Ho Pholoha ha Nuclear Fallout: Fesetere ea Shelter ea Metsotso e 15, Ho Haloha Botenya ba Boima, le Molao oa ho bola oa 7:10.¶

Haeba u ka pholoha lebone la pele le ho phatloha ha leqhubu la ** nuclear detonation (surface or near-surface burst)**, bophelo ba hao nakong ea lihora tse 48 tse tlang bo itšetlehile ka peiso e le 'ngoe e potlakileng khahlanong le oache: ho kena ka har'a mohaho o tebileng ka ho fetisisa, o boima ka ho fetisisa oa marako kapa mokatong o ka tlas'a lefatše o fumanehang nakong ea metsotso e 10 ho isa ho e 15 pele lerōle le bolaeang la mahlaseli a kotsi le qala ho na ho tsoa leholimong. Haeba tlhokomeliso ea tšohanyetso ea nyutlelie kapa ea mahlaseli a kotsi e utloahala, batla tšireletso ea hang-hang ka tlas'a lefatše kapa ea mekato e mengata pele, mamela liphatlalatso tsa tšohanyetso, 'me u buisane le rona. dinomoro tsa tshohanyetso directory hang ha lipuisano li lumella. Hape hlahloba litataiso tsa rona ho likotsi tsa setsi sa matla a nyutlelie, liphahlo tsa mahlaseli, le iodide ea potassium, ho tiisa phaposi ya ka tlung e nang le bodulo, le ho sireletsa lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki ho tsoa ho EMPs.

Ho ea ka FEMA, Lekhotla la Naha la Tšireletso le Litekanyo tsa Radiation (NCRP Report No. 165), Laboratori ea Sechaba ea Lawrence Livermore (LLNL), le CDC (Get Inside, Stay Inside, Stay Tuned), batho ba likete tse makholo ba fumaneha 3 to 50+ kilometers (2 to 30+ miles) Sefefo se matla sa ho phatloha ha nyutlelie se tla pholoha leqhubu la seqhomane se sa tsoa kotsi, empa se tla tobana le koluoa ​​​​e bolaeang 300 to 1,000+ Rad/hour (3 to 10+ Gray/hour) sebaka se phoroselang metsotso e 15 hamorao ha ba lula ka ntle kapa ba lutse ka har'a koloi e ahelletsoeng ka khalase ba leka ho tsoa tseleng e kholo e koetsoeng. Ho tseba metheo e mene ea motheo ea fisiks ea nyutlelie ho fetola tekanyo e bolaeang ea mahlaseli hore e be sebaka sa bolulo se ka pholohang: 1. Fensetere ea ho Fihla ea Metsotso e 15: Ha mollo oa nyutlelie o thetsa fatše, o etsa mouoane oa lithane tse likete tsa mobu le konkreite, o tlamella lihlahisoa tse nang le mahlaseli a kotsi le likaroloana tse qhibilihisitsoeng tsa mobu, ebe oa li phahamisa. 8 to 20 kilometers (5 to 12 miles) sebakeng sa stratosphere. Leha e le haufi le pherimitha e phatlohileng, e nka bonyane 10 to 15 minutes bakeng sa likaroloana tse matla ka ho fetesisa tsa lehlabathe (100 to 500 microns) ho oela fatše, ho u fa fensetere ea khauta ea metsotso e 15 hore u mathele mokatong o ka tlaase, kotopong ea ka tlas'a lefatše, kapa bohareng ba sebaka se phahameng sa konkreite pele mahlaseli a gamma a qala. 2. Gamma-Ray "Halving Mass Thickness" (HVL) & Distance: Lerōle le ntšang mahlaseli a kotsi le thellang marulelong a hao le jareteng le ntša matla a mangata mahlaseli a gamma (photons) tse phatsimang ka ho otloloha ka lehlakoreng le lesesaane la lepolanka le leshiti la koloi joaloka mahlaseli a X-ray. E mong le e mong **6.1 centimeters (2.4 inches) ea konkreite ** kapa 9.1 centimeters (3.6 inches) ea lefatše le tletseng ** e fokotsa mahlaseli a gamma ka halofo (50%), le ho fallela bohareng ba mokato o ka tlase kapa mokatong o bohareng oa moaho o molelele ho beha sebaka se teteaneng sa lisekoere-sekwere pakeng tsa hao le sebaka se oelang marulelong le seterateng. 3. The 7:10 Molao oa ho bola ha Exponential (Rt = R1 * t(-1.2)): Ho fapana le litšila tsa nyutlelie tse nkang lilemo tse mashome, libetsa tsa nyutlelie tsa pele tse ileng tsa putlama ho na le makholo a li-fission isotopes tsa nako e khuts'oane tseo matla a tsona a gamma a senyehang ka lebelo le lebehang la lipalo.90% reduction). Ho 7 hours, radiation e theohile ho 10%(1/10th); ka 49 hours (matsatsi a 2), e tlase ho 1%(1/100th); le ho 14 days (343 hours), e tlase ho 0.1%(1/1,000th). 4. Molao oa Tlhokomelo ea "No Hair Conditioner": Haeba lerole le oela liphahlong kapa letlalong la hao pele u fihla sebakeng sa bolulo, hlobola liaparo tsa hao tsa ka ntle. 90% ea mahlaseli, le ho hlapa ka sesepa le metsi a foofo ho hlatsoa tse ling kaofela, empa HA U SEBELE u sebelisa setlolo sa moriri, setlolo sa setaele, kapa setlolo sa letlalo, hobane li-conditioner tsa cationic li na le metsoako ea quaternary ammonium le li-silicone tse khomaretsang ka lik'hemik'hale likaroloana tse nyenyane tsa mahlaseli a kotsi holim'a moriri oa hau.

