrit a ɛda adi a ɛhyɛ ase no so tẽẽ. Ɔhyew guan fi ɔbotan no atifi ne ase nyinaa bɛboro ɔkwan a ɛwɔ fam no mmɔho abien.
3. Thermal conductivity of structural steel and concrete: Bridge decks a wɔde kɔnkrit a wɔahyɛ no den anaa dade orthotropic mprɛte ayɛ no de ɔhyew kɔ ntɛmntɛm koraa sen asphalt a ɛyɛ sum. Sɛ dɔte kwan kɛse a ɛkɔ abɔnten so no yɛ digrii Celsius 2 (digrii Fahrenheit 35.6) na ɛyɛ nsu mpo a, abɔnten so kwan a ɛsensɛn hɔ a ɛwɔ n’anim mita 10 (anammɔn 33) no betumi atra digrii Celsius digrii 3 (digrii Fahrenheit 26.6) a wɔde nsukyenee a ɛyɛ hyew akata so.
4. The expansion joint mechanical trap: Bridge biara wɔ dade nsateaa joints anaasɛ rubberized expansion strips wɔ n’awiei abien no nyinaa baabi a ɔkwan no hyia span a ɛsensɛn hɔ no. Saa dade mprɛte a ɛda hɔ kwa yi yɛ nwini ntɛm sen biara. Sɛ ofirikafo bi redannan kakra anaasɛ ɔretu mmirika bere a wɔn tae twa ntrɛwmu nkwaa no a, akasakasa a ɛkɔ fam mpofirim a ɛda asphalt ne dade a wɔde nsukyenee ayɛ ntam no betumi abɔ kar no akɔ nkyɛnkyɛn ntɛm ara.

Nsɛnkyerɛnne asia a wɔde bɔ kɔkɔ ntɛm a ɛkyerɛ sɛ sum a ɛyɛ nwini reyɛ ahwehwɛ wɔ ɔkwan no so¶

Esiane sɛ wo kar no dashboard thermometer susuw mframa hyew wɔ anim grille beae no mu sen sɛ wode abɔnten so honam fam nsɛnkyerɛnne di dwuma de hu kwan so ahwehwɛ a ɛyɛ nnam ansa na ɛho abehia sɛ wobɔ breki anaa wokyerɛ kwan.

• Feathery white rime buildup on your side mirror housings and radio whip antenna: Hwɛ wo abɔnten akyi ahwehwɛ no plastic ano a ɛwɔ anim no simma abien biara bere a woreka kar wɔ sum a ɛyɛ nwini mu no. Sɛ wuhu sɛ nsukyenee fitaa a ɛyɛ den na ɛyɛ awɔw anaa nsukyenee anofafa a ɛyɛ hann a ɛresisi wɔ ahwehwɛ no ano a, nsu nketenkete a ɛyɛ nwini kɛse no reyɛ nwini denneennen bere a ɛrebɔ no.
• Tae a ɛwɔ anim no gyae nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini a ɛbɔ: Wɔ sum a ɛyɛ nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini mu no, kar ne lɔre a ɛwɔ anim no tae tow nsuo a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a ɛkɔ so petepete so. Sɛ ɔkwan no da so ara yɛ sum na ɛhyerɛn wɔ kanea a ɛwɔ anim ase, nanso tae a ɛwɔ anim no hwirew mpofirim a nsu a wɔde petepete so anaasɛ nsuyiri biara nni akyi a, ɛnde na nsu a ɛwɔ kwan no so no ayɛ nsukyenee tuntum; hwɛ flash freeze ne nsukyenee tuntum a wɔde ka kar.
• Wiper blades fi ase yɛ chattering, streaking, anaa lifting off the glass: Sɛ supercooled fog bɔ wo windshield wiper blades no dade anaa plastic hinges a, nsukyenee to flexible joints no mu denneennen ma rɔba blade no ntumi ne windshield no curve no nhyia bio. Sɛ́ anka agyan no bɛpopa yiye no, ehuruw fa ahwehwɛ no so na ɛde sum kabii a ayɛ nwini a ɛte sɛ nufusu petepete baabi a wutumi hu no so.
• Dashboard kɔkɔbɔ sɛ "Forward Collision Warning / Adaptive Cruise Sensor Disabled": Nnɛyi kar ahorow de milimita-asorɔkye radar sensor ahorow si anim grille agyiraehyɛde no akyi ne optical cameras wɔ soro mframa ahwehwɛ no akyi. Nsukyenee a ɛyɛ nwini no ma rime nsukyenee a ne kɛse yɛ milimita 2 kosi 5 (nsateakwaa 0.08 kosi 0.2) fa anim bamper hwene no so wɔ simma kakraa bi mu, na esiw radar hann no kwan na ɛkanyan sensor mfomso a ɛrebɔ wɔ wo nnwinnade kuw no so. Saa nnyigyei no yɛ kɔkɔbɔ a akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ wo kar no reboaboa nsukyenee ano.
• Frost plumes wɔ kwan ho nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn-link ban, utility wires, ne guardrail posts: Hwɛ dade W-beam guardrails ne mile-marker posts wɔ mmati no ho. Sɛ ɛte sɛ nea ɛyɛ fuzzy, fitaa a ɛte sɛ chalky, anaasɛ wɔde nsukyenee nnade a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a ɛkyerɛ mframa akata so a, wɔde ahwehwɛ ayɛ bridge a ɛwɔ anim no so.
• Kommyɛ mpofirim wɔ dede a ɛwɔ dan no mu kwan so: Sɛ wo tae fi asphalt a ɛyɛ nwini a wɔakyerɛw so no firi freezing-fog glaze krataa so a, nsuo a ɛrepetepete ntwahonan abura mu no nnyigyei a ɛyɛ hwirema a ɛkɔ so daa no twa mpofirim.

