Ivyuma bisohoka mu ruhome bishushe canke bihinduye ibara, amatara avuga, n’ivyago vy’amawaya y’aluminium¶

Igikoresho c’umuyagankuba co ku ruhome (igikoresho co gufata) canke igikoresho co guhindura urumuri gikwiye kwama kimeze nk’ubushuhe bwo mu cumba iyo umuntu akozeko kandi kigakora mu gacerere. Igihe cose ukoze ku gipande co ku ruhome maze ukumva ko gishushe canke gishushe, ubone ibimenyetso vy’ibara ry’agahama canke ry’agahama hirya no hino y’ibibanza vy’amapoto bihagaze, wumve ijwi ry’ugusinzikaza, ry’ugusinzikaza, canke ry’ugusinzikaza ry’amajwi 60-Hz imbere mu gasandugu k’uruhome, canke wumve umunuko w’uruhome,ro mu cumba co kuraramwo canke mu nzira y’imbere ata nkomoko igaragara, wabonye ikosa ry’umuyagankuba ry’uruhererekane rw’uburemere bwinshi (ihuriro ry’umuyagankuba rikayangana) rikora imbere mu mfuruka y’uruhome rwawe. Dukurikije ibivugwa na U.S. Consumer Safety Commission (CPSC) be n’ishirahamwe ry’igihugu ryitaho ivy’ugukingira umuriro (NFPA), amashami y’amashanyarazi, ibikoresho vyo gukoresha be n’ibikoresho vyo guhindura umuriro bituma amazu arenga 25.000 atera umuriro buri mwaka, akenshi bikaba bitera umuriro ku bipande vy’ibiti vyo mu nzu n’ibindi bihimba vy’umubiri. ingendo.

Ni kuki umuyagankuba wawe w’ama amp 15 canke 20 udakora igihe isohoka ry’umuriro riri mu ruhome ririko rirashonga kandi rikayangana n’umutuku w’umutuku ku degre 500 gushika kuri 700 (930 gushika kuri 1.300 degrees Fahrenheit)? Kuko igikoresho co guca umurongo w’ubushuhe n’amabuye y’agaciro gisanzwe gikoreshwa gusa kugira ngo kimenye ubushuhe burenze urugero (igihe umurongo ukwega amashanyarazi arenga 15 canke 20 amps yose hamwe). Iyo umurongo w'ivyuma vy'umuringa biri imbere mu gisohoka c'uruhome urekuye, iyo umurongo w'ivyuma "backstab" push-in ushizweko amapfundo utakaje ubushobozi, canke iyo 1965-to-1973 ishami ry'ivyuma ry'aluminium rikomeye rihindutse oxide munsi y'ivyuma vy'umuringa, iyo nzira y'ivyuma ntiyongera umuriro; ahubwo, irema 2- gushika kuri 5-ohm y’umuyagankuba w’ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’umuyagankuba. Iyo igikoresho co gushushanya canke co kwumisha umushatsi c’ama-amp 12 gikoreshwa kuri iyo nzira, igikoresho co gucapura kibona ama-amp 12 asanzwe maze kiguma gifise umunezero, mu gihe kuri iyo nzira y’ugushushanya y’ama-amp iri imbere mu ruhome, \(I^2R\) igikoresho co gushushanya ca Joule (\(12\text{ A}^2 \tt\ga) {\)12\text{ A}^2 \tt\ga =3 ihindura iyo nkoko icuma co gutera umuyagankuba kikayangana c’amawatt 430 gihambwe mu gasandugu k’ipulasitike iruhande y’ibipande vy’ibiti vyumye. N'ikindi giteye ubwoba, kubera ko amasoko yo mu nzu akoreshwa mu "uruzitiro rw'amadayisi" (uruhererekane rw'ibifungurwa), amasoko ari inyuma y'isofa yawe ata kintu na kimwe kiyishizemwo arashobora gufata umuriro bukwi na bukwi kubera ko igikoresho co gushushanya ikirere gishizwe mu cumba co kuraramwo gitandukanye rwose n'inyuma mu nzu kiriko kirakwega am*sta2th terminal. y’isohoka ry’ubusa ryo mu cumba c’uburaro. Kumenya ingene wofunga umurongo w’ishami ubwo nyene ata gukurura igipfukisho gipfutse munsi y’umuzigo, kumenya umunuko w’“ifi yapfuye” w’impuzu zishushe cane, no gukuraho amahuzu y’ivyuma vy’umugongo n’ivy’ivyuma bitagira umugozi bibuza umuriro w’uruhome wihishije.

