Plaster anaa Drywall Ceiling Collapse Mpofirim: Nkokoaa/Wɔn a Wɔada a Wogye ne Live Joist Wiring a Wɔhwɛ¶

Wɔ afie ɔpepem pii a na ɛwɔ hɔ ansa na 1960 reba, adan akɛse, ne abo a ɛyɛ bruu so no, wɔde 3-coat lime-and-gypsum horsehair plaster a wɔde apete nnua lath strips so na ɛyɛ mpa a ɛwɔ soro ne dan a wɔtra mu no atifi, a emu duru yɛ kɛse 40 kosi 60 kilograms wɔ mita ahinanan biara mu (nkaribo 8 kosi 12 wɔ anammɔn ahinanan biara mu). Bɛboro mfe 60 kosi 120 a nsu a ɛyɛ nwini a ɛkɔ soro wɔ mmere bi mu, abansoro so nantew a ɛwosow, akwan so wosow, ne ɔdan atifi anaa nsu ho nsu nketenkete a ɛtwetwe no, plaster a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a ɛtwetwe a ɛpiapia nnua a wɔde yɛ lath no ntam de hama ɔdan no atifi ("plaster keys") no bubu komm na ɛtwitwa mmiako mmiako. Nea emu yɛ duru saa ara ne nnɛyi ɔdan atifi a ɛyɛ 16-millimeter (⅝-inch) Type X ogya-rated gypsum drywall anaasɛ drywall a ɛwɔ ntoatoaso abien a wɔde cellulose a wɔabɔ anaa fiberglass attic insulation a ɛyɛ nsu ahyɛ so: bere a abansoro aguaree paipu pae, mframa-afiri condensate pan bu, anaasɛ ɔdan atifi sɛ nsuo pue a, krataa a ɛhwɛ drywall no anim no twetwe nsu na ɛhwere ahoɔden a ɛtwetwe no ɔha biara mu nkyem 90, na ɛma nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn ti no twe tẽẽ fa gypsum a ɛyɛ nsuo no mu.

Sɛ plaster-and-lath anaa drywall ceiling a nsu ayɛ mu ma di huammɔ a, ɛntaa mma sɛ ɛbɛtow abo ketewa biako agu bere koro mu: dan no atifi nyinaa twe ne ho fi nnua a wɔde abɔ so no ho prɛko pɛ wɔ "pancake collapse" mpofirim mu, na ɛma kilogram 200 kosi 600 (nkaribo 440 kosi 1,300) a ɛyɛ abo a ɛyɛ den no kɔ fam slab, nnua a wɔde ayɛ lath a ɛyɛ nsensanee, fango mfutuma a adi mfe ɔha, abansoro dan so fango a ɛyɛ nsu, ne ɔdan atifi fan anaa kaneadua a emu yɛ duru a wɔde hyɛ wɔn a wɔda mpa so anaa akokoaa a ɔwɔ mpa mu so tẽẽ wɔ nea ennu sikani 0.7 mu. Sɛ wunim sɛnea wobɛto dan no mu anyinam ahoɔden afiri a ɛma anyinam ahoɔden mu ansa na wode wo nsa aka kanea a ɛsensɛn hɔ, sɛnea wobɛma plaster anaa drywall slab a enni dɛm so afi akokoaa mpa so a worenpia mfutuma a asɛe no nkɔ fam nkɔ mattress no mu, ne sɛnea wobeyi plaster mfutuma afi akokoaa hwene ne n’ano mu no gye nkwa. Hwɛ nɔma ahorow a egye ntɛmpɛ, . ɔdan a wɔsɛe no ne nea ɛhwe ase, . fam a ɛhwe ase, aguaree nnua a aporɔw, ne bathtub anaa tiafi a ɛmem fa fam, na a wɔde menewa amene.

