Ubushuhe bw'amatara y'amazi, imipfunda y'ubushuhe butoshe, n'ukunanirwa gukonjesha kw'umwuka¶

Ubushuhe bw’itara ry’amazi (\(T_{wb}\)) ni ubushuhe bwo hasi cane ikintu canke urukoba rw’umuntu bishobora gukonjeshwa n’uguhinduka umwuka w’amazi mu kirere ku bushuhe bumwe bumwe n’ubukonje bumwe bumwe. Mu buryo butandukanye n’ibisomwa vy’ubushuhe vy’amatara yumye canke mbere n’Ikigereranyo c’Ubushuhe coroshe, ubushuhe bw’amatara y’amazi bupima urubibi nyarwo rw’umubiri aho ugukonja kw’umuntu (ugucuya) guhagarika gukora.

Imibiri y’abantu iruhutse iguma itanga ubushuhe bugera kuri 80 gushika ku 100 watts kugira ngo ingingo zigume ziriho kandi zigumye zifise ubushuhe bwo mu mutima bwa \(37.0^\circ\text{C}\) (\(98.6^\circ\text{F}\)) n’ubushuhe bwo ku ruhande rw’urukoba**{circ\(3\3\5 (\)95.0^{\umurongo\umwandiko{F}\()**. Iyo umupfunda w’ubushuhe bukomeye bw’ubukonje busunika ubushuhe bw’itara ry’amazi ry’aho hantu ku rugero rw’ivyiyumviro rwa **\)35.0}\circ\text{C}$ (\(95.0^\circ\text{F}\))**, canke ku rugero rw’ubuvuzi rw’umuntu rwagaragajwe n’ivyashikiye \(30.5^{C\)}to \(31.5^\circ\text{C}\) (\(86.9^\circ\text{F}\) gushika kuri \(88.7^\circ\text{F}\)) wet-bulb yavumbuwe mu bigeragezo vyaherutse gukorwa muri laboratwari, ivyutsi ntibishobora gusubira guhinduka umwuka ningoga bihagije kugira ngo mbere n’ubushuhe bwo mu mubiri buruhutse buvemwo. Muri iyo ubushuhe budashobora gusubirwamwo, mbere n’umuntu akiri muto, afise amagara meza, afise amazi yuzuye aruhukiye mu gitutu imbere y’umuyaga azoshikirwa n’ugutera imbere kw’ubushuhe bw’umubiri budahera, butahagarara gushika aho ubushuhe busanzwe canke buterwa n’inguvu bushobora kwica mu masaha makeyi.

Iyi nkuru itanga uburyo bwo gukonjesha bushobora gukiza ubuzima, imbonerahamwe zo kurondera amatara y’amazi, n’ubuhinga bwo gukonjesha bushobora gutuma umuriro uhagarara, bugenzuwe n’ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ryitaho amagara y’abantu (OMS), ikigo c’igihugu kijejwe ivy’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (NWS), ikigo c’igihugu kijejwe umutekano n’ubuzima ku kazi (NIOSH / CDC), ikigo c’ubuvuzi c’Amerika (American Medicine College of SACmother). Ku bijanye n’ugutegura ubushuhe bwo mu ci muri rusangi, soma ivyacu Ubushuhe burengeje urugero na Amateka y'ubushuhe dome uburongozi bwo kurokoka; kugira ngo ubone ubuvuzi ubwo nyene, soma . indwara y'ubushuhe ubutabazi bwambere.