Ivyo ubikore ubu¶

1. ZIMA umuriro ugaburira umuriro ushushe, uvuga, canke uhinduye ibara canke umuyagankuba uri ku gicapo cawe nyamukuru c’umuyagankuba ubwo nyene. Genda ugororotse ku gasandugu kawe k’umuyagankuba mukuru maze uhindure umuzima w’ishami ry’ama amp 15 canke 20 kugira ngo ico cumba ZIME. Niba ububiko bwawe bw’ibikoresho vy’ugucapura butagira ikimenyetso canke butagira ukuri kandi aho isohokera iriko iranywa umwotsi, iriko irafuha, canke iriko iranuka cane nk’impuzu y’impuzu/ifi yaturitse, hindukiza igikoresho kinini co gucapura (100A canke 200A) kiri hejuru cane y’igipande ku OFF kugira ngo ugabanye umuriro ku nzu yose, ushire umuriro ku nzu yose, ushire umuriro ku nzu yose ni ukwayo.
2. Niwabona umwotsi uriko urazunguruka uva ku gipande co mu maso, inkwi zikayangana imbere mu mfuruka y’uruhome, canke wumva uruhome rwumye rukikuje aho rusohokera ruri hejuru ya degre 60 Celsius (140 degrees Fahrenheit): genda uhamagare uwo mu karere kawe inomero z'ivyihutirwa. Ntukigere utera amazi canke ikintu co kuzimya umuriro gikoreshwa mu mazi mu gitereko c’umuyagankuba. Ibiti vy'uruhome (2x4 framing) n’ivyuma vy’ibara ry’agahama canke ivy’ibara ry’agahama vy’ibara ry’agahama vyihishijwe inyuma y’uruhome rwumye birashobora gufuha ata co bimenyekana bivuye ku cuma gishushe cane canke ku gasandugu k’ivyuma vy’ibara ry’agahama. Hamagara 911 muri Amerika na Canada, 112 hirya no hino mu Bumwe bw’Uburaya, canke 999 mu Bwongereza kugira abazimya umuriro bashobore gusuzuma umwobo w’uruhome bakoresheje kamera ifata amashusho y’ubushuhe. Suzuma ivyacu umuriro w'umuyagankuba n'ibishashi vyihutirwa.
3. Igihe umuriro umaze kwemezwa ko UZIMIYE: ushire ikintu cose muri iyo nzira n'ibindi vyose biri muri iyo nzira nyene. Ibuka "Daisy-Chain Feed-Through Rule": iyo ukoze ku nzira y'uruhome iri ubusa inyuma y'itafari ry'ibitabu ryari rifise **ikintu na kimwe cari gishushe muri ryo, umuyagankuba uremereye (nk’igikoresho co gushushanya ikirere, PC yo gukina, igikoresho co kwumisha umusatsi, canke icuma) gishizwe mu gikoresho co gusohora amashanyarazi kija hasi kiri kure y’uruzitiro rumwe. Kura ibikoresho vyose bishushanya n’ibikoresho vyose bikoresha amashanyarazi menshi biri muri ico cumba no mu vyumba bihegereye.
4. Itohoza ryose ry'akabanga ry'"ifi yapfuye, inyama z'ingurube ziboze, canke amazi y'imbwa" mu cumba mu guhobera (kuva ku masentimetero 15 / inches 6 utakozeko) ku bikoresho vyawe vyo mu ruhome, ku bikoresho vy'amatara, no ku bikoresho vyo mu gisenge ni. Ivyombo vy'amashanyarazi, ibikoresho vy'amashanyarazi, ibikoresho vy'amashanyarazi bihinduka ubushuhe bushobora guhangana n’ubushuhe amaresine y’ubushuhe (Bakelite) n’amapulasitike y’urea-formaldehyde. Iyo umuringa wo mu mutima ukorana n’ivyo bikoresho bifise ubushuhe burengeye degre 150 za Celsius (degre 300 za Fahrenheit), iyo nzira y’ubushuhe irekura ibintu bishobora guhinduka bita methylamines n’ibintu bita ammonia bimota 100 kw’ijana bisa n’ibiboze vy’amafi canke amasobe. Iyo icumba kinuka nk’ifi, ntugira ingorane y’amazi canke y’ibikoko bipfuye; ufise igikoresho c’umuyagankuba citeka n’inguvu imbere mu ruhome canke mu gisenge.
5. Menya nimba umuyagankuba wo ku ruhome ushushe ari umuyagankuba usanzwe canke umuyagankuba w'uruhome uteye akaga.
6. Ibisanzwe: Igikoresho co guhindura umuriro (igikoresho co guhindura umuriro, gizunguruka, canke igikoresho co guhindura umuriro gikoreshwa n’ubwenge gicungera amatara menshi y’umuriro/halogen canke y’ubushobozi bwinshi) gitanga 3 gushika ku 12 watts z’ubushuhe mu gice caco c’imbere TRIAC semiconductor heat-ice fin list ku ** m UL gushika kuri 40). 50 degre Celsius / 105 gushika kuri 120 degre Fahrenheit) mu gihe amatara ariko aracana.
7. Ivyihutirwa biteye akaga: Igikoresho co guhindura ON/OFF canke co guhindura umuriro (kitazimya) canke igikoresho cose co mu ruhome gikwiye kuba gifise zero ubushuhe bwo mu mutima kandi kigomba kwigera kigira ubushuhe. Iyo umuyagankuba usanzwe canke ikintu cose gifata umuriro wumva mbere gishushe gatoyi, canke iyo umuyagankuba w’umuyagankuba ushushe cane ku buryo udashobora gufata urutoke rwawe neza mu masegonda 5 (hejuru ya 60°C / 140°F) canke ugakomeza gushuha iyo amatara azimye OFF, zima im.
8. Ntukigere ukoresha igikoresho co gusohora umuriro caturitse, gishonze canke gifise uturongo tudakomeye, kandi ntukigere ushiramwo igikoresho co gushushanya umuriro c’amawatt 1.500 mu gitereko c’amashanyarazi canke mu gitereko c’amashanyarazi gishaje. Iyo amabara y’umuringa yo mu gitereko amaze gushuha cane, umuringa uratakaza uburebure bwawo ubudasiba. ntashobora kwigera afata neza urushinge rw’umuriro kandi azoshuha cane mbere n’igihe uzoba uriko urashiramwo ikintu.