Yɛ eyi mprempren¶

1. HWƐ soro wɔ ɔdan atifi nhama a ɛda adi no na hwɛ sɛ ebia ɔdan atifi mframa a ɛsensɛn hɔ, dade kaneadua, anaa anyinam ahoɔden nhama a atetew ANSA na wobɛtiatia plaster a ɛyɛ nsu anaa drywall amamfõ no so. Sɛ wɔatetew kanea a emu yɛ duru bi afi ne junction box mu na ɛda nsu a ɛyɛ nsu a wɔaboaboa ano no so, anaasɛ sɛ dedaw a wɔde ntama ayɛ knob-and-tube anaa BX armored wiring reyɛ sparking, dane bedroom/main circuit breaker OFF wɔ wo anyinam ahoɔden panel no so (anaasɛ fa nnua broom nsa a ɛyɛ dry di dwuma de pia waya biara a ɛsensɛn hɔ) ansa na wode wo nsa aka dade crib rails anaa gypsum a ɛyɛ nsu; hwɛ anyinam ahoɔden a wɔde bɔ obi.
2. Sɛ ɔdan atifi apon bi abubu afa akokoaa mpa, bassinet, anaa obi a ɔda mpa so a, MMƆHWƐ ɔbotan no atifi anaasɛ mmɔ mmɔden sɛ wobɛtwetwe nkokoaa mpa a ɛho ayɛ hare no akɔ fam. Nnua a ɛkorɔn a ɛwɔ nkokoaa mpa no nkyɛnmu rails no taa kyere drywall anaa plaster slab a ɛrehwe ase no te sɛ bridge ("tenting"), creating a mframa kotoku a egye nkwa a ɛwɔ ase; sɛ wopia ɔbotan no kɔ fam anaasɛ woma n’afã biako so a wuntumi mmoa mfinimfini no a, ɛbɛbubu ɔbotan no mu abien na atow plaster mfutuma ne nneɛma a asɛe a ɛyɛ kilogram ɔhaha pii agu akokoaa no anim tẽẽ.
3. Sɛ wopɛ sɛ wugye akokoaa bi fi mpa a wɔakata so mu a, ma nnipa baanu nkura drywall/plaster slab a wɔabɔ no bridge no akyi anoano na wɔmma no UP ne SIDEWAYS fi crib rails no so te sɛ pon so a ɛyɛ den, anaasɛ fa ahwɛyiye kɔ ntamadan no ase fa side crib bars no mu na fa akokoaa no fi adi tẽẽ kan. Drape a clean bedsheet or towel under the sɛ ɛbɛyɛ yiye a, mpaapae bere a woma so na ama woakyere lime mfutuma a ɛrehwe ase no.
4. Ntɛm ara, fa atade anaa ntama a ɛho tew ntwea a ɛyɛ nwini popa plaster a ɛyɛ akuturuku, lime mfutuma, ne cellulose a ɛyɛ nsu a ɛbɔ akokoaa anaa nea ɔda no hwene, anofafa, ne n’ano, na hwɛ sɛnea wɔhome. Alkaline lime plaster mfutuma ne fibrous insulation a wɔhome bere a ɔrebɔ ahodwiriw no ma mframa kwan a ɛyɛ hu no upper-airway ba ntɛmntɛm plugging, bronchospasm a emu yɛ den, ne corneal alkali hyew; sɛ akokoaa no nhome sɛnea ɛsɛ a, fi ase yɛ akokoaa CPR ntɛm ara; hwɛ CPR ne AED.
5. Frɛ wo mpɔtam hɔ nɔma a egye ntɛmpɛ (911 wɔ United States ne Canada, 112 wɔ Europa Aman Nkabom no nyinaa mu, 999 wɔ United Kingdom) sɛ plaster a ɛrehwe ase bɔɔ obi ti anaa ne moma so, ɔdan atifi mfutuma a ɛyɛ den a ɔhome, anaasɛ sɛ nnua a wɔde ayɛ ɔdan atifi nnua a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no mu apaapae anaasɛ ahwe ase a. Tu obiara fi dan no mu ntɛm ara bere a wɔayi casualties afi hɔ no, sɛnea afã horow a ɛbɛn hɔ a ɛwɔ ɔdan atifi a atew ne ho no taa hwe ase simma 2 kosi 15 wɔ bere a edi kan a ɛtɔ fam no akyi; hwɛ nɔma ahorow a egye ntɛmpɛ.
6. To ɔpon no mu kɔ dan a abubu no mu na to wo fie no mfinimfini mframa a wɔhyɛ no ma ɔhyew anaa mframa-a ɛyɛ hyew (HVAC) nhyehyɛe no ntɛm ara. Ɔdan atifi a wosisii ansa na 1980 kosi 1990 reba no taa kura friable asbestos (wɔ "popcorn" acoustic textures, plaster joint compound, anaa attic vermiculite insulation mu) nso kɔbere paint mfutuma ne mpɔtorɔ nsu; sɛ woto HVAC sanba fan no mu a, ɛmma fononoo no ntumi nnom mfutuma a awuduru wom mfi mpa no mu na ɛbɔ fa dan biara mu wɔ fie hɔ; hwɛ radon gas, asbestos, ne kɔbere paint a wɔde hyɛ mu a wɔpaw.

Gyinaesi dua: mpofirim ceiling pancake a ɛhwe ase gye ne asiane triage¶

flowchart TD
    Start["Plaster anaa Drywall Ceiling a Ɛbubu Mpofirim"] --> ImmediateCheck{"So obi akɔda mpa anaa nkokoaa mpa mu wɔ ɔbotan no ase?"}
    ImmediateCheck -->|"Akokoaa a Ɔte mpa anaa Ɔda Ase Wɔ Ɔdan a Abubu Ase"| CribRescue["1. Hwɛ kanea/nhama a ɛsensɛn hɔ; flip breaker OFF anaasɛ kwati sɛ wobɛka wo ho; 2. MMFI slab a wɔabɔ no bridge afa crib rails anaa headboard so no nkɔ fam; 3. Fa wo nsa ka fa side crib slats mu de slide nkokoaa fi ANAA ma 2 rescuers ma slab flat & sideways off crib; 4. Popa lime/plaster mfutuma fi hwene, ano, ne aniwa so ntɛm ara"]
    ImmediateCheck -->|"Pia a Da mpan anaasɛ Wɔn a Wɔte Mu no Afi Mu Dedaw"| EmptyRoom["1. Tu fi dan mu ntɛm ara (dan atifi nnua a ɛto so abien taa hwe ase wɔ simma kakraa bi akyi); 2. Dum dan mu anyinam ahoɔden circuit breaker ne main water valve sɛ paipe pae wɔ soro a; 3. Dum mfinimfini HVAC fan na to mpa pon mu ma asbestos/lead/silica mfutuma nkɔ mu; 4. Hwɛ ɔdan atifi nnua a ɛwɔ ɔpon ano no mu: so nnua a wɔde ayɛ nnua no mu apaapae anaasɛ nea ɛkata so ara kwa?"]
    CribRescue --> MedicalTriage{"Nsɛnkyerɛnne bɛn na onipa a wɔagye no no wɔ?"}
    MedicalTriage -->|"Ɔnyɛ hwee, Ti a Ɛyare, Apneic, anaa Stridor / Wheezing"| EmergencyEMS["1. Frɛ 911 / 112 / 999 ntɛm ara; 2. Yɛ Nkokoaa/Mpanyimfo CPR sɛ ɛnyɛ hwee na wonhome a; 3. Fa nsu pa/nkyene gugu lime-mfutuma aniwa so simma 15 kosi 20; 4. Sɛ plaster a emu yɛ duru bɔ ti anaa kɔn mu a, ma akyi berɛmo no nkɔ baabiara"]
    MedicalTriage -->|"Awake & Breathing, Wɔde Ɔdan Dedaw Mfutuma Akata So"| Decon["1. Fa kɔ mframa pa mu ntɛm ara; 2. Fa nkyene anaa nsu a ɛho tew hohoro aniwa ne hwene mu brɛoo; 3. Yi ntade a mfutuma wom na fa nsu a ɛyɛ hyew gugu mu (sɛ wosii ansa na 1980 resi a); 4. Hwehwɛ aduruyɛ mu nhwehwɛmu sɛ ebia wo ho ayɛ wo hyew anaasɛ woahome ahurututu mu akisikuru anaa"]

