Umuriro w’ibitovu n’umuriro w’amakara yo munsi y’ubutaka: Ivyumba vy’ivu bitaboneka vyo munsi y’ubutaka n’umuriro w’umuyagankuba wo munsi y’ubutaka¶

Udakunze umuriro w’ishamba wo hejuru wiruka hejuru y’ibitsibo vy’ibiti ufise imbeya zivuza induru n’ibipfunsi vy’umwotsi biteye igomwe, umuriro w’ibitovu (umuriro wo hasi) canke umuriro wo munsi y’ubutaka w’amakara ni umuriro ucereje, udafise urubeya, ufise inzara y’umwuka w’ikirere **umuriro w’ibitoke.50 burns to51 event that51 amaguru) munsi y’ubutaka mu mezi, mu rushana canke mu myaka mirongo. Kubera ko ibitoke vy’ibitoke vy’ibitoke, ivyatsi vy’icatsi kibisi canke ubutaka bwo hejuru bukomeye butajana neza ubushuhe kandi bugafata ubukonje buva ku kime co mu gitondo, amasentimetero 10 gushika kuri 30 y’ubutaka akenshi asa n’ay’icatsi kibisi rwose, ata co akoze, kandi akonje n’ijisho ry’umuntu. Ariko rero, munsi y’ico gice c’umubiri gifise ubuzima bukeyi, umwotsi w’ibinyabuzima ugenda urazimangana buhoro buhoro waramaze kurya ivyatsi vyumye, imizi y’ibiti bikomeye canke umurongo w’amakara y’ibitoke, ugasiga inyuma umwobo wo munsi y’ubutaka wuzuye ivu ryera ry’ifu be n’umuyagankuba ukayangana . 500 to 700 degrees Celsius (930 to 1,290 degrees Fahrenheit). Umuntu agendagenda mu misozi, umuzimyamuriro, umuhigi, umwana canke imbwa ajabuka ikintu kimeze nk’ikiyaya gisanzwe canke hasi mw’ishamba ry’inyuma y’umuriro w’ishamba, arashobora gutera ikiraro c’imizi gikomeye maze akaja mw’itanure ryo munsi y’ubutaka ry’umuriro ryinshi cane mu gace k’isegonda. Ico gihe nyene, kubera ko umwotsi wo munsi y’ubutaka uba iyo umwuka w’ikirere uri muto (5% to 10% O2), ritanga ibipimo vyinshi vy’umuyagankuba utagira ibara, utagira akamoto carbone monoxide (CO), ikibiriti c'iyidrojeni (H2S), umuyaga w'ikibiriti (SO2), benzene, na metani (CH4) zigenda zica mu binogo vy’ubutaka no mu binogo vy’ibitandara zija mu bibanza vyo munsi y’ubutaka biri hafi, mu bibanza vy’ugukwegakwega no mu biyaya. Iyo umuntu aca mu mfuruka y’ubutaka akaja mu mwobo w’ivu uri munsi y’ubutaka canke akagwa mu mwobo w’ivu uri hasi canke mu nzu yo munsi y’ubutaka hafi y’umuriro wo hasi, hamagara uwo mu karere iwanyu . inomero z'ivyihutirwa ubwo nyene kandi ntukigere wirukira ku gipfukisho c’isi gikikuje ataco wihweje imbere. Ku bijanye n’ibintu vyihutirwa bijanye n’ubushuhe, umwotsi be n’umuyagankuba, raba abarongozi bacu b’abavukanyi kuri umuriro w'ishamba, guhumeka umwotsi w'umuriro w'ishamba n'ivu, superfog: umuriro w'ishamba/umwotsi w'ibisaka uvanze n'igihu c'imishwarara n'ukurokoka kw'inzira ndende idaboneka, na guturika cane no gusukura imiti.

Kurokoka mu bibanza vy’ibitovu, mu bibanza vy’ibitovu, mu bibanza vy’ibitovu, mu biti vy’inyuma y’umuriro w’ishamba, canke mu bibanza vy’ubucukuzi bw’amakara bivana n’amategeko atatu adashobora gusubirwamwo: ntiwigere ujabuka ahantu hakekwa ko hari umuriro wo hasi utasuzumye intambwe yose 1,5 gushika kuri 2 (5 gushika kuri 6,5 feet) dimly ahead and roll horizontally iyo ikirenge giteye mu gipfukisho co hejuru** kugira ngo ukwiragire uburemere bw’umubiri wawe maze ukure ukuguru kwawe hanze 600 C (1,110 F) igitanda c’ivu, kandi gufate inzu yose yo munsi y’ubutaka, umugende, canke ikinogo cose kiri mu metero 500 z’umuriro wo munsi y’ubutaka nk’ahantu hazitiwe n’umuyagankuba wica.