Igisohoka gishushe, umuyagankuba uvuga, n'urugendo rwa GFCI rwo gupima urugendo¶

Koresha iki kigereranyo c’ubuhinga bwo gutoranya kugira ngo umenye igituma igikoresho co mu ruhome, umuyagankuba, canke igikoresho co gusohora GFCI gishushe cane, kivuga canke kigatsitara.

flowchart TD
    Start["Igisohoka c'umuyagankuba ku ruhome canke umuyagankuba wabonetse"] --> Symptom{"1. Ni ikihe kimenyetso nyaco?"}

    Symptom -->|"A. Igisohoka co ku ruhome kirumva gishushe/gishushe, gifise uturongo tw’inzobe/tunyoshe<br/>, canke ivyumba bimota nk’ifi yapfuye"| CutBreaker["IGIKORWA CO GUKORA UBWO nyene:<br/>1. Hindukiza Ishami ry'Igikoresho co Guca Umuyagankuba ku OFF MBERE<br/>2. Kura ibikoresho gusa IMBERE y'uko umuriro uzimye<br/>3. Suzuma nimba isoko ryari rigaburira igishushanyo c'ikirere / AC"]

    Symptom -->|"B. Igikoresho co guhindura urumuri kirumva gishushe canke kigira<br/>ijwi ry’uguvuza induru iyo gihindukiye"| SwitchCheck{"Mbega iyo switch ni Dimmer Switch<br/>canke iyo switch isanzwe yo guhindura ON/OFF?"}

    Symptom -->|"C. Amatara yo mu cumba kimwe arazimangana/arazimangana cane<br/>iyo micro-onde canke igikoresho co gushushanya ikirere gifunguye"| LooseWire["HIGH-RESISTANCE DAISY-CHAIN FAULT:<br/>Umugozi wo gusunika 'Backstab' canke umugozi wa Aluminium<br/>mu gisohoka co hejuru hagati y'igipande n'iki cumba.<br/>Zima umurongo & uhindure umugozi wose w'inyuma ube umugozi w'inyuma."]

    Symptom -->|"D. Igisohoka ca GFCI mu bwogero/igikoni/garaje<br/>kiguma gitsitara canke kikanda n’umutuku/umuco uzimvye"| GFCITriage{"Mbega buto ya GFCI RESET yoba iguma muri<br/>inyuma yo gukuraho imigozi yose?"}

    CutBreaker --> WireAge{"Iyo nzu yoba yubatswe canke yashizweko amawaya hagati ya<br/>1965 na 1973?"}
    WireAge -->|"EGO: Suzuma ko hari amabara y’ifeza akomeye<br/>Imirongo y’amashami y’aluminium iri mu gasandugu"| AlumProtocol["AKAGA K’IBIMENYETSO VYA ALUMINIUM:<br/>Ibisohoka vy’umuringa bimenyerewe birananirwa ku mugozi w’aluminium.<br/>Utegerezwa gukoresha ibisohoka bifise igitigiri ca CO/ALR CANKE AlumiConn<br/>ibihuza 3-port purple lug bifise imitsi y’umuringa."]
    WireAge -->|"OYA: Intsinga z'umuringa"| CopperProtocol["Subiriza igikoresho co gushiramwo umuriro/gishonze<br/>20A Igikoresho co Gusohoka c’Ikigero c’Ubucuruzi;<br/>zingira ivyuma vy’umuringa J-hooks mu buryo bw’isaha munsi y’ibipfunsi vyo mu ruhande."]

    SwitchCheck -->|"Igikoresho co guhindura umuriro: gishushe buhoro buhoro (40-50 C) GUSA<br/>igihe amatara ARI MU; nta n'umunuko canke ugusaduka"| NormalDimmer["Ubushuhe busanzwe bw’Igikoresho c’Ubushuhe bwa TRIAC:<br/>Suzuma ko ubushobozi bwose bw’amatara butarenze<br/>igipimo c’uguzimya (derate iyo ari isanduku y’imigwi myinshi)."]
    SwitchCheck -->|"Igikoresho gisanzwe co guhindura ON/OFF kirumva gishushe,<br/>CANKE igikoresho cose kivuga, kikagira ibishashi, canke kikagira umunuko"| BadSwitch["FAILING / ARCING SWITCH:<br/>Ibipande vy'ifeza vyo mu mutima bifise imyobo n'ibipfunsi.<br/>Hindukiza umuzima ubwo nyene & usubirizeho umuriro."]

    GFCITriage -->|"Ingendo ubwo nyene mbere ata kintu na kimwe gishizwemwo"| GroundFault["Ubukonje bwo hasi mu gasandugu k’inyuma k’isohoka,<br/>Igikoresho gisohoka hasi, canke GFCI y’igihe kirekire yigerageje<br/>(Itara ry’umutuku rikomeye/rizimvye = Gusubirizwa kw’iherezo ry’ubuzima)"]

Igishushanyo c'ukugereranya: isohoka ry'uruhome n'ibimenyetso vy'imburi¶

Koresha iyi mbonerahamwe kugira ngo umenye uburemere n’imizi y’ikimenyetso c’umuyagankuba canke c’umuyagankuba mu nzu yawe.

Fizike ya "15-Amp Breaker Paradox": Kubera iki umuriro ukayangana-umutuku udashobora gutera umuvuduko usanzwe¶

Iciyumviro kimwe giteye akaga kuruta ibindi vyose mu bijanye n'umutekano wo mu nzu ni ukwemera ngo: "Iyo haba ingorane y'umuyagankuba iteye akaga mu nzira y'umuyagankuba wanje, umuyagankuba wo mu nzu yo hasi woshobora gutsitara ukawuzima."