Akwan a wɔfa so ka kar anammɔn anammɔn ma sum a ɛyɛ nwini ne bridge decks¶

Sɛ wobɛka kar dwoodwoo afa ɔkwan a sum kabii a ɛyɛ nwini so a, ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wotetew karka mu nneɛma biara mu sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a worenka nkyerɛ wo tae da sɛ ɛnbɔ breki, ɛnyɛ ntɛmntɛm, na ɛdannan bere koro mu.

1. Kar kanea ne nea wotumi hu wɔ sum a ɛnyɛ zero mu a wɔbɛhwɛ so¶

Nneɛma a wotumi hu wɔ sum a ɛyɛ nwini a ɛyɛ den mu no taa kɔ fam sen mita 100 (anammɔn 330) na ebetumi akɔ fam akodu mita 15 (anammɔn 50) wɔ nsubɔnten bon ne mfiridwuma mu:

• Switch headlights manually from "Auto" to "Low Beam ON": Kar pii' automatic light sensors hu sum fitaa a ɛhyerɛn awia anaa anadwo na wɔma kanea titiriw no dum, na ɛma anim awia mmirikatu kanea a ɛyɛ mmerɛw nkutoo na ɛyɛ adwuma bere a wogyaw w'akyi kanea kɔkɔɔ a enni hann koraa. Dane honam fam kanea dial no kɔ Low Beam ON gyinabea sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a kar a edi akyi no betumi ahu w’akyi kanea ansa na abɔ w’akyi bamper no.
• Fa anim mframa akanea ne akyi sum kanea a ano yɛ den kɛse (baabi a wɔde ahyɛ mu) di dwuma): Anim sum kanea tra ase wɔ bamper no so na ɛde hann a ɛtrɛw na ɛyɛ tratraa bi pue wɔ sum deck no ase ma ɛhyerɛn kwan no ano a wɔayɛ ho adwini no a ɛrensan nkɔ w’ani so. Wɔ Europa, United Kingdom, ne kar pii a wɔde fi amannɔne ba wɔ wiase nyinaa so no, sɔ wo akyi sum kanea bere a wotumi hu ade no so tew ba fam sen mita 100 (anammɔn 330), afei dum no bere a wotumi hu no yiye sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a worenhaw karkafo a wɔwɔ w’akyi no.
• Mfa hann a ɛkorɔn nni dwuma da: Kanea a ɛwɔ anim a ɛwɔ hann kɛse hyerɛn kɔ soro wɔ anim a ɛne ne ho di nsɛ mu kɔ mframa a ɛsensɛn hɔ no mu, na ɛpete hann no san kɔ wo retinas mu tẽẽ (backscatter glare) na ɛtwa wo kwan a etu mpɔn a wode hwɛ ade no mu abien.
• Di nifa so kwan no akyi (anaasɛ benkum so kwan wɔ benkum so kar aman mu) sen mfinimfini kwan no: Sɛ kanea a ɛreba no hyerɛn fa sum a ɛyɛ nwini mu a, sɛ wohwɛ mfinimfini kwan a ɛkyekyɛ mu no a, ɛsɛe wo nsonsonoe a wuhu no na ɛtwe wo stia no kɔ kar a ɛreba no so. Fa w’ani si fam kakra wɔ abɔnten a wɔayɛ ho adwini a ɛyɛ sum kabii anaasɛ curbside reflector posts no so na ama wo kar no akɔ so ayɛ mfinimfini wɔ ne kwan no so.

