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Lithempereichara tsa Lethal Wet-Bulb, Maqhubu a Mocheso o Mongobo, le Ho Se hlolehe ho Pholisa Mouoane

Linomoro tsa maemo a tšohanyetso li fapana ho ea ka linaha. Leqephe lena le sebelisa 911, nomoro ea United States le Canada. Linaha tse ling tse ngata li sebelisa 112, 999, kapa nomoro e ’ngoe. Fumana nomoro ea naha ea heno.

Mocheso oa tleloubu e metsi (\(T_{wb}\)) ke mocheso o tlase ka ho fetesisa oo ntho kapa letlalo la motho le ka pholileng ka ho fetoha mouoane oa metsi moeeng ka mocheso o itseng oa tikoloho le mongobo o itseng. Ho fapana le lipalo tse tloaelehileng tsa thermometer ea tleloubu e ommeng kapa Index ea Mocheso e nolofalitsoeng, mocheso oa tleloubu ea thermodynamic o lekanya moeli oa 'mele moo mofufutso oa motho o emisang ho sebetsa.

'Mele ea batho e phomotseng e tsoela pele ho hlahisa li-watts tse 80 ho isa ho tse 100 tsa mocheso oa metabolic ho boloka litho tsa 'mele li phela le ho boloka mocheso oa mantlha oa \(37.0^\circ\text{C}\) (\(98.6^\circ\text{F}\)) le mocheso o holim'a letlalo haufi le \(35.0^\circ\text{C} (\)95.0\circ\text{F}\()**. Ha mocheso o matla o mongobo o sutumelletsa mocheso o teng oa tleloubu ea metsi moeling oa khopolo-taba ea **\)35.0\circ\text{C}$ (\(95.0^\circ\text{F}\)), kapa ho fihla ho \(30.5^\circ\text{1\C.5\)\(ci\)3$ (\(95.0^\circ\text{F}\)). (\(86.9^\circ\text{F}\) to \(88.7^\circ\text{F}\)) wet-bulb** e sibollotsoeng litekong tsa morao-rao tsa laboratori, mofufutso ha o sa khona ho tsoa mouoane ka potlako hoo o ka tšollang esita le mocheso o phomotseng oa metabolism. Boemong bona ba **khatello ea mocheso e ke keng ea lekanngoa **, esita le motho e monyenyane, ea phetseng hantle, ea nang le metsi ka ho feletseng ea phomotseng ka pel'a moea o fokang o tla ba le ho phahama ho sa khaotseng, ho ke keng ha thijoa ha mocheso oa 'mele oa mantlha ho fihlela lefu ** classic kapa exertional heat stroke ** se etsahala ka mor'a lihora tse ngata.

Tataiso ena e fana ka li-protocol tse pholosang bophelo, litafole tsa psychrometric wet-bulb lookup, le mekhoa ea ho pholisa ea ho tima motlakase e tiisitsoeng ke Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo (WHO), United States National Weather Service (NWS), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH / CDC), American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), le laboratories ea thermoregulation ea batho. Bakeng sa ho lokisetsa mocheso oa lehlabula ka kakaretso, bala rona tataiso ea mocheso o feteletseng le historic heat dome survival guide; bakeng sa tlhokomelo ea meriana hang-hang, bala lefu la mocheso thuso ea pele.

Mochesong o Mongobo o sa Lefeheng, Moriti le Metsi a Nooang Feela Li ke ke Tsa Pholosa Bophelo ba Hao

Ha mocheso oa tleloubu e metsi o fihla ho \(31^\circ\text{C}\) to \(35^\circ\text{C}\) (\(88^\circ\text{F}\) to \(95^\circ\text{F}\)), ho noa lilithara tsa metsi ha u lutse moriting HA HO thibele mocheso oa mantlha ho hloa. Hobane moea o o potolohileng o se o tletse mouoane oa metsi mochesong oa letlalo la hao kapa haufi le oona, mofufutso o rotha feela 'meleng oa hao ka har'a marotholi a metsi ntle le ho fetoha mouoane (zero latent heat transfer). Ho phela ha moea o hloleha nakong ea mocheso o mongata oa mocheso, o tlameha ho fetisetsa mocheso ka ntle ho 'mele oa hau ka ho tsamaisa mocheso ka ho toba metsing a batang (\(15^\circ\text{C}\) to \(26^\circ\text{C}\) [\(59^\circ\text{F}\) to \(79^\circ\text{F}\),or t tap immers skin,' or we t tap water{F}$, thtub)