Ehe igituma umuzigo w’umuriro usanzwe udashobora kubona umurongo w’isohoka ry’umuriro ry’umuriro ry’umuriro ry’umuriro ry’umuriro ry’umuriro ry’umuriro ry’umuriro ry’umuriro ry’umuriro ry’umuriro ry’umuriro ry’umuriro ry’umuriro gushika bicerewe cane: 1. Ivyo bipimo vy'ubushuhe-magneti bipima: - Igikoresho co gucapura 15 canke 20 amp kiri mu gipande cawe gipima gusa umuyagankuba wose (amperes) uva muri ico gicapo. Nta igikoresho co gupima ubushuhe kiri imbere mu ruhome rw’icumba cawe kandi (kiretse iyo ari igikoresho co guca AFCI co muri iki gihe) nta microprocesseur iraba ko hariho urutonde rw’ibintu bigenda. 2. Itegeko rya Ohm na \(I^2R\) Urutonde rw'Ugushushanya ("Ihuza Rikayangana"): - Twibaze ko ushize igikoresho co gushushanya ikirere gishobora gutwarwa n’umuyagankuba c’amawatt 1.500 mu gitereko c’amashanyarazi co mu cumba co kuraramwo ku nzira y’amashanyarazi y’amavolte 15, 120. Kubera itegeko rya Ohm (\(I = P / V\)), igikoresho co gushushanya ikirere gikura \(1.500\umwandiko{ W} / 120\umwandiko{ V} = 12,5\umwandiko{ amps}\). - Kubera ko 12.5 amps ari munsi ya 15 amps, igikoresho co gucapura 15 amps kiri mu nzu yawe yo munsi y’ubutaka 100 kw’ijana kihaze kandi ntikizokwigera gitera. - Imbere mu gisohoka c’uruhome gifise amagara meza kandi gikomeye, ubushobozi bwo gukorana n’umuyagankuba hagati y’urutsinga rw’umuringa, urutsinga rw’umuringa, n’urutsinga rw’umuringa burari munsi ya 0.005 ohms (\(5\text{ milliohms}\)). Ku 12,5 amps, ubushuhe buva imbere mu gisohoka gikomeye ni \(I^2R = (12,5)^2 \incuro 0,005 = \mathbf{0,78\text{ watts}}\) (bukonje rwose iyo umuntu abukozeko). - None rero, dufate ko "backstab" push-in wire spring imbere muri iyo nzira irekura imyaka 10, canke amabara y'umuringa akashaza, akaduza ubushobozi bwo gukorana kuri ako gace gatoyi kuva ku \(0.005\text{ ohms}\) gushika ku \(2.0\text{ ohms}\) gusa. - Igitigiri cose c’amashanyarazi mu vy’ukuri kiragabanuka gatoyi (kuva kuri 12.5 amps gushika kuri 10.9 amps, bituma umuvuduko wo munsi y’ubutaka mbere udashobora gutera.), mu gihe kuri ako gace gatoyi k’umurongo w’amazi 2-ohm kari imbere mu gasandugu k’isohoka, ubushuhe buva mu karere burasimbuka buja kuri: $\(P = I^2 \incuro R = (10,9\umwandiko{ A})^2 \incuro 2,0\,\Omega = \imibarebf{237\umwandiko{ amawatts y'ubushuhe bwihariye butagira agasembwa}}\)$ - Kwibanda ku 237 watts (ububasha bw’amatara ane y’igihe ca kera y’amawatt 60 canke imbunda ikomeye cane yo gutera) ku mutwe w’ivyuma vy’umuringa w’imilimetero 2 imbere mu gasandugu k’uruhome k’ipulasitike katagira umwuka, ni vyo bituma ivyuma n’ivyuma vy’umuringa C00 bigenda neza. (1.100 degrees Fahrenheit)**, gufukura ivyuma vy’umuringa vy’i PVC, gutera umuriro mu gasandugu k’ipulasitike, no gucana umuriro ku ruhome rw’ibiti mu gihe umuvuduko wo munsi y’ubutaka usoma amahoro 10,9 amps.

Ico kibazo ca 1: "Ibikoresho vy'ugusunika mu mugongo" n'umutego w'uruzitiro rwa Daisy¶

Niwaba uba mu nzu yubatswe kuva mu myaka ya 1960 gushika n’ubu maze ukabona ko isoko ry’umuriro ritagira ico rishizemwo ryumva rishushe, canke ko amatara n’isohoka ry’umuriro biri mu gice c’icumba bica bica ibibatsi bukwi na bukwi canke bikapfa iyo ushize umuyagankuba canke micro-onde mu ruhome rutandukanye, ihuriro.

Igikoresho co gusohoka "Backstab" (Gusunika-Mu) ni iki?¶

Inyuma y'ibarabara ryose ry'amashanyarazi ry'ama-amp 15 ry'amazu y'uburaro ridahenda cane ry'amadolari 1,50 hariho utunogo umunani dutoduto twiburungushuye twitwa push-in terminals (mu rurimi rw'ikirundi rwitwa "backstabs" n'abahinga mu vy'amashanyarazi). - Kugira ngo inzu ishire amawaya vyihuta uko bishoboka kwose mu gihe c’ubwubatsi, abubatsi barakurako amawaya y’umuringa afise uburebure bwa milimetero 13 (½ inch) maze batera uwo mugozi ugororotse utagira ikintu mu mwobo uri inyuma y’aho usohokera aho kuzingira uwo mugozi ku bipfukisho vy’umuringa biremerera vyo ku ruhande. - Imbere muri ico kinogo hariho uruzitiro rw’imbugita rw’umuringa rworoshe nk’urupapuro rurya mu ruhande rw’urutsinga rw’umuringa hejuru y’igice gikorana gitoyi kuruta umutwe w’ipin (kitari munsi ya milimetero 1). - Ikindi, kugira ngo umuntu akoreshe amabarabara 8 mu cumba co kuraramwo ku nzira imwe, abubatsi bakoresha umubiri w’ibarabara ubwawo nk’ikiraro co gufatanya (daisy-chaining): umurongo winjira uva ku gipande c’umuvuduko w’ibarabara uca uterwa mu mwobo wo hejuru w’inyuma, umurongo usohoka ugaburira amabarabara 7 akurikira inyuma y’umurongo uterwa n’ibarabara. - Kubera iki backstabs zidakora: Igihe cose umuntu afunguye igikoresho co gushushanya ikirere c’ama-amp 12, igikoresho co kwumisha umusatsi, icuma, canke AC y’idirisha ku isohoka rya nyuma cane mu ruzitiro, izo amps 12 zitegerezwa kurwana inzira zazo biciye mu 14 tiny knife-edge backstab springs uple out the.7 Ico gipfukisho c’umuringa kiragwira iyo gishushe kigaca kigabanuka iyo gikonje (thermal cycling), kigaca kigoyagoya buhoro buhoro igipfukisho c’impuzu gitoya gushika ico gipfukisho gikwega n’agace ka milimetero, kigatangura series arcing, kigaca gifukura igisohoka c’ubusa kiri hejuru y’uruhome nyene.

