Ibinyoma DMCA Uburenganzira bw'Umuhinguzi Gutera Ubusuma kuri YouTube, Instagram, canke TikTok: Ukwiregura kw'Itangazo ry'Ivyiyumviro¶

Kuvyuka ukabona Ibitero vy'uburenganzira bw'umuhinguzi bibiri canke bitatu bitunguranye ku mavidewo yawe y'umwimerere yo kuri YouTube, ama Reels ya Instagram, canke ivyo washize kuri TikTok, haciye iminota mikeyi n'ubutumwa bwa email canke Discord/Telegram buvuye ku "Uwusaba" busaba $500 to $5,000 mu Bitcoin canke USDT kugira ngo usubize inyuma ibitero imbere y’uko umurongo wawe wose uhagarara ubuziraherezo mu misi 7, ni kimwe mu bibazo vyihutirwa vy’ugufata amahera bitera umubabaro cane umuhinguzi w’ibintu, umunyamakuru, canke ikimenyetso c’ubudandaji bwo kuri interineti ashobora guhura navyo. Abo batera bakoresha nabi imashini yikora "gukuraho imbere, ugasuzuma hanyuma" Igice ca 512© c'Itegeko ry'Uburenganzira bw'Umuhinguzi ry'Ikinjana ca U.S. (17 U.S.C. § 512) mu gutanga amatangazo y’ugukuraho amakuru y’ibinyoma mu mazina y’ibinyoma canke mu ma studio y’umuziki yigira nk’abandi, mu kumenya ko ibitero bitatu vy’uburenganzira bw’umuhinguzi bitatowe umuti bituma konti yose ibuzwa.

N’ikibi kuruta, abahinguzi benshi bagenda bagororotse mu mutego wa kabiri: iyo bihutiye gukanda "Submit Counter-Notification" imbere muri YouTube Studio, Instagram, canke TikTok kugira ngo barwanye iyo ntambara y’ikinyoma, ntibamenya ko itegeko rya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ryitwa DMCA (17 U.S.C. § 512(g)(3)(D)) bihatira mu buryo bw’amategeko urubuga kohereza kopi yuzuye y’Itangazo ryawe ry’Inyishu, harimwo Izina ryawe ryose, Aderesi yawe y’Ibarabara ry’Inzu, n’Inomero ya Telefone y’Umuntu, ataco uhinduye ku gasandugu k’imeli k’uwo munyavyaha, uwo na we agaca akoresha aderesi yawe yo muhira kugira ngo doxxing canke physical police swatting.

Nimba umunyagihugu ariko aragutera ubwoba canke ariko aratera ubwoba ko azogufata aho uba, hamagara abapolisi bo mu karere kawe canke inomero y’ivyihutirwa (911 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika no muri Kanada, 112 mu Bumwe bw’Uburayi bwose, 999 mu Bwongereza; raba inomero z'ivyihutirwa) n'isubiramwo gukorana n’abantu ku rubuga rwa interineti, guhamagara abakoresha kugira ngo batotezwe, no kwirinda gukubitwa. Ivyerekeye uburongozi bwacu bw'abavukanyi ku amashusho y'urukundo atari mu kwemeranya n'ugukuraho vyihutirwa vya DMCA, gutotezwa kuri Internet, doxxing, no gutotezwa kuri Internet, na umurongo w'umuremyi wanyazwe n'ubuhendanyi bwa crypto uko ushitsa ubu buhinga bwo kurwanya ubusuma n’uburinzi bw’Imenyekanisha ry’Ivyiyumviro.

Ivyo ubikore ubu¶

1. NTUKIRIHE INCUNGU, kandi NTUSUBIZE n’ishavu email canke ubutumwa bwa Telegram bw’uwo munyavyaha. Kwishura Bitcoin canke PayPal umunyavyaha w’uburenganzira bw’umuhinguzi ntivyigera bihera igitero: over 80 percent y'abaremyi bariha ivya mbere . $500 ibisabwa bica bikubitwa n’ibisabwa vya kabiri vy’ $2,000 (canke uwo mubeshi arazimangana ataco asubiye inyuma kubera ko banditse email y’uwusaba ku rubuga rwa burner bari bamaze guheba). Ahubwo, fata amafoto yuzuye, ataco akora yerekana imitwe nyayo y'imeli y'uwo musuma (Show Original / .eml dosiye), igikoresho co gukoresha Telegaramu/Discord, aderesi y’ipoke ya Bitcoin, n’ibimenyetso vy’amasanamu nyavyo vya YouTube/Instagram bateye ubwoba.
2. NTUKIGEZE wandika aderesi y’ibarabara ry’aho uba canke inomero ya telefone ngendanwa yawe bwite mu rupapuro rw’Itangazo ry’Inyishu rya DMCA igihe urwana n’umuntu w’umunyaruyeri canke umunyaruyeri. Hakurikijwe itegeko, YouTube, Meta, na TikTok bica birungika Itangazo ryawe ry’Inyishu ijambo ku rindi ku wusaba. Imisi yose ushireho Umukozi yiyandikishije / Umukozi w'uburenganzira bw'umuhinguzi / Umuhanuzi mu vy'amategeko / Ikigo cakira ubutumwa bw'ubudandaji (CMRA aderesi y’ibarabara) n’inomero ya telefone yihariye ya VoIP (Google Voice) Imbere y’uko utanga Itangazo ryawe ry’Inyishu (raba Amasezerano y’Itangazo ry’Inyishu Rikingiwe n’Ibanga mu Gice ca 2 aha hepfo).
3. Niwaba waronse ibitero 3 vy'uburenganzira bw'umuhinguzi kuri YouTube ukabona ibendera ry'umutuku "Your account is scheduled for termination in 7 days", NTUGIRE ubwoba-gukuraho amasanamu yakubiswe. Gukuraho amasanamu afise igitero c'uburenganzira bw'umuhinguzi gikora NTIBIKURAHO igitero; ahubwo, gukuraho iyo videwo bica bisenya ubudasiba ubushobozi bwawe bwo gutanga Imenyekanisha ry’Ivyiyumviro biciye kuri YouTube Studio kandi bikaba bigora cane Ishirahamwe ry’Uguhohotera Uburenganzira bw’Umuhinguzi rya YouTube gusuzuma ivyo binyoma. Siga amavidewo yakubiswe atakozweko mu dashboard yawe.
4. Sobanuka ingene "Igihe c'Imisi 7 c'Ikinyabupfura" kuri YouTube gikora iyo ufise ibitero 3: Igihe cose ushizeho Itangazo ry'Igisubizo rya DMCA rifise akamaro IMBERE y'uko igihe c'imisi 7 co guharura kirangira, YouTube **irahagarika kandi ihagarika igiharuro c'imirongo 10-to-si-10. yiruka. Umurongo wawe ntizo gukurwaho ku musi wa 7 nimba hariho Itangazo ry'Inyishu ry'ukuri ririndiriwe.
5. Gushire amafoto y'ubusuma ku rubuga rw'urubuga "Uwusaba uburenganzira bw'umuhinguzi w'ubuhendanyi" MU BIJANYE n'Imenyekanisha ryawe ry'Inyishu. Mu gihe Itangazo ry'Inyishu risanzwe rifata imisi 10 gushika ku 14 y'akazi hakurikijwe itegeko, kohereza ikimenyamenya c'ubusuma bw'amahera ("Pay us $1,000 or we strike your channel") ku @TeamYouTube / Infashanyo y'umuremyi wa YouTube (copyright@youtube.com), Meta IP Abuse, canke TikTok Legal yemerera abahinga bo mu mutima Trust & Safety gukuraho mu ncamake ibitero vy’ubuhendanyi mu masaha 24 gushika kuri 48 no guhagarika konti y’uwusaba ubuhendanyi hakurikijwe . 17 U.S.C. § 512(f).
6. Ntukigere utanga itangazo ry'ugusubiza rya DMCA nimba mu vy'ukuri wakoresheje umuziki w'ubudandaji udafise uruhusha, amasanamu ya sinema, canke amasanamu y'uwundi muntu ATARI mu buryo bubereye. Gutanga itangazo ry'ugusubiza ni inyandiko y'amategeko y'Urukiko rwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika yashizweko umukono mu gihano co kwemera ibinyoma aho su. Iyo uwusaba ari ishirahamwe ry’amajwi ry’ukuri (UMG, Sony, Warner), studio y’amasanamu, canke umufotozi wakoresheje vy’ukuri igikorwa ciwe ata ruhusha, Itangazo ry’Ikibazo ritumira ikirego nyaco c’uburenganzira bw’umuhinguzi ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika; koresha inzira ya Isaba ryo Gusubira inyuma aho.