Etsa sena hona joale

  1. **Suthela hang-hang moahong o nang le moea o fehlang moea kapa mokatong o ka tlase neng kapa neng ha Mocheso oa Wet-Bulb o fihla \(28^\circ\text{C}\) (\(82.4^\circ\text{F}\)) kapa Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) e fihla ho \(31^\circ\text{82.C}\)text{82.4 \(\circ\text{F}\)) e etsa mesebetsi e 'meli e pholosang bophelo ka nako e le 'ngoe: e pholisa mocheso oa moea oa tleloubu e omeletseng LE ho holisa mouoane oa metsi ka ntle ho phaposi (dehumidification), e khutlisetsa matla a letlalo la hao ho etsa mofufutso. Haeba ntlo ea hao e haelloa ke moea o futhumatsang moea kapa motlakase o felloa ke matla, tloha kapele u ee setsing sa ho pholisa sa 'masepala, laebrari, setsing sa mabenkele, kapa koloi e nang le moea o pholileng.
  2. Emisa ho ikitlaetsa 'me u paqame fatše haeba u tšoasehile mochesong o mongobo o feteletseng o se nang moea. Ho tsamaea u potlakile kapa ho etsa mesebetsi ea lapeng ho eketsa mocheso oa ka hare oa metabolism ho tloha ho 100 watts (phomolong) ho ea ho 400 ho isa ho 800 watts, e leng ho etsang hore mocheso oa mantlha oa hau o fihle o bolaeang \(40.0.0^C\} (\)104.0^\circ\text{F}$) mocheso oa sekhahla makhetlo a mane ho isa ho a robeli kapele.
  3. Kenya 'mele oa hau kapa liphaka le maoto a hau metsing a pompong a pholileng (\(15^\circ\text{C}\) to \(26^\circ\text{C}\) [\(59^\circ\text{F}\) to \(79^\circ\text{F}\)]) haeba marang-rang a felloa ke matla nakong ea mocheso o chesang o mongobo. Mokelikeli o sebetsa ka potlako ho feta letlalo la metsi*** hole le metsi a sebetsang ka makhetlo a 5 *** 100 peresente ea mongobo o amanang moo mouoane o leng lefela. Tlatsa bate ea hau ka metsi a pholileng a pompo (lipompo tsa metsi tse patiloeng li lula li pholile ho \(18^\circ\text{C}\) to \(25^\circ\text{C}\) [\(64^\circ\text{F}\) to \(77^\circ\text{F}\)] esita le nakong ea mocheso o matla haholo) 'me u kolobe ka hora e 15 ho isa ho metsotso e 20, matsoho a hau kapa metsotso e 20. linkho tsa metsi a pholileng ha u ntse u boloka lithaole tse metsi li le holim'a molala oa hao le serope.
  4. *Le ka mohla u se ke ua butsoela fene ea motlakase letlalong le omileng ha mocheso oa moea o ka tlung o feta \(37^\circ\text{C}\) to \(39^\circ\text{C}\) (\(99^\circ\text{F}\) to \(102^\circ\text{F}\)), 'me ka linako tsohle u kolobise letlalo la hao ka seponche kapa botlolo ea fafatsa ha u sebelisa fan ho ea ka WHO. tataiso ea physiology, ho butsoela moea o chesang ka holim'a mocheso oa letlalo holim'a motho ea sa khoneng ho fufuleloa ka ho lekaneng (joaloka motho e moholo ea seng a hōlile kapa motho ea noang meriana ea anticholinergic) ho fetola kamore hore e be onto ea convection e eketsang mocheso 'meleng. Sebelisa fene mochesong o feteletseng haeba u lula u fafatsa letlalo le hlobotseng ka metsi a pholileng.
  5. Simolola ho Inela hang-hang ka Metsing a Cold ("Cool First, Transport Second") haeba ho na le motho ea bontšang matšoao a Heat Stroke: pherekano, puo e sa hlakang, ho khoptjoa, ho tsietsana, kapa ho lahleheloa ke kelello. Ho otloa ke mocheso ke boemo ba tšohanyetso bo boholo ba nako ea 100% moo boko le liprotheine tsa setho li emelang ka holimo ho \(40.5^C\)40.5^C$ (\(105^\circ\text{F}\)). Letsetsa nomoro ea hau ea tšohanyetso ea lehae hang-hang (911 United States le Canada, 112 ho pholletsa le European Union, 999 United Kingdom, kapa u shebelle kaofela dinomoro tsa tshohanyetso), ba hlobolise motho eo liaparo tsa hae tsa ka ntle, ebe ba akhela ’mele oa bona ka bateng, tanka ea thepa, kapa terepeng e tletseng metsi a batang le leqhoa ha ba ntse ba emetse ambulense; bona lefu la mocheso thuso ea pele.
  6. klzzwxh:0179 Mochesong o mongobo o feteletseng, 'mele oa motho o ka fufuleloa **1.5 ho isa ho 2.5 lilithara (1.6 ho isa ho 2,6) ea mokelikeli. 2,000 milligrams ea sodium ka hora ** leha mofufutso oo o rothela fatše ntle le ho u pholisa. Ho nkela lilithara tsa mofufutso o lahlehileng sebaka ka metsi a pompo a bonolo feela ho hlapolla maemo a sodium maling, ho baka koi ** hyponatremia e amanang le boikoetliso (botahoa ba metsi le cerebral edema)**.

Leqhubu la mocheso oa bulb ea metsi le chate ea triage triage flow

Sebelisa sefate sena sa liqeto ho laola khatello ea mocheso e mongobo e ke keng ea lefelloa lapeng, mosebetsing, kapa nakong ea ho tima kerileng ea motlakase lehlabula.

flowchart TD
    Start["Boemo ba Tšohanyetso ba Mocheso o Feteletseng oa Mocheso:<br/>Mocheso oa Bulb (Twb) >= 28 C ho ea ho 35 C (82 F ho ea ho 95 F)<br/>kapa Index ea Mocheso >= 41 C ho ea ho 54+ C (105 F ho ea ho 130+ F)"] --> Status{"Na ho na le motho ea Fetohileng Kelellong?<br/>(Pherekano, Puo e Harellang, Delirium,<br/>Ho Khoptjoa, Ho tsieleha, kapa ho ilibana)"}

    Status -->|"EE: HEAT STROKE<br/>Core Temp > 40 C (104 F)<br/>Tshohanyetso e Kotsing Bophelo"| HeatStroke["MOLAO OA 'COOL FIRST, TRANSPORT SECOND':<br/>1. Letsetsa 911/112/999 hang hang<br/>2. Lahlela mahlatsipa ho fihla molaleng ka Metsing a Bate / Bateng ea Leqhoa (2 C ho isa ho 15 C)<br/>3. Haeba ho se na tub: Theha bate ea 'Taco Tarp' kapa u rōle kamehla ka hose e batang + le liphutheloana tsa leqhoa molaleng, liphakeng, le groin<br/>4. LE KA mohla u se ke ua fana ka aspirin/acetaminophen (e se nang thuso ebile e senya sebete / liphio)"]

    Status -->|"CHE: Motho o Falimehile<br/>Ho Thibela Tsoelo-pele e sa Lefeheng"| PowerCheck{"O na le tšebetso ea<br/>Air Conditioning?"}

    PowerCheck -->|"EE: AC kapa Dehumidifier <br/>E ea Matha"| WorkingAC["TŠEBELETSO EA TŠEBELETSO EA AIR-CONDITIONED:<br/>1. Kopanya ka kamoreng e 1 e pholileng; beha AC ho 24 C-26 C (75 F-78 F) kapa 'Dry/Dehumidify' mode<br/>2. Thibela letsatsi KA NTLE ho lifensetere (lishutter/tarps/cardboard)<br/>3. Le ka mohla u se ke ua sebelisa onto ea kichineng kapa se omisang liaparo nakong ea mocheso o phahameng haholo<br/>4. Noa metsi + letsoai la electrolyte; hlahloba baahelani ba hōlileng"]

