Ivyumba vy’Umwotsi, Ibisasu vy’Ibibanza vy’Amashanyarazi biri munsi y’Ivu, n’Imiyoboro y’Umwotsi Icabuka¶

Munsi y’inzira z’amabuye n’amabarabara y’amabuye y’agaciro yo mu bisagara bininibinini hariho ikibanza cuzuye cane c’ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi vy’intango n’ivy’inyuma, ibikoresho vy’ugutanga amashanyarazi vyuzuye amavuta y’amabuye y’agaciro, amashanyarazi akoreshwa n’umuyagankuba, imiyoboro y’itumanaho be n’imiyoboro y’umuyagankuba w’intara ishushe cane. Iyo umunyu wo mu nzira wo mu rushana canke ubushuhe bukaze bwo mu ci butuma intsinga z’umuyagankuba ziri munsi y’ubutaka zigira umuriro, canke igihe amazi yo munsi y’ubutaka akubita umuyagankuba w’akarere ufise umuvuduko munini, ubutaka bw’ibarabara burashobora guhinduka ahantu h’ibisasu bishobora kwica mu masegonda makeyi. Ikinogo c’umwotsi canke igikoresho c’amazi gitera umwotsi gishobora guturika n’inguvu zihagije kugira ngo gitere igipfukisho c’icuma c’ibilo 135 (amapawundi 300) gipfutse metero 15 gushika kuri 45 (amafuti 50 gushika ku 150) mu kirere mu gihe kiriko kirarasa itara ry’umuyagankuba ryitwa carbone monoxide.

Na vyo nyene, umuyagankuba w’inyundo y’amazi y’akarere uraturika nk’umuyagankuba ureha cane, ufise ubushuhe bwa degre 175 gushika kuri 200 (degre 350 gushika kuri 400) w’umwotsi, ivu ry’ibitoke, n’ivy’iragi ry’amazi ryitwa asbestos. Kumenya gutandukanya umwotsi w’amazi y’urushana udatera akaga n’uguturika kw’inzu yo munsi y’ubutaka canke uguturika kw’umwotsi w’umuvuduko munini, ingene wojabuka umuhanda utose ufise inguvu ataco ushikiwe n’umuyagankuba w’umuyagankuba w’umuyagankuba, n’ingene wokingira inzu yawe **umuyagankuba wo munsi y’ubutaka (CO) n’ubuzima bw’umuryango wawe.

