Umutingito wo kurokoka inyuma y'umutingito, gusuzuma imibumbe, no gusubira kwinjira ata nkomanzi¶

Iherezo ry’umutingito ukomeye ni intango gusa y’ivyihutirwa vy’umutingito. Igihe cose umutingito uringaniye canke ukomeye ukurikirwa n’ibihumbi canke ibihumbi vy’ibice vy’inyuma**, ivyo bikaba ari ibice vy’amakosa vy’inyuma biterwa n’uko umubabaro usubira gusangira ku ndege y’amakosa yacitse n’amakosa y’inyuma y’isi ari hafi. Naho incuro z’inyuma y’imitingito zigenda zigabanuka uko igihe kigenda kirarenga hakurikijwe Itegeko rya Omori (\(n(t) = K / (t + c)^p\)), imitingito imwe imwe kenshi ishika ku bunini gusa 1,1 gushika ku 1,2 units buto kuruta umutingito munini (Itegeko rya Båth ry’inyuma ry’umutingito), bisobanura ko ari umutingito munini. 6,0 gushika kuri 6,1 inyuma y’umutingito** haciye iminota, amasaha canke imisi, kandi nka 5 gushika kuri 6 kw’ijana vy’imitingito ikomeye bica bihinduka imitingito y’imbere gushika ku mitingito nini kuruta mu masaha 72. Kubera ko umutingito wa mbere wari waramaze gusaduka inkuta z’ivyuma, ugatuma inking za beton zisaduka, n’ibikingi vy’amatafari (cumulative cyclic degradation), umutingito w’uburemere buringaniye 5,0 gushika kuri 6,0 ushobora gusenyura inyubakwa.

Dukurikije ikigo ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kijejwe ivy’ubutaka (USGS), ikigo ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kijejwe gucungera ibihe vy’ivyihutirwa (FEMA), Inama y’Ikoranabuhanga (ATC-20 Isuzuma ry’Umutekano w’Inyubakwa inyuma y’umutingito** ikoreshwa muri Amerika ya Ruguru, Uburayi, Ubuyapani, na Nouvelle-Zélande), be n’ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ry’ubushakashatsi n’ugutabara ibisagara (USARASAR / Rescue) inyuma y’umutingito n’ibikomere bikomeye bishika inyuma y’umutingito munini, igihe abaturage bihutira gusubira mu nyubakwa zari zasenyutse kugira ngo baronke ibikoko vyo mu nzu, ibintu vy’agaciro canke inyandiko, canke igihe umuntu azimye canke asubira ku gipimo ca gaze kavukire mu buryo butabereye. Kumenya ingene wovyifatamwo neza mu gihe c’umutingito wo mu nzu yononekaye, ingene wosoma ibimenyetso vyemewe vy’umutekano w’inyubako ATC-20 vy’ibara ry’icatsi kibisi, umuhondo n’umutuku**, ingene wokora urugendo rwo guca hanze n’imbere mu nzu imbere y’uko unyura mu muryango, n’igihe wozimya umuvuduko wawe w’amazi a quaring a hours the quarter-turves in.

