Ho putlama ha Plaster kapa Siling ea Drywall: Ho Pholosa Masea/Barobala le ho Lekola Wiring ea Live Joist¶

Hoo e ka bang limilione tsa matlo a pele ho 1960, meaho ea lifolete le majoe a sootho, kamore ea ho robala le siling ea kamore ea ho phomola e hahiloe ho tloha *3-coat lime-and-gypsum horsehair plaster e kentsoeng holim'a likhoele tsa mapolanka , e boima ba lik'hilograma tse 40 ho isa ho tse 60 ka mithara ea lisekoere (lik'hilograma tse 8 ho isa ho tse 12 ka leoto le leng le le leng). Ho feta lilemo tse 60 ho isa ho tse 120 tsa potoloho ea mongobo ka linako tsa selemo, sephethephethe sa maoto a mokatong o ka holimo, ho thothomela ha litsela, le marulelo a manyenyane kapa liphaephe tse lutlang, litšepe tse petetsang pakeng tsa mapolanka a lepolanka ho hokela siling ("linotlolo tsa polaster") li robeha ka khutso ebe li kuta ka bonngoe. Siling e boima ka ho lekana ke 16-millimeters (⅝-inch) Type X gypsum drywall e nang le mollo oa gypsum kapa drywall e nang le mealo e habeli e nang le metsi ** cellulose e bululetsoeng kapa fiberglass attic insulation: ha phala e ka holimo ea kamore ea ho hlapela e phatloha, pitsa e futhumatsang moea e kolobisang moea e tsoelipana, kapa pampiri e kolobisang moea e tsoelipana, kapa pampiri e omileng e phutla, kapa pampiri e omileng e phutla. Karolo ea 90 lekholong ea matla a eona a tsitsitseng, e lumellang lihlooho tsa screw hore li hule ka ho toba ka har'a soggy gypsum core.

Ha siling ea plaster-le-lath kapa siling e kentsoeng ka metsi e hloleha, ha se hangata e lihelang lejoana le le leng le le leng ka nako: siling ea kamore eohle e tsoa ho li-joists tsa mapolanka hang-hang ka "ho putlama ha li-pancake" **, ho theoha ** 200 ho 600 lik'hilograma (440 ho isa ho 1,300 liponto tse 440 ho isa ho tse 1,300) lerōle la mashala a kamoreng e tlas'a marulelo, ho kenya metsi, le fene e matla ea siling kapa litšepe tsa chandelier ka ho toba holim'a batho ba robetseng betheng kapa lesea le ka har'a bethe ka nako e ka tlase ho metsotsoana e 0.7 **. Ho tseba ho koala sekhechana sa motlakase sa phaposing pele u ama lisebelisoa tse leketlileng tsa mabone, mokhoa oa ho phahamisa samente e sa senyehang kapa letlapa le ommeng holim'a bethe ea lesea ntle le ho sutumelletsa lithōle tse lerōle ho ea tlaase materaseng, le mokhoa oa ho tlosa lerōle la samente nkong le molomong oa lesea ho pholosa bophelo. Bona dinomoro tsa tshohanyetso, tshenyo ya sebopeho le ho putlama, ho putlama ha subfloor, li-joist tse bolileng tsa kamore ea ho hlapela, le bate kapa ntloana e tebang fatše, le khangoa.