Ivyo ubikore ubu¶

1. Uce ubwo nyene winjira mu nyubakwa canke mu nzu yo munsi y’ubutaka ikoresha umuyaga igihe cose ubushuhe bw’amatara y’amazi bushitse ku madolari 28^\circ\text{C}$ (\(82.4^\circ\text{F}\)) canke ubushuhe bw’amatara y’amazi (WBGT1^\(} (\)88^\circ\text{F}$). Igikoresho co gukonjesha umuyaga gikora ibikorwa bibiri vyo gukiza ubuzima icarimwe: gikonjesha ubushuhe bw’umuyaga w’amatara yumye KANDI kigatuma umwotsi w’amazi uva mu cumba (dehumidification), kigasubizaho ubushobozi bw’urukoba rwawe bwo gukonjesha umwuka w’icuya. Nimba inzu yawe idafise ivyuma bikonjesha canke itagira amashanyarazi, nuve kare uja mu kibanza co gukonjesha ca komine, mu bubiko bw’ibitabu, mu kibanza c’ubudandaji canke mu modoka ifise ivyuma bikonjesha.
2. Hagarika ibikorwa vyose vy’umubiri maze uryamye hasi iyo ufunzwe mu bushuhe burengeje urugero ata n’ivyo gukoresha umuyaga. Kugenda vyihuta canke gukora ibikorwa vyo mu rugo bituma ubushuhe bwo mu mubiri wawe bwongerekana kuva ku 100 watts (mu gihe uruhutse) gushika ku 400 gushika ku 800 watts let cohal re, bituma ubushuhe bwawe butera \(40.0^\circ\text{C}\) (\(104.0^\circ\text{F}\)) ubushuhe bwo gutera incuro zine gushika ku munani zinyaruka.
3. **Niwibike umubiri wawe canke amaboko yawe n'ibirenge vyawe mu mazi akonje yo mu ruzi (\(15^\circ\text{C}\) gushika ku \(26^\circ\text{F}\) gushika ku \(79^\circ\text{F}s\)]) iyo uruzitiro rw'amashanyarazi rudakora neza mu gihe c'ubushuhe bukonje buva ku mazi y'urukoba Inyaruka incuro 25 kurusha umuyaga kandi ikora no ku 100 kw’ijana y’ubukonje aho uguhinduka kw’umuyaga ari zero. Uzuza igikarabiro cawe amazi akonje yo mu ruzi (amazi y’igisagara yahambwe aguma akonje ku madolari 18^\circ\text{C}$ ku madolari 25^\(\\circ\text{F}\) kugeza ku madolari 77^\circ\text{F}$] mbere no mu gihe c’ubushuhe bukaze cane ku minota2 canke5) wibike ibiganza vyawe, amaboko yawe n’ibirenge vyawe mu ndobo z’amazi akonje mu gihe uguma upfutse ibitambaro vy’amazi bitose ku ijosi no ku rubavu.
4. **Ntukigere ufuha umuyagankuba ku ruhu rwumye iyo ubushuhe bw’ikirere co mu nzu burenze \(37^\) gushika \(39\) (\(99^\circ\text{F}\) gushika \(102^\circ\text{F}\)), kandi wama utose urukoba rwawe n’umugozi w’umuyagankuba canke umugozi w’umuyagankuba. ku bijanye n’ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ryitaho amagara y’abantu (OMS) be n’ingingo ngenderwako z’ubuvuzi bw’ubushuhe, gufuha umuyaga ushushe hejuru y’ubushuhe bw’urukoba ku muntu adashobora gutera ivyuya bihagije (nk’umuntu akuze canke umuntu afata imiti igabanya ubushuhe) bihindura icumba ifuru y’umuyaga yongera ubushuhe ku mubiri. Koresha gusa umuyaga mu gihe c’ubushuhe bukaze iyo ukomeje gusukura urukoba rwawe rudafise ikintu n’amazi akonje.
5. Tangira ubwo nyene kwibizwa mu mazi akanye ("Ubwa mbere, gutwara ubwa kabiri") iyo umuntu yerekanye ibimenyetso vy'indwara y'ubushuhe: gutera urujijo, kuvuga nabi, gutsitara, gufatwa n'intandara, canke gutakaza ubwenge. Indwara y'ubushuhe ni indwara y'ubushuhe itwara igihe gikomeye 100 kw'ijana. \(40.5^\umurongo\umwandiko{C}\) (\(105^\umurongo\umwandiko{F}\)). Hamagara inomero y’ivyihutirwa yo mu karere kawe ubwo nyene (911 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika no muri Kanada, 112 mu Bumwe bw’Uburayi bwose, 999 mu Bwongereza, canke urabe vyose inomero z'ivyihutirwa), bakura impuzu zo hejuru z’uwo muntu, bagaca batera umubiri wiwe mu gikarabiro, mu gitereko c’amazi canke mu gitereko c’amazi akanye n’urubura mu gihe barindiriye imodoka itwara abarwayi; reba indwara y'ubushuhe ubutabazi bwambere.
6. Nywa amazi militiro 250 (8 ounces) afise ivyunyunyu (umunyu wo gusubiza amazi mu kanwa) buri minota 20 gushika kuri 30 mu gihe uriko uracuya cane, ntukigere unywa amazi asanzwe mu binogo vyinshi vy’amalita menshi. Mu bushuhe burengeje urugero, umubiri w’umuntu urashobora gucuya gushika kuri quart2s of li.1 to 55. amazi n’imiligramu 1.000 gushika ku 2.000 z’amazi y’umunyu kw’isaha** mbere n’igihe iyo ntugu itonyanga hasi itagukonjesheje. Gusubirira litiro z’icuya zitakaye n’amazi yo mu ruzi gusa bigabanya urugero rwa sodium mu maraso, bikaba bituma umuntu apfa hyponatremie (ukuborerwa n’amazi n’ugusenyuka kw’ubwonko) bishobora gutuma umuntu apfa.

Ubuzima bw'umupfunda w'ubushuhe bw'amatara y'amazi n'igicapo c'ubushuhe¶

Koresha iki giti c’ingingo kugira ngo ushobore guhangana n’ubushuhe budashobora gusubirwamwo muhira, ku kazi canke mu gihe umuyagankuba wo mu ci uhagaze.

flowchart TD
    Start["Ivyihutirwa vy'ubushuhe burengeje urugero:<br/>Ubushuhe bw'amatara y'amazi (Twb) >= 28 C gushika kuri 35 C (82 F gushika kuri 95 F)<br/>canke Index y'ubushuhe >= 41 C gushika kuri 54+ C (105 F gushika kuri 130+ F)"] --> Status{"Hari uwufise Igihugu Gihindutse mu Muzirikanyi?<br/>(Urujijo, Invugo Idasobanutse, Delirium,<br/>Gatsitara, Gufatwa n’Indwara, canke Ukubura Ubwenge)"}