    PowerCheck -->|"NO: Grid Blackout kapa No AC<br/>ka Mongobo o Phahameng"| Conductive["HO PHOLISA METSI A TSOANG (HA HO FUFUTSOA HO HLOKA):<br/>1. Tsamaea ho ea mokatong o tlase-tlase ho tsoa mahlaseling a letsatsi<br/>2. Tlatsa bate ka metsi a pompo a pholileng (18 C-25 C / 64 F-77 F)<br/>3. Kenya 'mele ka metsotso e 15-20 ka hora KAPA kenya matsoho a pele le maoto ka libaketeng tsa metsi a batang<br/>4. Boloka letlalo le hlobotseng le kolobile ha u sebelisa fan ea betri (emisa fan haeba moea> 38 C)"]

Fisiks le fisioloji ea motho ea \(35^\circ\text{C}\) (\(95^\circ\text{F}\)) le \(31^\circ\text{C}\) (\(88^\circ\text{F}\)) Meeli ea Wet-Bulb

Ho utloisisa hore na ke hobane'ng ha maqhubu a mongobo a pota-potileng 'mele oa metsi a futhumetseng (a kang ** Kou ea Mexico**, likhohlo tsa Mississippi le Ohio River, Persian Gulf, liphula tsa noka tsa Indus le Ganges Asia Boroa, China bochabela le lebopong la Afrika Bophirimela) a bolaea haholo ha ho baloa mocheso o tlase ho feta mocheso o omileng oa lehoatata, o tlameha ho utloisisa hore na Temperature e lekanya joang. (\(T_{wb}\))**. (Gulf of Mexico)

1. Dry-Bulb vs. Wet-Bulb vs. Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT)

  • Dry-Bulb Temperature (\(T_{db}\)): Ona ke mocheso o tloaelehileng oa moea o lekantsoeng ka thermometer e tloaelehileng e sirelelitsoeng letsatsing. Moeeng o ommeng oa lehoatata (\(10\%\) e lekanyelitsoeng mongobo), motho a ka phela mochesong o ommeng oa \(46^\circ\text{C}\) (\(115^\circ\text{F}\)) moriting ha feela a noa metsi a lekaneng le letsoai, hobane moea o omileng o fetoha mofufutso hang-hang, o nke lik’hilojule tse **2,426 tsa mofufutso oa mofufutso o mong le o mong mouoane **.
  • Thermodynamic Wet-Bulb Temperature (\(T_{wb}\)): E lekanngoa ka ho phuthela tleloubu ea thermometer ka khoele ea k'hothone e metsi le ho butsoela moea o potolohileng ho eona. Ha metsi a fetoha mouoane ho tsoa khoeleng e metsi, a pholisa thermometer ho fihlela moea o khahlano le khoele o fihla ho ** 100% ea mongobo o lekanyelitsoeng **.
  • Ho 100% mongobo o lekanyelitsoeng, ha ho mouoane o ka bang teng, kahoo Wet-Bulb Temperature e lekana le Mocheso o Omileng oa Bulb (\(T_{wb} = T_{db}\)).
  • Ho \(35^\circ\text{C}\) (\(95^\circ\text{F}\)) dry-bulb le 100% mongobo (kapa ka ho lekanang, \(39^\circ\text{C}\) [\(102^\circ\text{F}\)] ho 75% mongobo, kapa \(4 mongobong**, kapa **\)4\(6 [\)115\circ\text{F}\(] ho mongobo oa 50%**), mocheso oa tleloubu e metsi o otla **\)35.0\circ\text{C}$ (\(95.0^\circ\text{F}\)).
  • Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT): E sebelisoa ke sesole sa US, OSHA/NIOSH, le mekhatlo ea machaba ea meriana ea lipapali. WBGT e kopanya 70% Mocheso oa Mocheso oa Bulb (mongobo + moea), 20% Black Globe Temperature (mahlaseli a letsatsi a tobileng le mocheso o khanyang ho tloha sekontiri se chesang), le **10% Mocheso oa Dry-Bulb **. Ha letsatsi le chabile, kotsi ea tšohanyetso ea WBGT e hlaha ka likhato tse 'maloa ho feta \(T_{wb}\) e lefifi.

2. Hobaneng moeli oa lefatše oa 'nete oa ho phela ha motho e hlile e le \(30.5^\circ\text{C}\) to \(31.5^\circ\text{C}\) (\(87^\circ\text{F}\) to \(89^\circ\text{F}\)) Wet-Bulb

Ka 2010, litsebi tsa fisiks tsa atmosfere Sherwood le Huber li thehile \(35.0^\circ\text{C}\) (\(95.0^\circ\text{F}\)) wet-bulb e le moeli o ka holimo oa thermodynamic bakeng sa ho phela ha motho hobane mocheso oa mantlha oa motho ke \(37{C}\) (\(98.6^\circ\text{F}\)) le mocheso oa letlalo li tlameha ho lula ka tlase ho \(35^\circ\text{C}\) (\(95^\circ\text{F}\)) ho boloka mocheso o kantle.

Leha ho le joalo, liteko tsa bohlokoa tse laoloang ke kamore ea motho ea tikoloho tse entsoeng ke Pennsylvania State University PSU HEAT Project (2022) ho batho ba baholo ba bacha, ba phelang hantle, ba nang le metsi a feletseng li senotse hore fisioloji ea sebele ea motho e hlōleha hantle pele ho \(35^\circ\text{C}\) physics limit: - Ho fapana le lesela la k'hothone le pota-potiloeng ke thermometer ea khalase, letlalo la motho le na le ** tekanyo e phahameng ea mofufutso oa 'mele ** (hoo e batlang e le 1.5 ho isa ho 2.5 litha ka hora) mme ha se lerotholi le leng le le leng la mofufutso le tsoang ka ntle ho letlalo. - Libakeng tse futhumetseng, tse mongobo, **khatello ea mocheso e ke keng ea lefelloa ** (sebaka sa ho thetheha moo mocheso oa mantlha oa 'mele o qalang ho nyoloha ka mokhoa o sa laoleheng esita le ha o batla o phomotse maemo a metabolism) ha e le hantle o qala ka Wet-Bulb Temperature ea \(30.5^\circ\text{C}\) to \(31.5^\circ\text{C}9{\}\)8. \(88.7^\circ\text{F}\)) bakeng sa batho ba baholo ba phelang hantle, mme e ka tlase ho \(26^\circ\text{C}\) to \(28^\circ\text{C}\) (\(79^\circ\text{F}\) to \(82^\circ\text{F}\)) e metsi a tleloupu ho batho ba baholo ba fetang dilemo tse 6.