Etsa sena hona joale¶

1. SHEBA HOLIMO lihokelong tsa siling tse lepeletseng, 'me u hlahlobe lifensetere tse leketlileng tsa siling, likandelare tsa tšepe, kapa lithapo tsa motlakase tse tabohileng PELE u hata holim'a samente e metsi kapa marakong a lebota le omeletseng. Haeba lebone le boima le ntšitsoe ka lebokoseng la mateano 'me le lutse holim'a qubu ea lithōle tse metsi, kapa haeba lesela la khale le kentsoeng lesela le koetsoeng ka letsoho, X kamore/sekhechana sa potoloho se seholo se TŠOA phanele ea hau ea motlakase (kapa sebelisa mofeng oa lefielo o ommeng ho sutumelletsa terata efe kapa efe e leketlang) pele u tšoara litšepe tsa bethe kapa gypsum e metsi; bona motlakase.
2. *Haeba siling e oetse holim'a bethe ea lesea, bassinet, kapa bethe ea motho ea robetseng, U SE KE UA pshatla bokaholimo ba letlapa kapa ua leka ho theola likotoana tse theohileng ho ea tlase. ho sututsa letlapa kapa ho phahamisa ntlha e le 'ngoe ntle le ho tšehetsa setsi ho tla pshatla letlapa ka halofo le ho lahlela lerōle la samente le bipetsang le lithakoana sefahlehong sa lesea ka ho toba.
3. **Ho pholosa lesea setulong sa bethe se koahetsoeng, kopa batho ba babeli ho tšoara mathōko a ka ntle a letlapa le omisitsoeng le polasetere 'me ba le phahamise 'me ba le phahamise 'me ba le phahamise 'me ba le phahamise ho tloha holim'a bethe joalo ka letlapa le thata, kapa ba fihle ka hloko KA TLAS'A letlapa le ka tlas'a bethe ho thellela lesea ka tlas'a bethe ha ho khoneha. ha u phahamisa ho tšoara lerole la kalaka le oelang.
4. Hang-hang hlakola plaster, lerole la kalaka le mokelikeli o metsi oa selulose linkong tsa lesea kapa motho ea robetseng, molomong le molomong o sebelisa sekhutlo se mongobo sa hempe kapa lesela le hloekileng, 'me u hlahlobe ho phefumoloha ha tsona. ho chesa **; haeba lesea le sa phefumolohe ka tsela e tloaelehileng, qala CPR ea lesea hang-hang; bona CPR le AED.
5. *Letsa nomoro ea hau ea ts'ohanyetso ea lehae (911 United States le Canada, 112 ho pholletsa le European Union, 999 United Kingdom) haeba motho leha e le ofe a otliloe hloohong kapa sefubeng ka plaster e oelang, a bululetsoe ke lerōle le letenya la siling, kapa siling ea lepolanka e ka holimo e petsohile kapa e ntse e putlama. ho theoha ha pele; hlahloba dinomoro tsa tshohanyetso.
6. Koala lemati la phaposi e senyehileng 'me u koale setsi sa ntlo ea hau se futhumatsang moea kapa se futhumatsang moea (HVAC) hang-hang. Lisiling tse hahiloeng pele ho 1980 ho isa 1990 hangata li na le asbestos e qhekellang (ka "popcorn" acoustic textures, plaster joint joint, kapa atic joint vermiculite* asbestos** asbestos insulation* ho koala fan ea ho khutla ea HVAC ho emisa sebōpi hore se se ke sa monya lerole le chefo ka kamoreng ea ho robala le ho e phethola ka kamoreng e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ka tlung; bona khase ea radon, asbestos, le tlhahlobo ea ho pepeseha ha pente ea loto.

Sefate sa ho etsa qeto: pholoso ea siling e putlama ka tšohanyetso le triage ea kotsi¶

flowchart TD
    Start["Plaster ea tšohanyetso kapa Drywall Ceiling Collapse"] --> ImmediateCheck{"Na ho na le motho ea qabeletsoeng ka betheng kapa betheng ea lesea ka tlas'a letlapa?"}
    ImmediateCheck -->|"Ngoana ka Crib kapa Sleeper tlas'a Letlapa le Oeleng"| CribRescue["1. Ha u sheba lisebelisoa/lithapo tse leketlileng; Flip breaker OFF kapa qoba ho kopana; 2. U SE KE UA sutumelletsa fatše holim'a letlapa le pota-potiloeng ka har'a litšepe tsa libethe kapa liboto tsa hlooho; 3. Finyella ka har'a li-slats tsa crib ho thellelisa lesea ka ntle KAPA ho ba le bapholosi ba 2 ba phahamiseng letlapa le ka mahlakoreng; 4. Hlakola lerole la lime/plaster nkong, molomong le mahlong hang-hang"]
    ImmediateCheck -->|"Kamore ha e na letho kapa Baahi ba Se ba Tsoile"| EmptyRoom["1. Tloha ka kamoreng hang-hang (matlapa a siling ea bobeli a atisa ho theoha metsotso hamorao); 2. Koala sekhechana sa motlakase sa phaposi le valve e kholo ea metsi haeba phaephe e phatlohile ka holimo; 3. Koala fene e bohareng ea HVAC 'me u koale lemati la phaposi ea ho robala ho kenya lerōle la asbestos/leto/silika; 4. Hlahloba li-joists tsa siling ho tloha monyako: na li-joists tsa lepolanka li phatlohile kapa li koaletsoe feela?"]
    CribRescue --> MedicalTriage{"Motho ea pholositsoeng o na le matšoao afe?"}
    MedicalTriage -->|"Ha e arabele, Ho sithabela ha Hlooho, Apneic, kapa Stridor / Wheezing"| EmergencyEMS["1. Letsetsa 911 / 112 / 999 hang-hang; 2. Etsa CPR ea Lesea / Motho e Moholo haeba a sa arabele ebile a sa hema; 3. Nosetsa mahlo a lerole la lime ka metsi a hloekileng/saline metsotso e 15 ho isa ho e 20; 4. Thibela mokokotlo oa mokokotlo haeba samente e boima e otla hlooho kapa molala"]
    MedicalTriage -->|"Tsoha & Ho Phefumoloha, E Apesitsoe Ka Lerōle la Khale la Siling"| Decon["1. Ntšetsa moea o hloekileng hang-hang; 2. Hlatsoa mahlo le linko ka bonolo ka metsi a letsoai kapa a hloekileng; 3. Hlobola liaparo tse lerōle 'me u hlatsoe ka metsi a foofo (haeba e le moaho oa pele ho 1980); 4. Batla tlhahlobo ea bongaka bakeng sa concussion kapa inhalation bronchospasm"]