Igiti c'ingingo: Ikinyoma ca DMCA gitera ubusuma n'uburenganzira bw'umuhinguzi bwemewe¶

Koresha iyi flowchart kugira uhitemwo inzira nyayo yo kwikingira ivy’amategeko n’ivy’urubuga ataco ugaragaza aderesi yawe yo muhira canke ngo utakaze umurongo wawe.

flowchart TD
    A["Yaronse uburenganzira bwo gukuraho uburenganzira bw'umuhinguzi kuri YouTube, instagram, TikTok, canke twitch"] --> B{"Woba wewe ubwawe wararemye 100% vy’ibirimwo (canke ufise uruhusha rwanditse / clear Fair Use), CANKE iyo strike ni igitero c’ububisha / stalker?"}
    B -->|"OYA: Mu vy’ukuri nakoresheje umuziki, anime, imikino canke igice c’uwundi muhinguzi ata ruhusha"| C["NTUKIRE 512(g) Counter-Notice (Ugusezerana kw’ibinyoma mu mategeko / ingorane yo gutanga ikirego) -> Rindira imisi 90 kugira ngo igikorwa co guhagarika akazi kirangire CANKE wohereze ubutumwa kuri email uwufise uburenganzira usaba gusubira inyuma ku bushake"]
    B -->|"EGO: 100% igitero c'ikinyoma, ubuhendanyi bwo gufata amahera, kugerageza gukora stalker dox, canke kwiba gusubira gushiramwo videwo YANJE bwite"| D{"Mbega uwusaba yaraguhamagaye asaba amahera, crypto, canke ubuntu bwo gukuraho iyo strike?"}
    D -->|"EGO: Gusaba Incungu / Gusaba Incungu"| E["Igishushanyo c'imitwe y'imeli (.eml), DMs, n'amaderesi y'ipoke -> NTUKIRIHE -> Raporo y'Ugufata ku nguvu uhereye ku Bufasha bw'Umuremyi / @TeamYouTube / Ishirahamwe ry'Ibikoresho vy'Ivyagezwe"]
    D -->|"OYA: Igitero c'ikinyoma c'agacerere canke igitero c'umuhiganwa/troll"| F["Gutegura Ibanga ry’Ibanga 17 U.S.C. 512(g) Itangazo ry'Ivyiyumviro"]
    E --> F
    F --> G["INTAMBWE YA 1 (ANTI-DOXXING SHIELD): Uronke Aderesi y’Ibarabara ry’Ubucuruzi (Umukozi / Umuvugizi / CMRA PMB) + Inomero ya Telefone ya VoIP itandukanye (NTUZOKWIGEZE ukoresha aderesi yawe yo muhira)"]
    G --> H["INTAMBWE YA 2: Shira Itangazo ry’Ikibazo ry’Ivyagezwe vya DMCA imbere y’uko igihe co guhagarika igikorwa c’iminsi 7 gihera"]
    H --> I["Urubuga rurungika Itangazo ry'Inyishu ku Musaba maze rugatangura isaha y'Itegeko y'Umusi w'Ubucuruzi kuva ku musi wa 10 gushika ku musi wa 14"]
    I --> J{"Mbega Uwusaba yoba agushikirije ikirego nyaco mu Rukiko rwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu misi 10-14 y’akazi?"}
    J -->|"OYA (99.9% vy’abahendanyi/abanyaruyeri ntibashobora gutanga ikirego ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika)"| K["Urubuga ruca rusubizaho videwo yawe maze rugakuraho uburenganzira bw'umuhinguzi ku musi wa 10-14"]
    J -->|"'Itegeko ry'urukiko ry'ibinyoma' PDF yashikirijwe n'umubeshi"| L["Gusaba kugenzura idosiye biciye kuri PACER (pacer.uscourts.gov) -> Urubuga rwanse PDF y'ibinyoma, rugarura umurongo, kandi rukabuza umusuma"]