Ivyo ubikore ubu¶

1. Iyo ikirenge cawe canke ukuguru kwawe guca mu mfuruka y’ubutaka bikaja mu mwobo w’ivu ry’ubutaka bushushe, NTUGEZE ugerageze guhaguruka canke gutera intambwe imbere ku kindi kirenge cawe. Gusunika hasi n’ikindi kirenge cawe bituma uburemere bw’umubiri wawe bwose buja ku gice c’umubiri gisigaye gikomeye, bikaba bituma igisenge gisenyuka cose kigaca kigwa kigororotse 500 to 700 degrees Celsius (930 to 1,290 degrees Fahrenheit) ivu rikayangana. Ubwo nyene utere umubiri wawe wo hejuru ugororotse ku butaka butagiramwo ikintu inyuma yawe canke iruhande yawe amaboko n’amaguru vyawe bipfutse cane nk’inyenyeri yo mu kiyaga, hanyuma UZIRIKE inyuma mu buryo buringaniye mu nzira nyayo winjiyemwo.
2. Igihe umaze gukura mu mwobo w’ivu, uzunguruke hasi hakonje kugira ngo upfuke amaguru y’inkweto canke y’ipantalo, hanyuma ushire umwotsi mu mazi meza kandi akonje mu minota 20. Ivu ry’ivu ryo munsi y’ubutaka rifata imbere mu birenge vy’inkweto n’insinga z’amasogisi nk’isima yumye cane. Ukoreshe inkoni, ushire ivu ryumye ry’ibirato (ntiwigere ukoresha ibiganza), uce ukata impuzu z’ivyuma zituritse canke ziriko zirafumba zitashonze mu rukoba, hanyuma ukonjeshe aho waturitse n’amazi akonje (ntiwigere ukoresha barafu) mu gihe uguma ususurutsa uwo muntu kugira ngo ntabe afise ubushuhe bwinshi. Ntukore NTU pop ibivyimba vy’umuriro.
3. Hamagara nimero y’ivyihutirwa yo mu karere kawe ubwo nyene ku bijanye n’uguturika kw’ivu ryo munsi y’ubutaka, ugusenyuka kw’ivu, canke gukeka ko hari ubumara bwa carbone. Hamagara 911 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika na Canada, 112 mu Bumwe bw’Uburayi bwose, 999 mu Bwongereza, 000 muri Australiya, canke usuzume inomero z'ivyihutirwa. Ivyuka vy’ivu hafi y’igihe cose biba ari ibiturika vy’amaguru/ibiganza vy’uburebure bw’igice canke vy’uburebure bwose vy’uruzitiro rwandujwe n’ivu ry’amazi kandi bisaba kwimurirwa vyihuse mu Burn Center, hamwe n’isuzuma ry’uguhumeka carbone monoxide na cyanide/phenol.
4. Ntukigere wiruka usohoka ku butaka butagenzuwe kugira ngo ukize umuntu yafunzwe mu mwobo w’ivu canke yaguye mu mwobo w’umwotsi. Iyo umuntu canke imbwa iguye mu mwobo w’umuriro uri munsi y’ubutaka, kwegera n’amaguru ataco ufashije bizosenyura uruzitiro ruri hejuru maze bigutere umutego mwempi. Tera umugozi, ishami ry’igiti rirerire, ingazi canke urubaho rw’ibiti hasi kugira ngo ugabanye uburemere, canke unyegere ku nda yawe mu gihe uriko uragerageza imbere n’inkoni y’icuma y’amametero 2 (amafuti 6,5) canke inkoni y’ibiti ikomeye**.
5. Uce uhunga ubwo nyene uvuye mu muyaga no mu misozi iyo wumva umwotsi uryoshe, ugira ububabare, ufise ibara ry’agahama, umeze nk’uw’amagi aboze uva hasi, canke iyo inkengeri ya CO ivuga mu nzu iri hafi y’ibitanda vy’amakara canke vy’amakara. Bitandukanye n’umwotsi w’ibiti ukayangana, co-subterranean pyro-lease peat, amabara y'umuyagankuba (CO)**, ibinyabuzima, ibinyabuzima, ibinyabuzima, amoniya, na ibinyabuzima bita ikibiriti (SO2). Kwimuka nibura metero 300 gushika kuri 500 (amafuti 1.000 gushika kuri 1.650) uvuye mu muyaga no ku kibanza co hejuru cane, kubera ko uguhinduka kw’imbeho kw’umugoroba gufata imyuka y’ubumara mu binogo, mu migende no mu bibanza vyo munsi y’ubutaka.
6. Iyo amapine y’imodoka yinjiye mu ivu ryoroshe canke mu mfuruka y’umukungugu, HAGANIKA moteri ubwo nyene maze usohoke ku butaka bukomeye inyuma y’imodoka. Ipine izunguruka imenetse mu gice c’ivu ry’ivu mu gihe umuyagankuba ushushe n’itangi ry’amavuta ry’umuriro bica mu gitereko c’ivu iyo kabini.

Fizike y'Umwotsi wo munsi y'ubutaka: Igituma umuriro w'amakara n'amakara uturika ata n'imbeya imyaka myinshi¶

Kugira ngo utahure igituma imvura nyinshi n’urubura rwo mu rushana bidashobora kuzimya umuriro w’ibitovu n’uw’amakara, bikazana “umuriro w’ibikoko” (umuriro w’ibisigazwa vy’urushana) usubira gucana amashyamba yo hejuru mu mpera z’umwaka ukurikira, suzuma igice c’imbere c’ubutaka kiri munsi y’ubutaka:

====================================================================================
       CROSS-SECTION OF AN UNDERGROUND PEAT BOG OR COAL SEAM ASH CAVERN
====================================================================================