Hobaneng samente ea moriri oa lipere le siling e kolobisitsoeng ka metsi e oela ka nako e le 'ngoe¶

1. Mechanics ea samente ea lilemo tse 100 "Key Shear"¶

Matlong le lifoleteng tse hahiloeng pakeng tsa 1850 le 1955, siling e ile ea hahoa ka ho kokotela likete tsa mapolanka a moqotetsane (wood lath, hangata 6 x 38 mm / ¼ x 1.5 in) ka tlas'a mekato e ka holimo e nang le **6-to-10-millimeter-millimeters (¼-inch) ka 'ngoe. Ka mor'a moo, li-plasterers li ne li hula lijase tse tharo tse boima tsa lime, lehlabathe, gypsum le moriri oa liphoofolo (boea ba lipere kapa boea ba likhomo bakeng sa ho matlafatsa fiber) ho ea holimo khahlanong le lesela la lepolanka, e leng kakaretso ea limilimithara tse 20 ho isa ho tse 30 (¾ ho isa ho 1.25 lisenthimithara) le boima ba lisekoere-mithara tse 45 ho isa ho tse 1.

Habohlokoa, ha ho lipekere kapa likurufu tse tšoarang jase e boima ea samente ka boeona ho ea siling:

• Kamoo "Li-Plaster Keys" li sebetsang ka teng: Ha seaparo sa pele se metsi ("scratch coat") se sutumetsoa holimo khahlanong le lepolanka la patsi, likhoele tsa samente tse metsi li ile tsa petetsoa ka har'a likheo tse moqotetsane tsa limilimithara tse 8 pakeng tsa likhoele tsa lepolanka 'me tsa kobeha ka holim'a lehlakore le ka morao la lesela. Hang ha li se li thatafetse, lihoko tsa li-curl-over, tse bitsoang ** linotlolo tsa polasetiki **, li ne li tšoere siling eohle ea majoe ea lithane tse ngata e fanyehiloe ka tlas'a lesela.
• Ho hloleha ha senotlolo ho bakang ho putlama ha domino:
• Ho thothomela ho fetang lilemo tse lekholo (mohato o boima oa mokatong o ka holimo, mamati a otlang, sephethephethe sa terene se haufi kapa literaka), katoloso ea mocheso, kapa marulelo a le mong / kamore ea ho hlapela e runyang mapolanka a mapolanka ebe e a honyela ha a ntse a omella, linotlolo tse ngata tsa brittle samente li phatloha ka morao ho phaposi e bohareng ba phaposi.
• Ha liperesente tse 20 tsa linotlolo tse bohareng ba siling ea kamore, letlapa le boima la samente le arola ** limilimithara tse 5 ho isa ho tse 15 (¼ ho isa ho ⅝ inch)** ka tlas'a lepolanka la patsi, le fetisetsa boima ba eona bo shoeleng ka ntle ho linotlolo tsa boahelani tse sa fetoheng ho pota-pota.
• Ka libeke kapa likhoeli, kapa hang-hang ha bate e ka holimo e tlatsitsoe kapa lemati le betsa, linotlolo tse phethetsoeng li fihla moeling oa ho kuta 'me ** unzip holim'a siling eohle ka lebelo la molumo **, ho theola letlapa le tiileng **3-by-4-meter (10-by-13-foot) ea masonry e boima ba lik'hilograma tse 0*1 ho ea ho bethe ka tlase.

2. gypsum drywall e nang le metsi le metsi a marulelo a marulelo a hula-ho feta¶

Siling ea sejoale-joale e hahiloeng ka mor'a lilemo tsa bo-1950 e sebelisa 12.7-millimeter (½-inch) kapa 15.9-millimeter (⅝-inch) gypsum drywall (plasterboard / Gib board) e khomaretsoe ho li-joists tsa mapolanka kapa liteishene tsa boea tsa tšepe tse nang le li-screw tsa drywall kapa lipekere:

• Boima bo omileng ha bo bapisoa le boima bo kentsoeng ke metsi: Drywall e ommeng ea 16-millimeter (⅝-inch) e boima ba 11 kilogramme per square meter (2.2 pounds per square foot). Leha ho le joalo, gypsum ke porous mineral core e kentsoeng lipakeng tsa maqephe a mabeli a pampiri e boima ea kraft, 'me sebaka sa marulelo ka holim'a siling e mokatong o ka holimo hangata se tlatsitsoe ka 25 ho 40 centimeters (10 to 16 inches) ea selulose, fiberglass, kapa rockwool insulation.
• Tlhahiso ea seponche: Ha phula ea marulelo e lutla nakong ea sefefo, thapo ea HVAC e ka tlas'a marulelo e koaleha, kapa phaephe e phatlohileng ea ntloana / phepelo ea thepa e phatloha, sekontiri se bululetsoeng se sebetsa joalo ka seponche se seholohali, se kolobang 30 ho isa ho 80 lik'hilograma tsa metsi ka lisekoere mithara ho ea holimo boima ba lisekoere mithara ea siling ea drywall.
• Pampiri delamination le fastener hula-ho feta: Hoo e ka bang liperesente tse 80 tsa matla a feto-fetohang a letlapa la drywall le matla a ho tšoara likurufu li tsoa kantle kraft paper liner. Hang ha metsi a kena ka har'a gypsum core 'me a kolobisa karolo e ka tlaase ea pampiri, gypsum e fetoha mush' me lihlooho tse nyenyane tsa li-bugle tsa "drywall" li hula ka ho toba ka har'a boto e metsi. Hobane li-drywall sheets li kopantsoe hammoho ka har'a seams ka motsoako o kopantsoeng le tepi ea letlooeng, ha letlapa le le leng le metsi le tlohela, le rutla lipampiri tse haufi ka mokhoa o tsoelang pele ** pancake collapse **.

Ho pholosa mohato ka mohato ha siling e oela holim'a bethe kapa betheng ea masea¶

1. Ke hobane'ng ha li-cribs le li-headboards li etsa pokotho ea "Tenting" e senyehang¶

Ha letlapa le leholo la li-drywall kapa letlapa le teteaneng la plaster ea moriri oa lipere le theoha ka holim'a kamore ea ho robala, le oela fatše joalo ka karete ea ho bapala e oelang. Haeba lesea le robetse ka har'a bethe e tloaelehileng ** ea lehong kapa ea tšepe-slat** (eo liporo tsa eona tse mahlakoreng li emang 85 ho isa ho 110 centimeters / 34 to 43 inches ho tloha fatše) kapa motho e moholo a le betheng e nang le headboard / footboard e telele, letlapa le oelang hangata ** le otla ka holim'a litšepe tsa pele tsa crib.

Sena se theha e 'ngoe ea maemo a mabeli a bohlokoa a sebopeho:

1. Borokho bo sa Feleng kapa bo Senyehileng ("Tente"): Letlapa le omeletseng kapa letlapa la samente le matlafalitsoeng ka moriri le petsoha bohareng ho ba sebopeho sa V kapa le lula le hokahantsoe le liporo tse kaholimo tsa bethe, le tšoere 50 ho isa ho 150 lik'hilograma (liponto tse 110 ho isa ho tse 330) tsa masonry a robehileng, siling e kolobisitsoeng ka 4 ** lisenthimithara (li-inch tse 8 ho isa ho tse 16)** ka holim'a 'mele oa lesea.
2. Phoso e Bolaeang ea Pholoso: Ka ho tšoha ho hoholo, motsoali o mathela sebakeng se lefifi, se tletseng lerōle mme **a tšoara huku e le 'ngoe ea letlapa a le hulela ka thōko, kapa a leka ho phunyeletsa bohareng ba boto ho tloha holimo **. Ho phahamisa ntlha e 'ngoe ea letlapa le pshatlehileng, le kenngoeng ke metsi kapa letlapa la samente ho etsa hore mokokotlo o boima o hare o kobehele tlase joalo ka hinge ebe o lahlela likotoana tsa samente tse boima le lerōle le bipetsang la lilemo tse makholo-kholo ho ea tlase ka beisineng ea bethe ho ea ho lesea.

   SAFE CRIB EXTRICATION AFTER CEILING COLLAPSE

      [ Cracked Plaster / Drywall Slab Bridged on Crib Rails ]
     ==========================================================
       ||                                                  ||
       ||   <-- DO NOT push down on center or lift 1 end   ||
       ||       (hinges middle downward onto infant)       ||
       ||                                                  ||
       ||   OPTION A (1 Rescuer): Reach horizontally       ||
       ||   through side crib slats (or drop/spread rail)  ||
       ||   under the tented pocket and slide baby out.    ||
       ||                                                  ||
       ||   OPTION B (2+ Rescuers): Grip BOTH sides of     ||
       ||   slab, support center crease, and lift UP       ||
       ||   and completely SIDEWAYS off crib like a lid.   ||
       ||                                                  ||
       ||               ( Infant on Mattress )             ||
     ==========================================================

2. Mokhoa o nepahetseng oa ho ntša lesea kapa motho ea robetseng ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng¶