Ivyo ubikore ubu¶

1. Niwimuke nibura metero 50 gushika kuri 100 (amafuti 165 gushika kuri 330) mu muyaga no mu misozi uvuye ku mwobo wose uriko uranywa umwotsi, ugira ibishashi, canke uboroga ubwo nyene. Ntukigere ugenda hejuru, uhagarara hafi, canke ngo uhagarare kugira ngo ufate amasanamu ku gipfukisho c’umwotsi canke ku nzira y’amaguru iriko irasohora umwotsi w’umwotsi, akotsi. Ivyuma bikomeye vy’ibipfukisho bifise ibiro 135 birashobora guturika ata n’umwe abimenyesheje, kandi asphalte iri hejuru y’aho umwotsi ushobora gusenyuka irashobora gusenyuka ikaja mu mwobo ushushe munsi y’ibirenge vyawe.
2. Ntukigere ukandagira ku bipfukisho vy’ivyuma, ku bipfukisho vy’ibinogo, ku masandugu y’amazi, ku bikingi vy’amatara y’ibarabara vy’aluminiyumu, canke ku bitanda vy’amazi. Mu gihe c’amakosa y’imirongo yo munsi y’ubutaka no mu gihe c’urushana, imirongo y’inyuma ishonze kenshi iratanga inguvu ku bipfukisho vy’ibinogo vy’ivyuma, ibipfukisho vy’ibinogo vy’amazi, ibipfukisho vy’ibinogo vy’amazi, ibipfukisho vy’ibinogo vy’amazi. n’inzitiro zifise uruzitiro ku 120 gushika kuri 480 volts AC. Gumana abana n’imbwa ziboshe cane kuri beton yumye hagati kure y’ivyuma vyose vyo mw’ibarabara.
3. Hamagara inomero y’ivyihutirwa yo mu karere kawe uri kure cane. Hamagara 911 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika na Canada, 112 hirya no hino mu Bumwe bw’Uburaya, 999 mu Bwongereza, canke usuzume inomero z'ivyihutirwa ububiko. Raporo nyayo y’aho ibarabara rihurira, ibara n’inyifato y’umwotsi canke y’umwotsi, be n’uko hariho imbeya, amajwi y’uguturika canke igipfukisho c’umwobo gihungabana.
4. Uve mu nzu yawe yo hasi canke yo hasi ubwo nyene iyo inkengeri yawe y’umuyagankuba ivuze canke umwotsi w’umuyagankuba winjiye mu mpome mu gihe c’umuriro w’ibarabara. Imyuka ivuye mu nzu y’umuyagankuba iri munsi y’ubutaka ikurikira telecom, amazi, n’umuyagankuba biciye mu nzira y’umuyagankuba, ryica, ritagira akamoto umuyagankuba (CO) gushika ku metero 60 (amafuti 200) hasi y’ibarabara.
5. Niwafashwa mu mfuruka y’umuyaga w’akarere gashushe, uhagarike impwemu yawe, ufunge akanwa kawe n’izuru ryawe n’igitambaro gitose canke cyumye, hanyuma ugende utuje mu muyaga uva mu gicu. Ntukigere wiruka mu muduga ataco ubona kandi ntukigere uhumeka amahaha yuzuye umwotsi muzima, ivyo bikaba bitera urupfu maltherir et laryngeal) iminota. Igihe umaze kuva aho umwotsi uri, ukureho impuzu zo hanze zipfutswe n’ivu ry’umweru canke inkungugu y’insinga kugira ngo ntuhumeke asbestos chrysotile ivuye mu miyoboro y’umwotsi ya kera iri munsi y’ubutaka.
6. Niwaba wumva amaguru canke ibirenge vyawe bigutera ububabare canke bigutera ububabare hafi y’igitereko c’amazi gitose, genda canke utere hejuru ibirenge vyose bifatanye cane. Ntufate intambwe ndende z’amaguru ujabuka ahantu hari inguvu; n’ibirenge vyawe bigume hamwe kugira ngo ntushire ikiraro ku bizingiti bibiri bitandukanye vy’umuriro (ubushobozi bw’intambwe).

Igishushanyo c'ugutoranya vyihuta: Umwotsi udatera akaga n'umuriro w'umwobo n'ugusaduka kw'umwotsi¶

Mu bisagara bifise amabarabara y’amazi yo munsi y’ubutaka, kubona umwotsi mweru uva ku nzira y’ibarabara mu gitondo c’urubura ni ikintu gisanzwe. Koresha iki kigereranyo c’ugutoranya ibintu biboneka n’ivyo wumva kugira ngo umenye igihe umuyaga wo mw’ibarabara wajabutse ukaja mu gihe c’ivyago vyihutirwa bishobora gutuma umuntu apfa.

flowchart TD
    A["Umwotsi, Umwotsi, canke Urusaku Ruboneka Ruva Mu Mwobo wo Mu Nzira Canke Mu Nzira y'Ibarabara"] --> B{"Raba ibara, akamoto, umuvuduko n’ijwi"}
    B -->|"Umukungugu w'umweru ugenda buhoro, ugenda buhoro, utagira akamoto, ugendagenda mu bihe vy'ubukonje"| C["BENIGN VAPOR PLUME: Amazi yo mu butaka canke imvura itera igipfukisho c’umuyoboro w’umwotsi wo munsi y’ubutaka"]
    C --> D["Ico wokora: Irinde gutera intambwe ku gipfukisho c’icuma gitose (ukwiyubara ku bijanye n’umuriro), nta guhunga bikenewe"]
    B -->|"Umwotsi mwinshi wirabura, imvi, canke umuhondo-inzobe; umunuko w’imipira/ibiti vy’umuriro; gutera canke gutera"| E["UMURIRO / PYROLYSIS: CO na H2 biturika vyubatswe imbere mu muyoboro"]
    E --> F["Ico wokora: Uce ushobora gukuraho uburebure bwa 50m (165 ft) ubwo nyene; igipfukisho coshobora gutera 30m uburebure; Suzuma inyubakwa ziri hafi CO"]
    B -->|"Ugutontoma kw’imoteri y’indege gutuma umuntu agira amatwi; inkingi ndende y’umuvuduko munini w’umwotsi w’umweru/uw’ivu; amabuye y'agaciro aguruka"| G["UMWUKA WO MU KARERE WA MUVUGA MUNI: 175C gushika kuri 200C umwotsi w'umuriro + ubushobozi bwo kugwa kw'ivu ry'amabuye y'agaciro yitwa asibesitosi"]
    G --> H["Ico wokora: Guhunga 100m+ mu muyaga; kwirinda igicu gisha kigaragara cane; umufuko w'impuzu zipfutswe n'ivu (amategeko ya asibesito)"]
    B -->|"Igipfukisho c’umwobo kivuga, kiduza, canke kivuza induru n’akamoto k’amagi yaboze (mercaptan) canke gaze y’amazi y’imyanda"| I["IVYIRUNDIRIYE GAZI ITURIKA: Gazi kamere iva canke metane imbere mu muyoboro wo munsi y’ubutaka"]
    I --> J["Ico wokora: Gukuraho ibaraza ubwo nyene; NTUTANGURE moteri z’imodoka canke ngo ukoreshe ama switch ari hafi; hamagara inomero y'ivyihutirwa"]