Igice ca 1: Uko ubuhendanyi bwa "3-Strike DMCA Extortion" bukora (Kandi kuki abahendanyi bama batsindwa ku musi wa 14)¶

Gutahura neza ubuhinga nyabwo bwo mu vy’amategeko 17 U.S.C. § 512 ikuraho 90 kw’ijana vy’ubwoba abasuma bizigira kugira ngo baguhe:

1. Ubusumbasumbane hagati y’Itangazo ryo Gukuraho (512(c)) n’Imenyekanisha ry’Ivyiyumviro (512(g))¶

1. Kubera iki vyoroshe cane ko umusuma aguha Strike (17 U.S.C. § 512(c)):
   • Kugira ngo "Safe Harbor" igumye irindwa n'amadosiye y'uburenganzira bw'umuhinguzi y'amamiliyaridi y'amadolari, YouTube, Instagram, TikTok, canke Twitch bisabwa n'amategeko gukora "vyihuse gukuraho, canke guhagarika ukuronka" videwo iyo ari yo yose umuntu akimara gutanga urupapuro rurimwo ibintu bitandatu vy'amategeko vy'ugukuraho DMCA.
   • Abahendanyi bakoresha nabi ivyo mu gukuraho imwe mu mavidewo yawe bwite, bagasubira kuyishira ku rubuga rudatomoye canke ku muhora w’umuriro ufise ikimenyetso c’igihe (canke guhingura izina ry’ishirahamwe ry’ikinyoma nka "Global Digital Media Rights LLC"), no gutanga amatangazo atatu yo gukuraho amasanamu ku isaha zibiri z’ijoro ku musi wa gatanu n’umuhora wawe wo guhagarika.
2. Kubera iki ububasha bw'umuhendanyi buvaho igihe ushizeho Itangazo ry'Inyishu (17 U.S.C. § 512(g)(2)(C)):
   • Mu itegeko rya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, iyo umaze gutanga Itangazo ry’Ikibazo rifise akamaro, iyo nzira irayirungikira uwuyisaba maze igatangura guharura imisi 10 gushika kuri 14 y’akazi.
   • Muri iyo misi 10 gushika kuri 14 y’akazi, uwusaba ntashobora gusa kohereza ubutumwa kuri email avuga ko bataravyemeranya. Kugira ngo videwo yawe igume hasi inyuma y’Itangazo ry’Inyishu, uwusaba asabwa n’amategeko gukoresha umuvugizi w’amatati ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, kwishura $405 Amafaranga yo gutanga amafaranga y’Urukiko rw’Akarere ka Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, shira ikirego nyaco c’uguhonyanga uburenganzira bw’umuhinguzi mu Rukiko rw’Akarere ka Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (canke Inama y’Uburenganzira bw’Umuhinguzi CCB), kandi bagatanga impapuro z’ikirego z’urukiko rwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zifise ikidodo ku rubuga.
   • Umunyavyaha w’ama Bitcoin atazwi izina ryiwe mu Buraya bwo mu Buseruko canke muri Aziya y’Amajyepfo, canke umunyaruyeri wo kuri internet adafise iyandikisha ry’Ibiro vy’Uburenganzira bw’Umuhinguzi vya U.S. (17 U.S.C. § 411(a), ari co gitegekanijwe gishirwa mu ngiro n’Urukiko Rukuru rwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu Fourth Estate v. Wall-Street.com imbere y’uko umuntu wese ashobora gutanga ikirego c’uburenganzira bw’umuhinguzi wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika), NTISHOBORA gutanga ikirego ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Igihe Umusi wa 14 ushitse ata kirego c’urukiko gishikirijwe, urubuga rurashirwa mu ngiro n’amategeko 512(g) kugira ngo usubizeho video yawe kandi ukureho strike.

Igereranyo: Ikirego c'Indangamuntu y'Ibirimwo n'Igitero c'Uburenganzira bw'Umuhinguzi n'Igitero c'Uburenganzira bw'Umuhinguzi¶

Igice ca 2: Uko wotanga urubanza rwa 17 U.S.C. § 512(g) Itangazo ry’Inyishu ATA doxxing y’aho uba¶

Iyo igitero c’ikinyoma ca DMCA catanzwe n’umunyaruyeri, umunyaruyeri, umuhiganwa, canke umunyaruyeri wo kuri internet, ntiwigere ushiramwo aderesi y’ibarabara ry’i muhira canke inomero ya telefone yawe bwite mu rupapuro rw’Itangazo ry’Ikibazo.

Aha niho hari uburyo butatu bushingiye ku mategeko, bwemewe n’urubuga bwo gushitsa ibisabwa n’amategeko y’ 17 U.S.C. § 512(g)(3) mu gihe uguma uzigama ibanga ry’aho uba 100 kw’ijana:

1. Ihitamwo rya 1 (Ivyiza ku Baremyi n'Abamenyeshamakuru): Gukora Privacy LLC n'Umukozi w'Ubucuruzi Yanditswe ($35 to $100): Kwandika umuremyi woroshe LLC (nk'akarorero, muri Wyoming, Delaware, canke New Mexico biciye ku gikorwa c'Umukozi w'Ubucuruzi nk'Umukozi w'Uburengero) atanga aderesi nyayo y'ibarabara aho Umukozi w'Ubucuruzi yemerewe n'amategeko kwemera "Igikorwa c'Ibikorwa" ku be half yawe. Kubera ko intumbero y’iyo nsiguro yo mu 2012. 17 U.S.C. § 512(g)(3)(D) ni kwemera canecane ubufasha bw'amategeko, gutanga urutonde rw'aderesi y'ibarabara y'Umukozi wawe Yanditswe hamwe n'inomero y'Ijwi rya Google bishitsa itegeko ataco ugaragaza aho uryama.
2. Ihitamwo rya 2 (Gutegura vyihuta kuruta ibindi vyose mu minota 15): Gukodesha isandugu y'ubutumwa y'ibarabara ry'ubudandaji (UPS Store / iPostal1 / Anytime Mailbox): Bitandukanye n'i "P.O. Box" ya USPS (iyo umuhinga mu gusesangura amafomu ya YouTube yanse), Ishirahamwe ry'Ubucuruzi ry'Ukwakira Ubutumwa (CMRA) nk’Iduka rya UPS riguha aderesi nyayo y’ibarabara ry’ubudandaji (nk’ "123 Main St, Suite 400-102, City, State ZIP"). Uyifatanye n'inomero ya telefone y'ubuntu Ijwi rya Google canke Burner.
3. Ihitamwo rya 3 (Ukutamenyekana): Gukomeza gushinga umuvugizi wa Internet / IP kugira ngo aguhe nk’Umuserukira Wemerewe: Bompi YouTube (support.google.com/youtube/answer/2807684) na Meta yemerera mu buryo butomoye umuvugizi yemerewe gutanga Itangazo ry’Inyishu mw’izina ry’umukiriya akoresheje Aderesi y’ibiro vy’Ishirahamwe ry’Abavoka n’inomero ya telefone kugira ngo akoreshe urubanza.