    Status -->|"EGO: UBUSHUHE<br/>Ubushuhe > 40 C (104 F)<br/>Ivyihutirwa bishobora gutera ubuzima"| HeatStroke["'IBIMENYETSO VYA MBERE, IVY'IBIMENYETSO VYA KABIRI':<br/>1. Hamagara 911 / 112 / 999 ubwo nyene<br/>2. Gutera umuntu yakomeretse gushika mw’izosi mu mazi akanye / mu bwogero bw’urubura (2 C gushika kuri 15 C)<br/>3. Niba ata gikarabiro: Rema 'Taco Tarp' ubwogero canke ukoreshe douse ubudasiba n'amazi akonje + amapaki y'urubura ku ijosi, ku maboko, ku rubavu<br/>4. NTUZOKWIGEZE utanga aspirine/acetaminophen (ntaco imaze kandi yonona igitigu/amafyigo)"]

    Status -->|"OYA: Umuntu ari maso<br/>Kurinda Ukwiyongera kw'Ishingiro Kudashobora Gusubirwamwo"| PowerCheck{"Woba ufise<br/>Ivyuma bikora?"}

    PowerCheck -->|"EGO: AC canke Igikoresho co gukuraho ubukonje<br/>kiriko kirakora"| WorkingAC["AMATEGEKO Y'UBURYO BWO GUSHIRA MU MUVYA:<br/>1. Gushiramwo mu cumba 1 gikonje; AC kuri 24 C-26 C (75 F-78 F) canke 'Ukwuma/Gukuraho ubukonje' uburyo<br/>2. Gukingira izuba HANZE y'amadirisho (ibipfukisho/ibipfukisho/ikarata)<br/>3. Ntukigere ukoresha ifuru yo mu gikoni canke iyo kwumisha impuzu mu gihe c’ubushuhe bwinshi<br/>4. Nywa amazi + umunyu w’amazi; reba ababanyi bakuze"]

    PowerCheck -->|"OYA: Uruzitiro rwazimye canke Nta AC<br/>mu Bukonje bwinshi"| Conductive["AMAZI AKONJESHA AMAZI (IGIHE IVYUYA BITANGA):<br/>1. Kwimukira mu nzu yo hasi cane/mu nzu yo munsi y'ubutaka uva ku mishwarara y'izuba<br/>2. Uzuza igikarabiro amazi akonje yo mu ruzi (18 C-25 C / 64 F-77 F)<br/>3. Niwibike umubiri iminota 15-20 kw'isaha CANKE wibike amaboko n'ibirenge mu ndobo z'amazi akanye<br/>4. Gumana urukoba rutose iyo ukoresha umuyaga w'amabateri (hagarika umuyaga iyo umuyaga > 38 C)"]

Fizike n'imibiri y'umuntu y'imipaka ya Wet-Bulb y'imipaka y'amatara y'amazi¶

Kugira ngo umuntu atahure igituma ubushuhe butoshe bukikuje amazi asusurutse (nk’inkengera y’ikiyaga ca Mexique**, ibiyaya vy’uruzi Mississippi na Ohio, ikiyaga c’Ubuperesi, ibiyaga vy’uruzi Indus na Ganges muri Aziya y’Epfo, mu buseruko bw’Ubushinwa, no mu nkengera y’ikiyaga ca Afirika yo mu Burengero) bishobora kwica cane iyo umuntu ari hasi cane kuruta uko yoba ari mu burengero bw’amazi. ingero Ubushuhe bw'Itara ry'Itose (\(T_{wb}\)). (Gulf of Mexico)

1. Itara ryumye n'itara ry'amazi n'itara ry'amazi n'itara ry'amazi ubushuhe bw'isi (WBGT)¶

• Ubushuhe bw’Itara ryumye (\(T_{db}\)): Ubu ni ubushuhe busanzwe bw’ikirere bupimwa n’igipimo c’ubushuhe gisanzwe kirindwa izuba. Mu kirere c’ubugaragwa c’umye (\(10\%\) ubukonje bugereranywa), umuntu arashobora kurokoka ubushuhe bw’ibara ry’umuhondo bugera kuri \(46^\circ\text{C}\) (\(115^\circ\text{F}\)) mu gitutu igihe cose azoba anywa amazi n’umunyu bihagije, kubera ko ikirere c’umye kigenda,4. joules (amakalori 580) y’ubushuhe bwihishije kuri gramme yose y’icuya gihinduka umwuka**.
• Ubushuhe bw’Itara ry’Igipimo c’Ubushuhe (\(T_{wb}\)): Bupimwa mu kuzingira itara ry’igipimo c’ubushuhe mu gitereko c’ipampa gitose hanyuma ugafuha umuyaga wo mu bidukikije. Uko amazi agenda arahinduka umwuka avuye mu gitereko c’amazi gitose, arakonjesha igipimo c’ubushuhe gushika umuyaga uri ku gitereko c’amazi ushitse ku 100 kw’ijana vy’ubukonje.
• Ku 100% y'ubukonje, nta guhinduka kw'umwuka gushobora kubaho, rero Ubushuhe bw'Itara ry'Itose bungana n'Ubushuhe bw'Itara ryumye (\(T_{wb} = T_{db}\)).
• Ku \(35^\circ\text{C}\) (\(95^\circ\text{F}\)) itara ryumye n'ubukonje 100% (canke bingana, klzzwxh:0187), ubushuhe bw'ita ry'amazi butera \(35.0^\uruzitiro\igisomwa{C}\) (\(95.0^\uruzitiro\igisomwa{F}\)).
• Ubushuhe bw’Isi (WBGT): Bukoreshwa n’igisirikare ca Amerika, OSHA/NIOSH, n’imiryango mpuzamakungu y’ubuvuzi bw’imikino. WBGT ihuriza hamwe 70% y’ubushuhe bw’amatara y’amazi (ubukonje + umuyaga), 20% y’ubushuhe bw’amatara y’umukara (imishwarara y’izuba n’ubushuhe buva ku nzira y’amabuye y’agaciro), na 10% y’ubushuhe bw’amatara yumye. Mu muco w’izuba, ivyihutirwa vyica WBGT bishika degre nyinshi ziri munsi y’igitutu \(T_{wb}\).