   [ INTACT-LOOKING GREEN TURF / MOSS CRUST (10 to 25 cm thick) ]
   * Held together like a suspension bridge by living grass roots.
   * Surface temperature may be only 20 to 30 C (68 to 86 F).
  ===================[ FRAGILE ROOT-MAT ROOF ]======================================
   |                 (1) White/Yellow Sulfur & Ash Crusts around tiny vent cracks |
   |                 (2) Dying/Yellowing Root Rings & Leaning "Drunken Trees"      |
   |                                                                               |
   |       [ HOLLOW SUBSURFACE ASH CAVERN (0.5 to 3 meters deep) ]                 |
   |       * Filled with fluffy, weightless white/grey mineral ash                 |
   |         that looks solid if exposed, but supports ZERO weight.                |
   |       * Interior temperature: 500 to 700 C (930 to 1,290 F).                  |
   |       * Oxygen-starved atmosphere (5-10% O2) rich in CO, CH4, H2S, Benzene.   |
   |                                                                               |
   |  >>> [ GLOWING SMOLDERING FRONT (Creeping 1 to 50 cm per day) ] >>>           |
   |      * Heterogeneous surface oxidation of solid carbon char (NO FLAME).       |
  ==================================================================================
   [ WATER TABLE / MINERAL CLAY SUBSOIL OR DEEP BEDROCK FRACTURES ]
====================================================================================

1. Uguturika kw'umuriro n'uguturika kw'umwotsi¶

• Umuriro w’umuriro (Umuriro wo ku butaka): Bishika mu gihe c’umuriro iyo ubushuhe bwinshi (> 800 to 1,000 C) ihindura umwuka w’ibimera bita selulose bikagira imyuka ishobora kwaka ikavanga n’umwuka mwinshi wo mu kirere (21% O2). Igenda ningoga (kilometers per hour), iraboneka bitagoranye, kandi irazima ningoga iyo ikonjejwe canke imvura iguyeko.
• Umuriro w’Umwotsi (Umuriro w’Ivu n’Amakara wo munsi y’Ivu): Ushika ataco uhinduye ku ubutaka bukomeye bw’amakara y’umuriro ata rubeya ruboneka. Igihe umuriro w’ishamba wo hejuru, imiravyo, umuriro wo mu nkambi, canke amakara yihuta, bishushanya ivu ryumye canke amakara hejuru . 250 to 300 degrees Celsius (480 to 570 degrees Fahrenheit), amazi arahinduka umwuka (inzira yo kwuma), ibintu bifise ubuzima birasenyuka bikagira ivyuma vy’umuyagankuba bifise utunogo (inzira y’ugusenyuka), kandi umwuka w’ikirere ukwiragira buhoro buhoro biciye mu binogo vy’ubutaka ugakorana ata guca ku ruhande n’uwo muyagankuba ukomeye (inzira y’uguhinduka kw’umuyagankuba) ku ** .500 to 700 degrees Celsius (930 to 1,290 degrees Fahrenheit)**.
• Igituma Irokoka Imvura, Urubura, n'Imbeho (-40 C):
• Igikoresho co kwikingira: Ivu n'ivu biri hejuru birabuza ubushuhe gutakaza mu kirere kandi bikasuka amazi y'imvura nk'igisenge c'ivyatsi, mu gihe umwotsi ushushe cane uva aho umuriro uri utuma haba inzitizi y'umwotsi w'umuvuduko mwiza (**Umwotsi umeze nk'uwa Leidenfrost utera imbere mu gisenge c'umuriro)
• Oxygène ntoyi ikenewe: Mu gihe imbeya zifunguye zipfuka iyo oxygène igabanutse munsi 14% to 16%, ivyatsi n’amakara bifise umwotsi birashobora gutuma ubushuhe buva hanze bugira umwuka w’ikirere uri hasi cane nk’uwa ** .2% to 5% O2**, bikwegakwega mu ruhande no hasi bigana mu mifuko y’amavuta yumye ku muvuduko wa 100.000. 0.5 to 50 centimeters (0.2 to 20 inches) per day amezi menshi munsi y’urubura rwinshi rw’urushana (umuriro w’uguhagarara canke "wombie").

Imbonerahamwe y'ukugereranya: Umuriro wo munsi y'ubutaka n'umuriro wo munsi y'ubutaka n'umwobo wo hejuru inyuma y'umuriro w'ishamba¶

Ibimenyetso bitandatu vy’amaso, vy’ubushuhe n’ivy’umunuko vy’umuriro utaboneka uri munsi y’ubutaka¶

Imbere y’uko utera ikirenge ku butaka bw’ibitovu, ku biti vyaturiwe canke ku butaka bucukurwamwo amakara, nusuzume ahantu imbere kugira ngo ubone ibi bimenyetso bitandatu vy’itongo:

1. Ivu ryera canke ry’umweru ry’umuhondo ryifatanye n’ivu: Mw’ishamba canke mu gishanga caturitse, ivu ryirabura ry’umuriro ryaturitse gusa ku ruhande kandi riracari n’inkomezi z’imibumbe. Ifu yera canke y’umweru w’agahama bisigura ko igitoro c’ibinyabuzima caturitse cose kikaba ivu ry’amabuye y’agaciro ku > 550 C, bigasiga ivu ritagira uburemere kandi ry’ubwoya ryuzuye umwobo muremure. Gukandagira ku nziga y’ivu ryera ni nk’ugukandagira mw’iriba ryihishije ryuzuye umusenyi utira.
2. Imizi ipfa n’Imirongo y’Ibara ry’Ibara ry’Ikizungu mu Vyatsi vy’Ivyatsi: Uko umuriro w’ivu wo munsi y’ubutaka unyura mu buringanire amasentimetero 50 munsi y’uburagiriro bw’icatsi kibisi canke igisaka, ni ko n’umuriro uriko uraduga 100 C umupfunda w’ubushuhe uteka umutobe uri mu mizi y’ivyatsi n’ibisaka imisi imbere y’uko umuriro ushika ku butaka, ugatuma haba uruzitiro ruteye imbere canke uruzitiro rw’ibimera vy’umuhondo-muhondo bifise ibara ry’icatsi kibisi.
3. Imivyimba yo ku ruhande rw’urusenga rw’igitagangurirwa n’ibintu vy’umuhondo n’umweru: Uko ivu canke amakara yo munsi y’ubutaka agenda aragabanuka akagira ivu, ni ko ubunini bwayo bugabanuka n’ibice 70 gushika ku bice 90 kw’ijana. Igisenge c’ivu gica hejuru kirasenyuka, kigafungura imivyimba y’imirongo y’ubwoya ikikuje uruzitiro rw’ico kinogo. Imyuka ishushe iva muri ivyo binogo ishiramwo chlorure d’amonium yera (sal ammoniac), ikibiriti c’umuhondo c’ibintu, canke amatonyanga y’amakara y’umukara afatanye ku nkengera z’imirongo.
4. Ivyuma vy’umuyaga wo mu gitondo ca kare n’ibice bitagira urubura / bitagira urubura: Mu gatondo, iyo umuyaga utose utose uhuye n’ubutaka bushushe, umuriro utaboneka wo munsi y’ubutaka wigaragaza nk’ibice vy’umuyaga bitobito vy’umwotsi uhobera hasi canke ibice vy’ubururu vyera biva mu bitandara vy’ibitandara, vi canke, urubura canke urubura rwo mu rushana ruca ruca rupfuka iyo rukoze hasi.
5. Ijwi ry'Ingoma "Hollow Drum" n'Ikirenge c'Igiponji Birumvikana Munsi y'Ibirenge: Nimba hasi hatanguye kuvuga nk'ikinogo iyo ukoresheje inkoni yawe, canke wumva buguruka nk'igitanda c'ibirenge gifashwe gusa n'imizi y'ibitoke irambuye, hagarara ubwo nyene kuko uhagaze hejuru y'igisenge c'ikinogo gicitse munsi y'ibirenge.
6. Inyamaswa, Udukoko, n’Inyoka Biva ku Butaka Mu Mubabaro: Inzoka zo mw’Ivu, ibikoko, ibikoko vy’ibitoke, n’ibikoko bihunga hejuru ku butaka ku murango, vyerekana ko ubushuhe bwo munsi y’ubutaka buriko buraduga be n’uko ubutaka bushobora kwica (CO na CO2).

Intambwe ku yindi y'ukwirokora iyo uciye mu mwobo w'ivu¶

====================================================================================
          ASH-PIT BREAKTHROUGH: WHY STANDING UP KILLS vs. HORIZONTAL ROLL
====================================================================================

   [ WRONG: Trying to step out or push down with hands on the pit edge ]
      * Concentrates 80+ kg onto a 100 cm2 patch of undercut crust.
      * Roof collapses -> Victim plunges chest-deep into 600 C (1,110 F) ash.

   [ RIGHT: Immediate Starfish Drop & Horizontal Roll Backward ]
      1. The instant one boot punches through, THROW your torso flat backward
         onto the proven ground you just walked across.
      2. Spread arms and legs WIDE (distributes weight over >10,000 cm2).
      3. Keep your horizontal probing staff under your chest/arms for support.
      4. ROLL horizontally like a log (2 to 3 full barrel rolls) away from the pit.
====================================================================================

1. Ijugunye Inyuma Upfutse Amaboko (Kandi Ufate Inkoni Yawe Yo Gupima Mu Buringanire): Nimba utwaye inkoni yo gupima y’amametero 2 mu maboko yompi, uyifate mu buryo buringaniye mu gikiriza cawe uko ugenda ugwa; igiti c’amametero 2 kijabuka imirongo y’ico kinogo nk’igiti c’umukinyi w’umupira w’amaguru, kikaguhagarika ngo ntugwe kure cane kuruta igisusu cawe.
2. Kura ukuguru kwafunzwe mu gutera, ntukwegere mu buryo buhagaze: Gukwega ukuguru kugororotse hejuru mu gihe upfukamye ku ruhande bica bimenagura uruhande. Rambika umubiri wawe hasi hakomeye inyuma yawe, ushire urudodo rwawe rw’uburengero canke uzunguruke amafyigo yawe mu ruhande, hanyuma ukure ukuguru kwafunzwe mu buryo buringaniye ukukure mu mwobo w’ivu.
3. Iyubare ingaruka za "Boot-Oven": Inkweto ziremereye z'urukoba canke z'ubuhinga bwo gutembera mu misozi zari zibitswe mu mazi mbere n'amasegonda 3 mu 2019. 600 C ivu ry’ivu rinywa inguvu nyinshi z’ubushuhe. Naho umaze gukura ukuguru kwawe hanze mu kirere gikonje, urukoba rw’inkweto rwashushe cane be n’ivu vyuzuye imbere mu gipfukisho birabandanya guteka ikirenge n’uburenge biva imbere. Umaze gusubira inyuma metero 5 ku butaka butekanye, ufungure canke uce umugozi w’impuzu ubwo nyene nimba ivu rishushe ryasutse imbere mu mpuzu, uzunguze ivu rikayangana, hanyuma ukonjeshe urukoba n’amazi.