2. Sɛnea wobɛtwa bridge deck anaa overpass a nsukyenee ayɛ so dwoodwoo¶

Bere biara a wubehu bridge abutment, ɔkwan kɛse so kwan ho sɛnkyerɛnne, anaa asubɔnten bi a ɛretwa w’anim bere a sum a ɛyɛ nwini anaasɛ ɔhyew a ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛyɛ nwini no, yɛ anammɔn anan bridge crossing drill yi:

1. Twe wo ho ase wɔ dɔte kwan no so ansa na woayɛ bridge no: Wie wo breki ne ahoɔhare a wobɛtew so ɔha biara mu nkyem 100 bere a tae anan no nyinaa da so ara rehuruhuruw wɔ ɔkwan kɛse a asase gyina so no so mita 150 kosi 300 (anammɔn 500 kosi 1,000) ansa na bridge no abɛn slab no.
2. Fa wo ntwahonan no hyia tẽẽ ansa na ntrɛwmu nkwaa a edi kan no aba: Sɛ bridge no te curve so a, hyehyɛ stia arc a ɛyɛ brɛoo, a ɛkɔ so daa a ɛwɔ radius a ɛtrɛw sen biara ansa na w’anim tae atwa dade ntrɛwmu joint no, na kwati sɛ wobɛyɛ stia no nteɛso mpofirim wɔ mfinimfini span no mu.
3. Coast across with neutral or feather-light throttle: Bere a woretwa bridge deck no, ma wo nan no mfi breki pedal no so koraa na fa zero throttle kɔ mpoano anaasɛ kura feather-light gas pedal pressure a ɛdɔɔso ara kwa sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛne wo rolling speed no bɛyɛ pɛ sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a drive wheels no npia anaasɛ ɛntwe nkɔ nsukyenee no so.
4. Nsesa akwan wɔ bridge deck so da: Nsuo a ayɛ nwini, rime ice, ne plastic lane markers a ɛdannan a ɛwɔ akwan akɛseɛ ntam a ɛkɔ soro no yɛ adwuma te sɛ tripwire wɔ bridge a nsukyenee wɔ so. Tena mfinimfini wɔ ɔkwan biako so kosi sɛ tae anan no nyinaa betwa akyirikyiri ntrɛwmu nkwaa no asan akɔ dɔte kwan no so.

3. Mframa ahwehwɛ ne kanea a ɛwɔ anim no a ɛbɛma ayɛ nwini bere a worekɔ baabiara no¶

Wɔ sum a ɛyɛ nwini a emu yɛ den mu no, nsu nketenkete a ɛyɛ nwini kɛse betumi akata wo mframa ahwehwɛ so ntɛmntɛm sen sɛnea nsu a wɔde popa mframa a wɔtaa de di dwuma no betumi aprapra mu:

• Blast the front windshield defroster at maximum temperature and high fan speed: Ma ahwehwɛ no ani nyɛ hyew araa ma sum a ɛyɛ nwini kɛse no nwo bere a ɛbɔ sen sɛ ɛbɛyɛ nwini akɔ glaze krataa mu.
• DUM "Recirculate" mframa bɔtn no: Kabine mframa a ɛsan di akɔneaba no kyere ofirikafo ne akwantufo a wɔwɔ kar no mu ahome a ɛyɛ hyew na ɛyɛ nwini, na ɛma mframa ahwehwɛ a ɛyɛ nwini no mfinim yɛ sum anaa awɔw bere a abɔnten no yɛ icing esiane mframa a ɛyɛ nwini nti. Twe abɔnten mframa pa bere nyinaa a A/C compressor no yɛ adwuma (a ɛma mframa no yɛ nwini ansa na woayɛ hyew).
• MMFA nsuo a wɔde hohoro nneɛma a ɛyɛ mmerɛw npetepete mframa ahwehwɛ a ɛnyɛ zero so wɔ ɔkwan kɛseɛ so ahoɔhare so: Sɛ nsuo anaa nsuo a wɔde hohoro nneɛma a ɛyɛ mmerɛw wɔ wo akoraeɛ no mu a ne dodoɔ yɛ digrii Celsius 0 (digrii Fahrenheit 32) pɛ a, sɛ wode petepete mframa ahwehwɛ a mframa ayɛ nwini so wɔ nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini mu a, ɛbɛkata ahwehwɛ no nyinaa so ntɛm ara wɔ nsukyenee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnyɛ hann mu, a ɛbɛma w’ani afura wɔ 80 km/h (50 mph). Bere nyinaa fa minus 30°C kosi minus 40°C (minus 22°F kosi minus 40°F) de-icing methanol anaa propylene glycol washer fluid hyɛ wo akorae no ma ansa na awɔw bere adu.
• Hwɛ LED kanea a ɛwɔ mu wɔ mmeae a pɛtro gyina: Nea ɛnte sɛ halogen bɔlɔb dedaw a ɛma ɔhyew a ano yɛ den na nsukyenee a ɛyɛ nwini fi kanea a ɛwɔ anim no so no, nnɛyi LED kanea a ɛwɔ anim no tu mmirika nwini bere a wode wo nsa aka. Wɔ sum a ɛyɛ nwini anaa rime icing mu no, rime nsukyenee fitaa a ɛnyɛ hann a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa betumi ayɛ kɛse wɔ LED kanea a ɛwɔ anim no so wɔ simma 30 mu bere a woaka kar wɔ ɔkwan kɛse so no, na atew w’anim hann so ɔha biara mu nkyem 70. Gyina baabi a wɔde kar sisi a kanea a ahobammɔ wom na woaprapra LED kanea a ɛwɔ anim ne dua akanea a ɛwɔ akyi no mu na yi nsukyenee afi mu.