Nea enti a apɔnkɔ nhwi plaster ne drywall ceilings a nsu ayɛ mu ma no bubu prɛko pɛ¶

1. Mfiridwuma a wɔde yɛ plaster-ne-lath "Key Shear" a adi mfe 100.¶

Wɔ afie ne adan a wosisii wɔ 1850 ne 1955 ntam no, wɔde nnadewa a wɔde bɔɔ nnua a ɛyɛ teateaa mpempem pii (nnua lath, a ɛtaa yɛ mm 6 x 38 / ¼ x 1.5 in) wɔ fam a ɛwɔ soro no ase a wɔde milimita 6 kosi 10 (¼-kɔsi ⅜-inch) na ɛyɛɛ ɔdan atifi. gap a ɛda strip biara ntam. Afei wɔn a wɔde plasters no de lime a ɛyɛ nsu, anhwea, gypsum, ne mmoa nhwi (apɔnkɔ nhwi anaa anantwi nhwi a wɔde hyɛ nhama mu den) a emu yɛ duru abiɛsa guu soro de bɔɔ nnua lath no so, na ne nyinaa mu duru yɛ milimita 20 kosi 30 (nsateakwaa ¾ kosi 1.25) na emu duru yɛ kilogram 45 kosi 60 wɔ mita ahinanan biara mu (nkaribo 9 kosi 12 wɔ biara mu anammɔn ahinanan).

Nea ɛho hia no, nnade anaa nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn biara nni hɔ a ɛmma plaster atade a emu yɛ duru no ankasa nkɔ soro:

• Sɛnea "Plaster Keys" yɛ adwuma: Bere a wɔpiaa base coat a edi kan a ɛyɛ nsu ("scratch coat") no kɔɔ soro wɔ nnua lath no so no, plaster a ɛyɛ nsu no nhama piapiaa mu faa ntam teateaa a ɛyɛ milimita 8 a ɛda nnua no ntam no mu na ɛbobɔw wɔ lath no akyi fã a ɛwɔ soro no so. Sɛ ɛyɛ den wie a, na saa nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn a wɔabɔ no kurukuruwa yi a wɔfrɛ no plaster keys no kura abo a ɛyɛ tɔn pii a wɔde sɛn lath no ase no nyinaa.
• Sɛnea safoa huammɔdi a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra kanyan domino a ɛhwe ase:
• Bɛboro mfe ɔha a ɛwosow (anammɔn a emu yɛ duru a ɛkɔ soro, apon a ɛrebɔ, keteke a ɛnam fam anaa lɔre a ɛbɛn hɔ), ɔhyew a ɛtrɛw, anaasɛ ɔdan atifi/aguare biako a ɛtwetwe a ɛma nnua a wɔde ayɛ lath no ho ahonhon na afei ɛtew bere a ɛyow no, plaster safe du du pii a ɛyɛ mmerɛw no pae fa lath no akyi wɔ dan no mfinimfini.
• Sɛ nsafe a ɛwɔ mpa bi atifi mfinimfini no ɔha biara mu nkyem 20 pae a, plaster a emu yɛ duru no tetew milimita 5 kosi 15 (nsateakwaa ¼ kosi ⅝) wɔ nnua lath no ase, na ɛde ne mu duru a awu no nyinaa kɔ abɔnten kɔ nsafe a ɛbɛn hɔ a enni dɛm a atwa ho ahyia no so.
• Wɔ adapɛn anaa asram pii mu, anaasɛ amonom hɔ ara bere a abansoro bathtub bi ahyɛ mu ma anaasɛ ɔpon bi bɔ no, saa perimeter keys a wɔde nneɛma ahyɛ mu dodo no du wɔn shear anohyeto no ho na bue zip wɔ ɔdan no atifi nyinaa wɔ ahoɔhare a nnyigyei de ba no so, na ɛtow 3-by-4-meter (10-by-13-foot) slab a ɛyɛ den a wɔde abo ayɛ a emu duru yɛ 500+ kilograms (1,100+ pounds) wɔ mpa a ɛwɔ ase hɔ no so.

2. Nsu a wɔde ayɛ gypsum drywall ne wet attic insulation pull-through¶

Nnɛyi ɔdan atifi a wosisii wɔ 1950 mfe no akyi no de gypsum drywall (plasterboard / Gib board) a ne kɛse yɛ milimita 12.7 (nsateakwaa ½) anaa milimita 15.9 (nsateakwaa ⅝)** a wɔde drywall nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn anaa nnade a wɔde kyekyere nnua a wɔde ayɛ nnua anaa dade a wɔde ayɛ aboa nhoma akwan ho na edi dwuma:

• Dry weight vs. water-logged weight: Drywall a ɛyɛ dry 16-millimeter (⅝-inch) mu duru bɛyɛ kilogram 11 wɔ mita ahinanan biara mu (nkaribo 2.2 wɔ anammɔn ahinanan biara mu). Nanso, gypsum yɛ aboɔden abo a ɛwɔ abon a wɔde ahyɛ kraft krataa a emu yɛ duru nkratafa abien ntam, na wɔtaa de cellulose, fiberglass, anaa abotan a wɔde abɔ mu a wɔde abɔ mu a ɛyɛ sɛntimita 25 kosi 40 (nsateakwaa 10 kosi 16) ahyɛ abansoro dan atifi baabi a ɛwɔ abansoro a ɛwɔ soro no atifi pɛɛ no ​​ma.
• Sponge effect: Sɛ ɔdan atifi bon bi mu nsuo pue wɔ ahum mu, attic HVAC condensate line siw, anaasɛ abansoro tiafi/supply pipe bi pae a, attic insulation a wɔabɔ no yɛ adwuma te sɛ sponge kɛseɛ, na ɛtwetwe nsuo 30 kɔsi 80 kilogram wɔ mita ahinanan biara mu (6 kɔsi 16 pounds wɔ anammɔn ahinanan biara mu) na ɛgye saa nsu mu duru nyinaa wɔ drywall ceiling no atifi tẽẽ.
• Krataa delamination ne fastener twetwe-through: Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɔha biara mu nkyem 80 a drywall krataa no flexural ahoɔden ne screw-kura tumi fi ne akyi kraft krataa liner. Sɛ nsu fa gypsum no mu na ɛma krataa a ɛwɔ ase no yɛ nsu wie a, gypsum no dan mush na drywall screws no bugle ti nketewa no twe fa board a ɛyɛ nsu no mu tẽẽ. Esiane sɛ wɔde joint compound ne mesh tape abɔ drywall nkratafa no bom wɔ nhama no so nti, sɛ krataa biako a ɛyɛ nsu gyae a, ɛtetew nkratafa a ɛbɛn hɔ no mu wɔ pancake collapse a ɛkɔ so.

Anamɔn biara a wɔde gye nkwa bere a ɔdan atifi bi bubu gu mpa anaa nkokoaa mpa so no¶

1. Nea enti a mpa ne mpa ti yɛ "Tenting" kotoku a ɛyɛ mmerɛw¶

Sɛ drywall kɛse bi anaasɛ apɔnkɔ nhwi plaster a ɛyɛ den tetew wɔ mpa bi atifi a, ɛtɔ fam te sɛ agoru krataa a ɛrehwe ase. Sɛ akokoaa bi da mpa a wɔde nnua anaa dade a wɔde ayɛ mpa a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ mu (a n’afã keteke kwan gyina sentimita 85 kosi 110 / nsateakwaa 34 kosi 43 fi fam) anaasɛ ɔpanyin bi da mpa a ɛwɔ mpa ti/nan mpa tenten so a, ɔbotan a ɛrehwe ase no taa di kan bɔ mpa no keteke kwan anaa mpa ti no atifi.

Eyi de nhyehyɛe mu tebea abien a ɛho hia no mu biako ba:

1. Intact or Cracked Bridge ("The Tent"): Drywall sheet anaa plaster slab a wɔde nhwi ayɛ no mu den no paapae mfinimfini kɔ fam ma ɛyɛ V-shape anaasɛ ɛtra hɔ bridged fa crib no atifi keteke kwan no so, na ɛkura kilogram 50 kosi 150 (110 kosi 330 pounds) a ɛyɛ abo a abubu, nsu a wɔde siw dan atifi, ne ceiling fixtures a ɛsensɛn akokoaa no nipadua atifi sentimita 20 kosi 40 (nsateakwaa 8 kosi 16).
2. The Deadly Rescue Mistake: Wɔ ehu kɛse mu no, ɔwofo bi tu mmirika kɔ mmofra dan a esum wom a mfutuma ahyɛ mu ma no mu na ɔkyere ɔbotan no ntwea biako na ɔtwe kɔ nkyɛn, anaasɛ ɔbɔ mmɔden sɛ obebubu afa kyerɛwpon no mfinimfini afi soro. Sɛ wɔma drywall anaa plaster slab a apaapae na nsu ayɛ mu ma no ano biako so a, ɛma mfinimfini a ɛyɛ duru no bobɔw kɔ fam te sɛ hinge na ɛtow plaster asinasin a emu yɛ duru ne abansoro dan atifi mfutuma a adi mfe ɔha a ɛyɛ menewa no nyinaa gu fam tẽẽ kɔ mpa no mu gu akokoaa no so.

   SAFE CRIB EXTRICATION AFTER CEILING COLLAPSE

      [ Cracked Plaster / Drywall Slab Bridged on Crib Rails ]
     ==========================================================
       ||                                                  ||
       ||   <-- DO NOT push down on center or lift 1 end   ||
       ||       (hinges middle downward onto infant)       ||
       ||                                                  ||
       ||   OPTION A (1 Rescuer): Reach horizontally       ||
       ||   through side crib slats (or drop/spread rail)  ||
       ||   under the tented pocket and slide baby out.    ||
       ||                                                  ||
       ||   OPTION B (2+ Rescuers): Grip BOTH sides of     ||
       ||   slab, support center crease, and lift UP       ||
       ||   and completely SIDEWAYS off crib like a lid.   ||
       ||                                                  ||
       ||               ( Infant on Mattress )             ||
     ==========================================================