Etsa sena hona joale¶

1. Haeba u bona khanya e foufatsang ea khanya e khanyang ho feta letsatsi: U SE KE UA sheba bolo ea mollo 'me U SE KE UA ema haufi le fensetere ho sheba ka ntle. ROBALA foleteng fatše ka mor'a lebota le ka hare hang-hang bakeng sa 60 to 120 seconds. Mahlaseli a khanya le a mocheso a tsamaea ka lebelo la khanya (300,000 km/s), athe shockwave ea supersonic blast e tsamaea kapele ho feta lebelo la molumo (340 to 500 m/s), ho nka 5 seconds per mile (3 seconds per kilometer) ho fihla moahong oa hau le ho pshatla fensetere e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ka har'a likhalase tse bolaeang tsa khalase. Ema metsotso e 2 e felletseng ka mor'a ho benya ho fihlela u na le bonnete ba hore leqhubu la ho phatloha le fetile.
2. Hang ha leqhubu la ho phatloha le feta, o na le 10 to 15 minutes pele koluoa ​​​​e fihla: kena ka tlas'a lefatše ka kamoreng e ka tlaase, karacheng ea ho paka e ka tlas'a lefatše, kapa bohareng (mekato e bohareng) ea moaho oa mekato e mengata ea litene/konkreite hang hang. Le ka mohla u se ke ua lula ka har'a koloi e pakiloeng kapa e notletsoe (Protection Factor = 1.5, hoo e batlang e le zero gamma shielding) 'me le ka mohla u se ke ua lula mokatong o ka holimo oa mohaho ka tlas'a marulelo a bataletseng a koahetsoeng ke lerōle le oelang fatše.
3. Suthela k'honeng kapa setsing sa kamore e ka tlase e nang le mobu o tebileng ka ntle ho lebota LE thepa e boima ka ho fetesisa/lisebelisoa tse boima ka ho fetesisa fatše ka holim'a hau. Ka kamoreng e ka tlase ea ntlo, bokella boima bo botenya (**lipitsa tsa metsi, mabokose a libuka, mekotla ea mobu/lithōle tsa katse, lijo tse ka makotikoting le litafole tsa patsi ) holim'a le ho pota-pota tafole e thata ka ho fetesisa. Box-In-a-Box Fallout Shelter".
4. *Haeba u ne u le ka ntle ha lerōle, molora, kapa pula e qala ho na ka mor'a ho phatloha: hlobola liaparo tsohle tsa ka ntle PELE u kena sebakeng sa bolulo sa bolulo, koala liaparo ka mokotleng oa polasetiki o behiloeng hōle le batho, 'me u hlatsoe moriri le letlalo ka sesepa le metsi (NO hair conditioner). 'me u koahele li-wipes tse sebelisitsoeng ka mokotleng o hole oa lithōle.
5. ** tima li-fan tsa HVAC tse bohareng, 'me u koale lifensetere/licheso tse futhumatsang mollo,' me u LULE KA HARE bonyane lekhetlo la pele. 24 to 48 hours (The 7:10 Rule).** Hobane matla a gamma a kotsi a kotsi makhetlo a 100 a bolaeang haholo ka Hora ea 1 ho feta Hora ea 49, ho tsoela ka ntle nakong ea lihora tse 6 tsa pele ho ea sheba koloi ea hau kapa ho batla litho tsa lelapa ho ka fana ka Acute Radiation Syndrome e bolaeang (ARS) tekanyo ka metsotso e 20. Lula ka har'a mokokotlo oa hau o sirelelitsoeng lihora tse 24 ho isa ho tse 48 ho fihlela seea-le-moea sa tšohanyetso (NOAA / AM / FM) e fana ka litsela tse sireletsehileng tsa ho tsoa.
6. ** E-ja 'me u noe FEELA lijo le metsi a koetsoeng a neng a le ka tlung ea hau, lipeipi kapa lijana tse koetsoeng (cans, bottles, refrigerator, water heater tank).** Mahlaseli a gamma a phatsimang ka botlolo ea metsi a koetsoeng kapa sopho a ka SE KE a etsa lijo kapa metsi ka har'a radioactive. Hlakola lerōle lefe kapa lefe ka ntle ka ntle ho lekotikoti kapa botlolo pele u e bula.