• Mohato oa 1: Sheba lithapo tsa motlakase tse ntseng li sebetsa holim'a bethe kapa foreimi ea bethe (Ho nka metsotsoana e 2).
• Ha siling ea kamore e theoha, e tabola siling e bohareng ea lebone kapa siling fan bohareng ba kamore, hangata hantle holim'a bethe kapa betheng.
• Haeba thapo ea lebone kapa ntlo ea Romex / lesela la lesela le ntse le hokahane 'me le benya kapa le ama foreimi ea bethe ea tšepe, flip **circuit breaker OFF ** kapa hula terata ka setulo se omeletseng sa lepolanka kapa lefielo pele u ama bethe.
• Mohato oa 2: Sheba ka tlas'a letlapa le ka tlas'a letlapa le ka tlas'a bethe e ka thōko.
• Itihele ka mangole pela bethe ea ngoana 'me u shebe pakeng tsa mekoallo e emeng ka tlas'a letlapa le kentsoeng la siling.
• Haeba letlapa le lutse le tsitsitse holim'a liporo tse ka holimo 'me ho na le sebaka se hlakileng ka tlase: ** U se ke ua sitisa letlapa le boima ka holimo ho hang. Ho e-na le hoo, ** otlolla matsoho a hao ka mokhoa o otlolohileng pakeng tsa li-slats tse mahlakoreng ** (kapa u notlolle karolo e ka tlaase ea tente, kapa u arole likotoana tse peli tse tšesaane tsa lepolanka) ha u ntse u sebelisa letsoho le le leng ho lebela hlooho ea lesea, 'me ka bonolo ** thellela lesea ka lehlakoreng kapa ho tsoa ka tlas'a ntlha e phahameng ea tente ha u ntse u sirelelitse lerōle sefahlehong sa hao.
• Haeba letlapa le wetse ka hare ho bethe ho ya ho lesea:
  1. Bitsa motho e moholo oa bobeli hang-hang haeba ho na le motho e mong ka tlung.
  2. Tsamaisa lakane e sephara, khateboto e sephara, kapa matsoho a hao a ka pele ka tlas'a letlapa le tlase ka ho fetisisa ka holim'a lesea ho tšehetsa lekhalo le bohareng hore le se ke la theola likotoana ho ea tlase.
  3. Phahamisa letlapa kaofela ** otlolohileng UP 'me u le nke ka mahlakoreng ho tloha mokokotlong oa crib ** pele u le beha fatše. Le ka mohla u se ke ua phethola likotoana ka har'a bethe ea bana.

Thuso ea pele bakeng sa ho hema lerōle la samente, ho chesoa ha leihlo la lime, le likotsi tse mpe tse pshatlehileng¶

1. Ho tlosa lerōle la samente, kalaka le likhoele tse kenang moeeng¶

Ha siling ea samente kapa ea drywall e oela ho motho e moholo ea robetseng, ngoana, kapa lesea, phello e hlahisa leru le foufatsang la fine pulverized calcium sulfate (gypsum), alkaline calcium hydroxide (slaked lime ka plaster ea khale), crystalline silica sand, fiberglass/cellulose insulation fibers, le mashome a lilemo a black dropping sootmo. Hape, motho ea robetseng ea tsositsoeng ke lerata la ho oa ha lerata o etsa hore motho a tsielehe ha leru la lerole le aparetse sefahleho sa hae:

1. Ho hloekisoa hanghang ha molomo le nko bakeng sa masea le bana:
2. Masea a ka tlase ho likhoeli tse 6 a **tlama ho hema nko **; haeba sekhomaretsi sa samente se metsi kapa lerōle le omeletseng la kalaka le koala linko tsa tsona tse nyenyane, li ka hema ka potlako le haeba matšoafo a tsona a sa tsoa kotsi.
3. Hang-hang hlakola lesea la nko, molomo le molomo oa ka ntle ka lesela le mongobo, 'me u sebelise sering ea lebone la nko (kapa e monyeng hanyenyane) e nang le marotholi a seng makae a letsoai le hloekileng kapa metsi a hloekileng ho tlosa lerole la samente linkong ka bobeli.
4. Haeba karolo e kholo ea samente e metsi kapa pampiri e omeletseng e bonahala ka hare ho molomo e thibelang tsela ea moea, e fiele ka hloko ka monoana o hoketsoeng feela u ka e bona (le ka mohla u se ke ua fiela ka monoana o foufetseng, o sutumetsang likaroloana ka hare ho larynx); bona khangoa.
5. Sheba bakeng sa bronchospasm e bakoang ke lerole le laryngospasm:
6. Lerōle la alkaline la lime ho tloha pele ho 1955 la plaster le na le pH e phahameng e halefisang lithapo tsa lentsoe le li-tubes tsa bronchial, tse bakang ho khohlela ho matla, ho susumetsa ka lentsoe le phahameng **stridor **, kapa ho hema ** asma-joaloka wheezing ** ka mor'a metsotso e seng mekae.
7. Tsamaisa motho ea hlokofalitsoeng moeeng o hloekileng oa ka ntle hang-hang, u mo lulise a otlolohile (kapa u tšoare lesea le otlolohile lehetleng la hao), fana ka albuterol/salbutamol rescue inhaler e behiloeng ka spacer haeba motho a e-na le asthma, 'me u letsetse litšebeletso tsa tšohanyetso haeba ho e-na le bothata leha e le bofe ba ho hema, ho hema, ho lla habohloko, kapa ho khohlela ho sa khaotseng; bona tlhaselo ea sefuba.