Ivyo ubikore ubu¶

1. Gutera, Fuka, kandi Uhagarare ubwo nyene igihe cose umutingito w’inyuma uteye, maze ugende kure y’inkuta z’amabuye zononekaye, imigende y’umwotsi, n’imbere y’ibirahuri. Igihe cose wumvise uguhungabana kwa kabiri, ushire hasi ku maboko yawe no ku mavi imbere y’uko uwo mutingito ukugutera hasi, ukwegere munsi y’imeza ikomeye canke hafi), hanyuma ufate n’ukuboko kumwe mu gihe ukundi kurinda inyuma y’umutwe n’izosi. Nimba uri hanze inyuma y’umutingito munini, guma ahantu hafunguye nibura incuro 1,5 z’uburebure bw’inyubakwa kure y’inyubakwa z’amatafari zidakomeye, amashengero y’amabuye, amabarabara arengeye, n’ibitandara vy’amazi.
2. Hunga uje ahantu hafunguye ubwo nyene inyuma y’aho igihuhusi gihagaze nimba inyubakwa yawe yerekana ingorane nyinshi, gazi ivuye, canke umuriro. Ambara inkweto zikomeye n’amaganzu y’akazi imbere yo kuva mu gitanda canke kuva ku ntebe (hasi hapfutswe n’ibirahuri vy’idirisha vyamenetse na drybll yourb umufuko, maze usohoke uciye ku ngazi (ntiwigere ukoresha asanseri inyuma y’umutingito, kuko ibikoresho bifata uburemere biva ku nzira zavyo zirongora maze bikafata abagenzi hagati y’amagorofa).
3. Suzuma ko ata gazi kavukire ivuye ukoresheje umunuko, ijwi, n’ibimenyetso vy’igerageza ry’igipimo, hanyuma ufunge umupfundikizo mukuru wa gazi GUSA iyo vyerekanwa ko ivuye. Genda ku gipimo ca gazi kavukire cawe co hanze:
4. Niwaba wumva umunuko w’amagi aboze ya mercaptan, wumva gazi ivuza induru, urabe akarongo gatoyi k’igerageza k’amadolari ½\text{-foot}$ canke \(2\text{-foot}\) kariko karagenda mu gihe ibikoresho vyose bizimye, canke urabe ukuntu imiterere ihinduka hirya no hino y’igipimo: Koresha igipimo c’amasentimetero 30 canke 12. igikoresho co gufunga gazi co guhindukiza uruzitiro rw’umuringa rw’umurongo w’inzira ku muyoboro w’amazi (uruhande rw’inzira) uguhindukiza ica kane (degre 90) mu nzira iyo ari yo yose gushika uruzitiro rwicaye ruhagaze (rujanye n’umusaraba) ku muyoboro.
5. Nimba ATA n’umunuko, ATA n’imwe ivuga, kandi ATA n’imwe igenda: Siga gaze ON kugira ngo ugume ufise ubushuhe n’amazi ashushe; amashirahamwe y’amazi ashobora gutwara amayinga menshi kugira ngo asubire gucana amametero ibihumbi n’ibihumbi yapfutse ata co amaze.
6. Kora urugendo rw’inyuma rw’inyubako rw’amadegre 360 uri kure cane imbere y’uko ugerageza gusubira kwinjira mu nzu iyo ari yo yose canke aho ukora. Imbere yo kuduga ku rugi rwawe rw’imbere, suzuma impande zose zine z’inyubako kuva ku metero 5 gushika kuri 10 (amafuti 16 gushika kuri 33) urabe inyuma y’inzu. garage yo hasi yihetse (soft-story racking), umuyoboro w’umwotsi w’amatafari usadutse wihetse hejuru y’igisenge, canke imirongo y’amashanyarazi iri hejuru y’igorofa yamanutse ipfutse hejuru y’uruzitiro rw’amagorofa canke rw’ivyuma.
7. Wumvire ibimenyetso vyemewe vy’igenzura ry’inyubako vya ATC-20 / vya komine (Ivyatsi bitotahaye, Umuhondo, Umutuku) bishizwe ku muryango wawe. Ntukigere ukuraho, upfuka canke ngo wirengagize ikimenyetso c’umutekano w’inyubako:
8. IBITANGA ("BISUZUWE"): Ukwibamwo mu buryo butegekanijwe n'amategeko vyemewe; nta ngorane igaragara y’imibumbe yabonetse, naho nyene vyoshobora gukenerwa gusanura utuntu dutoduto tutari mu mibumbe.
9. UMUHORO ("GUKORESHA BIBUJIJWE"): Ivyago vyihariye vyabonetse; kwinjira bigarukira ku gihe gito, kurondera ivy’umuntu bigenzurwa canke mu vyumba vyihariye vy’umutekano gusa, ata gusinzira ijoro ryose kiretse bivuzwe neza ku rupapuro.
10. UMUTUKU ("UNSAFE"): Gusenyuka cane canke akaga k'ubuzima; kwinjira birabujijwe cane n’amategeko gushika abahinga mu vy’inyubako bashitse ku nkombe canke bagasenya iyo nyubakwa.
11. Nimba uwo mu muryango canke umubanyi afashwe munsi y’amabuye aremereye ya beton canke amabuye y’imbere yasenyutse, hamagara abajejwe ivy’ivyihutirwa kandi NTUKURE ibisigazwa vy’ibintu vyihutirwa. Hamagara inomero y’ivyihutirwa yo mu karere kawe (911 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika na Canada, 112 hirya no hino mu Bumwe bw’Uburaya, reba Ubwongereza, 999 inomero z'ivyihutirwa) no kumenyesha imigwi y’abajejwe gushaka no gutabara abantu mu bisagara (USAR) canke CERT. Gusa n’uguterura ibisigazwa vy’ibintu bitari vyinshi nimba ushobora gutera no gutera ivyuma vyose vy’uguterura n’ibiti bikomeye kugira ngo igitero c’inyuma ntigishobore gutera umugozi ku muntu yagirizwa.