Sefate sa liqeto: Metsotso e 15 ea ho pholoha le tatellano ea khetho ea bolulo¶

Latela chate ena ea bohlokoa ea nako ea ts'ebetso ho tloha motsotsoana oa bobeli oa flash ho fihlela lihora tse 48. 7:10 fensetere ea ho bola.

flowchart TD
    Flash["Tlhokomeliso ea ho Foufala ha Flash kapa Nuclear Detonation"] --> DropCover["0 ho isa ho 2 METSOTSO: Lahlela Ka morao Lebota le ka Hare Hole le Windows (Sireletsa Mahlo ho Flash le 'Mele ho Blast Wave Glass Shrapnel bakeng sa Metsotsoana e 120)"]
    DropCover --> Window15["2 ho isa ho 15 MINUTES (THE GOLDEN 15-MINUTE FALLOUT FALLOUT WINDOW): Tsamaea Hang-hang Setsing sa Tšireletso e Phahameng ka ho Fetisisa Pele Lerōle la Fallout le Lula."]
    Window15 --> BuildingSelect{"Ke Mehaho Efe e ka Hare ho Tsamaea Metsotso e 5 / Sprint?"}
    BuildingSelect -->|"Mohaho oa Lipalesa tse ngata tsa Konkreite/Setene, Tsela e tsamaeang ka tlas'a lefatše, kapa Mokato o ka tlas'a lefatše o Tebileng"| BestShelter["IDEAL SHELTER (PF 50 ho isa ho 1,000+): E-ea Bokatong bo Tebileng KAPA Center Core ea Mekato e Bohareng (Bonyane Mekato e 3 ka Tlase ho Marulelo & Hole le Windows)"]
    BuildingSelect -->|"Ntlo ea Lelapa le le Leng e nang le Phaposi e Katlase ea Kereiti"| HomeBasement["SHELTER E MOLEMO (PF 10 ho isa ho 40, e Ntlafalitsoeng ho PF 100+): E-ea Sekhutlong se tebileng ka ho Fetisisa sa Basement -> Libuka tse boima tsa Stack, Linkho tsa Metsi, Lefatše, & Masonry Over Stirdy Table"]
    BuildingSelect -->|"1-Slab-on-Grade House (Ha ho Moaho o Katlase)"| SlabHome["EXPEDIENT CORE SHELTER (PF 3 ho isa ho 10, e Ntlafalitsoeng ho PF 30+): E-ea ho Dead-Center Interior Hallway/Bathroom -> Haha Qhobosheane e Teng ea Libuka tse Boima, Maemo a Metsi, le Thepa ea Kaho e Haufi le Ho O Hao"]
    BestShelter --> DeconCheck{"Na u ne u le ka ntle ka mor'a hore lerole / molora o qale ho oa?"}
    HomeBasement --> DeconCheck
    SlabHome --> DeconCheck
    DeconCheck -->|"EE: E pepesitsoe ho Fallout Dust"| DeconStep["Arola Liaparo tsa Kantle Kantle ho Shelter (E Tlosa 90%) -> Shaoara ka Sesepa se Hloekileng le Metsi a Hlakileng a Hlakileng (LE KA KE UA Sebelisa Hair Conditioner, Who Glues Fallout to Hair)"]
    DeconCheck -->|"NO: E Fihliloe Shelter Pele Fallout e Fihla"| DecayStay["LULA KA HARE HO 24 HO 48 HOURS (7:10 Molao: 7 Hours = 90% Decay; 49 Hours = 99% Decay) -> Mamela Battery AM/FM/NOAA Radio bakeng sa Downwind Plume Evacuation Corridors"]
    DeconStep --> DecayStay

Karolo ea 1: Ho utloisisa Nuclear Fallout Physics: Hore na e shebahala joang le hore na ke hobane'ng ha sebaka se selelele + se u pholosa.¶

Ho sireletsa lelapa la hau ntle le ho tšoha, arola Prompt Initial Radiation (e fellang ka mor'a metsotsoana e 60 ea ho phatloha 'me e ama feela sebaka sa mollo oa mollo) ho tloha Delayed Residual Fallout Radiation (e tsamaeang 10 to 300+ kilometers moea o fokang ka moea oa boemo bo holimo):