2. Ho hlatsoa lerole la kalaka la alkaline mahlong¶

Samente ea khale ea lime e na le calcium hydroxide, e bakang cheso ea lik'hemik'hale ha e qhibiliha ka filimi e tabolang, ha likristale tse bohale tsa gypsum le lehlabathe la silica li ngoanya cornea ka ho panya ho hong le ho hong:

1. Bolella lehlatsipa hore A SE KE A pikitla mahlo: Ho hohla ho sila lehlabathe le bohale la silika le linale tsa fiberglass botebong ba corneal epithelium.
2. Hlatsoa ka letsoai le sa hloekang kapa ka metsi a pompong a foofo a hloekileng bakeng sa metsotso e 15 ho isa ho e 20: Tšela metsi ka bonolo ho tloha hukung e ka hare ea leihlo (haufi le nko) ho ea ka leihlong le bulehileng e le hore likaroloana tsa kalaka li hlatsoe ntle le ho matha ka leihlong le leng. Hula leihlo le ka holimo ka bonolo ka pele holim'a li-eyelashes tse ka tlaase ho thusa ho ntša likhapha ho tsoa ka tlas'a sekoahelo se ka holimo; bona likotsi tsa mahlo.

3. Ho hlahloba hlooho e lerootho, lesapo la mokokotlo oa popelo, le leqeba la likhopo¶

Letlapa le letenya la limilimithara tse 30 (1.2-inch) la plaster ea kalaka ea nalane le thata joalo ka boloko ba konkreite, 'me siling e oelang fatše e boima ba lik'hilograma tse 10 ho isa ho tse 20 (liponto tse 22 ho isa ho tse 45):

• Haeba motho ea hlokofalitsoeng a ile a otloa hloohong, molala, kapa mokokotlong 'me a e-na le tahlehelo leha e le efe ea kelello, pherekano, ho hlatsa, bana ba sa lekaneng, bohloko ba molala, ho tsieleha / ho tsikinyeha matsohong kapa maotong, kapa letheba le bonolo / le tepeletseng holim'a lehata la lesea **, boloka hlooho ea bona le molala li sa sisinyehe ntle le haeba li letetse li-paramedics tsa bona. ho putlama ha bobeli; bona likotsi tsa hlooho le likotsi tsa mokokotlo.

Lethathamo la polokeho ea sebopeho, motlakase le asbestos/lead kamora ho putlama¶

Hang ha batho bohle le liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng ba tsoile ka phaposing ba bolokehile 'me tlhokomelo ea bongaka e ntse e tsoela pele, latela mehato ena e mehlano ea ts'ireletso ea mohaho ka mor'a ho oa pele u lumella mang kapa mang ho khutlela karolong eo ea ntlo:

1. Etsa qeto ea hore na e ne e le "Sheathing Drop" vs. "Structural Joist Failure":
2. Phatsisa toche monyako o butsoeng ho ea holimo holim'a siling e pepeneneng (mabalaka) ntle le ho tsamaea ka tlas'a samente e leketlileng:
3. Haeba li-joists tsa lepolanka tsa 2x8 kapa 2x10 li tiile ka ho feletseng, li otlolohile, li bile li tšekaletse, 'me ke feela lipampiri tse omeletseng tse omeletseng kapa letlalo la samente-le-lath le ekolotsoeng ka tlase, mokato o ka holimo o ntse o tšehetsoa ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng (le hoja likarolo tse setseng tse hlephileng ka phaposing eo li ntse li ka oa).
4. Haeba sethopo sefe kapa sefe sa lepolanka sa siling se petsohile, se petsoha, se bolile se ntsho ka lebaka la ho dutla ha metsi ka nako e telele, kapa se theohela tlase, fuluru kaofela e ka hodimo e kotsing ya ho putlama ha moralo. Tloha ka kamoreng e ka tlase LE kamoreng e ka holimo hang-hang 'me u letsetse lefapha la mollo kapa moenjiniere oa meralo; bona tshenyo ya sebopeho le ho putlama.
5. Koala sekhechana sa motlakase LE valve e kholo ea ho tima metsi (haeba e kolobile):
6. Esita le haeba ho se na lithapo tse hlasetsoeng nakong ea ho putlama, metsi a rothang ka har'a mabokose a mateano a siling kapa mabone a ka morao a ka baka kotsi ea hang-hang ea mollo oa motlakase le motlakase. Tima sekhechana sa potoloho se fepelang mabone a siling ea kamore eo le lisebelisoa tsa ho lemoha mosi.
7. Haeba ho putlama ho bakiloe ke ho lutla ha lipeipi tsa metsi, koala main water shutoff valve ea lapeng hang-hang; bona lipeipi tse hoammeng le ho dutla marulelong.
8. E na le Asbestos, Lead Pente, le Hantavirus Attic Dust (Mehaho ea Pele ho 1985):
9. O SE KA oa fiela kapa oa fiela lithakoana tsa siling pele ho 1985 ka sehloekisi se tloaelehileng sa ntlo kapa lefielo. Lisiling tse kentsoeng kapa tse entsoeng ka mongolo pele bohareng ba lilemo tsa bo-1980 hangata li na le 1 ho isa ho 10% ea chrysotile kapa tremolite asbestos ka masela a acoustic "popcorn", drywall joint joint, plasterulinolite, plasterulinolite hammoho le pente e ngata ea loto le marotholi a omisitsoeng a litoeba.
10. Ho fiela kapa ho sebelisa shop-vac e tloaelehileng ho etsa hore limilione tsa asbestos tse sa bonahaleng li bonahale le likhoele tsa loto ka tlung.
11. Sets'oants'o se bolokehileng: Koala fene e bohareng ea HVAC, pampiri ea polasetiki ea theipi holim'a kamore ea ho khutlisa / phepelo ea HVAC, folisa qubu ea lithōle habobebe ka sesepa sa pompo ea jareteng ea metsi + lerotholi la sesepa sa lijana ho boloka lerōle le le metsi hore le se ke la phaphamala, koala lemati la kamore, 'me u behe thaole e mongobo haufi le monyako o ka tlase kapa lemati la setifikeiti. bona khase ea radon, asbestos, le tlhahlobo ea ho pepeseha ha pente ea loto.