2. Amabwirizwa yo gutanga itangazo ry'intambwe ku yindi¶

A. Youtube (YouTube Studio Urupapuro rw'urubuga n'Imeli)¶

1. Injira muri studio.youtube.com ku mucukumbuzi w'ibiro -> fyonda ku Ibirimwo ku ruhande rw'ibubamfu -> ucungurure Uburenganzira bw'umuhinguzi (canke ukande kuri Ivyaha vy'umurongo -> Ivyaha vy'uburenganzira bw'umuhinguzi bikora ku Dashboard yawe).
2. Ushire urutoke ku "Ibirimwo birinzwe n'uburenganzira bw'umuhinguzi" hanyuma ukande Raba ido n'ido -> Ibikorwa -> Wohereze itangazo ry'ugusubiza.
3. Injira Amakuru yawe y’Ibanga (Aderesi y’Ibarabara ry’Ubucuruzi / Aderesi y’Umukozi Yanditswe n’inomero ya telefone ya VoIP).
4. Suzuma amasandugu atatu y’amategeko ategekanijwe (itangazo ry’ubuhamya bw’ikinyoma n’ukwemera ububasha bw’urukiko rwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika).
5. Mu gasandugu kavuga ngo "Sigura igituma wizera ko ugukuraho kwari ikosa (inyuguti 2.000 max)", wandike nyene ku YOUTUBE HUMAN REVIEWER, atari ku wusaba.
   • Itegeko rihambaye ry'imbere mu gihugu: Imbere y'uko YouTube yohereza Itangazo ryawe ry'Inyishu ku wusaba, Umusuzuma w'Uburenganzira bw'Umuhinguzi wa YouTube w'umuntu arasuzuma insobanuro yawe kugira ngo amenye neza ko ikirego cawe gishobora kwemerwa mu buryo butegekanijwe n'amategeko. Iyo wanditse amajambo y’inyiyumvo ("Uyu mubeshi ariko aranyaga Bitcoin") utasiguye igituma ari wewe ufise uburenganzira bwo gukoresha iyo videwo, uwusubiramwo yoshobora kwanka itangazo ryawe ry’ugusubiza nk’aho "Uburenganzira bw’umuhinguzi butasobanutse."
   • Koresha iyi nkuru y'ibice bibiri imbere mu gasandugu k'Imenyekanisha ry'Ivyiyumviro vya YouTube:

     1. STATEMENT OF ORIGINAL OWNERSHIP / RIGHTS:
     This video was removed in error and/or as a result of a fraudulent, bad-faith misrepresentation under 17 U.S.C. 512(f). I am the original creator and sole copyright owner of 100% of the visual footage, audio recording, script, and editing in this video, which was created and recorded by me on [Date] and first published on my channel on [Date]. The claimant does not own any copyright in this work and has no authorization to claim it.
     
     2. NOTICE OF FRAUDULENT CLAIMANT / EXTORTION TO YOUTUBE REVIEW TEAM:
     Please note for internal YouTube Trust & Safety review that the claimant ([Claimant Name / Email]) is a bad-faith actor who has submitted fabricated takedown notices against my original content [and contacted me demanding cryptocurrency extortion to retract the strikes; see Abuse Ticket #XXXXX]. Under 17 U.S.C. 512(g), I swear under penalty of perjury that I have a good-faith belief the material was removed as a result of mistake or misidentification.
     

6. None iyo umurongo wawe wa YouTube WAMAZE guhera n'ibitero 3 imbere y'uko winjira muri YouTube Studio?
   • Iyo umurongo umaze guhera, ntushobora kugishikako studio.youtube.com. Utegerezwa gutanga Itangazo ry'Ubuntu ry'Ikibazo ca DMCA kuri Email kuri copyright@youtube.com (kuva kuri aderesi ya email ifatanye n’umurongo wawe wa YouTube) irimwo ibintu bine vyose vy’itegeko vy’ 17 U.S.C. § 512(g)(3):
     1. Nyayo URLs yuzuye ya videwo yose yakuweho (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XXXXXXXXXXX; rondera ama ID y’amasanamu y’inyuguti 11 imbere mu ma email y’imenyekanisha ry’igitero YouTube yakurungikiye).
     2. Izina ryawe ryose ry’amategeko (canke izina ry’Umuserukira Itegeko / LLC), aderesi yawe y’umubiri, inomero ya telefone, n’aderesi ya imeyili.
     3. Ivyo bivugwa vyose bitegekanijwe n’amategeko ijambo ku rindi:
     4. "Ndemera ububasha bw'Urukiko rw'Akarere rwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ku karere k'ubutungane aho aderesi yanje iri, canke nimba aderesi yanje iri hanze ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, akarere k'ubutungane YouTube irimwo, kandi nzokwemera ubutumwa bw'ubutungane buva ku wusaba."
     5. "Ndahiye, n'igihano co gutanga indahiro y'ikinyoma, ko mfise ukwizera kwiza ko ivyo bintu vyakuweho canke vyacitse intege kubera ikosa canke ukutamenya neza ivyo bintu vyari bikwiye gukurwaho canke gucishwa bugufi."
     6. Umukono wawe wo ku mubiri canke wo mu buhinga bwa none (/s/ [Your Full Legal Name]).