1. Ho oela ho Kotsi ho Etsahala Neng?
2. High-Altitude Airburst: Ha sebetsa sa nyutlelie se phatlola hodimo moyeng hoo bolo ya mollo e sa kang ya thetsa fatshe, hoo ho baka hore mollo o matla wa sebakeng sa heno (hobane ha ho mobu o boima kapa konkreite e kenngwang ka hara mollo; maloanlahla a bomo e tshetsweng ke mouoane a nyolohela sebakeng sa stratosphere ebe a hasana lefatsheng lohle ka mora dikgwedi).
3. Ho phatloha ha Mollo o ka Holimo kapa o Haufi le Mobu: Ha fireball e thetsa lefatše le meaho, lithane tse likete tsa mobu o pshatlehileng, silika le tšepe li huleloa ka har'a leru la li-mushroom ebe li apesoa ka mahlaseli a kotsi lihlahisoa tsa fission (Cesium-137, Iodine-131, Strontium-90, Barium-140, Zirconium-95, le makholo a li-isotopi tsa nakoana).
4. Seo Fallout e hlileng e shebahalang ka teng:
5. Fallout ke **ha se khase e sa bonahaleng **. Ka hare 15 to 90 minutes moea o fokang ke ho phatloha ha mobu, seretse se oela ho tsoa leholimong e bonahalang boholo ba lehlabathe ho isa ho letsoai le boholo ba lerōle le boholo ba phofo ea talcum, molora o moputsoa, ​​lehloa le litšila, kapa "pula e ntšo" (10 microns to 2,000 microns ka bophara).
6. E lula fatše ka holim'a **marulelo a bataletseng, lithapo, mohloa, litselana, lifate le likoloi **.
7. Mefuta e Meraro ea Mahlaseli a Ionizing a Tsoang ke Lerōle leo:
8. Alpha Particles (\(\alpha\)): E tsamaea feela 2 to 5 centimeters (1 to 2 inches) moeeng; **e emisitsoe ka ho felletseng ke pampiri kapa letlalo la motho le sa fetoheng **. E kotsi feela ha o hema kapa o koenya lerōle le oelang fatše.
9. Likaroloana tsa Beta (\(\beta\), Lielektrone tsa Lebelo le Phahameng): Maeto 1 to 3 meters (3 to 10 feet) moeeng; ho emisoa ke liaparo tse teteaneng, likhalase tsa tšireletso, kapa 3 mm (1/8 inch) ea aluminium / polasetiki. Tlhokomeliso: Haeba lerole la radioactive fallout le lula ka kotloloho letlalong kapa letlalong la hlooho ka lihora tse ngata, mahlaseli a beta a baka liso tse matla "Beta Burns" (cutaneous radiation injury).
10. Mahlaseli a Gamma (\(\gamma\), Lifoto tse Kenang Matla a Phahameng): A tsamaea makholo a limithara tse fetang moeeng 'me a feta ka ho otloloha ka har'a mabota a mapolanka, maboteng a drywall le likhalase. Mahlaseli a gamma a phatsimang ka hare ho limilione tsa lijo-thollo tse oelang marulelong le jareteng ea hau ke tšokelo e bolaeang ea # 1 lihoreng tse 48 tsa pele.

Karolo ea 2: Ho fokotsa Botenya ba 'MisaHVL), Mehaho ea Tšireletso ea Kaho (PF), le Improvised Basement Shielding¶

Hobane mahlaseli a gamma a sebelisana le lielektrone ka taba ka tekano ho ** boima ba 'mele (grams per cubic centimeter)** ea lintho tse thibelang, ho itšireletsa khahlanong le ho oela ke papali e hloekileng ea Botenya ba Boima lipakeng tsa 'mele oa hau le kantle.

1. "Botenya bo Haloha" ba semmuso (Half-Value Layer / HVL) le "Lera la Boleng ba Boleshome (TVL)" Tafole ea Fallout Gamma Rays¶

E 'ngoe le e' ngoe Botenya bo Haloha (HVL) ea lintho tse behiloeng pakeng tsa hao le lerole la ho oela li fokotsa lethal dose la mahlaseli a gamma ka halofo (50%). Stacking 3.3 Halving thickness (1 Tenth-Value Layer / TVL) fokotsa lethal dose ea mahlaseli ka 90% (down to 1/10th); stacking 6.6 Halving thickness (2 TVLs) fokotsa lethal dose ka 99% (down to 1/100th):

2. Ho haha ​​"Sebaka sa Tšireletso (PF)" Papiso: Moo U ka Emang Ka hare ho Sebopeho sefe kapa sefe¶

Litsebi tsa fisiks tsa maemo a tšohanyetso li lekanya sebaka se seng le se seng sa bolulo ka ** Protection Factor (PF)**: a PF of 50 ho bolela hore motho ka hare o amohela 1/50th (2%) ea lethal dose le bolaeang la kantle:

+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|  WHERE TO SHELTER INSIDE BUILDINGS (PROTECTION FACTOR "PF" RANKING)     |
|                                                                         |
|  - OUTDOORS OR INSIDE A CAR: PF = 1.0 to 1.5 (0% to 33% reduction)      |
|    -> LETHAL in heavy fallout. Abandon cars immediately.                |
|                                                                         |
|  - 1-STORY WOOD-FRAME HOUSE (Ground Floor near windows): PF = 2 to 3    |
|    -> Center interior hallway/bathroom away from roof & walls: PF = 5   |
|    -> Improvised book/water/earth table-fort in center room: PF = 20-40 |
|                                                                         |
|  - HOME BASEMENT (Partially Below Ground): PF = 10 to 20                |
|    -> Fully Below-Ground Basement Corner (Earth up to ceiling): PF=40   |
|    -> Basement Corner + 30 cm (12 in) of Dirt/Books Over Table: PF=200+ |
|                                                                         |
|  - MULTI-STORY CONCRETE / BRICK APARTMENT OR OFFICE BUILDING:           |
|    -> Top Floor (Directly under flat fallout-covered roof): PF = 4-10   |
|    -> Ground Floor Lobby (Next to glass street windows): PF = 10        |
|    -> INTERIOR CORE OF MIDDLE FLOORS (e.g., Floor 4 to 8 of a 12-story  |
|       building, inside windowless hallway/restroom) OR DEEP SUB-BASEMENT|
|       PARKING GARAGE: PF = 100 to 1,000+ (99% to 99.9% dose reduction)  |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+