Inyuma y'umutingito gusubira kwinjira, guhagarika gazi, n'igiti c'ingingo co kurokoka inyuma y'umutingito¶

Koresha iki kigereranyo c’ingingo yo mu murima ubwo nyene inyuma y’aho igihuhusi gikomeye gihagaze kugira ngo ufate ingingo yo gufunga ibikorwa vy’amazi, kwimuka, canke gusuzuma inzu yawe ata nkomanzi.

flowchart TD
    Start["Mainshock Guhungabana Bihagarara:<br/>Mbere Ushire Inkweto n'Iganzu"] --> ImmediateCheck{"Woba wumva umunuko wa gaz, ubona umwotsi/umuriro,<br/>canke wumva inyubakwa iriko iravuza induru/ihinduka?"}

    ImmediateCheck -->|"EGO: Umunuko wa Gazi, Umuriro, canke<br/>Ugusaduka kw'Imibumbe"| EvacNow["GUHITA GUVUKA:<br/>1. Sohoka uciye ku NDAZI gusa (Ntukigere ukoresha amasanseri)<br/>2. Raba hejuru amabarabara y'amatafari, imigende y'umwotsi n'ibirahuri<br/>3. Zima umupfunda w'inyuma wa gazi (90° ujanye n'umuyoboro)<br/>4. Kwimukira mu kibanza kigutse 1.5x uburebure bw'inyubako kure y'inyubako"]

    ImmediateCheck -->|"NTA Umunuko Ubwo nyene canke Gusenyuka"| ExteriorScan["360° IVY’INYUBAZO Y’IHANZE:<br/>Suzuma impande zose 4 kuva ku metero 5 gushika ku metero 10 (16 gushika ku metero 33) inyuma:<br/>- Mbega igorofa yo hasi yari yishingikirije canke urugi rw’igaraje rwari rwarazigamye?<br/>- Mbega inzu yasanze inzu yanyereye kuri beton/ X-cracked canke rebar buckled?<br/>- Mbega umuyoboro w’itafari warasadutse canke utandukanye n’uruhome?"]

    ExteriorScan -->|"Ivyonona vyose vy'imibumbe vy'Ibendera Ritukura<br/>CANKE Ikimenyetso C'UTUKURA C'IBIMENYETSO"| DoNotEnter["NTUSUBIRE KWINJIRA MU NYUBAKO:<br/>1. Fata nk'akaga ko gusenyuka hafi mu gihe c'umutingito ukurikira<br/>2. Zima umuvuduko mukuru wa gazi n'umuvuduko munini w'umuyagankuba (niba uri hanze)<br/>3. Gukingira ahantu h’ugugwa hafi y’imigende y’umwotsi n’inkuta z’amabuye<br/>4. Ubuhungiro muri pariki yuguruye, imodoka mu butaka bufunguye, canke ubuhungiro bw'Umusaraba Mutukura"]