Linomoro tsa libaka tsa tšohanyetso le liprothokholo tsa mekhatlo¶

Haeba siling e oela motho ea lutseng ka tlung, ea baka kotsi ea hlooho kapa ea ho hema, e pepesa mehala e tukang, kapa e baka maqhama a robehileng, letsetsa nomoro ea hau ea tšohanyetso ea lehae hang-hang. Mafapha a litima-mollo a masepala a na le lik'hamera tsa litšoantšo tse futhumatsang (ho bona libaka tse chesang tsa motlakase tse patehileng le litselana tsa metsi ka har'a li-joists), lisebelisoa tsa moea le li-tarp tsa salvage. Bona dinomoro tsa tshohanyetso.

Lipotso tse botsoang khafetsa¶

Ke hobane'ng ha siling ea khale ea moriri oa pere e oela hang-hang ntle le ho lutla ha metsi?¶

Matlong a hahiloeng pele ho lilemo tsa bo-1950, lisiling tse boima tsa kalaka le gypsum (tse boima ba lik'hilograma tse 40 ho isa ho tse 60 ka mithara e le 'ngoe, kapa lik'hilograma tse 8 ho isa ho tse 12 ka leoto la lisekoere) li ts'oaroa feela ke "likonopo tsa polasetera", liribone tsa samente e metsi tse phunyeletsang ka likheo tse moqotetsane pakeng tsa lepolanka la lepolanka. Ka lilemo tse fetang 70 ho isa ho tse 120 tsa ho lokisoa ha matlo, ho thothomela ha litsela, mehato e ka holimo le mongobo o feto-fetohang, linotlolo tseo tsa samente tse brittle li petsoha li bile li phasoloha ka mor'a lepolanka. Hang ha linotlolo tse lekaneng li pshatleha bohareng ba phaposi, letlapa le boima la samente le suthela hole le lehare, le tlatsa linotlolo tse pota-potileng ka ketane, ebe le liha siling kaofela ka nako e ka tlaase ho motsotsoana.

Nka tseba joang haeba siling ea khale ea samente e kotsing ea ho oa pele e oa?¶

Sheba matšoao a mane a khale a lemosang: ea pele, lekhalo le bonahalang le theohelang tlaase, lesela le kobehileng, kapa "mpa" ka har'a plaster ea siling (e bonoang hantle ka ho khantša toche e tšekaletseng holim'a siling bosiu); ea bobeli, mapetsong a malelele a makala ao mahlakore a 'ona a seng a se a sa thekesele (lehlakore le leng la lepetso le theohela tlase ho le leng); ea boraro, lehlohlojane kapa lehlabathe le oelang mapatsong ha motho a ea mokatong o ka holimo; 'me ea bone, "tlhahlobo ea lefielo": haeba ka bonolo u hatella holimo holim'a siling haufi le lekhalo le nang le lefielo le nang le lefielo,' me samente e phunyeletsa holimo ka limilimithara tse 'maloa ka molumo o se nang letho oa ho phunyeha, linotlolo tsa samente li arohane le lehong la lehong' me siling e ka oela ka nako leha e le efe.