B. Instagram na Facebook (Meta IP Counter-Notice Flow)¶

1. Ugurure email Meta yagurungikiye iriko ikiganiro "Ibirimwo vyakuweho: Ivy'ubwenge" (canke usuzume Ivyagezwe -> Uko Konti imeze -> Ibirimwo vyakuweho imbere muri app ya Instagram) hanyuma ukope Inomero ya Raporo (#1234567890...).
2. Fyonda kuri Ihuriro ry'ubujurire / Itangazo ry'Ikibazo rya DMCA riri muri iryo tangazo (canke ufungure instagram.com/help/ip/ -> Uko wojurira / Itangazo ry'Ivyiyumviro).
3. Hitamwo "Ndiko ndatanga itangazo ry'ugusubiza rya DMCA", winjize Inomero ya Raporo, ushiremwo aderesi yawe y'ubuzima bwite, ushireko insobanuro y'ubunywanyi bw'umwimerere iri hejuru, hanyuma ushireko umukono mu buryo bw'ubuhinga bwa none.

C. Tiketike (TikTok Copyright Counter-Notification Form)¶

1. Gufungura Itangazo rya Sisitemu imbere mu gasandugu kawe ka TikTok (Account Updates -> Copyright removal notice) canke ufungure urupapuro rw'urubuga kuri tiktok.com/legal/report/Copyright -> uhitemwo Gutanga Itangazo ry'Ivyiyumviro.
2. Shiraho ikimenyamenya c'uko uri umuremyi w'umwimerere (nk'igishushanyo c'urutonde rw'igihe cawe imbere muri CapCut / Adobe Premiere / Final Cut Pro yerekana ibice vy'umugambi bitagiramwo ivyiza, canke uruzitiro rw'umwimerere .mov metadata ikidodo c’igihe imbere y’ivyo umubeshi avuga).

Igice ca 3: Gutsinda ubuhendanyi bwa "Itegeko ry'urukiko ry'ikinyoma PDF" ku musi wa 10¶

Iyo abahinga mu vy’uburenganzira bw’umuhinguzi babonye ko wahagaze ku ruhande rwawe kandi ugatanga itangazo ry’ugusubiza ry’ukuri, rimwe na rimwe baragerageza ubuhendanyi bwa nyuma ku musi wa 9 canke ku musi wa 10 w’imisi 14 yo kurindira: - Bakoresha Photoshop canke editor ya PDF kugira ngo bahindure "Ikirego c'Urukiko rw'Akarere ka U.S." PDF y'ikinyoma ifise inomero y'urubanza y'ikinyoma (e.g., Case No. 1:26-cv-09999) hanyuma ukabirungikira copyright@youtube.com canke TikTok Legal bavuga ko baguburanishije.

Ehe ingene womenagura urukiko rw’ibinyoma mu minota 10: 1. Iyo platform ikurungikiye PDF ivuga ko ikirego ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika cashikirijwe (canke iyo uwo munyagihugu akurungikiye "ikirego PDF" kugira ngo akutere ubwoba), raba Izina ry'Urukiko na Inomero y'Ikirego biri hejuru y'iyo nyandiko. 2. Ikirego cose c’ukuri c’ubutegetsi bwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika gishikirizwa Sentare y’Intara iyo ari yo yose yo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (canke Inama y’Uburenganzira bw’Umuhinguzi ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika dockets.ccb.gov) ubwo nyene ishirwa ku rutonde rwa Leta ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika PACER (pacer.uscourts.gov) na Umwumviriza w'urukiko (courtlistener.com/recap) amakuru. 3. Mu rubanza rwa *Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corp.TX... / PA... / VA...)**, ivyo ushobora kubigenzura mu masegonda 30 ku buntu kuri U.S. Ibiro vy'uburenganzira bw'umuhinguzi urutonde rwa bose (cocatalog.loc.gov). 4. Ishura ubwo nyene kuri copyright@youtube.com (kandi @TeamYouTube kuri X):

"IMBURIZO Y'UBUHENDANYI BWIHUTIRE: Inyandiko yashikirijwe n'uwusaba ni ikirego c'ubuhendanyi c'urukiko rwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (icaha ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika gishingiye ku ngingo ya 18 U.S.C. § 505, Ukwihenda kw'Ibidodo vy'Inkiko). Ugushakashaka mu rutonde rw'amakuru rwemewe rw'Inkiko za Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika PACER rwemeza ko] Urubanza No. [X 2018), be n’Ibiro vy’Uburenganzira bw’Umuhinguzi vyo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (cocatalog.loc.gov) yemeza ko uwusaba afise uburenganzira bw’umuhinguzi bwanditswe. Ndagusavye usuzume iyi dosiye biciye kuri PACER, wanke ivyo washizeko vy’ibinyoma, usubizeho ibirimwo vyanje hakurikijwe 17 U.S.C. 512(g), no guhagarika uwusaba kubera ubuhendanyi."

Igice ca 4: Umuremyi yikingira ubusuma bw'uburenganzira bw'umuhinguzi (YouTube Copyright Match Tool)¶

Igihe ibitero vyawe bimaze gukurwaho kandi umurongo wawe ukagaruka, shira izo ngabo zine zihoraho:

• 1. Ntukigere ugaragaza Gmail yawe bwite canke aderesi yawe yo muhira kuri paji y'umurongo wawe "Ivyerekeye" canke WHOIS:
  • Koresha aderesi ya imeyili y'ubucuruzi itandukanye (nk' contact@mychanneldomain.com) kandi urabe neza ko urubuga rwawe rufise Ukurinda ubuzima bwite bwa WHOIS rwafunguwe ku mwanditsi wawe (Cloudflare, Namecheap, Porkbun).
• 2. Gushoboza no kugenzura YouTube yubatswemwo Copyright Match Tool (Studio -> Copyright):
  • Abahendanyi barakunda gukura amasanamu yawe yo kuri YouTube/TikTok, bagasubira kuyashira ku rubuga rwihishije, hanyuma bagatera amasanamu yawe y’umwimerere bavuga ko yayivye. Gusuzuma Igikoresho co guhuza uburenganzira bw’umuhinguzi muri YouTube Studio bikwereka uwuriko arasubira gushiramwo amasanamu yawe kugira ngo ushobore gutera canke gushiramwo amasanamu yabo mbere.
• 3. Gumana amadosiye y'umugambi atagira uburinganire (.prproj, .drp, .psd, Camera RAWs) no Gushiramwo Ivyiyumviro Bitari ku rutonde:
  • Gukomeza urutonde rw’igihe rwawe rw’indirimbo nyinshi n’amadosiye y’umwimerere y’amafoto afise amakuru y’umwimerere ya EXIF ashizwemwo biguha ikimenyamenya kitagira uko kingana c’uko ari wewe wanditse ivy’umwimerere ku bijanye n’ubujurire bwa TikTok, Instagram, na YouTube.
• 4. Menya Igice ca 512(f) Uburenganzira Bwawe bwo Guhangana n’Ikirego (17 U.S.C. § 512(f)):
  • Mu nsi ya 17 U.S.C. § 512(f), umuntu wese azi ko avuga nabi mu buryo bw’ibintu hakurikijwe DMCA ko ibintu biriko birarenga arabazwa ivyago vyose, amafaranga y’amatangazo yatakaye, n’amahera yose y’abavoka bawe vyavuye mu gukuraho ibinyoma. Muri 2019, YouTube ubwayo yaburanishije umusuma w'uruhererekane wa DMCA (YouTube, LLC v. Brady, Urubanza No. 8:19-cv-00353) yakoresheje ibitero bitatu vy'ibinyoma kugira asabe Bitcoin yongera akubita umuremyi, bimuha itegeko ry'ubudasiba ry'ubutegetsi bwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.

Inomero z'ivyihutirwa zo mu karere n'amategeko y'ibigo¶

Iyo uwunyaga uburenganzira bw’umuhinguzi atera ubwoba ko azokugirira nabi, akugirira nabi, canke akugirira nabi ku mbuga ngurukanabumenyi, canke nimba ukeneye kumenyesha ubutegetsi bw’igihugu ukuntu umuntu akoresheje nabi umutungo w’ubwenge:

Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika na Canada¶

• Igipolisi c'Ivyihutirwa c'Igipolisi c'Igihugu c'Igihugu: Hamagara 911 kugira ngo ubone ugutera ubwoba vuba. Iyo umunyavyaha w'uburenganzira bw'umuhinguzi abonye aderesi yawe maze akagutera ubwoba bwo "gutera" umurongo wawe, hamagara abapolisi bo mu gisagara cawe umurongo w'imibare 10 udatanga ubutumwa bwihutirwa ubwo nyene kugira ngo ushire Ibendera ry'imburi yo gutera imbere y'igihe kuri aderesi yawe (raba gukingira no gutera abantu ku rubuga rwa interineti).
• Ivy'Itegeko ry'Ugufata ku nguvu n'ugukoresha nabi DMCA:
  • Ikigo ca FBI kijejwe gutanga ikirego c'ubugizi bwa nabi ku mbuga ngurukanabumenyi (ic3.gov): Gutanga raporo itegekanijwe y’Ubusuma bwo kuri Internet harimwo imitwe y’imeli y’uwateye, amaderesi ya IP (niba aboneka mu mitwe), n’amaderesi y’ipoke ya Bitcoin/USDT.
  • TWEBWE. Ibiro vy'uburenganzira bw'umuhinguzi / Inama y'uburenganzira bw'umuhinguzi (ccb.gov): Yashinzwe hakurikijwe itegeko rya CASE ryo mu 2020, Inama y’Ibirego vy’Uburenganzira bw’Umuhinguzi (CCB) yemerera abaremyi kuzana ikirego gisanzwe, gifise agaciro gatoyi ku ukwizera kubi 17 U.S.C. § 512(f) ibinyoma DMCA takedown amajambo atari yo ata gukoresha umugwi w’urukiko rw’intara rwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zizimvye.
  • Ishirahamwe ry'imipaka y'ubuhinga bwa none (EFF, eff.org) & Ububiko bw'amakuru bwa Lumen (lumendatabase.org): Baza abafata EFF (info@eff.org) ku bibazo vy’ugucengera DMCA vy’ububisha vy’agaciro kanini.
  • Canada: Raporo y'ubusuma bwo kuri internet ku Ikigo ca Canada kirwanya ubusuma (CAFC) kandi umenye ko Itegeko ry’Uburenganzira bw’Umuhinguzi ryo muri Canada (Notice and Notice ubutegetsi, Ivyiyumviro 41.25-41.27)** mu bisanzwe birungika amatangazo aho gutegeka ko umuntu akuraho ubwo nyene ku mbuga zakira abanyamerika, naho nyene ku mbuga zifise icicaro gikuru muri Amerika (YouTube, Meta) zikoresha amategeko ya Amerika DMCA kw’isi yose.

Ubwongereza¶

• Igipolisi c'ivyihutirwa: Hamagara 999 (canke 101 ku mabendera y'abapolisi atari ay'ivyihutirwa).
• Itegeko ry'Ugufata ku mbuga ngurukanabumenyi n'Iterabwoba ritagira ishingiro: Gutanga raporo ku mbuga ngurukanabumenyi ku Ubuhendanyi bw'Ibikorwa (actionfraud.police.uk). Zirikana ko hakurikijwe itegeko ry’Ubwongereza (Itegeko ryerekeye umutungo w’ubwenge (Iterabwoba ritagira ishingiro) 2017 na CDPA 1988), gutera ubwoba butagira ishingiro, bw’ukwizera kubi bw’urubanza rwo guhonyanga umutungo w’ubwenge kugira ngo umuntu ashobore gufata amahera canke gufunga umuhora w’umuhiganwa mu Bwongereza.