Tafole ea tlhahlobo ea Psychrometric Wet-Bulb (\(T_{wb}\)) le meleko ea kotsi ea bongaka

Sebelisa matrix ena ea litšupiso ho fumana hoo e ka bang Wet-Bulb Temperature (\(T_{wb}\)) ho tsoa tlalehong ea sebaka sa heno sa boemo ba leholimo Thempereichara ea Moea (Dry-Bulb) le Mongobo o Lekanyelitsoeng (%), hammoho le phello ea 'mele oa motho.

Mocheso oa Moea (Dry-Bulb) Mongobo o Batlang: 40% Mongobo o Batlang: 60% Mongobo o Batlang: 80% Mongobo o Batlang: 90% Boemo ba Fisioloji maemong a Phahameng a Metsi-Bulb
\(32^\circ\text{C}\) (\(90^\circ\text{F}\)) \(T_{wb} = 21.8^\circ\text{C}\) (\(71.2^\circ\text{F}\)) \(T_{wb} = 25.5^\circ\text{C}\) (\(77.9^\circ\text{F}\)) \(T_{wb} = \mathbf{28.9^\circ\text{C}}\) (\(\mathbf{84.0^\circ\text{F}\)) \(T_{wb} = \mathbf{30.5^\circ\text{C}}\) (\(\mathbf{86.9^\circ\text{F}}\)) Ho \(T_{wb} \ge 28^\circ\text{C}\) (\(82.4^\circ\text{F}\)): Mosebetsi o boima o tlameha ho emisa; batho ba baholo le masea ba kena kotsing e ke keng ea lefelloa ea mocheso ka tlung ntle le AC.
\(35^\circ\text{C}\) (\(95^\circ\text{F}\)) \(T_{wb} = 24.3^\circ\text{C}\) (\(75.7^\circ\text{F}\)) \(T_{wb} = \mathbf{28.3^\circ\text{C}}\) (\(\mathbf{82.9^\circ\text{F}}\)) \(T_{wb} = \mathbf{31.8^\circ\text{C}}\) (\(\mathbf{89.2^\circ\text{F}}\)) \(T_{wb} = \mathbf{33.4^\circ\text{C}}\) (\(\mathbf{92.1^\circ\text{F}}\)) CRITICAL EMPIRICAL LIMIT (\(T_{wb} \ge 31^\circ\text{C} / 88^\circ\text{F}\)): Bacha ba phomotseng ba phetse hantle ha ba sa khona ho tsitsisa mocheso oa mantlha ka ho fufuleloa ba le bang.
\(38^\circ\text{C}\) (\(100^\circ\text{F}\)) \(T_{wb} = 26.8^\circ\text{C}\) (\(80.2^\circ\text{F}\)) \(T_{wb} = \mathbf{31.0^\circ\text{C}}\) (\(\mathbf{87.8^\circ\text{F}}\)) \(T_{wb} = \mathbf{34.7^\circ\text{C}}\) (\(\mathbf{94.5^\circ\text{F}}\)) \(T_{wb} = \mathbf{36.4^\circ\text{C}}\) (\(\mathbf{97.5^\circ\text{F}}\)) KOTSI E FETILENG EA BOPHELO (\(T_{wb} \ge 33^\circ\text{C} / 91.4^\circ\text{F}\)): Mofufutso o rotha letlalong ka mokhoa o se nang thuso; mocheso o potlakileng oa mantlha o nyolohela ho \(40^\circ\text{C}\) (\(104^\circ\text{F}\)) setorouku sa mocheso.
\(41^\circ\text{C}\) (\(106^\circ\text{F}\)) \(T_{wb} = \mathbf{29.3^\circ\text{C}}\) (\(\mathbf{84.7^\circ\text{F}}\)) \(T_{wb} = \mathbf{33.7^\circ\text{C}}\) (\(\mathbf{92.7^\circ\text{F}}\)) \(T_{wb} = \mathbf{37.6^\circ\text{C}}\) (\(\mathbf{99.7^\circ\text{F}}\)) \(T_{wb} = \mathbf{39.3^\circ\text{C}}\) (\(\mathbf{102.7^\circ\text{F}}\)) MELAO YA PHYSICS YA KHOPOLO E FETILENG FETA ($ T_{wb} \ge 35^\circ\text{C} / 95^\circ\text{F}$): Moea o fetisetsa mocheso ka har'a letlalo le metsi; e bolaeang ka mor'a lihora tse ngata ntle le AC kapa ho qoelisoa metsing a batang.
\(44^\circ\text{C}\) (\(111^\circ\text{F}\)) \(T_{wb} = \mathbf{31.8^\circ\text{C}}\) (\(\mathbf{89.2^\circ\text{F}}\)) \(T_{wb} = \mathbf{36.5^\circ\text{C}}\) (\(\mathbf{97.7^\circ\text{F}}\)) \(T_{wb} = \mathbf{40.5^\circ\text{C}}\) (\(\mathbf{104.9^\circ\text{F}}\)) \(T_{wb} = \mathbf{42.3^\circ\text{C}}\) (\(\mathbf{108.1^\circ\text{F}}\)) Tikoloho e potlakileng ea mocheso bakeng sa liphoofolo tsohle tse anyesang tse pepesehileng ntle le sehatsetsi se sebetsang kapa tsamaiso ea metsi a batang.

Mokhoa oa ho phela ka hare ho ntlo ha marang-rang a motlakase a hlōleha nakong ea mocheso oa mocheso o mongobo

Boemo bo le bong bo bobe ka ho fetesisa bo boletsoeng esale pele ke mekhatlo ea tsamaiso ea maemo a tšohanyetso (joalo ka FEMA, CDC, le balaoli ba ts'ireletso ea sechaba ba Europe) ke mocheso oa mocheso o mongobo le ho tima motlakase oa matsatsi a mangata (kapa ho tima ha motlakase ka mor'a leholiotsoana haufi le lebopo la *Gulf of Mexico kapa Asia Boroa ha mocheso oa \(36^\circ\text{7}\) [circ\(9s{7}\)] Mongobo oa 80% ha malapa a limilione a se na motlakase oa zero bakeng sa ho futhumatsa moea).