Ivyo gukosora ubudasiba: "Gufata ingurube" no gufatanya n'ivyuma vyo ku ruhande¶

Igihe wewe canke umuhinga mu vy’amashanyarazi musubirije igikoresho cose gishushe, kigenda kirazimangana canke gishaje: 1. Ntukigere ukoresha imyobo y'inyuma y'inyuma y'aho isohokera. 2. Ntukigere ukoresha ibipfukisho bibiri vyo ku ruhande rw’aho isohokera nk’ikiraro co guca mu bisohoka biva mu ruzi. Ahubwo, fata umugozi w’umuringa ushushe winjira uva ku gipande, umugozi w’umwirabura ushushe usohoka ushire ku gisohoka gikurikira, n’igice kigufi c’umuringa w’umuringa w’amasentimetero 15 (6-inch) to **ther " mu buryo bw’isaha imbere mu intsinga y’amababa y’agaciro kanini (canke Wago 221 lever-nut), hanyuma uhuze iyo nsinga imwe gusa y’umugozi w’ingurube mu nzira y’isaha y’urudodo rw’isaha munsi y’umuringa wo ku ruhande rw’isohoka (hanyuma usubiremwo n’umugozi w’ingurube w’umweru ku nsinga zitagira aho zigarukira). 3. Mu pigtailing, umuyagankuba uja mu bisohoka biva mu mazi uca ugororotse mu nzira ikomeye y’umuringa n’umuringa iri inyuma y’agasanduku kandi ntiwigera uca mu mubiri w’isohoka, bikaba bidashoboka ko igikoresho co gushushanya ikirere co mu mazi gishobora gushushanya cane isohoka ryo hejuru.

Ico kibazo ca 2: Amashami akomeye y’aluminium (Amazu yubatswe kuva mu 1965 gushika mu 1973)¶

Nimba inzu yawe, inzu yo mu gisagara, canke inyubakwa yawe yubatswe canke yagutse hagati ya 1965 na 1973 (igihe ubukene bw’umuringa kw’isi yose bwatumye abubatsi batera amawaya nk’amazu **miliyoni 2 yo muri Amerika y’Uburaruko afise amawaya akomeye 12-AWG canke 10-AWG single-strand-ampuit bra1 20-amp outlets n’ama switch), igikoresho gishushe ni ivyihutirwa vy’agaciro kanini.

Uko womenya ko inzu yawe ifise amashanyarazi y'ishami ry'aluminium¶

(Iciyumviro: Intsinga z’aluminiyumu zikomeye, zifise imirongo myinshi zikoreshwa ku gipande nyamukuru c’ibikorwa vy’amashanyarazi c’amaamp 200, ku gipande c’umuyagankuba c’amaamp 50, canke ku gikoresho co kwumisha c’amaamp 30, ziratekanye iyo zirangijwe mu bipande vy’amapine bifise ubushobozi bwo gutera ivyatsi. Ico kibazo c’umuriro gikomeye cane gikoreshwa canecane ku ** single-strand1 amawaya y’aluminium* agaburira amatara asanzwe yo mu ruhome n’amatara.)* 1. Igihe umuzima w’umuyagankuba OFF, umurikishe itara mu gasandugu k’isohoka kafunguye canke urabe igipfukisho co hanze c’ipulasitike c’imirongo ya NM yinjira mu gicapo c’umuyagankuba wo mu nzu yawe yo munsi y’ubutaka: - Intsinga zikozwe n'ibikoresho vy'aluminium zifise ijambo AL canke ALUMINUM canke ALUM icapwe canke igacapurwa buri santimetero 30 gushika kuri 60 (amafuti 1 gushika kuri 2) ku ruhande rw’impuzu y’inyuma y’ipulasitike, kandi umugozi w’icuma utagira ikintu uri imbere mu nsinga z’umuyagankuba usa n’uw’ifeza/umweru** aho gusa n’umuringa w’umutuku-umuhondo. 2. Kubera iki umugozi ukomeye w’aluminium ufata umuriro ku bikoresho vy’umuringa gusa (Ivyerekeye inyigisho ya CPSC): - Dushingiye ku nyigisho zihambaye z’umuriro zakozwe mu gihugu cose zakozwe n’ishirahamwe U.S. Komisiyo y'umutekano w'ibicuruzwa vy'abaguzi (CPSC Publication 516), inzu zifise amashanyarazi y'amashami akomeye y'aluminiyumu imbere y'umwaka wa 1972 incuro 55 zishobora kugira amashanyarazi imwe canke menshi ku masoko ashika ku "Ibihe vy'Ingorane z'Umuriro" kuruta inzu zifise amashanyarazi y'umuringa. - Uburyo bune bwo kunanirwa kw'ivyuma: 1. Ukwaguka kw'ubushuhe gukomeye & "Cold Flow Creep": Aluminium iragwira kandi igakomera 38 kw'ijana kuruta umuringa iyo ishushe n'umuzigo w'umuyagankuba. Iyo umugozi ukomeye w’aluminium ufashwe munsi y’icuma canke umuringa usohora umugozi ugashuha, iyo aluminium yoroshe iriko iragwira nta ho ija, rero isohoka ("ikwegakwega") iva munsi y’umutwe w’umugozi nk’umuti wo gusukura amenyo. Iyo umuzigo uzimye kandi iyo nsinga igakonja, iyo nsinga y’aluminiyumu isongoye ubu iratotahaye kuruta uko yari imbere, igasiga ikinogo c’umuyaga kidakomeye munsi y’ico gikoresho. 2. Igipande c’umuringa gishobora gukingira umuriro (\(\text{Al}_2\text{O}_3\)): Iyo umuringa ugira umwuka mu kirere, umuringa uguma ugira umwuka w’umuringa. Iyo aluminium ishikiwe n’ikirere, ica ihita igira urukoba rutoyi cane rw’aluminium oxide (\(\text{Al}_2\text{O}_3\), safire/corundum), ari rwo igikoresho co gukingira umuyagankuba kiri hafi y’ugutungana gituma ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ibintu bushika mu kirere. 3. Ugusenyuka kw’ivyuma: Ivyuma bitandukanye (umugozi w’aluminium ukora ku nkoko y’umuringa mu kirere gifise ubukonje) birashikirwa n’ugusenyuka kw’ivyuma birya iyo nzira. 4. Gukomera n’ugusenyuka kw’ibikorwa: Intsinga ikomeye y’aluminium irakomera kandi irasenyuka ata ngorane iyo ipfutse inyuma n’imbere incuro zirenga zibiri canke zitatu iyo usunikiye isohoka mu gasandugu.