Igice ca 1: Ivyumba vy’amazi n’ibiturika vy’amashanyarazi biri munsi y’ubutaka¶

Ni kubera iki igipfukisho c’umwobo w’icuma kiremereye cicaye hejuru ya beton ikomeye giturika bukwi na bukwi nk’igisasu c’imbunda? Gutahura ubuhinga bwo munsi y'ubutaka bwa cable insulation pyrolysis bisigura igituma umugende w'amazi "unywa umwotsi gusa" akenshi uba uri ku rwego rwo guturika cane.

1. Fizike y'ugukura umunyu mu nzira no gukuraho umuriro¶

Mu bisagara bifise abantu benshi, intsinga z’amashanyarazi zifise ubushobozi bwinshi (mu bisanzwe 4.160V gushika kuri 34.500V) n’insinga z’amashanyarazi zifise ubushobozi buke (120/208V canke 277/480V muri Amerika y’Uburaruko; 230/400V) zigenda munsi ya PVC mu Buraya canke mu Buraya imiyoboro y’amabuye y’agaciro ihuriza hamwe ibinogo vy’amatafari canke vy’amabuye y’agaciro buri metero 30 gushika ku 90 (amafuti 100 gushika ku 300).

Ibintu bibiri bitera umuriro mwinshi mu bibanza vyo munsi y’ubutaka: - Ibarabara ry’urushana n’iry’intango y’impeshi-Umunyu w’umunyu: Umunyu wo gukuraho urubura (chloride de sodium na calcium chloride) wozwa mu binogo vy’amazi biciye mu gufukura urubura utuma haba umunyu w’amazi ushobora gutwara umuyagankuba cane. Iyo ayo mazi y’umunyu ateye mu binogo bitobito biri mu mipira y’ivyuma, mu mipira y’ivyuma (XLPE) canke mu mirongo y’amabuye y’agaciro (PILC) ipfutse n’impapuro, umuyagankuba uraca muri iyo mipira. - Imirongo y’ubushuhe bwo mu ci: Mu gihe c’ubushuhe buramvye bwo mu ci, intsinga zibiri ziri munsi y’ubutaka zitwara ubushuhe buhoraho mu gihe zikikujwe n’ubutaka butetswe n’izuba budashobora gukwiragiza ubushuhe, zigateka intsinga zirenga 250 gushika kuri 400 degrees C52us (degrees C700). Farenheiti).

Igihe umuyagankuba utanguye guteka iyo nkoko y’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma, iyo mipira n’ivyo bikoresho ntibisha neza; ahubwo, zica mu thermal pyrolyse (distillation déstructrice), zigatuma habaho umuyagankuba utaboneka, ushobora guturika cane: - Carbone Monoxide (\(\text{CO}\)): Ivyo vyose ni uburozi bwica umuntu apfutse n’umuyagankuba uturika cane (imipaka y’ibiturika iri hagati ya 12,5 kw’ijana na 74 kw’ijana mu kirere). - Gazi y’iyidrojeni (\(\igisomwa{H}_2\)), Metane (\(\igisomwa{CH}_4\)), Etileni (\(\igisomwa{C}_2\igisomwa{H}_4\)), na Asetileni (\(\igisomwa{C}_2\igisomwa{H}_2\)): Bivuye mu guhindura ubushuhe bw’amabuye y’agaciro, PRber na dilecte amavuta. Ihidrojeni na acetylene zifise ubushobozi bwo kwaka cane kandi zishobora kwaka zivuye ku nkuru ntoyi cane idahinduka.