2. Ɔkwan pɔtee a wɔfa so yi akokoaa anaa obi a ɔda dwoodwoo¶

• Anamɔn 1: Hwɛ sɛ anyinam ahoɔden nhama a ɛte ase wɔ mpa anaa mpa no so (Egye sikani 2).
• Sɛ mpa bi atifi kɔ fam a, ɛtetew mfinimfini ɔdan atifi kanea anaa ɔdan atifi fan a ɛwɔ dan no mfinimfini pɛpɛɛpɛ no mu, na ɛtaa fa mpa anaa mpa no so pɛɛ.
• Sɛ kanea hama anaa ofie Romex/ntama nhama no da so ara abɔ na ɛrehyerɛn anaasɛ ɛka dadeɛ mpa frame a, dane circuit breaker no OFF anaa fa nnua nkongua a ɛyɛ dry anaa broom nsa twe waya no pefee ansa na wode wo nsa aka mpa no.
• Anamɔn 2: Hwɛ bridged slab no ase fa side crib slats no mu.
• Fa wo nkotodwe kɔ mpa no nkyɛn na hwɛ afã a ɛda hɔ gyina hɔ a ɛwɔ ɔdan atifi a wɔde abɔso ayɛ no ase no ntam.
• Sɛ slab no rehome a ɛyɛ den wɔ soro keteke kwan no so na baabi a ɛda adi pefee wɔ ase a: MMA nhaw slab a emu yɛ duru a ɛwɔ soro no koraa. Mmom, fa wo nsa kɔ nkyɛnkyɛn ntama a ɛkɔ soro (anaasɛ bue kwan a ɛda fam / wobobɔw fam a wobɛfa so akɔ mu no, anaa twe nnua mpaboa a ɛyɛ tratraa abien ntam kwan ware) bere a wode wo nsa biako redi dwuma de wɛn akokoaa no ti, na de akokoaa no twetwe brɛoo fa nkyɛn anaa fi ntamadan no awiei a ɛkorɔn no ase bere a wode wo nsa anaa ntama a ɛwɔ soro no rebɔ wɔn anim ho ban afi mfutuma a ɛredaadaa no ho.
• Sɛ slab no ahwe ase wɔ mpa no mu akɔ akokoaa no so a:
  1. Sɛ obi foforo bi wɔ fie hɔ a, frɛ ɔpanyin a ɔto so abien ntɛm ara.
  2. Fa krataa a ɛyɛ tratraa, krataa a ɛtrɛw, anaa w’abasa a ɛyɛ tratraa hyɛ ɔbotan no sag a ɛba fam koraa ase wɔ akokoaa no atifi pɛɛ na aboa mfinimfini nkuruwankuruwa no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a entumi nto asinasin nkɔ fam.
  3. Ma slab no nyinaa so treet UP na soa no koraa kɔ nkyɛnkyɛn fi crib footprint no so ansa na wode asi fam. Mma nnbɔn asinasin wɔ mpa no mu da.

Mmoa a edi kan a wɔde ma wɔ plaster mfutuma a wɔhome, lime aniwa a ɛhyew, ne blunt crush opira ho¶

1. Plaster mfutuma, lime, ne nhama a wɔde siw mframa ano a wɔbɛpopa afi mframa kwan mu¶

Sɛ plaster anaa drywall ɔdan atifi bɔ ɔpanyin, abofra, anaa akokoaa a wada so a, nkɛntɛnso no ma mununkum a ɛyɛ anifurae a ɛyɛ calcium sulfate a wɔayam no fɛfɛɛfɛ (gypsum), alkaline calcium hydroxide (lime a wɔabɔ no slake wɔ plaster dedaw mu), silica anhwea a ɛyɛ ahwehwɛ, fiberglass/cellulose insulation fibers, ne attic tuntum mfe du du pii soot/mouse nsuo. Afei nso, obi a ɔda a ne ho adwiriw no esiane ɔhwe a ano yɛ den nti wanyane no fa dep inspiratory gasp a ɔmpɛ bere a mfutuma mununkum no kata wɔn anim no ara pɛ:

1. Anom ne hwene a wɔde yi nkokoaa ne mmofra ntɛm ara:
2. Nkokoaa a wonnii asram 6 yɛ asɛyɛde sɛ wɔde hwene home; sɛ plaster a ɛyɛ nsu anaa lime mfutuma a ɛyɛ nwunu siw wɔn hwene mu ntokuru nketenkete no mu a, sɛ wɔn ahurututu no mpira mpo a, wobetumi ahome ntɛmntɛm.
3. Ntɛm ara fa ntama a ɛyɛ nwini popa akokoaa no hwene, n’ano, ne n’ano akyi ho tew, na fa nasal bulb syringe (anaasɛ suction brɛoo) a nkyene a ɛnyɛ yare anaa nsu a ɛho tew kakraa bi ka ho de yi plaster mfutuma fi hwene abien no nyinaa mu.
4. Sɛ wotumi hu plaster a ɛyɛ nsu anaa drywall krataa kɛse bi wɔ ano no mu a esiw mframa kwan no ano a, fa nsateaa ketewa a wɔde hama abɔ mu no popa no yiye sɛ wubetumi ahu nkutoo a (nnyɛ nsateaa a ɛyɛ anifurae da, a ɛpia asinasin kɔ akyiri kɔ anom no mu); hwɛ a wɔde menewa amene.
5. Hwɛ sɛnea mfutuma a ɛma ahurututu mu yare ne ahurututu mu yare a emu yɛ den:
6. Alkaline lime mfutuma a efi plaster a wɔyɛe ansa na 1955 reba no wɔ pH a ɛkorɔn a ɛhyɛ ɛnne nhama ne ahurututu mu ntini no abufuw, na ɛkanyan ɔfe a emu yɛ den, ɔhome a ano yɛ den stridor, anaasɛ ahomegye a emu yɛ den a ɛte sɛ ayamtu wɔ simma kakraa bi mu.
7. Fa nea wɔayɛ no bɔne no kɔ abɔnten mframa pa mu ntɛm ara, fa wɔn tra ase gyina hɔ (anaasɛ fa akokoaa no gyina wo mmati so), fa spacer a wɔakyerɛw ama no albuterol/salbutamol rescue inhaler ma no sɛ onipa no wɔ ayamtu a, na frɛ adwumayɛfo a wɔhwɛ ntɛmpɛ sɛ sɛ ɔhome mu den, ɔhome, osu a ɛyɛ den, anaasɛ ɔfe a ɛkɔ so daa a hwɛ ayamtu ntua.