Skid recovery wɔ glazed bridge decks ne curved flyovers¶

Karkafo a wɔyɛ ahwɛyiye mpo betumi abɔ nsukyenee a ɛyɛ glaze a aniwa nhu a wɔnhwɛ kwan wɔ ɔkwan kɛse bi a ɛkorɔn anaa asubɔnten so abɔntenban a sunsuma wɔ so so. Sɛnea wobɛkeka wo nsa ne wo nan wɔ sikɔne 1.5 a edi kan no mu no na ɛkyerɛ sɛ wobɛtwe wo ho afi ɔfã foforo no tẽẽ anaasɛ wobɛtwe wo ho akɔ bridge no parapet no mu.

Sɛnea wubenya nkwa wɔ sum a ɛyɛ nwini a kar pii tu wɔ ɔkwan kɛse so no mu¶

Ɔkwan akɛse so asiane ahorow a edi awu sen biara wɔ abakɔsɛm mu no bi, a ɛfa kar 50 kosi bɛboro 150 ho wɔ nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn biako mu no ba bere a nsuonwini a ɛyɛ nwini anaa super-fog a ɛyɛ den a ɛwɔ mpɔtam hɔ no kɔtra aman ntam abɔntenban anaa asubɔnten kwan bi so anɔpatutuutu no. Wɔn a wɔka kar no hyɛn ɔfasu fitaa no mu de mmirika kilomita 100 kosi 120 dɔnhwerew biara (mph 62 kosi 75), wohu bere koro no ara mu sɛ wontumi nhu nneɛma a atwam wɔ wɔn hood no ho na ɔkwan a ɛda sum no ase no yɛ nsukyenee tuntum a ɛyɛ den, na wɔtwe wɔn ho kɔ ntonto a wɔagyina wɔ wɔn anim no mu.

Dɛn ne "super-fog" na dɛn nti na ɛba baabi a ɛbɛn nsuten ne brush ogya?¶

Wim tebea ho animdefo kyerɛkyerɛ super-fog mu sɛ wusiw, ɔhyew mu nneɛma nketenkete, ne nsu a ɛyɛ nwini a ɛyɛ nwini a wɔde afrafra a ɛma wotumi hu ade wɔ soro kodu a ennu mita 3 (anammɔn 10). Sɛ nneɛma a nkwa wom a ɛyɛ nwini (te sɛ atɛkyɛ mu peat a ɛrehyew, kuayɛ mu afuw a wɔhyew, kwae mu nnua a wɔaboaboa ano, anaa mfiridwuma mu nsu a ɛyɛ hyew) gyae nsu a ɛyɛ nwini a ɛyɛ nwini mu nuclei ɔpepepem pii kɔ bon a nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini wom mu anadwo biako a, nsuo a ɛyɛ hyew twa wusiw biara ho hyia. Sɛ ɔhyew no kɔ fam sen awɔw a, saa sum a ɛyɛ sum kɛse yi de nsukyenee tuntum a ɛyɛ den na ɛyɛ srade a wɔde nsu a ɛyɛ fĩ ahyɛ mu ma gu ɔkwan kɛse no so bere a ɛma wotumi hu ade koraa wɔ mita 50 (anammɔn 165) mu no.