2. Uburyo bwo guturika "Backdraft"¶

Uko imyuka y’umuriro yuzuye mu cumba c’amazi co munsi y’ubutaka gipfutse (mu bisanzwe gishobora gufata metero kibe 4 gushika kuri 15 / amafuti kibe 150 gushika kuri 500 y’uburemere), ibintu bibiri birashobora gushika: 1. Igice c’Ubutunzi Bufumba: Mu ntango, iyo nzira y’amazi ishobora gusohora umwotsi w’ubunebwe w’umuhondo-umweru, w’umuhondo canke w’umwirabura w’umukara unuka nk’umwotsi w’umuhondo, w’amapine, canke w’ibiti bishushe. Iyo umuvango wa gaze uri imbere mu nzu y’ububiko utunze cane mu gihe gito (nta oxygène ihagije), wicara urindiriye nk’igisasu giteye imbere. 2. Ignition Flashover: Uko ubushuhe butuma gazi isohoka mu myobo y’ibipfukisho vy’umwobo w’amazi, umuyaga mushasha wo hanze ukanyonga umuyoboro uri hafi, ni ko n’igipimo c’amavuta n’umuyaga kiri imbere mu nzu y’imbohe kijabuka kija mu urugero rw’ibiturika rwa stoichiometric. Igikoresho c’umuyagankuba gikurikira kiri ku nsinga yononekaye kiraturira umufuko wa gazi ubwo nyene. 3. Igitutu c’Igisasu: Igitutu kiri imbere mu gasandugu ka beton kiraduga kikaja ku ma kilopascals amajana menshi mu milisegonda. Igipfukisho c’umwobo w’icuma gikomeye gipima ibilo 90 gushika kuri 160 (amapawundi 200 gushika kuri 350) kirafutwa mu kirere nk’uruzitiro rw’ivu, kigamenagura ibirahuri vy’imbere, kigamenagura ibisenge, canke kigaca kica abagenda n’amaguru ku birometero bimwe, hanyuma kigakurikirwa ubwo nyene n’inkingi y’umuriro ivuza induru gushika ku 300. ibirenge) biva mu mfuruka yuguruye.

3. Umwicanyi yihishije imbere mu nyubakwa zihanahanye: Ukwimuka kw’umuyaga wo munsi y’ubutaka (\(\text{CO}\))¶

Naho umugende w’umwotsi wo hanze mu nzira utazokwigera uturika, uratera ubwoba bw’ubumara bwica abantu benshi baryamye canke bakora mu nyubakwa ziri ku nzira yose.

• Ivyuma vy’amashanyarazi biri munsi y’ubutaka, ivy’amatelefone, n’ibipfukisho vya kera vy’imiyoboro ya gazi/amazi biva mu gasandugu k’ibarabara bica mu ruhome rw’umushinge bikaja mu vyumba vyo munsi y’ubutaka vy’amazu, amaresitora be n’inyubakwa z’amagorofa.
• Iyo umugozi uriko urafuha imbere mu mwobo w’ibarabara wugarijwe, ukwaguka kw’ubushuhe n’umuvuduko w’umuyagankuba wirundanira imbere muri uwo mwobo bituma haba umuyagankuba mwinshi cane (\(\text{CO}\)), akenshi urenga ibice 2.000 gushika ku 10.000 ku miliyoni (ppm), ukaba uri munsi y’ivyo bice vy’umugozi. mu bibanza vyo munsi y'ubutaka.
• Kubera ko utugingo ngengabuzima tw’umwotsi dukunda gucungura umwanda n’ibintu bifunga imiyoboro biri mu nzira, gazi y’umuyagankuba idafise akamoto kandi idafise ibara irashobora gusesagura inzu yo munsi y’ubutaka maze ikaduga ku ngazi no ku binogo vy’amasanseri imbere y’uko abayibamwo bumva umwotsi uwo ari wo wose.
• Ibikorwa vy'imbere mu nzu mu gihe c'umuriro w'ibarabara: Nimba hari ibarabara ry'ibarabara ry'umwotsi canke ry'umuriro ahantu hose ku nzu yawe, uce usuzuma inzu yawe Igikoresho co kumenya umwotsi w'umuyagankuba, ushire abantu mu nzu yo munsi y'ubutaka n'iy'igorofa yo hasi, ufungure amadirisho yo hejuru ku ruhande rw'ibarabara, n'ibarabara n’uve mu nyubakwa yose iyo wumvise umunuko w’amashanyarazi mu nzu canke iyo umuntu afise umutwe, akagira iseseme canke akagira iseseme. Raba ivyacu monoxide de carbone n'umwotsi wo guhumeka ubutabazi bwa mbere umurongozi.