Uburyo 3 GUSA bwemejwe na CPSC bwo gusanura amawaya y'ishami ry'aluminium¶

Niba ufise amashami akomeye y'amashami y'aluminium mu nzu yawe kandi isohoka ryumva rishushe, rigenda rirazimangana, canke rikeneye gusubirwamwo, **NTUKIGEZE ufatanya umurongo ukomeye w'aluminium n'isoko ry'umuringa ry'agaciro "CU-Only" (Umuringa-Gusa), kandi NTUKIGEZE ugobeka umurongo w'aluminium n'umurongo w'umuringa hamwe imbere mu murongo w'umuringa (pur-nut) usanzwe twist-on wire nuts, zifise amateka yanditswe y’ugushuha cane kw’itongo mu bipimo vya CPSC).

Koresha uburyo bumwe gusa muri ubwo buryo butatu bwemewe ku mugaragaro: 1. Uburyo bwa 1 (Ivyiza kuruta ibindi vyose vyo gusanura isanduku y'amashanyarazi): Umwami Innovation "AlumiConn" 3-Port Purple Lug Connectors: - Igikoresho cemejwe na CPSC, UL, n’abajejwe ubwishingizi, Igifatanya AlumiConn ni igice gitoyi c’ibara ry’umuyugubwe gifise ibinogo bitatu bitandukanye vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vyuzuye imbere y’igihe umuti wo gukingira umubiri. - Kubera ko umugozi w’aluminium winjira, umugozi w’aluminium usohoka, n’umugozi mushasha w’umuringa, umwe wese aja mu gipfukisho ciwe bwite (ni co gituma umugozi w’aluminium n’uw’umuringa utazokwigera ukorana canke ngo ujanjagure) kandi ukaba ushizweko umugozi w’umuvuduko w’umuvuduko, biratuma udashobora gukuraho ubudasiba. uhuze umugozi w’umuringa n’isoko ry’umuringa ry’iki gihe. 2. Uburyo bwa 2 (Ubuhoraho bw'Itangazamakuru ry'Umwuga): TE Guhuza "COPALUM" Cold-Weld Crimp: - Ishizweho n’umuhinga mu vy’amashanyarazi yemerewe akoresheje igikoresho kidasanzwe 10.000-PSI powered hydraulic crimp tool gifatanya umugozi w’aluminiyumu n’umugozi w’umuringa uri mu gipfukisho c’icuma gitoboye, gipfutse n’imiyoboro iremereye y’ubushuhe. 3. Uburyo bwa 3 (Gusubirira igikoresho c'ivyihutirwa vy'igihe gito): CO/ALR-Ibikoresho n'Ibikoresho vy'Ikidodo: - Niba utegerezwa gusubirira igikoresho co gusohora ubushuhe canke guhindura ataco uhinduye ku nsinga z’aluminium ata n’imwe ipfutse, ugure Igikoresho co gushiramwo canke guhindura igikoresho gifise ikidodo gitomoye CO/ALR (Umuringa/Aluminium Yasubiwemwo) ku mugozi wo gushiramwo ivyuma (si CU/AL, ari co kigero ca kera co mu myaka ya 1970 cananiwe kugerageza umutekano). CO/ALR ibikoresho bikoresha ibipfunsi vy’umuringa vyoroshe vy’indium bifise imitwe minini cane igenewe kurya biciye mu mfuruka y’aluminium ata gumenagura umugozi.

Ico kibazo ca 3: Kubera iki ibikoresho vya GFCI biguma bitsitara canke bikanda (Amakosa yo hasi n’iherezo ry’ubuzima)¶

Inkoni zo muri iki gihe, ubwogero, amagaraje, amazu yo munsi y’ubutaka, n’inkuta zo hanze bikoresha GFCI (Igikoresho co Guhagarika Umuyagankuba) gifise TEST na RESET amabuto. Udakunze umuvuduko wo mu nzu yo hasi (ugenda ku 15 canke 20 amps), GFCI irimwo umuhinduzi w’amashanyarazi ashobora gukurikirana uburinganire nyabwo bw’amashanyarazi ava mu Hot slot akagaruka ku Neutral slot, akazibira ubushobozi mu 25 ellivens to 5 milliseconds. amps) isohoka yerekeza hasi (nk’akarorero, biciye mu gikoresho co kwumisha umusatsi gitose ikaja mu kuboko kwawe).