Step-by-step survival protocol sɛ wuhyia ɔfasu a sum kabii anaasɛ pileup wɔ w’anim a¶

1. Fa acoustic awareness di dwuma denam wo draiver mfɛnsere a wobɛpaapae so: Sɛ nea wotumi hu no so tew ba fam sen mita 50 (anammɔn 165) wɔ sum a ɛyɛ nwini mu a, bobɔ wo draiver mfɛnsere no kɔ fam sɛntimita 1 kosi 2 (inch 0.5 kosi 1) na dum radio no. Wɔ sum a ɛyɛ den mu no, wobɛ te mframa breki a ɛrebɔ, dade a ɛrebɔ, ne abɛn a ɛrebɔ a ɛyɛ pileup a ɛwɔ w’anim mita 300 kosi 500 (anammɔn 1,000 kosi 1,650) bere tenten ansa na woatumi ahu akyi akanea afa whiteout no mu.
2. Nnyina akwantuo kwan a ɛyɛ nnam so da sɛ wɔansiw wo kwan a: Sɛ nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini a ɛyɛ den ma wo adwene tu fra a, nnyae wo kar no wɔ ɔkwan kɛseɛ bi mfimfini. Kɔ so tu brɛoo bere a worekyerɛ kwan afi ano a wɔayɛ ho adwini wɔ nsa nifa so no so kosi sɛ wubetumi atwe afi ɔkwan kɛse no so koraa akɔ ɔkwan a wɔfa so fi adi, baabi a wobɛhome, anaasɛ akɔ akyiri asen mmati a wɔabɔ so wɔ awɛmfo kwan bi akyi no.
3. Sɛ wotwe wo mmati so a, DUM wo kanea na yi wo nan fi breki pedal no so: Wɔ sum a ɛyɛ anifurae mu no, karkafo a wɔrebɛn no hu amane wɔ moth effect (target fixation): wɔto kar a esi mmati so no akyi kanea kɔkɔɔ a ɛhyerɛn anaa breki kanea so, fa no sɛ kar no retu wɔ akwantu kwan no so, na wɔde kar no kɔ akyi tẽẽ kar a esi hɔ a ɛretu mmirika wɔ ɔkwan kɛse so. Sɛ wɔhyɛ wo ma wugyina akyirikyiri wɔ kwan no mmati so wɔ sum a ɛyɛ den mu a, dan kɔ Park, fa breki a wode si kar no si hɔ, yi wo nan fi service breki pedal so, dum wo kanea titiriw no, na gyaw wo four-way amber hazard flashers nkutoo a ɛrebɔ.
4. Sɛ pileup siw kwan a ɛwɔ w’anim no kwan a, fa kwan kɔ abɔnten mmati a ɛyɛ mmerɛw, sukyerɛmma a ɛwɔ fam, anaa sare a ɛwɔ mfinimfini no so ansa na woabɔ: Mfa wo ho nkɔ fam tẽẽ nkɔ lɔre fã a wɔde fa nnipa a egyina hɔ akyi, baabi a underride impacts yɛ asiane kɛse. Fa w’ani si baabi a ɛnyɛ den kɔ abɔnten abura a sare wom, sukyerɛmma a ɛyɛ mmerɛw, anaa nhama a wɔde siw kwan no so na popa ahoɔden a ɛma nneɛma keka ne ho wɔ ɔkwan kɛse no akyi baabi a lɔre akɛse rehwe ase no.
5. Kɔ so bɔ wo kar no mu kɔsi sɛ asorɔkye a ɛrehwe ase no bɛba awiei, anaasɛ tu fi hɔ ntɛm ara twa guardrail no ho sɛ mfɛnsere a ɛho tew wɔ hɔ a:
6. Sɛ kar ahorow rebɔ denneennen atwa wo ho ahyia anaasɛ wowɔ bridge a ɛkorɔn a wonni ɔkwan a wɔnam so nantew so a: Ma wo seatbelt no ntoto mu denneennen, ma wo nsa nkɔ fam wɔ wheel no so (enti airbag deployment rentow wo nsateaa nkɔ w’anim), mia wo ti akyi denneennen wɔ headrest no so, na hwɛ wo ahwehwɛ no kosi sɛ kar a ɛwɔ soro no begyina.
7. Sɛ wo kar no ba bɛhome wɔ sum a ayɛ kusuu wɔ ɔkwan kɛse bi a ɛwɔ fam so akyi pɛɛ a, ɔkwan bi a ɛda hɔ a ɛyɛ komm a akanea a ɛrebɛn anaa engine no debobom biara nni mu, na dɔte a wɔde abɔ mu te wo ɔkwantufo pon no akyi pɛɛ: Bue obiara a ɔte mu no mu ntɛm ara, gyaw bag ne ntade nyinaa wɔ akyi, fi nkyɛn kɔ akyirikyiri fi kar a ɛreba no ho, foro tẽẽ dadeɛ guardrail no, na anyɛ yie koraa no, fa aperepere mita 50 (anammɔn 165) foro bepɔ no so abon no NE mita 100 (anammɔn 330) wɔ asubɔnten no atifi/akwan fi baabi a ɛhwee ase no. Nnyina kar a ahwe ase no bamper ntam da na ntra mmati a wɔabɔ so no so da.