Igiti c'Ingingo y'Ivyihutirwa¶

flowchart TD
    A["Guhura n'umuriro wo munsi y'ubutaka canke umuriro wo munsi y'ubutaka w'amakara"] --> B{"Hari umuntu yafunzwe mu mwobo w’ivu, yaturiwe canke yerekana ibimenyetso vy’umuyagankuba wa CO?"}
    B -- "EGO: Ikirenge canke ukuguru vyaciye mu mwobo w’ivu rishushe" --> C["KWIKIZA / KWIKIZA ABARI HARI:: 1. Uwagirizwa: NTUHAGURUKE; gutera umugongo canke mu nda, gupfuka amaboko cane, GUZUNGURA inyuma: 2. Uwubona: NTUKIRUKE ku ruhande; gutera umugozi, ingazi canke ishami uvuye hasi hasuzumwe: 3. Gutera hasi hakonje kugira ngo upfuke inkwi; gukuraho ivu ry’impuzu iyo riturika imbere: 4. Ukonjeshe ibiturika n’amazi atemba iminota 20; hamagara kuri 911 / 112 / 999 kugira ngo ushire mu bitaro vya ICU"]
    B -- "EGO: Kumeneka umutwe, gusinzira, gutera urujijo, canke gusenyuka mu nzu yo munsi y'ubutaka canke mu mwobo w'ibitovu" --> D["GAZI YICA YO MU BUZI (CO / H2S / Benzene):: 1. Gukura mu nyubakwa canke mu mwobo uri hasi ubwo nyene uvuye mu muyaga no mu musozi: 2. NTUKIJE mu nzu yo munsi y’ubutaka canke mu mwobo kugira ngo ukize umuntu yasenyutse ata SCBA: 3. Hamagara kuri 912mat /99e kuri 912mat /99e. 100% O2 / Umwuka w'ikirere"]
    B -- "NTA n’umwe aca agira ico akora: Kugendera mu mazi canke kuba hafi y’umuriro uri munsi y’ubutaka" --> E{"Woba uriko uragenda n’amaguru hanze canke mu nzu iri hafi?"}
    E -- "Ku maguru hanze" --> F["1. Suzuma intambwe yose 1,5 gushika kuri 2 m imbere ku mfuruka ya degre 45 ukoresheje inkoni y’ama 2: 2. Hindukira 30+ m ukikuje ibice vy’ivu ryera, imizi iriko irapfa, n’ibiti vyihetse ku biborerwa: 3. Gumana kure y’ibitovu biri hasi mu gihe c’ubushuhe butekanye mw’ijoro/umutaga"]
    E -- "Imbere mu nzu iri mu kilometero 1 y'umuriro wo munsi y'ubutaka" --> G["1. Shiraho inkengeri z’umuyagankuba (CO) zifise urugero ruto rwa ppm ku rwego rwo hasi rwose: 2. Funga imivyimba yo hasi, imyobo y’amazi, n’aho amatiyo y’amazi yinjira: 3. Uveho ubwo nyene iyo CO ishitse >= 9-35 ppm canke iyo ubutaka bugabanutse"]

Gaz y'ubumara iri munsi y'ubutaka isohoka mu bibanza vyo munsi y'ubutaka no mu biyaya biri hasi¶

Iyo umuriro w’ibitovu canke umuriro w’amakara wo munsi y’ubutaka upfutse mu metero 100 gushika ku 1.000 (amafuti 330 gushika ku 3.300) y’amazu y’uburaro, amazu y’uburaro canke amatongo, ikintu cica cane si ubushuhe, ni ukwimuka kw’umuyagankuba wo munsi y’ubutaka.

1. Kubera iki umuriro wo munsi y’ubutaka upompa umwuka w’ikirere uciye mu butaka bukomeye ukawujana mu bibanza vyo munsi y’ubutaka¶

• Ukwimuka kw’imiyaga y’ubutaka iterwa n’umukazo: Iyo urubura, ivu ryo hejuru ry’urushana ry’ubukonje, ibumba ryinjijwe n’imvura, canke amabarabara y’amabuye y’agaciro bipfutse ubutaka hejuru y’ivu ry’umukara canke ry’amakara, imyuka ishushe iva ku guturika (CO, CO2, CH4, H2S, SO2, n’ibintu bishobora guhungabana nka benzene na toluene) ntibishobora gusohoka bigororotse bikaja mu kirere. Ahubwo, umukazo w’ubushuhe utuma iyo gazi igenda mu ruhande ku metero amajana n’amajana biciye mu binogo vy’umusenyi bifise utunogo, mu migende y’amabuye y’agaciro, mu migende y’amazi y’Abafaransa, mu migende y’amazi y’imyanda, no mu binogo vy’amabuye y’agaciro.
• "Ikirundo c'umwotsi" c'inzu zishushe: Mu rushana canke mw'ijoro, inzu ishushe ikora nk'umuyoboro w'umwotsi: umuyaga ushyushe wo mu nzu uraduga uja ku gisenge, ugatuma haba umukazo mubi mu basement canke crawlspace unyura imyuka y'ubutaka igororotse biciye mu binogo vyo hasi vya beton, imigende.
• Igituma ibimenyetso vy’umunuko bimenyerewe bizimangana: Uko umwotsi wo munsi y’ubutaka unyura mu mametero amajana y’ubutaka butoshe, ubutaka bukora nk’akayunguruzo kamere gakuraho utugingo ngengabuzima tuboneka n’umunuko mwinshi w’umwotsi, mu gihe wemera ko umwotsi udafise ibara, udafise akamoto, udakora Carbon ( MonoxideCO) na Metane (CH4) guca mu nzu yo munsi y’ubutaka ataco umuntu abona.