2. Kubera iki umupaka w’ubuzima bw’umuntu mu vy’ukuri ari \(30.5^\circ\text{C}\) gushika ku \(31.5^\circ\text{C}\) (\(87^\circ\text{F}\) gushika ku \(89^\circ\text{F}\)) Wet-Bulb¶

Mu mwaka w’2010, abahinga mu vy’ikirere Sherwood na Huber bashizeho \(35.0^\circ\text{C}\) (\(95.0^\circ\text{F}\)) wet-bulb nk’igipimo co hejuru c’ubushuhe bwo kubaho kw’umuntu kubera ko ubushuhe bwo mu mutima w’umuntu ari \(37^\)\text (\(98.6^\circ\text{F}\)) n'ubushuhe bw'urukoba butegerezwa kuguma munsi ya \(35^\circ\text{C}\) (\(95^\circ\text{F}\)) kugira ngo ugume ufise ubushuhe bwo hanze.

Ariko rero, igerageza ry’ivyumba vy’ibidukikije vy’abantu ryakozwe na Umugambi wa PSU HEAT wa Kaminuza ya Leta ya Pennsylvania (2022) ku bantu bakuze bakiri bato, bafise amagara meza, bafise amazi yuzuye, ryerekanye ko **ubuhinga nyakuri bw’umubiri w’umuntu bushobora kunanirwa neza imbere y’uko umupaka w’ivyiyumviro \(35^C**\circ\)xt\te - Udakunze igitambaro c’ipampa kizingirijwe ku gipimo c’ubushuhe c’ikiyo, urukoba rw’umuntu rufise urugero rw’icuya rwo hejuru rwo mu mubiri (nk’amalita 1,5 gushika kuri 2,5 kw’isaha) kandi si itosi ryose ry’icuya riva mu binogo vy’urukoba. - Mu bidukikije bishushe kandi bifise ubukonje, ubushuhe butagira uko bungana (aho ubushuhe bwo mu mubiri butangura kuduga ataco bushobora gukora mbere no ku bipimo vy’imibiri biri hafi y’ikiruhuko) mu vy’ukuri butangura ku Ubushuhe bw’Itara ry’Igitoke ry’amadolari 30.5^\circ\3.\text}\(5{C\xt}\) to (\(86.9^\circ\text{F}\) ku \(88.7^\circ\text{F}\)) ku bakiri bato bafise amagara meza, kandi nk'agaciro gatoyi nka **\(26^\circ\text{C}\) ku \(28^\circ\text{C}\) (\(79^\circ\text{F}\) ku $82 abarengeje imyaka 65 iyo ivyutsi biva mu gitereko bigabanuka uko imyaka igenda irarenga.

Imbonerahamwe y'ugushakashaka kw'amatara y'amazi (\(T_{wb}\)) n'ibipimo vy'akaga k'ubuvuzi¶

Koresha iyi nzira y’ishingiro kugira uronke Ubushuhe bw’Ikirere c’Ikirere (\(T_{wb}\)) buva muri raporo y’ikirere yo mu karere kawe Ubushuhe bw’Ikirere (Dry-Bulb) na Ubukonje bugereranywa (%), hamwe n’ingaruka z’umubiri ku mubiri w’umuntu.

Uko worokoka mu nzu iyo umuyagankuba upfuye mu gihe c'ubushuhe bukomeye¶

(Gulf of Mexico)

Iyo umwuka uhagaze kubera ubukonje bwinshi kandi udafise ivyuma bikoresha umuyaga, kurikiza aya ane Amabwirizwa y’ubuhinga bwo kwanka ubushuhe bujana n’ubushuhe:

1. Koresha amazi yo mu ruzi rwa Munisiparite nk’igikoresho co gukura ubushuhe (Uburyo bwo kwibiza mu gikarabiro no mu kuboko)¶