Sɛnea nnuru a wɔde sa akwan so di nkogu wɔ bere a sum a ɛyɛ nwini sisi no¶

Karkafo pii susuw sɛ sɛ wohuu sɛ kurow no mu nkyene lɔre bi reyɛ ɔkwan kɛse no ho adwuma nnɔnhwerew abien a atwam ni a, nsukyenee tuntum ntumi nkɔ abɔntenban no so. Sɛ yɛte sɛnea nsukyenee a wɔde yi nsukyenee fi mu no yɛ nwini na ɛsan yɛ nwini no ase a, esiw ahotoso a ɛnyɛ nokware ano:

• Brine dilution by continuous fog deposition: Nsuo brines a wɔadi kan ayɛ ho adwuma (mpɛn pii no sodium chloride anaa magnesium chloride solution ɔha biara mu nkyem 23 a wɔde petepete nsensanee teateaa so wɔ akwan no so) yɛ adwuma denam nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini a ɛba fam no so. Nanso, sum a ɛyɛ nwini a ɛtra hɔ kyɛ anaasɛ osu a ɛyɛ nwini no kɔ so de nsu foforo gu akwan no so. Sɛ nkyene dodow no yɛ mmerɛw sen ɔha biara mu nkyem a ɛho hia pɛ a, nkyene a wɔde ahyɛ mu no yɛ nwini mpofirim wɔ ɔhyew a ɛyɛ hyew kɛse mu, na ɛma nnuru a wɔasan ayɛ no nwini a ɛyɛ nwini kɛse.
• Mframa a ɛbɔ wɔ abɔnten so a ɛkorɔn so: Sɛ akwan akɛse so adwumayɛfo trɛw abotan nkyene a ɛyɛ nwunu mu wɔ abɔnten so kwan a ɛkorɔn so ansa na awɔw aba a, mframa a ɛbɔ ne mframa a ɛyɛ basabasa a ɛsɔre a efi lɔre fã a ɛtwam a ɛde mmirika kilomita 100/h (mph 62) bɔ no bɔ nkyene ahwehwɛ a ɛyɛ dry no ɔha biara mu nkyem 60 fi bridge deck a ɛyɛ mmerɛw no so pɛɛ kɔ gutter no mu ansa nsuo a ɛwɔ hɔ no ba.
• Sodium chloride a ɛyɛ 9°C (15°F) a wɔatwa no: Sɛ ɛba fam a, abotan nkyene a ɛyɛ digrii Celsius 9 (digrii Fahrenheit 15) no yɛ brɛoo dodo sɛ ɛbɛma sum a ɛyɛ nwini kɛse no antumi anhyɛ nsu no ani; hwɛ awɔw bere mu ahum ne awɔw a ano yɛ den.

Kar a wosiesie ansa na wɔatu kwan ama sum a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsukyenee tuntum akwan so¶

Sɛ wo da biara da akwantu anaa awɔw bere mu akwantu kwan no twa asubɔnten so abɔntenban, mpoano akwan a wɔde fa nsu mu, mmepɔw bon, anaa kuayɛ nsukorabea a ɛyɛ nwini a, siesie wo kar no ansa na woafi kar kwan no so:

• Fa Three-Peak Mountain Snowflake (3PMSF) awɔw bere mu tae anaa Nordic studless ice tae hyehyɛ mu: Tae a wɔde di dwuma wɔ bere nyinaa mu a wɔtaa de di dwuma no yɛ den sen digrii Celsius 7 (digrii Fahrenheit 45) na ɛhwere wɔn breki a wɔde kura mu no bɛyɛ ɔha biara mu nkyem 50 wɔ bridge deck glaze ice so.
• Fat awɔw bere mu beam-style silicone wiper blades: Fa awɔw bere mu wipers a wɔato mu a ɛyɛ biako-beam wipers sesa dade-frame wipers a ɛda adi (a ɛyɛ den ne rime ice wɔ pivot joints no), na fa ahwehwɛ a ɛnyɛ hydrophobic a wɔde kata abɔnten mframa ahwehwɛ no ho dwuma sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a nsu a ɛyɛ nwini kɛse no bead ahotew.
• Fa nsuo a wɔde yi nsukyenee a ɛfiri nsuo a ɛfiri nsuo mu a ɛnyɛ 40°C (minus 40°F) hyɛ washer tank no ma: Fa toa a ɛyɛ lita 4 (galɔn 1) a aka wɔ trunk no mu, ka kɔbere a ne nsa tenten anaa polycarbonate ice scraper a emu yɛ duru ne toa a wɔde petepete isopropyl alcohol de-icer a wɔde petepete apon ano apon a ayɛ nwini, afã ahwehwɛ, ne LED ho kanea a wɔde hyɛ anim.
• Pack a complete winter stranding survival kit: Fa ANSI/ISO reflective vests a wotumi hu kɛse ma ɔkwantufo biara (a wɔde asie glovebox anaa apon kotoku mu, wɔansie wɔ trunk no mu), battery-powered amber LED road flares, sub-zero sleeping bags anaa wool blanket, nnuru a wɔde yɛ nsa hyew, nsu, aduan a ahoɔdennuru pii wom, ne kilogram 5 (11-pound) bag a wɔde traction grit a ɛyɛ mmerɛw ayɛ; hwɛ kar mu ntɛmpɛ kit.

Sɛ wofa awɔw bere mu skid recovery driving adesua a wode nsa yɛ na wowie First Aid ne CPR adesua a mfaso wɔ so a efi Red Cross, St John Ambulance, anaa mpɔtam hɔ ahobammɔ adwumayɛfo bi hɔ a, esiesie wo sɛ wubedi kar a ɛtwetwe ne kwan ho ahodwiriw nyinaa ho dwuma kosi sɛ awɔw bere mu ntɛmpɛ adwumayɛfo bɛba.

Nsɛm a wɔtaa bisa¶

Ɔkwan bɛn so na sum a ɛyɛ nwini betumi ayɛ nsukyenee akata kwan no so bere a osu ntɔ anaa sukyerɛmma ntɔ no?¶

Nsuonwini a ɛyɛ nwini ba bere a nsu nketenkete a ɛyɛ nsu a ɛtɔ gu fam no kɔ so sɛn mframa a ɛyɛ komm a ayɛ nwini sen digrii Celsius 0 (digrii Fahrenheit 32) mu no. Esiane sɛ wim nsu nketenkete a ɛho tew nni nuklea a ɛyɛ den a ɛbɛma nsukyenee ahwehwɛ anyin bere a ɛrehuruhuruw wɔ mframa mfinimfini nti, ɛtra nsu tebea a ɛyɛ nwini kɛse mu kodu digrii Celsius digrii 10 (digrii Fahrenheit 14) anaa nea ɛboro saa mu. Bere a saa nsukyenee a ɛyɛ nwini kɛse no ka ɔkwan a ɛyɛ den, bridge deck, guardrail, anaa mframa ahwehwɛ so ara pɛ no, mfiri a ɛne no di nkitaho no kanyan awɔw ntɛm ara, na ɛyɛ nsukyenee tuntum a ɛda adi anaa rime nsukyenee fitaa a ɛkɔ so a sukyerɛmma biako mpo mfi wim ntɔ.

Dɛn nti na abɔnten so adan ne akwan akɛse a wɔfa so fa so no yɛ nwini ntɛmntɛm sen akwan a wɔtaa fa so no?¶

Akwan akɛse a wɔtaa fa so no tra dɔte ne abotan a wɔabubu no atifi tẽẽ, na ɛyɛ adwuma sɛ ntama a ɛma ɔhyew a ɛmma mframa nkɔ soro a ɛde asase mu hyew a wɔakora so no kɔ soro kɔ asphalt no mu. Wɔde abɔntenban a ɛkorɔn, wimhyɛn a ɛkɔ soro, ne akwan a wɔde fa nsu mu no sɛn mframa mu koraa, na ɛma mframa a ɛnyɛ nwini ne sum a ɛyɛ nwini tumi di akɔneaba fa kar a ɛwɔ soro no ne dade ne kɔnkrit a ɛda adi wɔ ase no nyinaa so. Esiane sɛ abɔnten so apon no hwere ɔhyew fi afã anum prɛko pɛ na enni asase mu ɔhyew akyi nti, wɔn soro hyew kɔ fam sen digrii Celsius 0 (digrii Fahrenheit 32) simma 30 kosi 90 ansa na dɔte kwan a ɛbɛn hɔ no ayɛ nwini.