2. Alkaline lime plaster mfutuma a wobɛhohoro afi aniwa no mu¶

calcium hydroxide wɔ lime plaster dedaw mu, a ɛma nnuru a wɔde yɛ ani no hyew bere a wɔapete wɔ nusu film mu no, bere a gypsum ne silica anhwea ahwehwɛ a ano yɛ nnam no twitwiw ani no mu bere biara a ɛbɔ no:

1. Ka kyerɛ nea wɔayɛ no bɔne no sɛ MMFA n’ani twitwiw: Sɛ wɔde petepete aniwa so a, ɛyam silica anhwea a ano yɛ nnam te sɛ ahama ne fiberglass nnade kɔ akyirikyiri wɔ ani no mu ntini no mu.
2. Fa nkyene a ɛnyɛ ɔyare mmoawa anaa tap nsu a ɛho tew a ɛyɛ hyew hohoro ho bere nyinaa simma 15 kosi 20: Hwie nsu brɛoo fi aniwa no mu ntwea so (a ɛbɛn hwene no) kɔ abɔnten fa aniwa a abue no so sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a lime asinasin no hohoro a ɛrentu mmirika nkɔ aniwa foforo no mu. Twe aniwa a ɛwɔ soro no kɔ w’anim brɛoo wɔ aniwa a ɛwɔ ase no so na aboa ma nusu no akɔfa nneɛma nketenkete afi atifi akataso no ase; hwɛ aniwa mu apirakuru.

3. Ti a ɛyɛ mmerɛw, awotwaa mu akyi berɛmo, ne mpampam a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a wɔbɛhwehwɛ mu¶

Abakɔsɛm mu lime plaster a ne kɛse yɛ milimita 30 (nsateakwaa 1.2) yɛ den te sɛ kɔnkrit a wɔde ayɛ, na mframa a ɛwɔ soro a ɛtɔ fam no mu duru yɛ kilogram 10 kosi 20 (nkaribo 22 kosi 45):

• Sɛ wɔbɔɔ nea wɔakum no no ti, ne kɔn, anaa n’akyi na **ɔyɛ nhumu biara a ɔyera, n’adwene tu fra, ɔfe, n’aniwa a ɛnyɛ pɛ, ne kɔn mu yaw, ne nsa anaa ne nan a ɛyɛ mmerɛw/ɛyɛ mmerɛw, anaasɛ baabi a ɛyɛ mmerɛw/ayɛ basaa wɔ akokoaa ti nhwi so a, ma wɔn ti ne wɔn kɔn ntumi nkɔ baabiara a ɛne wɔn honam ani nhyia na twɛn nnuruyɛfo a wɔboa no gye sɛ wɔtra dan no mu ahunahuna a ɛne sɛ ɛbɛhwe ase ne mprenu so; hwɛ ti a wɔapirapira na akyi berɛmo mu apirakuru.

Nneɛma a wɔde yɛ adwuma, anyinam ahoɔden, ne asbestos/kɔbere ahobammɔ nhyehyɛe a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma a ɛhwe ase akyi¶

Sɛ nnipa ne afieboa nyinaa fi dan no mu dwoodwoo na wɔreyɛ ayaresa a, di ahobammɔ anammɔn anum yi akyi wɔ ɔdan a abubu akyi ansa na woama obiara kwan ma wasan akɔ ofie no fã no mu:

1. Hyɛ sɛ na ɛyɛ "Sheathing Drop" vs. "Structural Joist Failure":
2. Hyerɛn kanea bi fa ɔpon a wɔabue mu no mu kɔ soro wɔ nnua a wɔde ayɛ ɔdan atifi nnua (adum) a ɛda adi no so a wonnantew plaster a aka a ɛsensɛn hɔ no ase:
3. Sɛ nnua a wɔde ayɛ 2x8 anaa 2x10 joists no yɛ nea enni dɛm koraa, ɛyɛ tẽẽ, na ɛda fam, na drywall sheets a ɛyɛ tratraa anaa plaster-and-lath were a wɔayi afi ase no nkutoo a, abansoro dan no da so ara yɛ nea wɔde nhyehyɛe gyina so (ɛwom sɛ ɔdan no atifi afã horow a aka a ɛyɛ hare wɔ saa dan no mu no da so ara betumi ahwe ase de).
4. Sɛ nnua a wɔde ayɛ ɔdan atifi apon biara mu apaapae, apaapae, aporɔw tuntum esiane nsu a ɛtwetwe bere tenten nti, anaasɛ ɛhwe ase kɔ fam a, fam a ɛwɔ soro no nyinaa wɔ asiane mu sɛ ɔdan no bɛhwe ase. Tu dan a ɛwɔ ase hɔ NE dan a ɛwɔ abansoro no so tẽẽ no nyinaa fi hɔ ntɛm ara na frɛ odumgyafo adwumayɛbea anaa ɔdansi ho mfiridwumayɛfo; hwɛ ɔdan a wɔsɛe no ne nea ɛhwe ase.
5. Dum anyinam ahoɔden circuit breaker NE nsuo a wɔde to mu valve titire no (sɛ ɛyɛ nsuo a):
6. Sɛ mpo nhama biara anhyew bere a ɛrehwe ase no a, nsu a ɛtɔ fa ɔdan atifi kanea a ɛka bom yɛ nnaka anaa toa mu akanea a ɛkɔ mu no mu no ma anyinam ahoɔden ogya ne anyinam ahoɔden a ɛbɛtɔ ntɛm ara. Dum circuit breaker a ɛma saa dan no atifi akanea ne mfiri a wɔde hu wusiw no aduan no.
7. Sɛ nsuo ho nsuo a ɛretu na ɛmaa ɛhwee ase a, to wo fie nsuo titire a wɔde to mu no mu ntɛm ara; hwɛ nsu afiri a ayɛ nwini na ɔdan atifi a ɛretu.
8. Asbestos, Lead Paint, ne Hantavirus Attic Dust (Adansi a Wɔyɛe Ansa na 1985 reba):
9. MMFA ofie vacuum cleaner anaa broom a wɔde di dwuma daa nprapra anaa nsɛe ɔdan atifi a asɛe ansa na 1985 reba no. Ɔdan atifi a wɔde ahyɛ mu anaa wɔayɛ no textured ansa na 1980 mfe no mfinimfini reba no taa kura chrysotile anaa tremolite asbestos ɔha biara mu nkyem 1 kosi 10 wɔ acoustic "popcorn" coatings, drywall joint compound, plaster patching, anaa Zonolite (vermiculite) pebble attic insulation, ne kɔbere paint a ɛdɔɔso ne mprako nsu a ayow.
10. Sɛ wɔprapra anaasɛ wɔde shop-vac a wɔde di dwuma daa di dwuma a, ɛma asbestos a ɛyɛ nketenkete ne kɔbere nhama ɔpepem pii a ɛwɔ fie no mu nyinaa yɛ aerosol.
11. Ahobammɔ a wɔde sie: Dum mfinimfini HVAC fan no, teyp plastic sheeting wɔ dan no HVAC sanba/supply vents so, fa turo mu pɔmpɛ a wɔde petepete nsuo + nkukuo samina a ɛtɔ gu fam no hyɛ nneɛma a asɛe no mu kakra ma mfuturo ntumi nkɔ mframa mu, to mpa no pon no mu, na fa mpopaho a ɛyɛ nwini to aseɛ pon no kwan no ho kɔsi sɛ wobɛdi nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho sɔhwɛ ho adanseɛ anaa wɔayɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ wɔbɛtew so; hwɛ radon gas, asbestos, ne kɔbere paint a wɔde hyɛ mu a wɔpaw.