Ha mouoane o thibiloe ke mongobo o phahameng 'me u se na moea o pholisang moea, latela tsena tse 4 Melaoana ea Boenjiniere ea Conductive le Radiative Heat-Rejection:

1. Sebelisa Metsi a Tepe ea Masepala e le Setsi sa Mocheso se Conductive (Bate le Mokhoa oa ho qoelisoa ka forearm)

Le ha mocheso oa moea o kantle o fihla ho \(40^\circ\text{C}\) (\(104^\circ\text{F}\)) mme mongobo o lekanyelitsoeng o lutse liperesenteng tse 85, lipompo tsa metsi tsa masepala li patiloe 1 ho isa ho 2.5 metres (3.3 ho 8 feet) ka tlas'a lefatše, moo mocheso oa mobu o lulang o le lipakeng tsa \(18^\circ\text\C{6}\)\(2{}\) (\(64^\circ\text{F}\) le \(79^\circ\text{F}\)). - Hobane metsi a metsi a na le mocheso oa mocheso o batlang o le makhetlo a 25 ho feta moea le bophahamo ba mocheso oa volumetric ** 3,500 makhetlo a hodimo ho feta moea**, a qoelisa letlalo la hao ka \(24^\circ\text{C}\) (\(75^\circ\text{F}\)) metsi a pompo a ntša mocheso ka kotloloho maling a hao ka pure thermal way blocking the mofufutso oa mofufutso. - ** Mokhoa oa ho sebelisa Periodic Conductive Soaking:* 1. Tlatsa bate ka lisenthimithara tse 15 ho isa ho tse 20 (6 ho isa ho tse 8) tsa metsi a pompo a pholileng. (Bate e le 'ngoe ea ho tlatsa bateng e le 'ngoe e ka sebelisoa khafetsa ka lihora tse ngata hobane \(25^\circ\text{C}\)metsi a sala a le \(12^\circ\text{C}\) [\(22^\circ\text{F}\)] a batang ho feta \(37^\circ\text{C}\) [\(98.6^\circ\text{F}\)] 'mele oa motho. 2. Metsotso e meng le e meng e 45 ho isa ho e 60, robala kapa u lule ka metsing a pholileng bakeng sa metsotso e 10 ho isa ho e 15 ho fihlela u ikutloa u pholile hantle (pele ho thothomela ho qala). 3. Haeba ho tsamaea ho lekanyelitsoe kapa ho baballoa metsi (The US Army Forearm & Foot Immersion Technique): Tlatsa lijana tse peli tsa polasetiki kapa libakete tse 20-liter (5-gallon) ka metsi a pholileng. Lula setulong 'me u qoelise ka bobeli matsoho le liphaka ho fihla litsoeneng le ka bobeli maoto le maqaqailana metsing a pholileng metsotso e 15. Liatla tsa matsoho, liphaka le maoto li na le marang-rang a teteaneng a methapo ea mali e khethehileng e bitsoang arteriovenous anastomoses (AVAs) e sebetsang e le li-radiator tsa likokoana-hloko, tse lahlelang mocheso oa mantlha ka har'a bakete ea metsi.

2. Emisa Solar Radiation PELE E Tšela Khalase ea Hau ea Window

Hang ha khanya ea letsatsi e feta fensetereng ea khalase ka phaposing ea hau ea ho phomola, matla a letsatsi a khutsufalitsoeng a fetoha mocheso o molelele oa infrared o koaletsoeng ka tlung (the greenhouse effect). Ho koala likharetene tsa ka hare ho emisa feela liperesente tse 20 ho isa ho tse 30 tsa mocheso oo hobane kharetene ka boeona e futhumala ho fihlela ho \(50^\circ\text{C}\) (\(122^\circ\text{F}\)) ka hare ho phaposi: - **Leketlisa lithapo tse khanyang, libethe tse tšoeu, khateboto, kapa liboto tse kentsoeng lekoeba KA NTLE ho lifensetere tse shebileng boroa le tse shebileng bophirima ** (kapa theipi **foile ea aluminium e benyang ka mahlakoreng / e benyang likobo tsa Mylar tsa ho pholoha ka kotloloho khahlano le khalase **). Ho thibela khanya ea letsatsi ka holim'a bokantle ho fokotsa mocheso oa letsatsi ka kamoreng e se nang matla ka **75 ho karolo ea 85 lekholong **.

3. Lahla Mabato a ka Holimo 'me U Robale Boemong bo Tlase kapa Mokatong o Katlase

Moea o chesang, o mongobo o nyoloha ka moea o matla oa tlhaho, o fetola likamore tsa mokato oa bobeli le oa boraro tlas'a marulelo a sekontiri se besitsoeng ke letsatsi hore e be \(42^\circ\text{C}\) (\(108^\circ\text{F}\)) tse lulang li chesa bosiu bohle: - Tsamaisa materase, batho ba baholo, masea le liphoofolo tsa lapeng ho theosa ** mokatong o ka tlaase kapa mokatong o ka tlas'a lefatše**. - Letlapa la konkreite le ka tlas'a lefatše le botebo ba limithara tse 2 (maoto a 6.5) le lula haufi le \(18^\circ\text{C}\) to \(22^\circ\text{C}\) (\(64^\circ\text{F}\) to \(72^\circ\text{F}\)). Boemong bo sokelang bophelo ba mocheso o mongobo ntle le matla, ho tlosa limmete le ho robala holim'a letlapa le tšesaane la k'hothone ka ho toba ka kamoreng e ka tlaase ea konkreite e pholileng kapa letlapa la lithaele tsa fatše le tsamaisa mocheso ho tsoa mokokotlong oa hau bosiu bohle.

4. Latela Molao oa Motlakase oa WHO & Molao oa Letlalo le Metsi

Haeba u na le fan e tsamaeang ka betri kapa ea letsatsi nakong ea ho tima: - Ha lithempereichara tse ka tlase ho \(35^\circ\text{C}\) (\(95^\circ\text{F}\)) dry-bulb: Fene e potlakisa moea oa mofufutso ka ho fefola moeli o tletseng oa moea o khomarelang letlalong la hao. - Mongobong o phahameng kapa mocheso o ka holimo ho \(37^\circ\text{C}\) (\(99^\circ\text{F}\)): Le ka mohla u se ke ua sebelisa sefene letlalong le omeletseng. Ho e-na le hoo, boloka ** sekotlolo sa metsi le lesela la ho hlatsoa kapa botlolo ea spray ** haufi le setulo sa hau 'me ** u lule u tšela metsi sefubeng sa hao se se nang letho, matsoho, maoto le molala ** ha fene e ntse e fofa filimi ea metsi a metsi.