2. Umwuka w’ikirere (CO) n’Ivyuma vy’Ihydrogène (H2S) Ibikorwa¶

• Shiraho ibikoresho vyerekana CO vyerekana urugero rutoyi: Inkengeri z’inzu zo mu bwoko bwa UL-2034 / EN-50291 zivuga gusa sirene zazo inyuma y’aho zishikiwe n’ibintu vyinshi (70 ppm for 60 to 240 minutes, canke 400 ppm for 4 to 15 minutes). Ababa hafi y’umuriro w’ibitoke, umuriro w’amakara, canke imigende y’amazi iherutse guterwa, bakwiye gushiramwo igikoresho co gupima CO gishobora gusomwa mu buryo bwa digitale mu nzu yo munsi y’ubutaka no mu bibanza vyo kuryamamwo kigaragaza ivyiyumviro bishika kuri 10 ppm:
• >= 9 ppm (OMS / EPA amasaha 8 yo hanze): Gutera umwuka no gutohoza aho ubutaka bwo munsi y’ubutaka-gazi bwinjira ubwo nyene.
• >= 35 ppm (NIOSH amasaha 8 y’aho umuntu akora): Muve mu nzu yo munsi y’ubutaka maze muhamagare abajejwe umuriro canke abajejwe gazi bafise ibikoresho bimenya gazi nyinshi.
• >= 100 to 200 ppm: Bitera umutwe w’imbere utera, iseseme, iseseme, umuvurungano, n’ubumara bwa carboxyhemoglobine bushobora kwica mu masaha 1 canke 2; ushire abantu mu nyubakwa yose ubwo nyene maze uhamagare 911 / 112 / 999.
• Ntukigere ugerageza kuzimya umuriro w’ivu canke w’amakara wewe nyene ukoresheje umuyoboro w’amakara: Gusuka amajana make y’amazi yo hejuru ku nkombe y’ivu canke ku mfuruka y’amakara iriko irafumba ntivyigera bishika ku gitanda c’amakara kiri ibwina; ahubwo ayo mazi aca ahinduka umwotsi ushushe cane (expanding 1,700 times in volume), bishobora gutuma haba uguturika kw’ivu ry’umwotsi bikomeye bitera ivu ry’ibitoke kandi . 600 C inkwi mu maso hawe, mu gihe utanga ubumara amazi-gazi (CO + H2) inyishu. Amashirahamwe y’abahinga mu bijanye n’umuriro w’ishamba azimya umuriro w’ibitovu gusa mu kwimba imigende miremire gushika mw’ibumba ry’amabuye y’agaciro canke ku rutare rwo hasi akoresheje ibikoresho vy’ugucukura, hanyuma akasesagura amazi yose kuva hasi gushika hejuru akoresheje amazi ibihumbi n’ibihumbi avunganywe n’ibintu bitera amazi gutonyanga.

Igitigiri c'ivyihutirwa vyo mu karere n'amategeko yo gutanga raporo y'umuriro wo munsi y'ubutaka¶

• Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika na Canada: Hamagara 911 ku bijanye n’uguturika kw’ivu, ugusenyuka kw’ivu, canke inkengeri ya CO. Raporo y’umuriro w’ibitovu uriko urafumba ku kigo c’amashamba co muri leta yawe/intara yawe (nk’ikigo c’amashamba ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika**, BLM, canke umurongo w’intara w’umuriro w’amashamba) kandi umenyeshe umuriro w’amakara canke imyobo y’amabuye y’agaciro ku **Ibiro vy’Igihugu bijejwe gucukura amabuye y’agaciro ku butaka (OSM) Ugukingira ibidukikije (nk’Ibiro vya PA DEP vyo gusubizaho amamine yahebwe).
• Ubwongereza na Irlande: Hamagara 999 canke 112 maze usabe Ishirahamwe ry’Umuriro n’Ubutabazi iyo ubonye umuriro uriko urasha mu biyaya vy’amabuye canke mu biyaya vy’amabuye (na cane cane hirya no hino y’Akarere ka Peak, Yorkshire Moors, Scottish Highlands, n’ibiyaya vy’Irlande).
• Ubumwe bw'Uburayi: Hamagara 112 mu bihugu vyose bigize Ubumwe bw'Uburayi.
• Ostraliya na Nouvelle-Zélande: Hamagara kuri 000 (Ostraliya) canke 111 (Nouvelle-Zélande). Muri Victoria (ibibanza vy’amakara y’umuhondo vyo mu kiyaya ca Latrobe) no muri Tasmania/Australiya yo mu Burengero (ibishanga vy’amabuye y’agaciro), uce utanga raporo y’umwotsi wo hasi ubwo nyene biciye ku nzira za leta zijejwe umuriro mu ntara / CFA.
• Aziya (Aziya y’amajepfo, Ubushinwa, Ubuhinde): Hamagara 119 (Ubuyapani, Koreya y’Epfo, Indoneziya Damkar 113), 999 (Maleziya Bomba), 995 (Singapure), 119 / 120 (Ubushinwa), canke 112 / 101 (Ubuhindi), canke ushire inomero z'ivyihutirwa.