Imbonerahamwe y'ukugereranya: Ivyihutirwa vy'Ibarabara ryo munsi y'Ivu¶

Igice ca 2: Ibisasu vy'imiyoboro y'umwotsi mu karere n'ugusenyuka kw'amabuye y'agaciro yitwa asibesitosi¶

Mu bisagara bininibinini (nk’igisagara ca New York, Paris, Berlin, Copenhague, Boston, Filadelufiya, Denver, Varsovie, Séoul na Beijing), iminara y’ubudandaji, ibitaro be n’amazu y’uburaro nta bikoresho vyavyo vy’amazi vyo munsi y’ubutaka bifise. Ahubwo, baronka umwotsi w’akarere ushushe cane upompa ibilometero vyinshi munsi y’ubutaka uva mu bigo bikorana n’ibindi bikoresho bikoreshwa n’ivyuma canke ivyuma bikoreshwa n’ivyuma bikora ku 1.000 gushika kuri 2.800 kilopascals (150 gushika kuri 400 psi) be n’ubushuhe buri hagati ya 170el na 3400. degre z’umuriro).

1. Ingene imvura nyinshi itera igisasu gikomeye cane citwa "Inyondo y'amazi y'amazi"¶

Ni gute imvura nyinshi canke umuyoboro w’amazi uvuza hanze y’umuyoboro w’umwotsi w’icuma gikomeye bishobora gutuma uwo muyoboro uturika nk’igisasu? Ico gitera ni ikintu gitera ubushuhe citwa Inyondo y’Amazi Iterwa n’Ivyuka (CIWH):

1. Mu bisanzwe, umwotsi w’umuvuduko munini umanuka mu nzira y’icuma iri munsi y’ubutaka nk’umuyaga wumye kandi ushushe cane ku muvuduko wo kuva ku bilometero 80 gushika ku 150 kw’isaha (50 gushika ku 95 kw’isaha), mu gihe amazi makeyi yose y’amazi apfutse asohoka biciye mu mitego y’umwotsi** iri ku ruhande rw’inzira.
2. Iyo imvura nyinshi cane isesekaye mu mwobo wo munsi y’ubutaka vyihuta kuruta uko amapompo y’amazi ashobora kuwusukura, canke iyo umuyoboro w’amazi akanye uri hafi y’aho usadutse maze ugatera amazi akanye hanze y’umuyoboro w’umwotsi, uwo muyoboro w’icuma urakonja ningoga maze ugakonjesha umwotsi uri imbere.
3. Mu minota mikeyi, amajana y’amalita y’umwotsi uri imbere muri uwo muyoboro arasubira gutera amazi abiri y’amazi akoranira hasi mu muyoboro mu gihe umwotsi w’umuvuduko munini ubandanya kwiruka hejuru y’umupfunda w’amazi.
4. Uwo muyaga wiruka ukubita amazi ari mu muyoboro akagira igikoko c’amazi akomeye kandi ashushe. Iryo joro ry’amazi ahiye ry’amatoni menshi, rigenda ryihuta rimanuka mu muyoboro ku bilometero birenga 100 kw’isaha maze rikaja mu muyoboro w’icuma ukurikira ugira degre 90, rikaba ritera nk’ivyuma bikomeye nk’ivyuma bikomeye.
5. Igipande c’umuyoboro canke uruhome rw’icuma ruca rumenagurika ubwo nyene. Kubera ko amazi ari muri iyo tiyo ashushe cane hejuru cane ya degre 100 Celsius (212 degrees Fahrenheit) mu gihe c’umukazo, igihe nyene uwo muyoboro usaduka ukawufungura kubera umukazo w’ikirere, **ayo mazi ashushe cane araca ibibatsi agacika umwotsi, akagwira incuro 1.600 z’igice c’isegonda mu gihe c’umukazo.
6. Iryo BLEVE (Igisasu c’Umwotsi Utera Amazi Abiri) rifuha ikinogo c’ubwaguke bwa metero 6 gushika kuri 15 (amafuti 20 gushika kuri 50) kigaca mu nzira y’amabuye y’agaciro, kigatera imodoka, amabuye y’agaciro, n’inkuru z’ivu zisha mu kirere.