Iyo igikoresho co gusohora GFCI mu nzu yawe gitangura bukwi na bukwi gukanda kenshi, kivuga, kigaragaza itara ry’umutuku rikomeye canke rizimvye, canke kikanka kureka RESET buto iguma isunikiwe muri:

1. Kura umugozi wose kuri iyo nzira ya GFCI NO ku nzira zose "Zirindwa":
2. Igikoresho kimwe co gusohora GFCI kiri mu cumba co hasi c’ubwogero canke mu garage akenshi gikoreshwa n’amashanyarazi biciye ku LOAD terminals zo kurinda ibisohoka vyose vyo hanze y’ibaraza, ivy’inyuma y’urugo, n’ibisohoka vyo mu bwogero bwo hejuru.
3. Iyo amazi y’imvura yinjiye mu mugozi wo hanze wo kwagura urumuri rw’imisi mikuru ku rugi rw’imbere, GFCI iri imbere mu garage canke mu bwogero izotsitara maze yanke gusubiramwo gushika usohotse hanze ugakura umugozi utose mu nzira y’inyuma y’uruzi.
4. Gusobanura urumuri rw'umutuku ruzimvye canke rukomeye ku bikoresho vya none vy'ubuhinga bwa none vy'ubuhinga bwa none (UL 943 Post-2015 Standard):
5. Kuva muri Ruheshi 2015, UL 943 isaba ko amasoko yose mashasha ya GFCI agurishwa muri Amerika y’Uburaruko akora ukwisuzuma kw’imbere mu mubiri kw’ubuhinga bwa none buri minota 15 gushika ku masaha 3 (ivyo rimwe na rimwe bituma haba ijwi ritoyi ry’ugukanda rimwe).
6. Nimba akatara gatoyi ka LED kari mu maso ha GFCI kariko karakayangana UMUTUKU canke UMUTUKU ukomeye kandi buto ya RESET ikaba yanse kwinjira (naho ata kintu na kimwe gishizwemwo): Igikoresho co mu mutima co gukingira umuyaga canke igikoresho co gukosora umuriro gikoreshwa na silikoni (SCR) carashitse ku **tenlure-of-f surge canke power outage spike) kandi yari yifunze ubudasiba ku buryo idashobora kuguha inyiyumvo y’uburinzi y’ikinyoma. Zima umuriro maze usubirizeho umuriro w’amadolari 18 GFCI.
7. Frigo / Frigo ishizwe mu garage GFCI:
8. Amafiriji ya kera yo mu garage n’amafiriji yo mu gikiriza afise ibikoresho vyo gutangura n’ibikoresho vyo gukuraho ubukonje biva mu buryo busanzwe 3 gushika ku 5 miliamps z’ubushobozi ku gicapo c’icuma iyo compresseur iteye canke ipfutse, bikaba bitera ingendo zibabaza za GFCI zishobora kwonona amajana y’amadolari y’ibifungurwa vyakonjeshejwe. Reka umuhinga mu vy’amashanyarazi ashiremwo umurongo w’amashanyarazi wihariye w’ibarabara rimwe canke ibarabara ry’amashanyarazi ry’ubuhinga bwa none ry’ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi vyo mu garage, hanyuma ushiremwo Audible Power-Outage Alarm y’amadolari 15 muri iyo nzira nyene kugira ngo wumve ijwi ry’ugucakira ubwo nyene iyo GFCI yo mu garaje yigeze gutera.

Ibibazo bikunda kubazwa¶

Ni kuki icumba canje co kuraramwo canke co kwogeramwo bica bimota bukwi na bukwi nk’ifi yapfuye iboze naho nyene ico cumba ata gatotsi kirimwo?¶

Umunuko utunguranye, udashobora kwihenda w’amafi aboze, amafi yapfuye, canke amoniya/amasobe mu cumba, canecane iyo akomera cane iyo igikoresho co gushushanya ikirere, igikoresho co gutuma umuyaga ugera mu nzu, itara ryo mu gisenge, canke igikoresho co kwumisha ibintu biriko birakora maze kikazimangana isaha imwe inyuma y’aho zizimye, ni ikimenyetso ca kera c’ubuhinga bwa none. umuyagankuba, igikoresho co mu gisenge, canke igikoresho co gucapura. Ivyuma vy’umuyagankuba, intsinga z’umuyagankuba be n’ibikoresho vy’umuyagankuba bibumbwa mu mapulasitike ashobora guhangana n’ubushuhe (Bakelite) be n’ay’urea-formaldehyde, ivyo bikaba bishobora kubora iyo bishushe hejuru ya degre 150 za Celsius (degre 300 za Fahrenheit) bikoresheje umuyagankuba ushobora gusenyuka, ushobora gusenyuka. ifi zo mu kiyaga; uzime umuriro w’ico cumba ubwo nyene maze usuzume aho umuyagankuba wose usohokera n’umuyagankuba wose.