Ibibazo bikunda kubazwa¶

Ni kuki udashobora gusohoka canke guhaguruka gusa iyo ikirenge kimwe kimenetse mu mwobo w’ivu ry’ibitovu?¶

Iyo umuriro w’ivu wo munsi y’ubutaka uturitse igice c’ibinyabuzima kiri munsi y’ivyatsi, usiga umwobo munini wo munsi y’ubutaka upfutse gusa n’igitanda c’imizi y’ivyatsi ifatanye y’amasentimetero 10 gushika kuri 20. Iyo ikirenge kimwe giteye muri ico gisenge gikomeye maze ukagerageza guhaguruka canke gusunika n’ikindi kirenge cawe, uba wibanda ku bice 100 kw’ijana vy’uburemere bw’umubiri wawe ku gace gatoyi k’igiti c’umukaraba kari hafi cane y’ico kinogo. Ivyo bica bimenagura igisenge gikikuje, umubiri wawe wose ugaca ugera mu gikiriza canke mu mutwe, ukaja mu ivu ry’umuriro ry’ubushuhe bwa degre 500 gushika ku 700 (degre 930 gushika ku 1.290 Fahrenheit). Kwijugunya inyuma amaboko n’amaguru bipfutse cane bigabanya uburemere bwawe ku metero kare nyinshi z’ubutaka butagiramwo ikintu kugira ngo ushobore gusohoka ata nkomanzi.

Ni gute umuriro w’ibitovu woguma ugurumana munsi y’ubutaka mu rushana rwose munsi y’urubura rwo ku metero imwe n’ubushuhe bw’ikirere bufise ubushuhe bwa -40 C?¶

Ivu ry’ivu n’ivu ryumye ni ibintu bidasanzwe bishobora gukingira ubushuhe, bikaba bitakaza ubushuhe buhoro buhoro incuro 10 kuruta urutare rukomeye. Igihe umuriro w'ishamba canke umuravyo wo mu ci uturitse igice c'ivu ryumye kiri munsi y'ubutaka kiri ku metero 0,5 canke 3, ubutaka buri hejuru n'urubura rwo mu rushana bikora nk'inkuta z'icupa ry'amazi, bikafata ubushuhe buri hagati ya degre 500 na 600 z'ubushuhe buri munsi y'ubutaka . Kubera ko umuriro udafise umwotsi usaba umwuka muto cane (ushobora kubaho ku bice 2 canke 5 kw’ijana gusa vy’umwuka unyura mu binogo vy’ubutaka), umuriro uragenda buhoro buhoro uja hasi no ku ruhande mu mifuko y’ivu ryumye igihe cose c’imbeho, hanyuma ugasubira gusohoka ku butaka igihe urubura rugenda rurashonga umuriro w’ishamba.

Ni kubera iki gusuka indobo y’amazi canke gutera umuyoboro w’amazi wo mw’itongo ku mwobo w’ivu canke ku mwobo w’ibitoke uriko urafumba ari akaga?¶

Gusuka amazi makeyi hejuru y’ikinogo c’ivu kiri munsi y’ubutaka kiri ibwina, biratuma haba ingorane zitatu zica ziza. Ica mbere, iyo amazi akanye akubise mu mufuko w’ivu ry’ifu ry’ubushuhe bwa degre 600, aca agenda arakayangana ubwo nyene agahinduka umwotsi, akagwira incuro 1.700 mu bwinshi maze agatera igikombe c’ivu ry’ivu ry’ibitoke n’ivu ry’ubushuhe cane mu maso hawe no mu maso yawe. Ubwa kabiri, amazi aratonyanga kandi agafatanya gusa ivu ry’amasentimetero makeyi yo hejuru rikagira igipande gikomeye gifunga ico kinogo kiri hejuru mu gihe umuriro usiga munsi, ivyo bikaba bihisha akaga umuntu akurikira awukandagirako. Ica gatatu, amazi akorana n’umuyagankuba ukayangana mu bushuhe bwinshi, atuma habaho gaze y’iyidrojeni iturika be n’umuyagankuba wica (“gaze y’amazi”).

Ni kubera iki umwotsi w’umuriro w’ibitovu w’ibitovu ugira ubumara bwinshi ku rugero rwo hasi kuruta umwotsi w’inkwi usanzwe w’umuriro w’amashamba?¶

Umuriro w’ishyamba wo hejuru wihuta cane uturika n’imbeya nyinshi ku bushuhe bwa degre 800 gushika ku 1.000 mu kirere, ivyo bikaba bitanga umuriro wuzuye uhindura igice kinini c’umuyagankuba mu kirere c’umuyagankuba maze ugatuma umwotsi ushushe uja hejuru cane mu kirere co hejuru kubera ubushuhe buva hejuru. Umuriro w’ibitovu wo munsi y’ubutaka urafumba buhorobuhoro iyo ubushuhe buri hasi (degre 450 gushika kuri 650) mu bidukikije vyo munsi y’ubutaka bifise inzara y’umwuka w’ikirere. Ukwo gukura kw’umuriro kudatunganye gutuma haba umwuka w’ikirere w’umuriro incuro 3 gushika ku 10 ku kiro kimwe c’amavuta y’umuriro kuruta inkwi zisha, hamwe n’ibintu vyinshi vy’umuyagankuba vyitwa amoniya, cyanure d’hydrogène, benzène, phenols, formaldehyde, dioxyde de sulfure be n’ibintu vy’agaciro kanini cane vyitwa PM2.5. Kubera ko uwo mwotsi ukonja uko unyura mu mfuruka y’ubutaka butoshe, ntugira ubushobozi bwo guterera kandi ukaba ugira ibidengeri nk’uruzi rutaboneka rw’ubumara mu biyaya biri hasi, mu migende no mu bibanza vyo munsi y’ubutaka.