Meriana e Ngotsoeng e Thibelang ho fufuleloa ka khutso le ho etsa hore ho be le Leqeba la Mocheso

Ho ea ka CDC le WHO, palo e kholo ea lipetlele tse nang le mocheso o mongobo li etsahala ho batho ba noang meriana e tloaelehileng ea letsatsi le letsatsi kapa meriana e sa rekoang e senyang hypothalamic thermoregulation, thibela tlhahiso ea tšoelesa ea mofufutso, kapa ho fokotsa phallo ea mali ea letlalo: - Anticholinergics and First-Generation Antihistamines (mohlala, diphenhydramine / Benadryl, oxybutynin bakeng sa senya, benztropine): Thibela ka ho toba li-receptor tsa acetylcholine litšoelesa tsa mofufutso oa eccrine, ** ho koala bokhoni ba hau ba ho fufuleloa **. - Diuretics ("Lipilisi tsa Metsi") le Meriana ea Khatello ea Mali (mohlala, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, beta-blockers): Ho fokotsa molumo oa mali o hlokahalang bakeng sa vasodilation ea letlalo kapa cap e phahameng ea tlhahiso ea pelo nakong ea khatello ea mocheso. - **Meriana ea kelello le ea methapo ** (mohlala, li-antipsychotics, tricyclic antidepressants, SSRIs, le li-stimulants tsa ADHD tse kang amphetamines/methylphenidate): Fetola libaka tse behiloeng bohareng ba mocheso oa hypothalamic kapa eketsa tlhahiso ea mocheso ka hare ho metabolism. Le ka mohla u se ke ua khaotsa ho noa meriana e laetsoeng u le mong, empa haeba uena kapa setho sa lelapa le noa e 'ngoe ea litlhare tsena, tšoara Wet-Bulb Temperature ea \(26^\circ\text{C}\) (\(79^\circ\text{F}\)) e le mohala oa hau o mofubelu ho sebelisa moea o futhumatsang moea kapa ho qala ho futhumatsa metsi.

Thuso ea pele ea tšohanyetso bakeng sa Heat Stroke: "Ho Pholile Pele, Bobeli ba Lipalangoang"

Ha mocheso oa mongobo o sa lefelloeng o khanna mocheso oa mantlha oa motho ka holimo \(40.0^\circ\text{C}\) (\(104.0^\circ\text{F}\)), mokoallo oa mala o senyeha (ho lutla li-endotoxins maling), ho koala mali ho hloleha ho hlōleha (**disguinated intravascular cosmetal) (rhabdomyolysis), le cerebral edema e baka ** pherekano, boitšoaro bo makatsang, ho loantšana, puo e hlabang, ataxia (ho khoptjoa), ho tsieleha, kapa koma **.

Ke hobane'ng ha "Letlalo le omileng" ke tšōmo e kotsi ka mocheso oa mocheso o mongobo

Libuka tse ngata tsa khale tsa thuso ea pele li bolela hore bahlaseluoa ba ho felloa ke mocheso ba na le letlalo le metsi ha bahlaseluoa ba mocheso ba na le "letlalo le chesang, le omeletseng." * - Leqhubung la mocheso o mongobo (\(T_{wb} \ge 31^\circ\text{C}\) [\(88^\circ\text{F}\)]), lehlatsipa le akheha ho tsoa ho \(41^\circ\text{C}\) (\(106^\circ\text{F}\)) setorouku sa mocheso se batla se le mofufutso oa mofufutso o ntse o rotha mofufutso ha e khone ho fetoha mouoane moeeng o mongobo. - TRUE line ea ho arola ke Mosebetsi oa Central Nervous System (Brain): Haeba motho ea halefileng haholo a ferekane, a ferekane, a bua mantsoe a hlabang, a khoptjoa, a teneha/a sa utloahale, kapa a akhehile, **ke Heat Stroke ho sa tsotellehe hore na letlalo la hae le kolobile kapa le omme lesapo **.

Mohato ka mohato "Cool First, Transport Second" protocol

Motsotso o mong le o mong konokono ea motho ea hlasetsoeng e sala e le ka holimo ho \(40.5^\circ\text{C}\) (\(105^\circ\text{F}\)) e eketsa lefu le tšenyo e sa feleng ea boko. Wilderness Medical Society le taelo ea litataiso tsa ACSM ho theola mocheso oa mantlha ka tlase ho \(39.0^\circ\text{C}\) (\(102.0^\circ\text{F}\)) nakong ea metsotso e 30 ka mor'a ho putlama: 1. ** Letsetsa 911 / 112 / 999 hang-hang ** 'me u kenye dispatcher ho speakerphone. 2. Kenya 'Mele Ohle ka Metsi a Cold (Sekhahla sa Mohatsela oa Khauta: \(0.15^\circ\text{C}\) to \(0.25^\circ\text{C}\) [\(0.3^\circ\text{F}\) to \(0.45^\circ\text{F}\)] ka motsotso): - hlobola liaparo tsohle tsa ka ntle ho isa ho underwear. - Beha motho ka bateng, letamo la bana, letamo la liphoofolo tse ruuoang, kapa sekontiri se matla se sa keneleng metsi se ts'oaroang ke batho ba bane ("Taco Tarp Immersion Method") e tletseng metsi a batang le leqhoa (\(2^\circ\text{C}\) to \(15^\circ\text{C}\) [\(35^\}\) ho ea ho mongolo \(59^\circ\text{F}\)]), ba boloka hlooho ea bona le tsela ea moea li tšehelitsoe ka holim'a metsi. - Sutha metsi u sa khaotse ho pota-pota letlalo la bona e le hore ho se ke ha e-ba le lera le futhumetseng la moeli. 3. Haeba ho se na tub kapa tarp e fumanehang (Conductive Dousing + Ice-Sheet Method): - Beha motho tlas'a moriti kapa phaposi e batang ka ho fetesisa, a koahele 'mele oohle oa hae ka **hose e batang ea jarete kapa shaoara ,' me u phuthe ** mekotla ea leqhoa kapa lithaole tse metsi tse batang tse phuthetsoeng molaleng, maphakeng, matsoapong le holim'a 'mele kaofela, u fapanyetsana lithaole tse futhumetseng bakeng sa serame se secha metsotso e meng le e meng e 2. 4. Le ka mohla u se ke ua fana ka lipilisi tse fokotsang feberu (acetaminophen/paracetamol, ibuprofen, kapa aspirin) ho motho ea hlasetsoeng ke mocheso kapa motho ea felloang ke mocheso: Ho otloa ke mocheso HASE kokoana-hloko ea hypothalamic fever; lithethefatsi tsa antipyretic ha li etse letho ho theola hyperthermia ea tikoloho le ho potlakisa ** ho hloleha ha sebete ho matla le ho hloleha ho matla ha liphio ** ho mokuli ea hatelletsoeng ke mocheso.