2. Kurokoka iyo umwotsi w’umuyaga mwinshi umenetse mu nzira canke mu modoka .¶

Iyo umuyagankuba wo munsi y’ubutaka umenetse hafi yawe:

• Ntukigere uhumekera umwotsi muzima (Gukingira ubushuhe bwo mu nzira y'impwemu): Bitandukanye n'umuyaga wumye ushyushe mu nzu y'impwemu, umwotsi utose ufise inguvu z'ubushuhe zirengeye incuro 4.000 ku rugero rw'ubunini kandi urekura ubushuhe bunyegeje bw'amazi igihe nyene ukora ku ruhu rwawe Guhumeka rimwe gusa ry’umwotsi ushushe cane birashobora guturitsa ururimi rw’imbere n’urw’imbere, bigatuma umuntu avyimba ningoga (edema y’ururimi) bigatuma umuyoboro w’umuyaga ufunga mu minota 15 gushika kuri 30. Ubwo nyene ufate impwemu, ukande ishati, ijaketi canke igitambaro gitose cane ku zuru no ku munwa, ugume hasi (umwotsi uraduga ningoga), hanyuma ugende uja hejuru kandi uhagaze ku nkoko.
• Guma kure y’imigende y’amabarabara kandi wirinde amabuye y’agaciro: Umuyoboro w’amazi uvunitse utera amalita ibihumbi n’ibihumbi y’amazi ashushe afise ubushuhe bwa degre 95 gushika kuri degre 203 gushika kuri degre 212** mu migende y’amabarabara mu gihe asenya umukungugu uri munsi y’inzira. Duga ku bitandara vy’inyubako bikomeye canke ahantu h’ubutaka burebure bwumye; ntukigere utera intambwe mu mazi atemba yo mw’ibarabara hafi y’aho umuyaga uhagarara, kandi ugume inyuma cane y’uruzitiro rw’ico kinogo, kizobandanya kwinjiramwo uko ubutaka bwo munsi y’ubutaka bugenda burayoborwa.
• Nimba ufunzwe mu modoka hafi y’aho umuriro uva: Guma imbere mu modoka amadirisho yose apfutse kandi HVAC ihindutse OFF / Recirculate GUSA iyo imodoka iri kure cane aho ibirahuri bitamenagurika kubera ibisigazwa biguruka kandi umuhanda uri munsi y’amapine ukomeye. Nimba imodoka iri imbere nyene mu mfuruka y’umuyaga aho ibirahuri vyo mu nzu biriko birasaduka canke amazi ashushe ariko arateranira hamwe hirya no hino y’inzugi, nusuzume uruhande rw’imodoka ruri hejuru y’umuyaga, uzingire umutwe wawe n’ibiganza vyawe mu jacket canke mu gipfukisho co hasi mu modoka, hanyuma usohoke uri hejuru y’umuyaga kure y’aho umuyaga uri.

3. Itegeko ry’Ivu ry’Asibesito (Gukuraho ubuhumane inyuma y’uguturika kw’umwotsi)¶

Ivyuma vyinshi vy’umuyagankuba vy’ibisagara vyari munsi y’ubutaka vyashizweho imbere y’umwaka w’1980, bizingiriwe mu bikoresho vy’ubushuhe bikomeye birimwo chrysotile canke amosite asbestos (canke ubwoya bw’amabuye y’agaciro buvanze n’isimenti y’amabuye y’agaciro ya kera). Iyo umuyoboro w’umwotsi uturitse, iyo nzira y’amazi iri munsi y’ubutaka iraturika ikagira amamiliyoni y’intsinga zitobito cane zivanze n’ivu ry’umweru/ry’umuhondo n’inkungugu bigwa hejuru y’amabuye, ku modoka no ku bantu bagenda n’amaguru bikikije.