    ExteriorScan -->|"Igipapuro c'umuhondo<br/>(Ikoreshwa ribujijwe)"| YellowEntry["INJIRA MU GICE GUSEZERWA GUSA (Niba vyemewe n'Ikimenyetso):<br/>1. Ambara inkofero ikomeye, inkweto, amaganzu, igipfukisho ca N95, n’itara ry’imbere<br/>2. Gushiraho umugenzuzi wo hanze afise ifirimbi ku nzira<br/>3. Inzugi zose zifunguke kugira ngo umutingito udashobora kugufata imbere<br/>4. Fata imiti, ibikoko, n'inyandiko mu minota <10 hanyuma usohoke"]

    ExteriorScan -->|"Ntavyononekaye mu mibumbe<br/>(canke ikimenyetso c'icatsi kibisi casuzumwe)"| SafeInside["GUSUZUMA IMBERE MU NTUMBERO:<br/>1. Suzuma imigozi y'amazi asusurutsa gazi n'umuyoboro w'umwotsi uri hejuru<br/>2. Suzuma ko amatiyo y'amazi avuza n'amazi y'imyanda<br/>3. Gufungura neza amakabine (ibirimwo birahinduka bikagwa)<br/>4. Gumana inkweto n'itara iruhande y'igitanda kubera imitingito y'ijoro"]

Ivyandiko vyemewe vyerekeye umutekano w'inyubakwa ATC-20 inyuma y'umutingito vyasiguwe¶

Inyuma y’umutingito wononekaye, amashirahamwe y’inyubako y’ibisagara n’abahinga b’ivy’inyubako/b’inyubako bafise impapuro z’umutsindo barakora Isuzuma ryihuse kandi ry’ido n’ido hakurikijwe ingingo ngenderwako ya ATC-20 (Applied Technology Council) bagashirako ibipapuro vy’amabara ku muryango mukuru w’inyubako yose isuzumwe.

Uburyo 6 bwo gusenyuka kw'inyubako butuma inyubakwa zisenyuka mu gihe c'umutingito w'inyuma¶

Imbere y’uko winjira mu nzu iyo ari yo yose, mu nyubakwa y’amazu menshi canke mu bubiko inyuma y’umutingito, banza urabe neza ivyo bimenyetso bitandatu vy’ugusenyuka kw’imibumbe vyamenyekanye na FEMA be n’Ikigo c’Ubushakashatsi ku vyerekeye Umutingito (EERI). Niwabona **ikintu na kimwe muri ivyo bimenyetso bitandatu, ushire iyo nyubakwa nk'iyi Red-Tagged ("UNSAFE") naho umugenzuzi wemewe yoba atarashika.

1. "Soft-Story" Ivyumba vyo hasi (Inyubakwa z'amagorofa hejuru y'aho guhagarara)¶

Inzu nyinshi z’amagorofa 2 gushika ku 5 zikozwe mu biti canke zikozwe muri beton zubatswe zifise amagaraje manini manini kandi yuguruye yo hasi, amabarabara y’imiduga ashobora kwihisha, canke amaduka manini manini y’ibirahuri ku rwego rwa mbere, zishigikira amabarabara aremereye be n’amazu menshi cane yo hejuru. - Kubera ko mu nzu yo hasi ata mpome zikomeye zo mu nzu zicapura imbere, imipfunda y’umutingito iringaniye ituma iyo nyubakwa yose izunguruka mu ruhande ku nkingi zo hasi zitoyi cane nk’agasanduku karemereye karinganiye ku bikoresho vyo gutera amenyo. - Ivyo ushobora kurondera: Inkuta zo mw'igorofa ya mbere canke inkingi za garage zigaragara ko zishingiye ku nzira (mbere na \(2\text{ gushika kuri }5\text{ degrees}\)); inzugi z’igaraje canke inzugi z’injira zo hasi zifatanye zigoramye mu bipande vyazo; stucco canke drywall iri hejuru y’inkingi zo mw’igorofa ya mbere irajanjagurwa maze igaca ipfuka. Igitero kimwe c'inyuma kizotera amagorofa yo hejuru agororotse ku magaraje yo hasi.