3. Mokhoa oa ho aha "Trench Shelter" e ntlafalitsoeng ka tlas'a tafole e boima ka metsotso e 15.¶

Haeba u itšireletse ka kamoreng e ka tlaase ea ntlo ea hau (kapa bohareng ba phasejeng ea ntlo ea mekato e le 'ngoe), 90 lekholong ea mahlaseli a gamma a fihlang mokatong oa hau o ka tlaase a theohela fatše ka siling ea kamore ea ho phomola ea lepolanka ho tloha marulelong a lutseng marulelong a ntlo ea hau le mohloa o ka pele. 1. Sututsa tafole ea ho jella ea patsi e boima ka ho fetesisa, setulo sa mosebetsi, kapa litafole tse peli tse tiileng ** ka har'a sekhutlo se tebileng se ka tlas'a lefatše sa kamore ea hau e ka tlase ** (khetha sekhutlo moo banka e kantle e fihlang holimo leboteng la mokatong o ka tlase, 'me u qobe liliba tsa lifensetere tse ka tlase). 2. Haeba kamore ea hau e ka tlase e e-na le liliba tse nyane tsa lifensetere, **materase a sututsang, mekotla ea litšila, likotlolo tsa konkreite, kapa mekotla ea libuka e tiileng ka har'a liliba tsa lifensetere ** pele. 3. Sekoahelo 30 to 60 centimeters (1 to 2 feet) boima bo boholo bo boholo ka ho toba ka holim'a tafole LE mahlakoreng a mabeli a bulehileng a tafole (o siea feela lesoba le lenyenyane le kenang moo o le thibang ka linkho tsa metsi kapa mabokose a boima hang ha lelapa la hau le kena ka hare): - Theola buka e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ho tloha lishelefong tsa hau tsa libuka, likotlolo tsohle tsa metsi a libotlolo, lijana tsa metsi a lilithara tse 20, mekotla ea mobu oa lipitsa, lithōle tsa katse, mekotla ea phofo / raese le mabokose a lithulusi, kapa u hule mamati a ka hare ho tloha lihokelong tsa bona ho tšela liphahlo tse peli tse boima / mechini e hlatsoang e le ts'ehetso ea marulelo pele u bokella boima bo boima ka holimo. - Ho hahaba ka har'a lehaha leo le sirelelitsoeng ho atisa Setsi sa Ts'ireletso sa kamore e ka tlase ka 5x ho isa ho 10x (ho phahamisa PF 20 mokatong o ka tlase ho PF 100 to 200, e fokotsang lefu 600 Rad lethal dose ho fihlela ho se kotsi ka ho feletseng 3 to 6 Rad).

Karolo ea 3: The 7:10 Radiation Decay Rule: E nepahetseng Lipalo bakeng sa Ha E Sireletsehile ho Tsoa¶

U tlameha ho lula nako e kae ka har'a sebaka sa hau sa bolulo sa li-fallout? Ho fapana le ho qhalla ha lik'hemik'hale (tse hlakileng ka lihora tse 3) kapa ho qhibiliha ha mantlha ho matla a nyutlelie (which release long-lived Cesium-137 with a 30-year half-life), ** ho oa ha libetsa tsa nyutlelie ho busoa libekeng tse peli tsa pele ke li-radioisotopes tsa nako e khuts'oane tseo sekhahla sa tsona sa gamma se senyehang ho latela Way-Wigner. t(-1.2) Molao oa Matla, o rutoang hohle ke FEMA le NATO joalo ka 7:10 Rule of Thumb**:

The 7:10 Molao oa ho bola: Bakeng sa keketseho e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea nako ha 7 (\(t \ makhetlo a 7\)) ka mor'a ho phatloha ha nyutlelie, sekhahla sa mahlaseli a kotsi ka ntle se theoha ka ** ntlha ea 10 (a 90% fokotseha)**.

Feletseng 7:10 Tafole ea Nako ea Fallout Decay (Mohlala: E matla 1,000 R/hr (10 Gy/hr) Reference Zone ho H + 1 Hour)¶

Karolo ea 4: Protocol ea "Self-Decontamination": Hobaneng ha U Lokela ho Sebelisa Moriri oa Moriri¶

Haeba uena kapa phoofolo ea lapeng le ne le le ka ntle ha lerole le oela holim'a moriri oa hau, liaparo le letlalo, lithollo tseo tsa lerōle li lutse hantle khahlano le 'mele oa hau li ntša mahlaseli a beta le a gamma. Etsa sena Mehato e 3 ea ho Itšilafatsa pele u lula fatše le ba bang ka har'a bolulo:

1. Mohato oa 1: Hlōla Liaparo Tsohle Tsa Kantle (Removes up to 90% of Radioactive Fallout Immediately):
2. Rola jase, katiba, hempe, borikhoe, likausi le lieta ka ntle ho phaposi ea bolulo. U se ke ua** sisinya liaparo tse lerōle (ho sisinyeha aerosolizes lerōle la radioactive); ho e-na le hoo, u li phuthele ka hare ka bonolo, u li koahele ka har’a mokotla oa lithōle oa polasetiki, ’me u behe mokotla oo hōle le batho.
3. Mohato oa 2: Hlatsoa ka Metsi a Bonolo le Sesepa se Bonolo kapa Shampoo FEELA (O SE KE UA Sebelisa Hair Conditioner):
4. Haeba metsi a pompo a phalla, itlhatsoa ka shaoara e foofo (not scalding hot, which opens pores, and not scrubbing harshly, which abrades skin). Hlatsoa moriri oa hau ka **shampoo e hlakileng kapa sesepa sa bar ** ha u ntse u itšetlehile ka pele hore metsi a phallang a se ke a kena mahlong kapa molomong oa hau.
5. MOLAO OA BOHLOKOA "NO HAIR CONDITIONER" MOLAO OA SAENSE (CDC & Oak Ridge National Laboratory):
   • Hobaneng ha Hair Conditioner e Hanetsoe: Moriri oa motho o entsoe ka liprotheine tsa keratin tse kenyang tefiso e mpe ea motlakase holim'a metsi ha li le metsi. Likhoebo ** li-conditioner tsa moriri, li-shampoo tse 2-in-1 tse lokisang moriri, li-detanglers, li-gels tsa moriri le litlolo tsa 'mele** li entsoe ka thepa ea cationic surfactants (li-quaternary ammonium compounds) le dimethicone/silicone polymers tse entsoeng ka ho khetheha ho koahela moqomo oa moriri, ho theola moriri le ho kuta moriri.
   • Lithuto tsa radiochemistry tsa Empirical li paka hore ho sebelisa sepholi sa moriri moriring o silafetseng ** ho notlela le ho koaela likaroloana tse nyane tsa radioactive fallout holim'a litšiea tsa moriri **, ho fetola hlooho ea hau mohloli oa mahlaseli o sa tlosoeng hantle khahlano le boko le mahlo a hau. Sebelisa **shampoo e tloaelehileng feela, sesepa sa lijana, kapa sesepa sa letsoho **, ebe u butsoela nko ka bonolo 'me u hlakole lintši tsa hao le litsebe ka lesela le hloekileng le metsi.
6. Mohato oa 3: Ho Omisa Tšilafalo (Haeba Khatello ea Metsi e Theohile):
7. Se se senye ho shaoara ha hao ka metsi a nooang a fokolang haeba lipeipi tsa metsi tsa masepala li lahlehetsoe ke khatello. hlobola liaparo tsa ka ntle (90% gone) Hlakola lerōle le omeletseng ka bonolo moriring le letlalong u sebelisa lesela le omeletseng ha u ntse u roetse mask a N95, 'me u hlakole letlalo le pepenene, sefahleho, matsoho le moriri ka ** lihlapa tsa masea kapa lithaole tsa pampiri tse mongobo **, ho koala lihlapa tse sebelisitsoeng ka mokotleng oa lithōle o hole.

Karolo ea 5: Lijo, Metsi le Litšōmo tsa Bongaka Nakong ea Koluoa ​​​​ea Nyutlelie ea Ho oa¶

1. Na Fallout Gamma Radiation e Etsa Lijo tse Tiisitsoeng kapa Lintho tse Kentsoeng ka Mekoting ka hare ho Pantry ea ka "Radioactive"?¶

• CHE. Mahlaseli a gamma a fetang ka lekotikoti le koetsoeng la sopho, botlolo ea polasetiki e koetsoeng ea metsi, lebokose le koetsoeng la lijo-thollo, kapa lijo tse ka har'a sehatsetsi se koetsoeng U SE KE UA etsa hore lijo kapa metsi a ka har'a radioactive (feela joalokaha X-ray ea sefuba e sa etse 'mele oa hao mahlaseli a kotsi).
• Se kotsi ke ho ja kapa ho noa **likaroloana tsa lerōle tsa 'mele ** (internal alpha/beta contamination).
• Mokhoa oa ho ja le ho noa ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng:
• Pele u bula lijo leha e le life tse ka makotikoting kapa metsi a libotlolo a pepesehileng lerōleng la kamore, hlakola bokantle ba lekotikoti/botlolo ka lesela le mongobo hore lerōle le sekoahelong le se ke la oela lijong.
• Mehloli e Sireletsehileng ea Metsi a Tšohanyetso ka Hare ka Ntlong ea Hao: Metsi a libotlolo, metsi a qabeletsoeng ka har'a tanka ea futhumatsang metsi a chesang a 40 ho isa ho 300 lithara*** ( tima valve e kholo ea metsi a seterateng pele metsi a silafetseng a se ke a kena liphaepheng tsa hau, ebe o ntša metsi a hloekileng ho tloha ka tlas'a spigot ho ea tlase), metsi a hloekileng a tsoang ka tlas'a metsi a metsi lihloeki li ka tanka), 'me leqhoa le qhibilihisitsoeng ho tloha sehatsetsing sa hau.

2. Etsa Potassium Iodide (KI) Matlapa a Sireletsa Khahlanong le Ho Oa ha Bomo ea Nyutlelie Mahlaseli a Gamma?¶

• CHE. Iodide ea Potassium (KI) ** e fana ka ** ts'ireletso ea zero ** khahlanong le mahlaseli a ka ntle a gamma ho tloha ho oela marulelong a hau kapa khahlanong le li-isotopes tse kang Cesium-137 kapa Strontium-90. KI e thibela feela tšoelesa ea qoqotho hore e se ke ea monya e bulutsoeng ka hare kapa e kenngoeng ka radioactive iodine.I-131), e leng kotsi e ka sehloohong e dutlang ponteng ea matla a nyutlelie (sheba ea rona kotsi ea setsi sa matla a nyutlelie le tataiso ea potassium iodide). Ka ho phatloha ha nyutlelie, ** boima ba tšireletso ea 'mele (concrete, earth, water, books) nakong ea lihora tse 48 tsa pele ke makhetlo a 1,000 a bohlokoa ho feta KI matlapa.