Ubumwe bw'Uburayi¶

• Inomero y'ivyihutirwa y'Uburayi bwose: Hamagara 112.
• Itegeko ry'Ubumwe bw'Uburayi ryerekeye ibikorwa vy'ubuhinga bwa none (DSA, Amabwirizwa 2022/2065) Ingingo ya 20 & Ingingo ya 21 Uburinzi: Abaremyi bari mu Bumwe bw'Uburaya barafise uburenganzira bukomeye bwo kwongerako bushingiye ku mategeko burengeye DMCA ya Amerika:
  • Munsi ya Ingingo ya 17 & Ingingo ya 20 ya **DSA, Ivyuma binini cane vyo kuri Internet (VLOPs harimwo YouTube, Instagram, na TikTok) bitegerezwa gutanga uburyo bwo gutorera umuti ibirego vyo mu mutima butagira aho bugarukira kugira ngo bisubire inyuma ukukuraho ibirimwo bitari vyo.
  • Mu ngingo ya 21 ya DSA, iyo urubuga runaniwe kugarura ibintu vyakuweho mu buryo butari bwo, abaremyi b’Ubumwe bw’Uburayi barashobora gushikana iyo ntambara ku Inama y’Igihugu y’Ugukemura Amatati Hanze y’Urukiko yemejwe (amahera yayo arihwa n’urubuga iyo umuremyi ari we anesheje).
  • Mu ngingo ya 23 ya DSA, ama platforms asabwa n’amategeko guhagarika abakoresha/abasaba gutanga amatangazo y’ugukuraho amakuru ata shingiro afise.

Australiya na Nouvelle-Zélande¶

• Ivyihutirwa: Hamagara 000 muri Australiya canke 111 muri Nouvelle-Zélande.
• Ugutanga raporo y'ubugizi bwa nabi bwo kuri internet n'ugufata amahera: Gutanga raporo y'ugufata amahera kuri internet biciye ku cyber.gov.au (ReportCyber) muri Ostraliya canke CERT NZ (cert.govt.nz) / Umutekano w'urubuga (0508 NETSAFE) muri Nouvelle-Zélande.

Ubuhinde na Aziya-Pasifike¶

• Ubuhindi: Hamagara 1930 canke ushireho ikirego c'ugufata amahera kuri internet kuri cybercrime.gov.in. Mu Igice ca 52(1)© c'Itegeko ry'Uburenganzira bw'Umuhinguzi ry'Ubuhindi, 1957 na Itegeko rya 75 ry'Amategeko agenga Uburenganzira bw'Umuhinguzi, 2013, umuhinga mu bijanye n'ububiko bw'umuhinguzi bw'igihe gito akuraho ibirimwo gushika ku misi 21 ku itangazo ry'ugukuraho, kandi ategerezwa gusubizaho ibirimwo inyuma y'aho ataco akora. itegeko ry’urukiko ribuza umuremyi.
• Singapore n'Ubuyapani: Muri Singapore, numenyeshe Igipolisi ca Singapore ko bafata amahera y'abantu (police.gov.sg). Mu Buyapani, raba Itegeko ry’Uguhagarika Uburenganzira bw’Umutanga (PLLA) umurongo w'ubufasha canke Ibiro vy'ubugizi bwa nabi vyo kuri Internet vya polisi y'intara (#9110).

Ibibazo bikunda kubazwa¶

Nimba nsubiramwo iyo video yaronse Copyright Strike y’ikinyoma, iyo strike yoba izohera kugira ngo channel yanje ntihagarike?¶

Oya, **ntiwigere usiba videwo ifise uburenganzira bwo guhagarika uburenganzira bw'umuhinguzi**. Gukuraho iyo videwo NTIBIKURAHO iyo strike kuri konti yawe (iyo strike iguma ku muhora wawe imisi 90 yose kandi iracari iharurwa gushika ku rwego rwo guhagarika strike 3). Ikibi kuruta, iyo umaze gukuraho iyo videwo muri YouTube Studio, uratakaza ubudasiba ubushobozi bwo gukanda "Submit Counter-Notification" kuri iyo videwo iri ku rubuga rwawe, kandi abasuzuma ububisha bwo mu mutima bwa YouTube ntibashobora kubona iyo videwo kugira ngo bamenye neza ko ivyo bagurega vyari ubuhendanyi. Imisi yose usige iyo videwo yakubiswe mu dashboard yawe gushika Imenyekanisha ry’Inyishu ritorera umuti.

Mbega umurongo wanje wa YouTube uzoguma ufutwa mu misi 7 nimba mfise 3 Copyright Strikes nkatanga Imenyekanisha ry’Ivyiyumviro uno musi?¶

Oya. Iyo umurongo wa YouTube ugeze ku bitero 3 vy’uburenganzira bw’umuhinguzi, YouTube itanga **igihe c’iminsi 7 co gutanga ikinyabupfura** imbere y’uko umurongo uhagarara ubudasiba. Nk'uko vyavuzwe mu buryo butomoye mu ngingo ngenderwako y'ishimikiro y'uburenganzira bw'umuhinguzi ya YouTube, **niwatanga itangazo ry'ugusubiza inyuma rya DMCA ry'ukuri imbere y'uko iyo misi 7 ihera, umurongo wawe NTUZOHERA mu gihe itangazo ry'ugusubiza ririko ririndiriye gurungikwa kandi ririndiriye icemezo c'ubucuruzi c'imisi 10 gushika kuri 14. Naho kimwe gusa mu bitero vyawe bitatu coba gifise itangazo ry’ugusubiza ritegerejwe, igitigiri c’ibitero vyawe bitagira ico bivuze kigabanuka munsi ya 3 kandi umurongo wawe uguma utekanye kugira ngo ntuhagarare.

Ni kuki YouTube yanse Itangazo ryanje ry'Ivyiyumviro vya DMCA ikavuga ngo "Ntitwaronse imvo yumvikana yo gutanga ivyo wasavye"?¶

Ivyiyumviro birenga 70 kw'ijana vy'Imenyekanisha ry'Ivyiyumviro vyanse birananirwa kubera ko umuremyi yakoresheje akazu k'insobanuro gusa kugira ngo yidogere uwusaba (*"Uyu muntu ni umuhendanyi yanka umurongo wanje"*) atavuze neza **igituma umuremyi afise uburenganzira bwo gukoresha (canke afise uruhusha rwo gukoresha buri kintu c'amasanamu/Fair U) mu buryo butegekanijwe n'amategeko. Ibuka ko umuntu asuzuma uburenganzira bw’umuhinguzi kuri YouTube abanza gusoma inyandiko yawe kugira ngo asuzume amafomu akoresha nabi. Imisi yose tangura insobanuro yawe n'itangazo ritomoye kandi ry'ukuri: *"Ndi umuremyi w'intango kandi mfise uburenganzira bwo gukoresha 100% vy'amasanamu n'amajwi biri muri iyi videwo, ivyo nafashe amasanamu nkabihindura jewe ubwanje ku [Itariki]"* imbere yo kuvuga ko uwusaba ari umusuma w'ukwizera kubi.