2. Umushinge w’Ikimuga-Uruhome Buckling na Sill-Plate Sliding (Inzu za kera zikozwe mu biti)¶

Inzu za kera z’umuryango umwe zikozwe mu biti (na cane cane inzu z’imbere y’umwaka wa 1980) akenshi zica ku mpome ngufi z’ibiti zitwa **inkuta z’ibiti z’ibirenge n’iz’ibimuga kubura amabuye y’inanga afatanya igiti c’ivu ku beton. - Ico worondera: Inzu iboneka imanutse n’amasentimetero 30 gushika kuri 90 (amafuti 1 gushika kuri 3) canke ihengamye ku ruhande rumwe; ivyuma vyo hanze canke ivyuma vyo hasi bipfutse hanze nk’inanga; intambwe z’ibaraza ry’imbere zarakuwe rwose ku muryango w’imbere; canke ushobora kubona umushinge wa beton utagira ikintu ushitse ku ruhande rumwe rw’inzu mu gihe uruhome ruteganye na rwo ruri hejuru ya beton. - Ikibazo gishobora gushika: Iyo inzu inyerera ku mushinge wayo canke igasenyuka uruhome rwayo rwo gusenyuka, iraca umuyoboro w’icuma ukomeye w’umuyagankuba n’imirongo y’amazi iri munsi y’aho umuntu ashobora gukwegakwega, bigatuma haba umutego w’uguturika kw’umuyagankuba wo munsi y’igorofa ukaze cane.

3. "X-Cracking" n'ugucapura mu nkingi za beton n'inkuta zicapura¶

Mu nyubakwa z’ibiro zikozwe muri beton ikomeye, mu bibanza vyo guhagararako, mu mashure no mu mazu maremare, inkingi zihagaze be n’inkuta zikozwe muri beton zishobora guhangana n’uburemere bw’uburemere bw’ibibanza biri hejuru be n’ugukemuka kw’imipfunda y’umutingito gusubira inyuma n’imbere. - Ivyo ushobora kurondera: - Imivyimba ifise ishusho y’urudome X (ijabuka ku mfuruka \(45\text{-degree}\)) ica inzira yose ica mu gipimo c’inkingi ya beton canke uruhome rw’inyubako hagati y’amadirisho. - Beton spalling na "bird-caging" rebar: Ibice vya beton vyavuye ku nkingi, bigaragaza ivyuma bikomeza (rebar) biri imbere, kandi ivyuma bihagaze bipfutse hanze nk'ivyuma vy'inyoni kubera ko amabohero y'ivyuma ahagaze yacitse. - Gutera ibipfunsi hirya no hino y’inkingi z’amabuye y’agaciro: Mu magaraje y’amabuye canke mu nyubakwa z’amabuye y’agaciro, raba aho igipande co mu gisenge gihurira n’isonga ry’inkingi imwe imwe; iyo iyo nkingi isa n’iyitera hejuru biciye mu mpeta ya beton yasadutse iri mu gisenge, igipande cose co hasi kiba kiri hafi gutera pancake kija hasi.

4. Amabuye y’amatafari atakomeye (URM), amabarabara y’umwotsi, n’ugutandukanya inkuta¶

Inyubakwa z’amatafari, amabuye, amabuye y’agaciro be n’iz’ibumba zitagira imyobo (zisanzwe mu bisagara vy’imbere y’umwaka wa 1950 kw’isi yose) zifise amabuye y’agaciro ashobora gusenyuka ata n’ivyuma vy’imbere bifatanya. - Umutego w’Ikinogo c’Umwotsi c’Amatafari n’Ikigo c’Ikigobe: Igikoko c’umwotsi c’amatafari n’inkuta z’igisenge zishaza birakubita ibipfunsi bisubira inyuma bikomeye mu gihe c’umutingito. Naho umuyoboro w’umwotsi woba utagwa mu gihe c’uguhungabana gukomeye, kenshi urasaduka gushika ku gisenge canke ku rugero rwo hejuru. Mu gihe c’umutingito ukurikira w’uburemere bwa 4,5, amatoni y’amatafari aratera hanze ku nzira y’imodoka/ibaraza canke imbere agororotse aciye mu gisenge c’icumba c’uburaro. - Ugutandukanya Ledger-Board: Raba aho igisenge canke igorofa ya kabiri ihurira n’uruhome rw’amatafari rw’inyuma. Iyo ubonye umuco w’umutaga hagati y’uruhome rw’amatafari n’ibipande vy’ibiti vy’igisenge, canke iyo uruhome rw’amatafari rupfukamye hanze hagati, urwo ruhome rwacitse ku bibanza vyo hasi kandi ruzoca rusenyuka rukasenyuka mu gihe c’umutingito ukurikira.