Naho ubushuhe bw’ikirere co hanze bushika ku madolari 40^\circ\text{C}$ (\(104^\circ\text{F}\)) kandi ubukonje bukaba buri ku rugero rwa 85 kw’ijana, amazi y’ibisagara ahambwa metero 1 gushika kuri 2,5 (amafuti 3,3 gushika kuri 8) munsi y’ubutaka, aho ubushuhe buri hagati y’ubutaka n’ubutaka\8 \(26^\umurongo\umwandiko{C}\) (\(64^\umurongo\umwandiko{F}\) na \(79^\umurongo\umwandiko{F}\)). - Kubera ko amazi ari mu mazi afise ubushobozi bwo gutwara ubushuhe nk’incuro 25 kurusha umuyaga be n’ubushobozi bwo gutwara ubushuhe incuro 3.500 kurusha umuyaga, kwibiza urukoba rwawe mu mazi y’uruzitiro ashobora gukura ubushuhe hanze y’amaraso, guca kure rwose inzira y’icuya y’umwuka yazibiye. - Uko wokora igikorwa co gutonyanga amazi: 1. Uzuza igikarabiro amazi akonje yo mu ruzi afise uburebure bwa santimetero 15 gushika kuri 20. (Igikarabiro kimwe co kwuzuza gishobora gukoreshwa incuro nyinshi mu masaha menshi kubera ko amazi \(25^\circ\text{C}\) aguma ari \(12^\circ\text{F}\)] akonje kuruta \(37^\circ\text{C}\) [\(98.6^\circ\text{C}\)) 2. Inyuma y’iminota 45 gushika kuri 60, uryama canke wicare mu mazi akonje iminota 10 gushika kuri 15 gushika wumvise ukonjeje neza (imbere gato y’uko uguhinda umushyitsi gutangura). 3. Nimba amazi adashobora gutembera canke akazigama (Ubuhinga bwo kwibiza mu mazi mu maboko n’ibirenge bw’ingabo za Amerika): Uzuza amazi akonje ibikoresho bibiri vy’amasahani vy’amapulasitike canke indobo z’amalita 20 (amagaloni 5). Icara ku ntebe maze ushire ibiganza vyose n’amaboko y’imbere gushika ku bitugu n’ibirenge vyose n’ibirenge bitagira ikintu mu mazi akanye iminota 15. Ibigza, amaboko y’imbere n’ibirenge birimwo imitsi myinshi y’amaraso yihariye yitwa arteriovenous anastomoses (AVAs) ikora nk’ibikoresho bitanga ubushuhe bw’ibinyabuzima, igasuka ubushuhe bw’imbere mu ndobo y’amazi.

2. Hagarika Imishwarara y’Izuba IMBERE YO Ijabuka Ibirahuri Vy’Idirisha Ryawe¶

Umuco w’izuba umaze guca mu idirisha ry’ikiyo uja mu cumba cawe co gusangiriramwo, inguvu z’izuba zifise imirongo miremire zihinduka ubushuhe bw’imirongo miremire bufatwa mu nzu (the greenhouse effect). Gufunga amabarabara yo mu nzu bihagarika gusa 20 gushika kuri 30 kw’ijana vy’ubwo bushuhe kuko amabarabara ubwayo ashuha gushika ku madolari 50^\circ\text{C}$ (\(122^\circ\text{F}\)) imbere mu cumba: - Manika amabitambaro yerekana umuco, amashuka y’ibitanda yera, amakarata, canke imbaho zikingira umuco HANZE y’amadirisho areba mu bumanuko no mu burengero (canke umugozi ibitambaro vy’ubuzima vy’aluminium bica ibibatsi-inyuma / vyerekana umuco vy’i Mylar bica ku kiyo). Gukingira umuco w’izuba ku ruhande rw’inyuma bigabanya ubushuhe bw’izuba mu cumba kitagira amashanyarazi n’ibice 75 gushika ku bice 85 kw’ijana.

3. Heba amagorofa yo hejuru maze uryamye ku rwego rwo hasi canke ku rwego rwo hasi¶

Umuyaga ushushe kandi utose uraduga biciye ku bushobozi bwo gutera, ugahindura ivyumba vyo mu igorofa rya kabiri n’iry’igorofa ya gatatu biri munsi y’ibisenge vy’amabuye y’agaciro vy’izuba bikaba \(42^\circ\text{C}\) (\(108^\circ\text{F}\)) imitego y’ubushuhe iguma ishushe biteye akaga ijoro ryose: - Nimwimure amaterasi yose, abakuze, abana bato, n’ibikoko vyo mu nzu mumanuke mu nzu yo hasi canke mu nzu yo munsi y’ubutaka. - Igipande co munsi y’ubutaka gikozwe muri beton gikoranye n’isi ku burebure bwa metero 2 (amafuti 6,5) kiguma hafi y’\(18^\circ\text{C}\) gushika ku \(22^\circ\text{C}\) (\(64^\circ\text{F}\) gushika ku \(72^\circ\text{F}\)). Mu gihe c’ubushuhe bw’ubukonje bushobora gutuma umuntu apfa ata nguvu, gukuraho amatapi no kuryama ku mpuzu y’ipampa y’umubiri mutoyi ushitse ku nzu yo munsi y’ubutaka canke ku nzu yo hasi y’amabuye y’agaciro, biratuma ubushuhe buva mu mugongo wawe ijoro ryose.

4. Kurikiza itegeko rya OMS ryerekeye umuyagankuba n'urukoba rutose¶

Niba ufise umuyaga ukoreshwa na bateri canke izuba mu gihe c’umuriro: - Ku bushuhe buri munsi ya \(35^\circ\text{C}\) (\(95^\circ\text{F}\)) dry-bulb: Igikoresho co gukubita umwuka gitera umuyaga wihuta guhinduka umwuka mu gufuha umuyaga wuzuye urubibi wifatanye n’urukoba rwawe. - Ku gihe hari ubukonje bwinshi canke ubushuhe buri hejuru ya \(37^\circ\text{C}\) (\(99^\circ\text{F}\)): Ntukigere ukoresha umuyaga ku ruhu rwumye. Ahubwo, ushire igikombe c’amazi n’igitambaro co gukaraba canke icapa co gutera amazi iruhande y’intebe yawe maze ukomeze gutera amazi ku gikiriza cawe, ku maboko, ku maguru no ku ijosi ryawe ata co ufise mu gihe umuyaga uriko urafuha hejuru y’iyo filime y’amazi atose.