• Igihe ivyondo bitose, intsinga za asibesito zifatwa mu mazi kandi ziratera ingorane nke cane. Akaga gakomeye ko guhema haciye iminota 30 gushika kuri 60 iyo ivyondo vy’imvi vyuma bikaba inkungugu nziza ku mpuzu zawe, ku mushatsi wawe, ku nkweto zawe no ku ruhu rwawe maze bikaja mu kirere.
• Kurikiza iyi nzira y'intambwe 4 yo gukuraho ubuhumane bw'amabuye y'agaciro ubwo nyene umaze guhunga aho igisasu caturikiye:
  1. NTUKURUTSE, NTUZUNGANYE, canke ngo ushiremwo inkungugu yumye y’umweru ku mpuzu zawe. Gukaraba ivu ryumye bituma haba igicu c’insinga z’amabuye y’agaciro zishobora guhumeka imbere y’isura yawe nyene.
  2. Upfuke canke utobe impuzu zawe zo hanze imbere y’uko uzikurako: Imbere yo kwinjira mu nzu canke mu modoka iyo ari yo yose isukuye, ushire amazi makeyi ku jacket yawe, ku pantalo yawe, no ku nkweto zawe zipfutse inkungugu kugira ngo inkungugu ntiyigere ija mu kirere, hanyuma uyikuremwo imbere-hanze (uyikuremwo amashati n’ubwitonzi n’umukasi).
  3. Impuzu n’inkweto vyanduye mu mifuko ibiri: Imyambaro yose, imifuko, n’inkweto vyose vyandujwe n’ivu mu imifuko ibiri y’imyanda y’amapulasitike iremereye yanditswe neza ko ibikoresho bishobora gutera akaga bishobora gukurwaho n’abajejwe ibidukikije bo mu gisagara. Ntukigere ushiramwo impuzu zandujwe n’amabuye y’agaciro yitwa asbestos mu mashine yo mu nzu yo gumesa canke yo kwumisha, ivyo bikaba bihumanya ubudasiba igikoresho n’ivyo uzomesa muri kazoza.
  4. Woze neza n’amazi asukuye n’isabune yoroshe: Woze umushatsi, mu maso, n’umubiri mu mazi atemba (woze kuva ku mutwe gushika ku birenge kugira amazi yanduye ntaje mu maso yawe). Nimba wari mu nyubakwa iri hafi y’aho igisasu caturikiye, zima amadirisho yose y’ivyuma bikoresha umuyaga n’ivyuma bikoresha umuyaga wo hagati ubwo nyene hanyuma ufunge amadirisho n’urudodo kugira ngo inkungugu yo hanze ntiyonke mu migende yawe.

Igice ca 3: "Inguvu z'umuriro" (Inguvu z'umuriro zikorana) ku nzira z'amaguru z'igisagara gitose¶

Naho ata mwobo uriko urafuha canke uriko uraturika, intsinga zibiri zo munsi y’ubutaka zivunitse n’umunyu wo mu rushana canke n’ugucukura kenshi zica zisohoka 60 gushika ku 480 z’amashanyarazi ahinduka zica zija mw’isi itose no mu bikoresho vyo mu nzira vy’icuma canke vy’aluminiyumu. Ivyo bikoresho vy’ubuhinga vyita Inguvu z’Igihugu canke Inguvu z’Igihugu.

Ibisagara bifise ingorane nyinshi vyo kwirinda mu gihe c'imvura, urubura rushonga, canke ingorane z'amazi¶