So ɛsɛ sɛ mede me kanea a ɛhyerɛn kɛse anaasɛ asiane a ɛhyerɛn di dwuma bere a mereka kar afa sum a ɛyɛ nwini a ɛyɛ den mu no?¶

Mfa kanea a ɛhyerɛn kɛse nni dwuma da wɔ sum mu, efisɛ kanea a ɛkorɔn no ma hann kɔ soro kɔ nsu nketenkete a ɛsensɛn hɔ mu na ɛdan hann a ɛyɛ anifurae san kɔ w’ani so. Fa nsa sɔ wo kanea a hann kakraa bi na ɛwɔ w’anim ne akanea a ɛma mframa bɔ kɛse bere nyinaa. Hwɛ wo mpɔtam hɔ kar akwan ho mmara a ɛfa asiane ho afiri ho: tumidi pii tu fo sɛ wobɛsɔ asiane afiri a ɛma wo ho yɛ hyew bere tiaa bi bere a worebrɛ wo brɛoo mpofirim de abɔ kar a edi akyi no kɔkɔ, bere a wugyae bere a woreka kar a enhinhim no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a nsɛnkyerɛnne a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wobɛdannan no akɔ so ayɛ adwuma.

Sɛ me kar no fi ase hwe ase bere a meretwa abɔntenban bi a nsukyenee wɔ so a, dɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ meyɛ?¶

Ma wo nan abien no nyinaa nkɔ breki pedal ne accelerator no so koraa, na sɛ na ɛwɔ so a, twa cruise control no mu ntɛm ara denam stia no bɔtn no so. Breki a wɔde gu bridge deck a wɔde ahwehwɛ ayɛ so no to tae no mu anaasɛ ɛmma entumi nnyina na ɛsɛe stia no so tumi. Hwɛ w’anim akyirikyiri kɔ wo kwan no mfinimfini a ɛbue baabi a wopɛ sɛ kar no kɔ no, na yɛ nsakrae nketenkete a ɛyɛ mmerɛw wɔ stia no mu wɔ baabi a akyi no retwe (anaasɛ bue stia no kakra kɔ tẽẽ sɛ anim tae no refuntum wɔ bridge a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa so a). Sɛ wo drive wheels no retwe nsukyenee no so a, dan kɔ Neutral mu yiye anaa mia clutch no so kosi sɛ wobɛtwa akyirikyiri ntrɛwmu joint no asan akɔ pavement a wɔayɛ ho adwuma no so.

Sources a wɔhwɛɛ mu¶

• Ɔman Wim Tebea Dwumadibea (NWS) ne Ɔman Po ne Wim Tebea Ho Dwumadibea (NOAA, United States): Freezing Fog, Super-Fog, ne Bridge Ice Hazards
• Federal Highway Administration (FHWA, United States): Akwan so Wim Tebea Ho Dwumadi Nhyehyɛe: Pavement Temperature Modeling, Bridge Deck Icing, ne Kɔkɔbɔ Nhyehyɛe a Ɛnyɛ Den a Wotumi Hu
• Wim Tebea ne Ɔman Akwan Kɛse (United Kingdom): Kaka a Wɔka wɔ Nsukyenee a Ɛyɛ Nwini, Nsukyenee Tuntum, ne Nsukyenee Tuntum Tebea (Akwan Kɛse Mmara Mmara 226 kosi 237)
• Transport Canada ne Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia ne Wim Tebea Nsakrae Canada (Canada): Awɔw Bere mu Karka Ahobammɔ, Supercooled Fog Glazing, ne Tae Traction Gyinapɛn
• Wiase Wim Tebea Ho Ahyehyɛde (WMO): Amanaman Ntam Mununkum Atlas: Nkyerɛase a Ɛfa Nsukyenee a Ɛyɛ Nwini, Rime Nsukyenee, Glaze, ne Hoarfrost ho

Akwankyerɛ ahorow a ɛfa ho¶

• Flash freeze ne nsukyenee tuntum a wɔde ka kar ahobammɔ
• Nsukyenee ahum, osu a ɛtɔ a ɛyɛ nwini, ne anyinam ahoɔden nhama a ɛhwe ase
• Awɔw bere mu ahum ne awɔw a ano yɛ den
• Kar akwanhyia: nea ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ ntɛm ara
• Kar ntɛmpɛ kit