Mpɔtam hɔ ntɛmpɛ nɔma ne adwumakuw no nhyehyɛe ahorow¶

Sɛ ɔdan atifi a ɛhwe ase kyere obi a ɔte mu, ɛma opira ne ti anaa ɔhome, ɛma nhama a ɛyɛ hyew a ɛte ase da adi, anaasɛ ɛfa ɔdan no so nhama a apaapae ho a, frɛ wo mpɔtam hɔ nɔma a egye ntɛmpɛ ntɛm ara. Nkurow akɛse mu odumgyafo adwumayɛbea ahorow kura mfoninitwa mfiri a wɔde twa ɔhyew ho mfonini (a wɔde behu mmeae a anyinam ahoɔden yɛ hyew a ahintaw ne nsu akwan a ɛwɔ nnua a wɔde hyɛ nnua mu), mfiri a wɔde hwɛ mframa so, ne nhama a wɔde gye nkwa. Hwɛ nɔma ahorow a egye ntɛmpɛ.

Nsɛm a wɔtaa bisa¶

Dɛn nti na apɔnkɔ nhwi dedaw a wɔde plaster ayɛ no bubu mpofirim prɛko pɛ a nsu ntu?¶

Wɔ afie a wosisii ansa na 1950 mfe no mfinimfini reba mu no, wɔde "plaster safe" nkutoo na ɛkura lime ne gypsum plaster a emu yɛ duru a wɔde lime ne gypsum plaster ayɛ (a emu duru yɛ kilogram 40 kosi 60 wɔ mita ahinanan biara mu, anaasɛ nkaribo 8 kosi 12 wɔ anammɔn ahinanan biara mu) nkutoo mu, plaster a ɛyɛ nsu a ɛyɛ nhama a ɛpiapia nsonsonoe nketenkete a ɛda nnua lath strips ntam na wɔde hama gu soro bere a wɔreyɛ ɔdan no atifi no mfiase no na wɔde trowel na ɛyɛe. Bɛboro mfe 70 kosi 120 a wɔde ayɛ ofie, ɔkwan a ɛwosow, abansoro so anammɔn, ne nsu a ɛyɛ nwini a ɛwosow no, saa plaster safe a ɛyɛ mmerɛw no mu paapae na ɛpaapae wɔ nnua a wɔde yɛ afiri no akyi. Sɛ safe a ɛdɔɔso bubu wɔ dan bi mfinimfini pɛ a, plaster a emu yɛ duru no hwe ase fi lath no ho, ɛde adesoa ma safe a atwa ho ahyia no boro so wɔ nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn mu, na ɛma ɔdan no atifi nyinaa gu fam wɔ nea ennu sekan biako mu.

Mɛyɛ dɛn ahu sɛ plaster dan dedaw bi wɔ asiane mu sɛ ebebubu ansa na ahwe ase?¶

Hwehwɛ kɔkɔbɔ nsɛnkyerɛnne anan a wɔtaa de di dwuma: nea edi kan no, ɔkwan a ɛda fam a wotumi hu, dome, anaa "yafunu" a ɛwɔ ɔdan atifi plaster no mu (ɛyɛ papa sɛ wubehu denam kanea a wɔde tow kanea a wobɛhyerɛn tẽẽ wɔ ɔdan no atifi anadwo no so); nea ɛto so abien, mpaapaemu atenten a ɛyɛ nkorabata a n’afã abien no nyɛ nsu bio (mpaapaemu no fã biako sian kɔ fam sen foforo); nea ɛto so abiɛsa, atɛkyɛ a ɛyɛ mmerɛw anaa anhwea a efi mpaapaemu mu hwe ase bere a obi nam abansoro so no; na nea ɛto so anan, "broom sɔhwɛ": sɛ wode broom nsa a wɔde ntama ayɛ mia soro brɛoo wɔ ɔdan no atifi a ɛbɛn mpaapaemu bi na plaster no flexed kɔ soro milimita pii de nnyigyei a ɛyɛ tokuru a ɛyɛ tokuru a, plaster safe no atew afi nnua lath no ho na ɔdan no atifi betumi ahwe ase bere biara.