Mokhoa oa ho kopanya WHO Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) e entsoeng hae ha u fufuleloa haholo

Haeba lipakete tsa khoebo tsa electrolyte li le sieo 'me u fufuleloa haholo lihora tse ngata mochesong o mongobo, kopanya hantle Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo (WHO) Oral Rehydration Solution ho thibela hyponatremia e bolaeang: - lithara e le 1 (likopi tse 4.2 tsa US / -1 kotara) ea metsi a hloekileng a nooang - Dikhabana tse 6 (\(25\text{gram}\)) tsa tswekere e tshweu e nang le granulated (glucose e a hlokeha bakeng sa mala a sodium-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 ho hulela sodium le metsi mading a hao) - 0.5 (halofo e le 'ngoe) ea teaspoon (\(2.5\text{ grams}\)) ea letsoai le tloaelehileng la tafole (sodium chloride) - Hlohlelletsa ho fihlela e qhibiliha ka ho feletseng. (Tlhokomeliso: Latsoa motsoako pele u noa; ha ea lokela ho latsoa letsoai ho feta meokho ea tlhaho ea motho. Letsoai le lengata le baka hypernatremia.)

Lethathamo la ho lokisetsa lelapa la preheatwave

Qetella lethathamo lena pele nako ea lehlabula e nang le mongobo o phahameng o fihla:

  • Reka Dijithale Psychrometer kapa Temp/Humidity Hygrometer ($10 ho ya ho $20) bakeng sa phaposi ya hao ya bodulo: Thermostat e tlwaelehileng ya ka tlung e bontsha feela mocheso o ommeng wa tleloubu; Ho tseba mongobo o lekanyelitsoeng ka tlung ho u thusa ho bala mocheso oa 'nete oa Wet Bulb ka tlung u sebelisa tafole e kaholimo.
  • Seheha esale pele liphanele tsa meriti ea lifensetere tsa kantle kapa u reke litarp le paracord tse tšoeu tse bonaletsang: Lokisetsa likhurumetso tse ka ntle tse thibelang letsatsi bakeng sa lifensetere tsohle tse shebileng boroa le bophirima pele motlakase o khaoha.
  • Hoamisa libotlolo tsa soda/metsi tsa lithara tse 10 ho isa ho tse 20 tsa polasetiki tse tiileng sefubeng sa hao kapa sehatsetsing se otlolohileng: Nakong eo mocheso o batang oa ho fifala, leqhoa leo le tiileng le boloka lijo li bolokehile, 'me li sebetsa e le lipakete tse bolokang bophelo tse phuthetsoeng ka lithaole tse metsi bakeng sa litho tsa lelapa kapa basebetsi ba khathetseng ke mocheso.
  • Beha liphutheloana tse tloaelehileng tsa WHO tsa Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) ka har'a hau setsi sa thuso ea pele: Boloka bonyane lipakete tse 20 tsa electrolyte letsohong bakeng sa ho khaoha ha motlakase ka matsatsi a mangata lehlabula.
  • ** Tseba sebaka sa hau sa bolulo se haufi sa ho pholisa boemo ba tšohanyetso 'me u hlophise "Heat Check Buddy" bakeng sa batho ba hōlileng:** Etela (u se ke ua letsetsa mohala feela) beng ka uena ba seng ba hōlile kapa baahelani ba lulang ba le bang ntle le AC habeli ka letsatsi nakong ea mocheso o mongobo, kaha mocheso oa pele o baka pherekano e thibelang bahlaseluoa ho lemoha hore ba kotsing; bona batho ba baholo ba holileng moralo oa tshohanyetso.

Lipotso tse botsoang khafetsa

Hobaneng letsatsi la \(35^\circ\text{C}\) (\(95^\circ\text{F}\)) le mongobo oa 85% Lebopong la Gulf of Mexico le le kotsi ho feta \(45^\circ\text{C}\) (\(113^\circ\text{F}\)) ho mongobo oa 10% lehoatateng la Arizona?

Ho phela ha motho mochesong o feteletseng ho itšetlehile ka sekhahla sa khatello ea mouoane pakeng tsa letlalo la hao le metsi le moea o potolohileng, o lekantsoeng ka The Wet-Bulb Temperature ($T_{wb}$). Lehoatateng la Arizona ka $45^\circ\text{C}$ ($113^\circ\text{F}$) le 10% ea mongobo o itseng, The Wet-Bulb Temperature ke $22.5^\circ\text{C}$ ($72.5^\circ\text{F}$). Hobane moea oa lehoatata o omme masapo, grama e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea mofufutso eo 'mele oa hau o e ntšang e fetoha mouoane hang-hang letlalong la hao, e tlosa mocheso oa 2,426 joules ka gram le ho boloka letlalo la hao le pholile haufi le $33^\circ\text{C}$ ($91^\circ\text{F}$) ha feela u noa metsi a lekaneng le li-electrolyte. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, lebōpong la Kou ea Mexico ho $35^\circ\text{C}$ ($95^\circ\text{F}$) le 85% ea mongobo o itseng, The Wet-Bulb Temperature ke $32.6^\circ\text{C}$ ($90.7^\circ\text{F}$). Kaha moea o se o batla o tletse mongobo, mofufutso o ke ke oa fetoha mouoane; e theola letlalo la hao ka marotholi a metsi (a pholisang 'mele oa hau ka likhato tse zero), e ts'oara mocheso oa hau oa metabolic oa 100-watt ka har'a mokokotlo oa hau ho fihlela mocheso o hlaha. (Gulf of Mexico)

Na ho qoelisa motho ea hlasetsoeng ke mocheso ka har'a bateng ea metsi a leqhoa ho baka "ts'oso," heart arrhythmias, kapa vasoconstriction e ts'oarang mocheso ka hare?