Ni gute umuriro w’amakara canke w’ivu wo munsi y’ubutaka ushobora gutera ubumara inzu iri munsi y’ubutaka iri ku metero amajana n’amajana ata mwotsi uboneka?¶

Iyo ubutaka bwo mu rushana bukonje, ibumba ry’amazi canke amabarabara y’amabuye y’agaciro bipfutse hejuru y’umuriro wo munsi y’ubutaka, iyo gazi y’umuriro iriko iragwira ntishobora guhunga ikaja hejuru. Ahubwo, zica mu binogo vy’amabuye y’agaciro biri munsi y’ubutaka, mu binogo vy’amabuye y’agaciro, no mu migende y’imiyoboro y’amazi, zica mu binogo vy’amajana y’amajana. Uko iyo gazi iyungurura mw’ivu ry’amazi, ivu rifata utugingo ngengabuzima tuboneka tw’umukungugu maze rikanywa umunuko w’umwotsi, mugabo umwotsi utagira ibara, utagira umunuko (CO) be n’umuyagankuba (CH4) bica mw’ivu bigororotse bitagabanutse maze bikakwegwakwegwa mu bibanza vyo hasi vy’inzu bishushe biciye mu binogo vyo hasi vya beton no mu binogo vy’amazi.

Ni uburyo ubuhe bwiza bwo gukiza imbwa yirukiye ku kinogo c’ivu kiriko kirafumba canke ikagwa mu mwobo w’ivu?¶

Imbwa zikunda gukomereka mu muriro w’ibitovu no mu bice vy’umuriro w’amakara kubera ko zihunga zitagira umugozi imbere ya ba nyen’imbwa, zigahagarara hasi aho umuyagankuba w’umuyagankuba n’umuyagankuba w’amazi bitera, kandi ntizimenya ibice vy’ivu vyera. Ntukigere wiruka hanze ukaja ku butaka butagenzuwe kugira ngo ufate imbwa, kuko uburemere bw’umubiri w’umuntu buraremereye incuro zitatu canke zitanu kuruta ubw’imbwa kandi buzosenyura igisenge cose c’iyo mva. Gumana ku butaka bukomeye kandi bugenzuwe, hamagara iyo mbwa ngo isubire inyuma mu nzira zayo bwite, canke ushire ikiraro mu nzira ukoresheje ingazi ndende, imbaho ​​z’ibiti canke umugozi w’uruzitiro mu gihe uriko urasuzuma sentimetero yose imbere ukoresheje inkoni y’amametero 2.

Amasoko n'ubuyobozi buzwi¶

• Ishirahamwe ry’igihugu ry’uguhuza ibikorwa vy’umuriro w’ishamba (NWCG) & Ishirahamwe ry’amashamba ryo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (USFS, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika): Igitabo c’Ivyiyumviro vy’Ivyiyumviro (IRPG), Ivyobo vy’Ivu biri munsi y’ubutaka, Imyobo y’Imizi, Ibiti Biborewe, n’Ingingo ngenderwako zo Gusukura Umuriro wo Hasi.
• Ikigo c'Ubutunzi bw'Ibidukikije co muri Canada (NRCan) & Ikigo c'Umuriro w'Ishamba co muri Canada (CIFFC, Canada): Ubuhinga bwo guturira umwotsi w'amashamba ("Umuriro w'ibisigazwa / Zombie"), amategeko agenga ivy'ugupima, n'ingingo ngenderwako zo gushikirwa n'umuriro w'ubutaka.
• Ibiro vy’ugusubizaho ubucukuzi bwo ku butaka no gukurikiza amategeko (OSMRE) & Ikigo c’igihugu kijejwe umutekano n’ubuzima ku kazi (NIOSH, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika): Ivyago vy’umuriro wo mu binogo vy’amakara yo munsi y’ubutaka, imyobo y’amabuye y’agaciro, n’ukwimuka kwa gazi yo munsi y’ubutaka (CO, H2S, CH4, SO2) mu gisagara ca St.
• Inama y’Igihugu y’Ubwongereza y’Abakuru b’Umuriro (NFCC) & Komisiyo y’Amashyamba (Ubwongereza): Impanuro ku bijanye n’Ibikorwa vy’Umuriro w’Ishamba: Ivyago vy’Umuriro wo mu Butaka bw’Imisozi n’Imisozi n’Ukwirokora kw’Abazimya umuriro.
• Ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ry’ubuzima (OMS) & Ikigo mpuzamakungu c’ubushakashatsi ku mashyamba (CIFOR, mpuzamakungu): Ingaruka ku buzima z’umwotsi uva mu bibanza vy’ubushuhe n’ivy’uburengero (PM2.5, Monoxide de carbone, Hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques, n’Ibinyabuzima bishobora guhungabana).

Inyobora zifitaniye isano¶

• Umuriro w'ishamba
• Guhumeka umwotsi w'umuriro w'ishamba n'ivu
• Superfog: umuriro w'ishamba/umwotsi w'ibishanga uvanze n'igihu c'imishwarara n'ukurokoka kw'inzira ndende idaboneka
• Imyobo y'amazi n'ugusenyuka kw'isi bukwi na bukwi
• Guturika cane no gusukura imiti