Ubutabazi bwa mbere bwihutirwa ku ndwara y'ubushuhe: "Ugukonja mbere, gutwara ubwa kabiri"¶

Iyo ubushuhe butagira aho bugarukira butuma ubushuhe bwo mu mutima w’umuntu burengera \(40.0^\circ\text{C}\) (\(104.0^\circ\text{F}\)), inzitizi y’amara irasenyuka (ivuza ubumara bwo mu maraso mu maraso), imitsi y’amaraso irasenyuka (imitsi y’amagufa irasenyuka ( intsinga zirasenyuka (rhabdomyolysis), kandi edema yo mu bwonko itera ugutera umuvurungano, inyifato idasanzwe, ukurwanya, kuvuga nabi, ataxia (gutsitara), gufatwa n’intandara canke coma.

Kubera iki "Uruhu rwumye" ari inkuru y'imigani iteye akaga mu gihe c'ubushuhe butoshe¶

Ibitabu vyinshi vya kera vy'ubutabazi bwa mbere bivuga ko abarushe n'ubushuhe bafise urukoba rutose mu gihe abarushe n'ubushuhe bafise "urukoba rushushe kandi rwumye." Abajejwe ubuvuzi bw’ubugaragwa n’ubuvuzi bw’ibihe vyihutirwa (ACSM, WMS, AHA) baragabisha ko ivyo ari IKINYOMA mu bihe vy’ubushuhe butoshe no mu bihe vy’ubushuhe buterwa n’inguvu: - Mu gihe c'ubushuhe butoshe (\(T_{wb} \ge 31^\circ\text{C}\) [\(88^\circ\text{F}\)]), umuntu yashikiwe n'ivyago ashobora gusenyuka kubera ko ubushuhe bushobora gutonyanga ivyuya biracariko birapompa, icuya gusa ntigishobora guhinduka umwuka mu kirere gifise ubukonje. - Umurongo w’UKURI ugabanya ni Central Nervous System (Ubwonko) Function: Iyo umuntu ashushe cane afise urujijo, atagira ico akora, avuga amajambo atari meza, atsitara, ashavura/ataco yiyumvira, canke ataco azi, ni Heat Stroke ataco bimaze ko urukoba rwiwe rutose d canke igufa.

Intambwe ku yindi "Ugukonja Mbere, Ugutwara Ubwa Kabiri"¶

Buri munota umutsi w’umuntu yakomeretse uguma hejuru y’amadolari 40,5^\circ\text{C}$ (\(105^\circ\text{F}\)) birongereza urupfu n’ugusenyuka kw’ubwonko ubudasiba. Ishirahamwe ry’ubuvuzi ryo mu bugaragwa n’amabwirizwa ya ACSM ategeka kugabanya ubushuhe bwo mu mutima munsi y’amadolari 39.0^\circ\text{C}$ (\(102.0^\circ\text{F}\)) mu minota 30 y’ugusenyuka: 1. Hamagara 911 / 112 / 999 ubwo nyene ushire uwugurungika kuri telefone y’ijwi. 2. **Gukora igikorwa co kwibiza umubiri wose mu mazi akanye (Igipimo co gukonjesha c'inzahabu: \(0.15^\circ\text{C}\) ku \(0.25^\circ\text{C}\) [\(0.3^\circ\text{F}\) ku \(0.45^\circ\text{F}**\)] ku munota): - Kura imyambaro yose yo hanze gushika ku mpuzu zo munsi. - Shira uwo muntu mu igikarabiro, mu kidengeri c'abana, mu gitereko c'ibitungwa, canke mu gipfukisho kiremereye kidashobora guterwa n'amazi gifashwe n'abantu bane ("Uburyo bwo kwibika mu gipfukisho ca Taco") cuzuye amazi akanye n'urubura (\(2^\circ\text{C}{F}\) to \(15^\xt\}\)$text \(59^\circ\text{F}\)]), bikaguma bishigikiye umutwe n’inzira y’impwemu hejuru y’amazi. - Umuvuguruze amazi ubudasiba akikuje urukoba rwabo kugira ngo ntihagire urubibi rushushe rubaho. 3. Nimba ata gikarabiro canke igitambaro co gupfuka kiriho (Uburyo bwo gutera amazi + Ice-Sheet): - Uryamira uwo muntu mu gitutu canke mu cumba gikonje cane, ushire umubiri wiwe wose ubudasiba umuyoboro w’itongo canke igikarabiro gikonje, hanyuma ushiremwo imifuko y’urubura canke ibitambaro bitose bikonje bizingirijwe mw’izosi, mu bibero, mu bibero, no ku mubiri wose, uhindure ibitambaro bishushe bimwe ku munota2 wose. 4. Ntukigere uha imiti igabanya umuriro (acetaminophen/paracetamol, ibuprofen, canke aspirine) umuntu arwaye ubushuhe canke urushe n’ubushuhe: Ubushuhe NTIBARI umuriro w’imbere mu mubiri uterwa n’imigera; imiti igabanya ubushuhe ntaco ikora mu kugabanya ubushuhe bwinshi mu bidukikije kandi yihutisha cane ugusenyuka kw’igitigu n’ugusenyuka kw’amafyigo ku murwayi afise umubabaro w’ubushuhe.