Ke hobane'ng ha u sa lokela ho sutumelletsa fatše kapa ho sekamisetsa ntlha e 'ngoe ea letlapa le oeleng holim'a bethe ea lesea?¶

Kaha mabota a mane a tiileng a bethe ea lesea a bophahamo ba lisenthimithara tse 85 ho isa ho tse 110 (li-inch tse 34 ho isa ho tse 43), hangata letlapa le oeleng kapa letlapa la samente le oela holim'a liporo tsa bethe joalo ka letlapa la letlapa ("tente"), le emisang masea a 20 ho isa ho 40 ka holim'a masea le ho sireletsa masea. Haeba motsoali ea tšohileng a leka ho pshatla boto ka holimo kapa a phahamisa ntlha e le 'ngoe feela ea letlapa le petsohileng, le koahetsoeng ke metsi, mokokotlo o boima oa setsi o phuthoa ho ea tlaase joaloka V-hinge ebe o lahlela li-kilograma tse makholo tsa samente e matsutla le lerole le bipetsang la lime/attic le toba sefahlehong sa lesea. Ka linako tsohle fihla ka mokhoa o tšekaletseng ka har'a li-slats tsa bethe ea mahlakoreng ho theola lesea ka tlas'a tente, kapa u etse hore batho ba babeli ba baholo ba phahamise letlapa ka ho toba 'me ka lehlakoreng le leng ho tloha betheng.

Na lerole le tsoang siling e oeleng le kotsi ho le hema kapa ho kena mahlong a hau?¶

Ee. Pele ho 1955 samente e na le alkaline k'halsiamo hydroxide (slaked kalaka) le crystalline silika lehlabathe, e leng se ka etsa hore lik'hemik'hale ho teneha le mengoapo corneal mahlong 'me a qholotsa a hlobaetsang le bronchospasm (wheezing le airway ho ruruha) ha hema, haholo-holo masea le batho ba nang le asma. Ea bobeli, lisiling le libaka tse ka tlas'a marulelo matlong a hahiloeng pele ho 1980 ho ea ho 1990 hangata li na le asbestos e omeletseng (ka li-popcorn textures, drywall joint joint, kapa vermiculite insulation), lerōle la pente ea loto, linale tsa fiberglass le marotholi a omisitsoeng a likhoto. Ka mehla hlapa mahlo a hlasetsoeng ke lerole ka metsi a hloekileng metsotso e 15, hlakola linko tsa masea hang-hang, koala sefene se bohareng sa HVAC, 'me u kolobise lithako tsa pele ho 1985 ho e-na le ho li fiela.

Hobaneng ke lokela ho tima sekhechana sa motlakase sa phaposi hang ka mor'a hore siling e putlame?¶

Hoo e ka bang kamore e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea ho robala kapa kamore ea ho phomola e na le mabone a bohareng, chandelier, kapa fene ea siling e kentsoeng lebokoseng la mateano la motlakase siling, hammoho le likhoele tsa motlakase tse tsamaeang ka har'a mapolanka. Ha boima ba lik'hilograma tse 300 (lik'hilograma tse 660) tsa lebota le kolobileng kapa samente li taboha, hangata le tabola lebone le tsoang holim'a siling kapa le hlobola lithapo tsa motlakase tse 120-volt kapa 230-volt, le lihela li-conductors ka har'a metsi, gypsum e metsi, kapa khahlanong le bethe ea tšepe le liforeimi tsa bethe. Ho koala sekheo sa potoloho ho felisa kotsi ea motlakase nakong ea pholoso le ho thibela mollo oa arc oa motlakase ka har'a li-joists tsa mapolanka tse pepeneneng.

• Tataiso ena e fana ka pholoso ea ho putlama ha siling, ho itšehla thajana, le lerōle/ho pshatla liprothokholo tsa thuso ea pele, 'me ha e nke sebaka sa tlhahlobo ea boenjineri ea meralo, phokotso ea asbestos e netefalitsoeng, kapa tlhokomelo ea bongaka ea litsebi. Nahana ka ho nka thupelo ea First Aid ea bana le batho ba baholo le CPR ka Red Cross kapa St John Ambulance.

Litataiso tse amanang¶

• Tšenyo ea sebopeho le ho putlama
• Botlaaseng ba ho putlama, mahokelo a ho hlapa a bolileng, le bate kapa ntloana e tebang fatše
• Khase ea radon, asbestos, le tlhahlobo ea pente ea loto
• Ho dutla ha marulelo
• Maqeba a hlooho

Mehloli le tataiso ea semmuso¶

• U.S. National Park Service (NPS) Litšebeletso tsa Polokelo ea Setekheniki: Preservation Brief 21: Lokisa Historic Flat Plaster: Mabota le Ceilings (Plaster Key Failure Mechanics)
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) & Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): Ho Laola Asbestos le Lerōle la Loto Nakong ea Ho putlama ha Siling ea Tšohanyetso le ho Hloekisa Tšenyo ea Metsi
• Motsamaisi oa Bophelo bo Botle le Tšireletseho (HSE, United Kingdom): Taelo ea Mosebetsi oa Asbestos (HSG210): Mekhabiso e Khabisitsoeng ka Motsoako (Artex) le Lisiling tsa Lath-and-Plaster
• American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) & American Heart Association (AHA): Pediatric Airway Obstruction Clearing, Foreign-Body Aspiration, le CPR Tataiso ea masea
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA, United States): Patlisiso ea Litoropo le Pholoso (USAR) Leqhoa la Letlapa-Sepakapakeng le Melawana ea Ho Tenta Libetheng/Bethe