Dɛn nti na ɛnsɛ sɛ wopia fam anaasɛ wodannan ɔdan atifi a wɔahwe ase wɔ akokoaa mpa so no ano biako da?¶

Esiane sɛ akokoaa mpa afasu anan a ɛyɛ den no sorokɔ yɛ sɛntimita 85 kosi 110 (nsateakwaa 34 kosi 43) nti, drywall anaa plaster a wɔde ayɛ krataa a ɛrehwe ase no taa si fam a wɔabɔ no akuturuku wɔ mpa no atifi keteke kwan so te sɛ pon so ("ntamadan"), na egyina sɛntimita 20 kosi 40 wɔ mpa no atifi na ɛbɔ akokoaa no ho ban ase. Sɛ ɔwofo bi a ehu aka no bɔ mmɔden sɛ obefi soro abubu kyerɛwpon no anaasɛ ɔma ɔbotan a apaapae na nsu ayɛ mu ma no ano biako pɛ so a, mfinimfini nsensanee a emu yɛ duru no bobɔw kɔ fam te sɛ V-hinge na ɛtow plaster a ɛyɛ nsensanee ne lime/attic mfutuma a ɛyɛ menewa kilogram ɔhaha pii gu akokoaa no anim tẽẽ. Bere nyinaa fa wo nsa fa mpa a ɛwɔ nkyɛnkyɛn no mu nkɔ soro na fa akokoaa no mfi ntamadan no ase mfi adi, anaasɛ ma mpanyimfo baanu mma ɔbotan no so tẽẽ nkɔ soro na wɔmfa nkɔ nkyɛn koraa mfi mpa no so.

So mfutuma a efi ɔdan atifi a abubu mu no yɛ nea asiane wom sɛ wobɛhome anaasɛ wobɛkɔ w’ani so?¶

Aane. Nea edi kan no, alkaline calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) ne crystalline silica sand wɔ plaster a wɔde yɛɛ adwuma ansa na 1955 reba no mu, na ebetumi ama nnuru ayɛ abufuw na aniwa no ayɛ mmerɛw na akanyan ahurututu mu yare a emu yɛ den (akisikuru ne mframa kwan a ɛho ahonhon) bere a wɔhome no, titiriw wɔ nkokoaa ne nnipa a wɔwɔ ayamtu mu. Nea ɛto so abien no, mpɛn pii no, asbestos a ɛyɛ mmerɛw (wɔ popcorn nwene, drywall joint compound, anaa vermiculite insulation mu), kɔbere paint mfutuma, fiberglass nnade, ne mpɔtorɔ nsu a ayow wɔ lath no atifi wɔ ɔdan atifi ne adan atifi mmeae. Bere nyinaa fa nsu pa hohoro aniwa a mfutuma ayɛ mu ma no simma 15, yi nkokoaa hwene mu ntokuru mu ntɛm ara, dum HVAC fan a ɛwɔ mfinimfini no mu, na fa nneɛma a asɛe ansa na 1985 reba no gu nsu mu sen sɛ wobɛprapra mu ayow.

Dɛn nti na ɛsɛ sɛ midum dan no mu anyinam ahoɔden afiri a ɛbɔ dan no mu bere a ɔdan no atifi abubu awie no ara pɛ?¶

Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ mpa anaa dan a wɔtra mu biara wɔ kanea a ɛwɔ soro, kaneadua, anaa ɔdan atifi fan a wɔde ahyɛ anyinam ahoɔden adaka bi a ɛwɔ ɔdan no atifi, ne anyinam ahoɔden nhama a ɛfa nnua a wɔde ayɛ nnua no so. Sɛ drywall anaa plaster a ɛyɛ nsuo kilogram 300 (nkaribo 660) tetew a, ɛtaa tetew kanea a wɔde hyɛ mu no fi ɔdan no atifi anaasɛ ɛyi nhama a ɛwɔ volt 120 anaa volt 230 a ɛte ase a ɛbɔ kanea no fi mu, na ɛde nhama a ɛte ase a ɛde nhama kɔ nsu mu, gypsum a ɛyɛ nsu, anaasɛ ɛda dade mpa ne mpa a wɔde hyɛ mu no mu tẽẽ. Sɛ wodum circuit breaker no a, eyi asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ anyinam ahoɔden bɛbɔ bere a wɔregye nkurɔfo no fi hɔ na ɛmma anyinam ahoɔden arc ogya ntɔ wɔ nnua a ɛda adi no mu.

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Saa akwankyerɛ yi de structural ceiling collapse rescue, utility isolation, ne dust/crush first-aid protocols ma na ɛnsi adwumayɛfoɔ structural engineering nhwehwɛmu, asbestos abatement a wɔagye atom, anaa animdefoɔ ayaresa ananmu. Susuw ho sɛ wobɛfa Red Cross anaa St John Ambulance so ayɛ mmofra ne mpanyimfo Mmoa a Edi Kan ne CPR adesua.

Akwankyerɛ ahorow a ɛfa ho¶

• Nneɛma a wɔsɛe no ne nea ɛhwe ase
• Fam a ɛwɔ fam a ɛhwe ase, aguaree nnua a aporɔw, ne bathtub anaa tiafi a ɛmem fa fam
• Radon gas, asbestos, ne kɔbere paint a wɔde hyɛ mu no triage
• Ɔdan atifi nsuo a ɛretu
• Ti a wɔapirapira

Fibea ne aban akwankyerɛ¶

• U.S. National Park Service (NPS) Mfiridwuma mu Nneɛma a Wɔkora So: Nkorabata Nsɛm tiawa 21: Abakɔsɛm mu Plaster a Ɛyɛ Tratraa a Wosiesie: Afasu ne Ɔdan atifi (Plaster Key Failure Mechanics)
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) & Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): Asbestos ne Kɔbere Mfutuma a Wɔbɛhwɛ So Bere a Ntɛmntɛm Abansoro no Abubu ne Nsu a Ɛsɛe no Ho Ahotew
• Akwahosan ne Ahobammɔ Sohwɛfo (HSE, United Kingdom): Asbestos Adwuma Akwankyerɛ (HSG210): Nneɛma a Wɔde Asiesie Nneɛma a Wɔakyerɛw (Artex) ne Lath-ne-Plaster Ceilings
• Amerika Mmofra Ayaresa Sukuu (AAP) & Amerika Koma Fekuw (AHA): Mmofra Mframa Akwantu a Wɔde Siesie, Ahɔho-Nipadua a Wɔpɛ, ne Nkokoaa CPR Akwankyerɛ
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA, United States): Nkurow akɛse mu Hwehwɛ ne Nkwagye (USAR) Hann Frame Void-Space ne Crib/Bed Tenting Extrication Nnyinasosɛm