Che. Ka lilemo tse mashome, khopolo-taba e 'nile ea e-ba teng ea hore ho qoelisoa metsing a batang ho ka 'na ha thibela methapo ea mali ea letlalo kapa ha etsa hore le thothomele hoo ho liehisang ho pholile. Liphuputso tse pharalletseng tsa bongaka tse entsoeng ke American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), sesole sa US, le bafuputsi ba meriana ea tšohanyetso ba hlahlobang likete-kete tsa linyeoe tsa lefats'e tsa 'nete tsa mocheso oa mocheso li pakile hore ho qoelisoa ka metsi a batang ka botlalo ($2^\circ\text{C}$ to $15^\circ\text{C}$ [$35^\circ\text{F}$ ho $59st,' me e potlakile phekolo e sebetsang ka ho fetisisa Lefatšeng, ho finyella tekanyo ea ho pholoha e haufi le 100 lekholong ha e qalisoa hang-hang ("Cool First, Transport Second"). Mocheso o mongata oa metsi a batang o sithabetsa vasoconstriction efe kapa efe e nyane 'me o theola mocheso oa boko le pelo ka makhetlo a imenneng habeli ho feta lipakete tsa leqhoa kapa li-fan tse fokang.

Hobaneng ha lithuto tsa 2022 Penn State tsa chamber li theotse moeli o bolokehileng oa Wet-Bulb ho tloha ho \(35^\circ\text{C}\) (\(95^\circ\text{F}\)) ho theosa ho \(31^\circ\text{C}\) (\(88^\circ\text{F}\))?

Moeli oa mantlha oa $35^\circ\text{C}$ ($95^\circ\text{F}$) o baliloeng ke litsebi tsa fisiks ka 2010 o ile oa tšoara' mele oa motho joalo ka moqomo o koaheletsoeng ka lesela le metsi la liperesente tse 100 le mofufutso o sa lekanyetsoang 'me mocheso oa letlalo o nyolohela ho $35^\ci$. Ha litsebi tsa physiologists Univesithing ea Pennsylvania State li hlile li beha bahlankana le baroetsana ba phetseng hantle ka har'a likamore tse laoloang ke boemo ba leholimo 'me ba latela mocheso oa bona oa ka hare ka lipilisi tsa telemetry, ba fumane hore litšoelesa tsa mofufutso li ke ke tsa kolobisa letlalo ka karolo ea 100 lekholong ea mouoane le hore litlhoko tsa phallo ea mali li fetoha tse sa tsitsang pejana. Ho batho ba etsang motsamao o fokolang oa letsatsi le letsatsi, mocheso oa mantlha oa 'mele o ile oa putlama ho ea holimo ka mokhoa o sa laoleheng ka karolelano ea Mocheso oa Wet-Bulb oa $30.5^\circ\text{C}$ to $31.5^\circ\text{C}$ ($87^\circ\text{F}$ to $89^\circ\text{F}mid-maemong a futhumetseng).

A na nka pholisa folete ea ka nakong ea mocheso o mongobo ka ho bula lemati la sehatsetsi kapa ka ho fanyeha liaparo tse kolobileng ka tlung?

Le ka mohla u se ke ua etsa leha e le efe ea lintho tseo. Ntlha ea pele, sehatsetsi kapa sehatsetsi ke pompo ea mocheso e tsamaisang mocheso ho tloha ka hare ho lebokose la insulated ho ea ho li-coil tse ka morao kapa ka tlaase ho sesebelisoa; ho tlohela lemati la sehatsetsing le bulehile ka kichineng ea hau ho futhumatsa kamore hobane mochini oa compressor oa motlakase o hlahisa mocheso o mong oa litšila ha o ntse o pompa mocheso o tšoanang ka selikalikoe. Taba ea bobeli, ho fanyeha lilakane tse metsi kapa liaparo tse kolobileng ka har'a folete e koetsoeng nakong ea mocheso o futhumetseng o phahamisetsa mongobo o kahare ho 90%, ho tsamaisa mocheso oa kahare oa Wet-Bulb UP le ho holofatsa bokhoni ba letlalo la hau ho etsa mofufutso. Ho e-na le hoo, tšela metsi a pholileng ka ho toba letlalong la hao (moo mocheso o kenang o pholisa mali a hau) ho e-na le ho etsa hore metsi a fetohe mouoane moeeng oa kamore.

Mehloli e hlahlobiloe

  • Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo (WHO) le Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Boemo ba Boemo ba Leholimo (WMO): *Mafu a mocheso le Bophelo bo Botle: Tataiso mabapi le Ntlafatso ea Tsamaiso ea Temoso, Mehato ea Tšebeliso ea Fene ea Motlakase, le Maemo a Oral Rehydration *.
  • Univesithi ea Pennsylvania State (PSU HEAT Project / Vecellio et al., Journal of Applied Physiology, 2022): Ekaseka \(35^\circ\text{C}\) Wet-Bulb Temperature Temperature Temperature For Young, Healthy Subjects (\(30.5^\circ^\)5\text{C}\(30.5^\circ^\)1$ Empirical Limit).
  • Setsi sa Sechaba sa Tšireletseho le Bophelo bo Botle ba Mosebetsi (NIOSH / CDC, United States): Mehato ea Tekanyetso e khothalelitsoeng: Ho pepesehela Mocheso le Litikoloho Tse Mocheso Mosebetsing (WBGT Work-Rest Limits and Hydration).
  • ** American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) le Wilderness Medical Society (WMS):** Setatamente sa Tumellano le Tataiso ea Boikoetliso ba Tleliniki bakeng sa Thibelo le Phekolo ea Leqeba le Leholo le Leholo le Leholo ("Cool First, Transport Second" Ho qoelisoa ka Metsi a Cold).
  • Tšebeletso ea Naha ea Boemo ba Boemo ba Leholimo ba United States (NWS / NOAA): Polelo ea Mocheso oa Mocheso oa Wet-Bulb (WBGT), Index ea Mocheso vs. Wet-Bulb Physics, le Extreme Heat Safety.

Litataiso tse amanang