Noshobora gute kwirinda guha umuntu ankurikirana canke annyaga aderesi y’i muhira mu gihe urupapuro rwa DMCA Counter-Notice rusaba aderesi y’ibarabara ry’umubiri?¶

Ntukigere winjiza aderesi y’inzu yawe canke y’inzu ubamwo mu Imenyekanisha ry’Inyishu ku muntu asaba ububisha, kuko `17 U.S.C. § 512(g)(3)(D)` bisaba mu buryo butegekanijwe n’amategeko ko iyo nzira yohereza ubutumwa kuri e-mail Itangazo ryawe ryose ry’Inyishu (harimwo n’aderesi n’inomero ya telefone wanditse) ku wusaba. Ahubwo, imbere yo gutanga urupapuro, woshobora: (1) gukodesha isandugu y’ubutumwa y’ubudandaji ku kigo c’ubutumwa c’ubudandaji (CMRA) nka The UPS Store, iPostal1, canke Anytime Mailbox (itanga urupapuro rw’ubutumwa nyarwo rw’ibarabara n’inomero y’ibarabara, bitandukanye n’igisandugu c’ubutumwa c’ubudandaji gifise aderesi y’ibarabara ry’ubudandaji (USxPS) a Bo2. Umukozi yiyandikishije afise aderesi y’ibiro vyiwe yemerewe n’amategeko kwemera gutanga amakuru, canke (3) gukoresha umuvugizi wa interineti/IP kugira ngo ashikirize Itangazo ry’Inyishu akoresheje aderesi y’ibiro vy’ishirahamwe ryabo ry’abavoka.

Bimeze gute iyo uwo mubeshi yonyoherereza ubutumwa kuri email buja kuri "Ifomu yo gusubiramwo DMCA" canke .zip dosiye irimwo "ikimenyamenya c'uburenganzira bwabo"?¶

Ntukigere ukanda amahuzu canke ngo uyikureho `.zip`, `.rar`, `.pdf.exe`, canke `.scr` ibishizweko vyoherejwe n’umuntu avuga ko warenganye uburenganzira bwiwe. Uburyo bumwe busanzwe abasuma biba amakonti ya YouTube na Instagram (raba uburongozi bwacu ku mihora y’abaremyi yanyazwe n’ubuhinga bwa crypto scam) ni ukurungika ubutumwa bw’ikinyoma canke DM buvuga ngo *"Ividewo yawe irenganye uburenganzira bwacu bw’umuhinguzi; fungura ububiko bwacu bw’ibimenyamenya vy’amategeko (`Copyright_Evidence_2026.zip`, ijambobanga `1234`) mu masaha 24 canke tuzotera umurongo wawe."* Ubwo bubiko burimwo `Lumma` canke `RedLine` infostealer malware yiba amakuru yawe y’igihe c’umucukumbuzi igihe uyifunguye. Raba gusa kandi wishure ku vyerekeye uburenganzira bw'umuhinguzi imbere muri YouTube Studio yawe yemewe (`studio.youtube.com`), Uko konti ya Instagram iri, canke akazu k’ubutumwa ka TikTok.

Amasoko n'ubuyobozi buzwi¶

• Itegeko rya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n’Ibiro vy’Uburenganzira bw’Umuhinguzi: 17 U.S.C. § 512©, § 512(f) (Uburenganzira bwo gutanga amakuru atari yo), na § 512(g) (Gusubirira Ibintu Vyakuweho canke Vyamugaye be n’Ibisabwa kugira ngo Umenyeshejwe) (copyright.gov/dmca/), na U.S. Inama y'uburenganzira bw'umuhinguzi (CCB, ccb.gov) Icigwa ca 512(f) Ivyerekeye Itangazo ry’Ukwizera Kubi.
• Urukiko Rukuru rwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika: Ishirahamwe ry’Igihugu ry’Igihugu ry’Igihugu rya Fourth Estate n’Ishirahamwe ry’Igihugu ryitwa Wall-Street.com, LLC, 586 U.S. 17 U.S.C. § 411(a) gushika Ibiro vy’Uburenganzira bw’Umuhinguzi vyo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika vyandikishije uburenganzira bw’umuhinguzi ku buryo butegekanijwe).
• Ikigo c'ubufasha ca Google / YouTube: Wohereze itangazo ry'uburenganzira bw'umuhinguzi (support.google.com/youtube/answer/2807684), Ivy'ishimikiro vyo guhagarika uburenganzira bw'umuhinguzi n'Ikiringo c'Imisi 7 c'Ikinyabupfura (support.google.com/youtube/answer/2814000), na Ibisabwa kugira ngo umuntu amenyeshejwe igiharuro c'ubuntu (copyright@youtube.com).
• Itegeko ry'Ubumwe bw'Uburayi ryerekeye ibikorwa vy'ubuhinga bwa none (DSA, Amabwirizwa 2022/2065): Ingingo za 16, 17, 20, 21, na 23 (Uburyo bwo gutangaza n’ugukora, Gutorera umuti ibirego vyo mu mutima, Gutorera umuti amatati hanze y’urukiko, no Guhagarika ku nguvu abatanga itangazo ry’uguhohotera).
• Ishirahamwe ry'imipaka y'ubuhinga bwa none (EFF): Menya uburenganzira bwawe: Kurwanya Ugukuraho nabi kwa DMCA no Kurinda Ugutamenyekana.

Inyobora zifitaniye isano¶

• Umuhora w'umuremyi wanyazwe n'ubuhendanyi bwa crypto
• Amashusho y'urukundo ata kwemeranya n'ugukuraho vyihutirwa vya DMCA
• Gukorana n'abandi kuri internet, guhamagara abakoresha kugira ngo batotezwe, no kwirinda gukubitwa
• Gutotezwa kuri Internet, doxxing, no gutotezwa kuri Internet
• Gufata konti yo ku mbuga ngurukanabumenyi no kuyifata
• Inomero z'ivyihutirwa