Uko worokora umuntu canke igikoko giteye ubwoba n'umuriro w'umuyagankuba¶

1. Menya aho hantu imbere yo gukora ku muntu: Iyo umuntu asenyutse ariko arakora ku matara y’icuma yo mu nzira, ahantu bisi ihagarara, ku ruzitiro, canke ku gipfukisho c’umwobo utose, canke iyo imbwa ivuza induru, ipfutse umugongo, maze igasenyuka ku nzira y’amaguru itose, **wiyumvire ko hasi n’ivyuma bikoreshwa kuri **0 bifise ubuzima kuri **80
2. Ibirenge vyawe bwite ubishire kuri beton yumye kure y’ivyuma bifatanye. Ntukigere utera ikirenge kimwe ku nzira yumye, ikirenge kimwe ku nzira y’amazi canke ku nzira y’amazi.
3. Guca ubucuti ukoresheje ikintu kidashobora gukingira umuriro: Koresha umugozi w’imbwa wumye w’inylon, urubaho rwumye rw’ibiti, umukubuzo w’ipulasitike, umusego wo hasi w’imodoka w’imipira, canke ikoti ryumye ryinshi ryikikuje igihimba c’umubiri c’uwakozweko nabi kugira ngo umukurure metero 2 (amafuti 6) asubire kuri beton yumye.
4. Tangira CPR ubwo nyene iyo uwo muntu (canke igikoko) ataco akora kandi atariko arahumeka: Inkomezi z’umuriro zihinduka zidahinduka (50/60 Hz) zica mu gikiriza kenshi zituma ventricular fibrillation (uguhagarara kw’umutima) zidasiga urukoba ruboneka. Hamagara inomero y’ivyihutirwa yo mu karere kawe ubwo nyene, utangure gufata igifu (100 gushika kuri 120 ku munota mu burebure bwa santimetero 5 gushika kuri 6 / 2 gushika kuri 2,4 inches ku muntu akuze), hanyuma ukoreshe igikoresho co guhagarika umutima (AED) vuba cane kibonetse. Raba ivyacu gukubitwa n'umuyagankuba ubufasha bwambere na CPR abarongozi.

Ibibazo bikunda kubazwa¶

Amasoko yasuzumwe¶

• Ikigo c'abahinga mu vy'amashanyarazi n'ivy'ubuhinga bwa none (IEEE) Ishirahamwe ry'inguvu n'inguvu: IEEE Std 1695 Inyobora yo gutahura, gupima no kugabanya umuriro w'amashanyarazi n'uw'ugukorana n'amaraporo y'umugwi w'abakozi b'abahinga ku bijanye n'uguturika kw'imirongo y'amashanyarazi, uguturika kw'umuyagankuba n'uguturika kw'umuriro.
• Ikigo kijejwe umutekano n’ubuzima ku kazi (OSHA, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika) n’Ikigo c’Igihugu kijejwe umutekano n’ubuzima ku kazi (NIOSH / CDC, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika): Umutekano wo kwinjira mu kibanza gikingijwe / mu mwobo (29 CFR 1910.269(e)), imipaka y’ugusha kw’umuyagankuba wo munsi y’ubutaka, n’imirongo ngenderwako y’ugukuraho ubuhumane bw’insinga z’amabuye y’agaciro yitwa asibesitosi mu gihe c’ivyihutirwa inyuma y’aho umwotsi w’amazi ucitse.
• Ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ry’inguvu z’intara (IDEA) n’ingingo ngenderwako z’ubuhinga bw’umwotsi mu bisagara za Edison / National Grid: Gukingira no gusubiza mu buryo bwihutirwa inyundo y’amazi iterwa n’ugukomera (CIWH) mu mirongo y’umwotsi y’intara y’umujyi wa komine ifise umuvuduko munini.
• Ikigo ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kijejwe gukingira ibidukikije (EPA) n’Igisata kijejwe gukingira ibidukikije (NYC DEP / UK HSE): Ugucungera ubuzima bwa bose kubera ibitovu vy’amabuye y’agaciro yitwa chrysotile asbestos biva mu kirere n’ugukingira inyubakwa HVAC inyuma y’uguturika kw’imiyoboro y’umwotsi wo munsi y’ubutaka.
• Ishirahamwe ry’Igihugu ry’Ukurinda Umuriro (NFPA, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika) n’Ishirahamwe ry’Umuriro ry’i Londres (Ubwongereza): Uburyo busanzwe bwo gukoresha umuriro wo munsi y’ubutaka, umuriro wo mu bibanza vy’amashanyarazi, n’ukwimuka kw’umuyagankuba wo mu ruhande mu bibanza bihanahanye.

Inyobora zifitaniye isano¶

• Imirongo y'amashanyarazi yacitse n'umuyagankuba w'imodoka
• Ubutabazi bwa mbere buterwa n'umuyagankuba
• Guturika cane no gusukura imiti
• Ubutabazi bwa mbere bwo guhumeka umwotsi w'umuyagankuba
• Ugupima mu kibanza gikingijwe: imyobo, amasilo, n'ibidengeri
• Umuyoboro wa gaz waramenetse n'uguhunga kw'ababanyi
• Gazi ya radon, amabuye y'agaciro, n'irangi ry'amabuye y'agaciro
• Inomero z'ivyihutirwa