None igikoresho co mu ruhome ata kintu na kimwe gishizwemwo coshobora gute gushuha canke gusenyuka?¶

Mu bijanye n’ugushiramwo amashanyarazi mu nzu, abahinga mu vy’amashanyarazi ntibakunda gukoresha amashanyarazi atandukanye kuva ku gipande c’umuyagankuba gushika ku nzira imwe imwe; ahubwo, umugozi umwe uva ku gipande c’umugozi uja ku nzira ya mbere iri mu ruzitiro, hanyuma ugaca uva ku mpera z’urwo nzira ukaja ku nzira ya kabiri, iya gatatu n’iya kane umanuka ku ruhome ("daisy-chaining"). Iyo umuntu ashize igikoresho co gushushanya ikibanza c’amawatt 1.500 mu Gisohoka #4 kiri ku ruhande rwa kure rw’icumba, ama ampère yose 12,5 y’uwo muyagankuba ategerezwa guca agororotse biciye mu bipfunsi canke amapfundo y’ugusunika "backstab" y’Isohoka #1, #2, na #3 ry’Ubusa mu nzira; iyo Empty Outlet #2 ifise umugozi w’inyuma urekuye imbere mu gasandugu kayo, umuriro unyura muri iyo junction irekuye uzoshuha cane maze ushonge Empty Outlet #2 naho ata kintu na kimwe gishizwe mu maso hayo.

Ni kubera iki utokwigera ushiramwo igikoresho co gushushanya ikirere gishobora gutwarwa n’amawatt 1.500 mu mugozi w’amashanyarazi canke mu mugozi w’ugukura?¶

Mu buryo butandukanye n’igikoresho co gucapura televiziyo, orodinateri canke telefone (kikoresha gusa ama ampere 0,5 gushika ku 2 mu bihe bimwebimwe), igikoresho co gushushanya ikirere gikoreshwa n’umuyagankuba c’ama watt 1.500 gikoresha ama ampere 12,5 ubudasiba mu masaha menshi, kigafata 83 kw’ijana vy’ubushobozi bwose bw’umuyagankuba w’ama ampère 15. Ivyuma vy’amashanyarazi vy’amasoko menshi n’ivy’ugukingira amashanyarazi birimwo ivyuma vy’umuringa vy’imbere, akagingo ngengabuzima gatoyi k’ubushuhe k’amaamp 15, n’umugozi w’amasaha 16 canke 14 AWG udakoreshwa mu gukomeza amasaha menshi i 12,5-amp thermal heating switch kugira ngo umuriro w’ubushuhe ushiremwo amasaha menshi, amatapi; wama ushire igikoresho co gushushanya ikibanza mu gitereko co ku ruhome gifata neza kandi ntukigere ugisiga kigenda ata wukicungera canke igihe usinziriye.

Ni itandukaniro irihe riri hagati y’umuyagankuba wa GFCI n’umuyagankuba wa AFCI, kandi ni irihe rihagarika umuriro ushushe?¶

GFCI (Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter) ni igikoresho co kurwanya umuyagankuba gikoreshwa mu gukingira abantu ahantu hatose (mu bwogero, mu bikoni, hanze) mu guca umuriro iyo umuyagankuba w’ama miliampe 5 usohotse mu muyagankuba ukaja hasi; ariko rero, GFCI NTIYASHOBORA kubona umugozi urekuye, ukayangana-ushushe canke urudodo rw’uruzitiro ruri imbere mu gisohokero c’icumba c’uburaro cyumye kubera ko umuriro wose ukiriko uragaruka ku mugozi utagira aho uhengamiye. AFCI (Combination Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupter) igicapo canke igisohoka gikoresha umuyagankuba mutoyi kugira ngo kigenzure umukono w’umuyagankuba w’incuro nyinshi (RF) ku nsinga, kigatahura vyose bihuye n’ibishashi vy’umuyagankuba n’uruzitiro rw’umuyagankuba rushobora guca ku nsinga y’umuyagankuba canke umugozi w’umuyagankuba. uruhome.

Amasoko yasuzumwe¶

• Ishirahamwe ry’Umutekano w’Ibikoresho vy’Abaguzi ryo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (CPSC): Igitabu 516: Gusanasana Intsinga z’Aluminium na Ivyago vy’Umuriro mu Bikoresho vy’Amashanyarazi yo mu Rugo: Ivyuma Bifata Amashanyarazi Bidakomeye, Amahuza y’Ibikoresho vy’Igihugu, n’Imigozi y’Ivyuma Bishushanya Ikirere Idakora neza.
• Ishirahamwe ry’Igihugu ry’Ukurinda Umuriro (NFPA): NFPA 70: Itegeko ry’Igihugu ryerekeye Amashanyarazi (NEC) Ingingo 210.12 (Ukurinda AFCI), 210.8 (Ukurinda GFCI), na 406 (Ibikoresho n’Ibimenyetso vya CO/ALR).
• Ivyuma vy’abahinga mu vy’ubuhinga (UL): *UL 498 (Itegeko ry’Ibikoresho vyo Gufatanya n’Ibikoresho), UL 943 (Itegeko ry’Ibikoresho Bigabanya Amakosa yo hasi bifise Igerageza ry’Ukwigenzura), na UL 1699 (Ibikoresho Bikora Amakosa yo Hasi).
• Ishirahamwe Mpuzamakungu ry'Umutekano w'Amashanyarazi (ESFI) & Ishirahamwe ry'Umutekano w'Amashanyarazi rya mbere (Ubwongereza): Kwemera Ivyumba vy'Umuyagankuba Bishushe cane, Iminuko y'Ifi y'Ipulasitike ya Phenolic, n'Ibihuza Amashanyarazi Bikayangana.

Inyobora zifitaniye isano¶

• Umuriro w'umuyagankuba, ibishashi, n'umunuko w'umuriro mu bihome
• Ivyuma vy'umuyagankuba, ibicapura bivuga, n'ugushuha cane
• Umuriro w'ibikoresho: gukuraho umuriro, gufunga umuvuduko, no guhagarika umuriro wo mu rwego rwa C
• Nta bushuhe mu rushana: ubushuhe bwiza bwo mu nzu n'uburinzi bw'imiyoboro
• Amashanyarazi arazima: urumuri rwiza, ibifungurwa bitekanye, n'uburinzi bw'umuyaga
• Ububiko bw'inomero z'ivyihutirwa