Uko wovanga umuti wo gusubiza amazi mu kanwa (ORS) wa OMS wo muhira iyo uvyuka cane¶

Nimba amapaki y’amazi y’ubudandaji ataboneka kandi ukaba uriko uracuya cane amasaha menshi mu bushuhe butoshe, uvange iki nyaco Igikorwa co gusubiza amazi mu kanwa c’Ishirahamwe ry’Ubuzima ry’Isi (OMS) kugira ngo wirinde hyponatremie ishobora kwica: - Litiro 1 (ibikombe 4.2 vy'Amerika / -lita 1) y'amazi meza yo kunywa - Ibiyiko 6 vy’icayi (\(25\text{ grams}\)) vy’isukari yera (isukari irakenewe kugira ngo umusemburo w’insogi n’isukari wo mu mara SGLT1 ukure sodium n’amazi mu maraso yawe) - 0.5 (igice kimwe) c'akayiko k'icayi (\(2.5\text{ grams}\)) k'umunyu wo ku meza usanzwe (chlorure de sodium) - Nimuvyure gushika bipfutse vyose. (Imburi: Sobanura umuti imbere yo kunywa; ntukwiye kuryoherwa n’umunyu nk’uw’amarira y’umuntu. Umunyu mwinshi cane utuma umuntu agira hypernatremie.)

Urutonde rwo kwitegura mu rugo imbere y'umuyaga w'ubushuhe¶

Uzuza uru rutonde imbere y'uko igihe c'icuma gishika:

• Gura igipimo c’ubushuhe canke igipimo c’ubukonje ($10 gushika ku madolari 20) ku cumba cawe co gusangiriramwo: Ivyuma vy’ubushuhe vyo mu nzu vyerekana gusa ubushuhe bw’amatara yumye; kumenya ubukonje bwo mu nzu yawe bigufasha kubara ubushuhe nyakuri bwo mu nzu bwa Wet-Bulb ukoresheje imbonerahamwe iri hejuru.
• Idirisha ry’inyuma ry’igitutu ry’imbere ry’igihe canke ugure ivyuma vyera bigaragaza umuco n’ivyuma vy’inyuma: Tegura ibipfukisho vy’inyuma vy’izuba ku madirisha yose areba mu bumanuko no mu burengero imbere y’uko umuyagankuba uzima.
• Konja amacupa 10 gushika kuri 20 y’amalita abiri (igice ca galoni) y’amazi y’ibitoke akomeye mu gikiriza cawe canke mu gikonje gihagaze: Mu gihe c’ubushuhe butoshe, ayo mabuye akomeye y’urubura aratuma ivyokurya biguma bitekanye KANDI akora nk’ibipapuro vy’ubukonje bishobora gukiza ubuzima bizingiwe mu bitambaro vy’umuryango bitose.
• Ubike amapaki y'umunyu wo gusubiza amazi mu kanwa (ORS) ashingiye ku rugero rwa OMS mu mubiri wawe Ubutabazi bwambere: Gumana nibura amapaki 20 y’amazi y’umuyagankuba ku ntoke kugira ngo umuyagankuba uzime imisi myinshi mu ci.
• Menya ahantu hafi yawe yo gukonjesha vyihutirwa maze utegure "Heat Check Buddy" ku bakuze: Sura (ntuhamagare gusa kuri telefone) incuti canke ababanyi bakuze baba bonyene ata AC incuro zibiri ku musi mu gihe c'ubushuhe buteye akaga, kuko ubushuhe bushobora gutuma umuntu agira ububabare; reba abakuze gutegura ivyihutirwa.

Ibibazo bikunda kubazwa¶

(Gulf of Mexico)¶

(Gulf of Mexico)

Mbega gushiramwo umuntu arwaye ubushuhe mu mazi y’urubura vyoba bitera "uguhungabana", umutima ugatera nabi, canke imitsi igafata ubushuhe imbere?¶

Oya, mu myaka mirongo, hariho ivyiyumviro vy’uko kwibizwa mu mazi akanye vyoshobora gutuma imitsi y’amaraso yo mu rukoba ipfunyarika canke bikatuma umuntu ahinda umushyitsi bigatuma agira ubukonje buhoro. Ivyigwa vyinshi vy’ubuvuzi vyakozwe n’ishure ryisumbuye ry’ubuvuzi ry’imikino ryo muri Amerika (ACSM), igisirikare ca Amerika, n’abashakashatsi b’ubuvuzi bw’ibihe vyihutirwa basubiramwo ibihumbi vy’abantu bafatwa n’indwara y’ubushuhe buterwa n’ugukora cane, vyerekanye ko kwibika umubiri wose mu mazi akanye ($2^\circ\text{C}$ gushika ku $15^\\circ\text\text{C} $59^\circ\text{F}$]) ni ubuvuzi bwihuta, butekanye, kandi bukora neza kuruta ubundi bwose kw'isi, bushika ku rugero rwo kurokoka hafi 100 kw'ijana iyo butanguye ubwo nyene ("Ugukonja Ubwa mbere, Ugutwara Ubwa kabiri"). Ubushuhe bwinshi bw’amazi akanye burarengera ubushuhe bwose bwo mu bwonko n’umutima bugabanuka incuro zibiri kuruta ubushuhe bw’ibipapuro vy’urubura canke ibikoresho bitera umukungugu.