Linomoro tsa libaka tsa tšohanyetso le liprothokholo tsa mekhatlo¶

Nakong ea tšokelo ea radioological kapa ea nyutlelie, litsamaiso tsa naha tsa ts'ireletso ea sechaba li fetisa litaelo tsa hang-hang tsa bolulo ho marang-rang a cellular, seea-le-moea le a siren:

• United States: Hlokomela Ditemoso tsa Tshohanyetso tsa Wireless (WEA Litlhokomeliso tsa Naha), Sistimi ea Temoso ea Tšohanyetso (EAS Liteishene tsa AM/FM), le NOAA Weather Radio (162.400 to 162.550 MHz). Li-trajectories tsa plum li entsoe ke DOE NARAC, FEMA, le EPA RadNet ho beha leihlo marang-rang. Nomoro ya tshohanyetso: 911.
• Canada: Hlokomela Temoso e Lokisitsoe (En Alerte), Wateradio Canada, le Leano la Federala la Tshohanyetso la Nyutlelie (FNEP / Health Canada). Nomoro ya tshohanyetso: 911.
• United Kingdom: Hlokomela Litemoso tsa Tšohanyetso tsa Mmuso oa UK, BBC Radio 4 (92-95 FM / 198 kHz LW), le tataiso e tsoang ho UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA). Nomoro ya tshohanyetso: 999 kapa 112.
• European Union & Switzerland: Hlokomela EU-Alert, lisebelisoa tsa naha tsa ts'ireletso ea sechaba (BBK NINA Jeremane, FR-Alert in France), le EURDEP. Switzerland, ** Ofisi ea Federal bakeng sa Tšireletso ea Sechaba (FOCP / BABS)** e abela moahi e mong le e mong sebaka sa bolulo se ka tlas'a lefatše. Nomoro ya tshohanyetso: 112.
• Australia le New Zealand: Hlokomela Temoso ya Tshohanyetso Australia, ARPANSA, le New Zealand NEMA (Emergency Mobile Alert). Linomoro tsa tšohanyetso: 000 (Australia), 111 (NZ).
• India, Japan, le Asia-Pacific: Japane, hlokomela J-Alert (119 / 110). Korea Boroa, sheba Emergency Ready App (Safekorea) bakeng sa Setsi sa Tšireletso sa Sechaba se haufi se ka tlas'a lefatše (119). India, latela NDMA (112) litlhokomeliso. Bona dinomoro tsa tshohanyetso.

Lipotso tse botsoang khafetsa¶

Hobaneng ke na le metsotso e 15 ho fihla mokatong o ka tlase kamora ho phatloha ha nyutlelie: na mahlaseli ha a tsamaee ka lebelo la khanya?¶

Arohane **Initial Prompt Radiation** (e benyang ka lebelo la khanya nakong ea metsotsoana e 60 ea pele mme e fihla hanghang feela. `1.5 to 3 km` blast zone) ho tsoa **Radioactive Fallout** (e sokelang bohle ho fihlela `50 to 300+ km` moya o tlase). Fallout e na le litšila tse boima tse pentiloeng le konkreite e anngoeng `8 to 20 kilometers (5 to 12 miles)` holimo lerung la li-mushroom. Hobane lehlabathe le likaroloana tsa lerōle li tlameha ho khutlela Lefatšeng tlas'a matla a khoheli, **ho nka bonyane metsotso e 10 ho isa ho e 15 ka mor'a ho phatloha pele likaroloana tsa pele tse boima tsa ho oela fatše li fihla fatše**. Lekhalo leo la metsotso e 15 ke fensetere ea hau ea ho pholoha ho kena ka tlas'a lefatše kapa bohareng ba moaho oa konkreite.

Ho thoe'ng haeba ke lula ntlong e mekato e le 'ngoe holim'a letlapa la konkreite e se nang kamore e ka tlaase le meaho e melelele haufinyane?¶

Tsamaea ho ** phaposi e bohareng ea phaposi e kahare, oteropo, kapa kamore ea ho hlapela e se nang lifensetere ** ea ntlo ea hau e mekato e 1 (hole le mabota a kantle le marulelo a marulelo ka moo ho ka khonehang) 'me ** u hahe qhobosheane e teteaneng ea "Box-Within-a-Box" ho potoloha le holim'a tafole e boima ea lehong **. Bokella ntho e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e boima ka tlung ea hau, ho kenyeletsoa mekotla ea metsi, linkho tsa lilithara tse 20, mekotla ea libuka, mabokose a lijo a ka makotikoting, mekotla ea mobu / lithōle tsa likatse, le mabokose a lithulusi, ka holim'a tafole le mahlakoreng a eona.`aiming for 30 to 60 cm / 1 to 2 feet of solid mass`). Ho robala ka har'a mokokotlo oo o motenya o atisang ho atisa Setsi sa Tšireletso sa lehae sa slab ho tloha `PF 3` ho fihlela `PF 20 to 40+`.

Ke hobane'ng ha mokato o ka holimo oa folete kapa mohaho oa liofisi o le kotsi hakaale nakong ea ho oa ha nyutlelie?¶

Ha lerole la radioactive fallout le theoha leholimong, karolo e teteaneng ea likaroloana tse ntšang gamma e bokellana ka ho toba **marulelong a bataletseng** a mohaho. Haeba u le ** mokatong o ka holimo (kapa mekato e 'meli e ka holimo)** ka ho toba ka tlas'a marulelo ao, u arotsoe ho limilione tsa likaroloana tsa mahlaseli a kotsi ka lisentimitara tse seng kae feela tsa marulelo a marulelo. Ho theohela ho ** mekato e bohareng (`at least 3 floors below the roof` le `2 floors above the street`, ka har'a phaposi e bohareng e se nang lifensetere)** kapa ka **mokatong o ka tlas'a lefatše** e beha fuluru e teteaneng ea konkreite pakeng tsa hau le marulelo, e u fang Tšireletso Factor of `100 to 500+`.

Hobaneng ha ke sa tlameha ho sebelisa setlolo sa moriri ha ke hlatsoa lerole la radioactive fallout?¶

Ho ea ka **CDC, FEMA, le Oak Ridge National Laboratory**, li-conditioner tsa moriri (le li-shampoo tse 2-in-1) li na le li-cationic surfactants tse nang le matla a holimo le li-polymers tsa silicone tse etselitsoeng ho tlamahanya moriri oa keratin le ho tiisa sekala sa cuticle se bataletseng. Ho sebelisa conditioner moriring o silafetseng ** sekhomaretsi ka lik'hemik'hale ebe se tšoasa likaroloana tse nyenyane tse nang le mahlaseli a kotsi holim'a moriri oa hau ** kahoo ho li hlatsoa ho ke ke ha li hlatsoa. Kamehla hlatsoa ka **shampoo e tloaelehileng, sesepa sa bar, kapa sesepa sa lijana ** le metsi a foofo.

Na ho koala lifensetere tsa ka ka lesela la polasetiki le theipi e thibelang mahlaseli a gamma a nyutlelie?¶

Letlapa la polasetiki (`4-mil` polyethylene) e na le botenya bo haufi le lefela le mekoloko **0% ea mahlaseli a gamma a phunyeletsang** a benyang ho tsoa marulelong a marulelo le jareteng ea hau. Leha ho le joalo, ho penya lifensetere tse robehileng kapa masoba *ho thibela lithollo tsa lerole la radioactive hore li se ke tsa foka ka har'a phaposi ea hau ea bolulo. Ka hona, **kamehla u etelletse pele ho falla ka morao ho boima bo boima (`basement earth, concrete, books, water`) PELE ** nakong ea fensetere ea hau ea metsotso e 15, 'me u tiise masoba/mapetso hang ka har'a setsi sa hau sa bolulo se phahameng haholo.

Litataiso tse amanang¶

• Kotsi ea setsi sa matla a nyutlelie, mahlaseli a mahlaseli a kotsi, le iodide ea potassium
• Mokhoa oa ho koala phaposi ea bolulo e ka tlung khahlanong le lipompo tsa lik'hemik'hale tse chefo
• Ho sireletsa lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki ho tloha lifefong tsa letsatsi tsa geomagnetic (CMEs) le EMPs
• Lipalo tsa maemo a tšohanyetso tsa ho bolaea likokoana-hloko: Litafole tsa bleach le ho belisa
• Ho aha thepa ea tšohanyetso ea lapeng
• Linomoro tsa maemo a tshohanyetso

Mehloli le tataiso ea semmuso¶

• Setsi sa Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) & Ready.gov (United States): *Boitokisetso ba Ho phatloha ha Nyutlelie (ready.gov/nuclear-explosion): "Kena ka Hare, Lula ka Hare, Lula U Mametse," Fesetere ea Metsotso e 15 ea Fallout, Mehaho ea Tšireletso ea Mohaho, le Molao oa Shelter oa Lihora tse 24 ho isa ho tse 48 *.
• Litsi tsa Taolo le Thibelo ea Mafu (CDC, United States): Maemo a Tšohanyetso a Mahlaseli: Tataiso ea ho Itšireletsa (Self-Decontamination Guide)Why You Must Not Use Hair Conditioner When Washing Off Radioactive Material) le Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) Lipampiri tsa 'Nete.
• Lekhotla la Naha la Tšireletso le Litekanyo tsa Mahlaseli (NCRP Report No. 165) & Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL): Ho Arabela Ketsahalo ea Radiological kapa Nuclear Terrorism: Tataiso ea Baetsi ba Liqeto (Halving Mass Thickness HVL, Mehaho ea Tšireletso ea Moaho PF, le ho 7:10 Way-Wigner Decay Rule).
• Lefapha la United States la Bophelo le Litšebeletso tsa Botho (REMM: Radiation Emergency Medical Management): Nuclear Detonation: Weapons, Improvised Nuclear Devices, Fallout Plume Contours, le Triage Dose Thresholds (remm.hhs.gov).
• Laboratori ya Naha ya Oak Ridge (ORNL) / Cresson H. Kearny: Bokgoni ba ho Pholoha Ntweng ya Nyutlelie (NWSS): Kaho ea Setsi sa Bolulo sa Setsi se Seholo se Seholo se Seholo se Seholo, Sefate sa Trench-Table Shielding, le KFM Dosimetry.