Ni kuki inyigisho z’ivyumba vy’abantu zo muri Leta ya Penn zo mu 2022 zagabanyije urugero rw’umutekano wa Wet-Bulb kuva ku madolari 35^\circ\text{C}$ (\(95^\circ\text{F}\)) gushika ku madolari 31^\circ\text{C}$ (\(88^\circ\text{F}\))?¶

Igitigiri c’amatara y’amazi y’intango $35^\circ\text{C}$ ($95^\circ\text{F}$) caharuwe n’abahinga mu vya fizike mu 2010 cafata umubiri w’umuntu nk’igice c’umubiri ciza cane gipfutse n’igitambaro gitose c’ibice 100 kw’ijana gifise ivyutsi bitagira aho bigarukira kandi kigatuma ubushuhe bw’urukoba buzamuka $35^\umuzingi\umwandiko{C}$. Igihe abahinga mu vy’imibiri bo muri kaminuza ya Pennsylvania State University bashira abasore n’inkumi bafise amagara meza mu vyumba bigenzurwa n’ikirere maze bagakurikirana ubushuhe bwo mu mubiri wabo bakoresheje imiti igabanya ubushuhe, basanze utugingo ngengabuzima tw’abantu tudashobora gutobeka urukoba n’ubushobozi bwo guhinduka umwuka 100 kw’ijana. Mu bantu nyabo bakora imyimenyerezo mikeyi ku musi, ubushuhe bw’umubiri bwaradutse butagenzurwa ku bushuhe bwa Wet-Bulb bwa $30.5^\circ\text{C}$ ku $31.5^\circ\text{C}$ ($87^\circ\text{F\hum}in

Noshobora gukonjesha inzu yanje mu gihe c’ubushuhe burengeje urugero mu gufungura urugi rwa frigo canke mu kumanika impuzu zitose mu nzu?¶

Ntukigere ukora na kimwe muri ivyo bintu bibiri. Ica mbere, frigo canke congelateur ni ipompo y’ubushuhe ijana ubushuhe imbere mu gasandugu gafise insulation ikaja mu bipfukisho biri inyuma canke hasi y’ico gikoresho; gusiga urugi rwa frigo rwuguruye imbere mu gikoni cawe mu vy’ukuri birashusha icumba kubera ko moteri y’umuyagankuba itanga ubushuhe burengeye ubw’umwanda mu gihe ipompa ubushuhe nyabwo nyene mu nziga. Ubwa kabiri, gumanika amashiti atose canke imyambaro itose imbere mu nzu yugarijwe mu gihe c’ubushuhe butoshe bituma ubukonje bwo mu nzu bushika ku bice 90%, bikaba bituma ubushuhe bwo mu nzu butera imbere kandi bikaba bituma urukoba rwawe rudashobora gukura ivyutsi. Ahubwo, ushire amazi akonje ku rukoba rwawe bwite (aho ubushuhe bujana umuyagankuba bukonjesha amaraso yawe) aho gutera amazi mu kirere co mu cumba.

Amasoko yasuzumwe¶

• Ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ryitaho amagara y’abantu (OMS) n’ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ryitaho ivy’imitererere (WMO): Imipfunda y’ubushuhe n’ubuzima: Impanuro ku bijanye n’ugutegura uburyo bwo kugabisha, ivyerekeye gukoresha umuyagankuba, n’ingingo ngenderwako zo gusubiramwo amazi mu kanwa.
• Kaminuza ya Leta ya Pennsylvania (Umugambi wa PSU HEAT / Vecellio n'abandi, Ikinyamakuru c'Ivy'Imibiri, 2022): Gusuzuma \(35^\circ\text{C}\) Ubushobozi bwo Guhindura Ubushuhe bw'Itara ry'Igitoke ku Bakiri bato, bafise Amagara Maza ($35} \(31.5^\circ\igisomwa{C}\) Igipimo c'Ivyiyumviro).
• Ikigo c’Igihugu c’Umutekano n’Ubuzima ku Kazi (NIOSH / CDC, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika): Ivyiyumviro vy’Itegeko ry’Impanuro: Gushikirwa n’Ubushuhe n’Ibidukikije Bishushe ku Kazi (Imipaka y’Igihe c’Akazi-Ikiruhuko n’Ivy’Ubuzima).
• Ishure ryisumbuye ry'ubuvuzi bw'imikino ry'Amerika (ACSM) n'ishirahamwe ry'ubuvuzi ry'ubugaragwa (WMS): Itangazo ry'ubumwe n'ingingo ngenderwako z'ubuvuzi ku bijanye no kwirinda no kuvura indwara y'ubushuhe buterwa n'inguvu n'ubushuhe bwa kera ("Cool First, Transport Second" Cold-Water Immersion).
• Ikigo ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kijejwe ivy'imihindagurikire y'ikirere (NWS / NOAA): Ubushuhe bwo kw'isi bukoresheje amatara y'amazi (WBGT), Index y'ubushuhe n'ubuhinga bw'amatara y'amazi, n'umutekano w'ubushuhe bukaze.

Inyobora zifitaniye isano¶

• Ubushuhe bukaze: kwitegura no kurokoka
• Ubushuhe bwa kera bwo kurokoka no gukonjesha mu nzu
• Indwara y'ubushuhe: urushe n'ubushuhe n'ubufasha bwa mbere bw'ubushuhe
• Itegeko ry'ivyihutirwa ry'abakuze n'umutekano
• Ubumuga n'ivyo ubuvuzi bukeneye mu bihe vyihutirwa