5. Inzu ziteye ku musozi n’ugutera umushinge w’amazi¶

• Inzu ziri ku misozi ziri ku nkingi ndende canke ku mishinge y’intambwe: Suzuma ubutaka bwo kuduga n’ubwo kumanuka bukikuje ibirenge ko ata n’imwe ifise imivyimba ( imivyimba y’ubutaka imeze nk’ukwezi yerekana ko hariho ubutaka butangura gusenyuka kw'ubutaka) kandi usuzume ko imigozi y’icuma y’umusaraba iri munsi y’inzu ikomeye kandi itavunitse.
• Uguhinduka kw’ubutaka: Ku nkengera y’ikiyaga, ku bibanza vy’uruzi, canke ku butaka bufise amazi y’umusenyi, ukunyiganyiga kw’umutingito guhindura umusenyi utose ukaba umusenyi ugenda (uguhinduka amazi), bituma inyubakwa zirohama zitaringaniye canke zigasubira inyuma zidakomeretse mu gihe umusenyi uturika biciye mu mivyimba yo hasi mu nzu yo munsi y’ubutaka canke mu nzira.

6. Inzugi zipfutse n’imisumari y’uruhome rwumye (Ikimenyetso c’imburi co gutera ivyatsi)¶

Ni kubera iki abahinga mu vy’inyubako bitaho cane nimba inzugi zawe zo mu mutima zifunguka canke zigafunga neza inyuma y’umutingito? - Iyo uruhome rw’ibiti canke rw’icuma rukiri rw’inzira y’inzira (ku mfuruka y’iburyo y’amadolari 90\text{-degree}$), urugi rw’inzira y’inzira rujanye n’uruhome rwarwo. - Iyo uruhome rw’inyubako rwacitse ubudasiba (ruhindutse nk’uruzitiro), inzugi zica zifata neza imbere mu ruhome rwazo, amadirisho aramenagurika kubera ugufatanya kw’imfuruka, kandi imirongo y’ibipfunsi vy’uruhome canke imisumari iraca mu rangi ku murongo w’igisenge, bikaba bigaragaza ko uruhome rwacitse ku ruhande rw’uruhome.

Uko wozimya gaze, propane, umuyagankuba n’amazi be n’igihe wozimya¶

Gukoresha nabi ibikoresho vy’amazi inyuma y’umutingito bitera ivyago bibiri bitandukanye: gusiga umurongo wa gazi wacitse ufunguye bitera umuriro mu bisagara inyuma y’umutingito, mu gihe gufunga ibipimo vya gazi bitagiramwo ikintu na kimwe mu gisagara cose bisiga ibihumbi amajana vy’abanyagihugu bategerezwa gusubira gusuzuma amazi n’amazi kubera ko ata bushuhe canke amazi ashushe mu inzu y’abavyeyi umwe umwe.

   HOW TO READ AND SHUT OFF YOUR NATURAL GAS SERVICE VALVE

   [1] GAS IS ON (Normal Flow)          [2] GAS IS OFF (Shut Off)
       Brass lug is PARALLEL                Brass lug is PERPENDICULAR
       (in-line) with the pipe              (crosswise / 90°) to the pipe

           |   |                                |   |
           | | |  <-- Lug vertical              |===|  <-- Turn 1/4 turn (90°)
           | | |      (In-line)                 |   |      either way until holes
           |   |                                |   |      align for padlock
      =====[Meter]=====                    =====[Meter]=====

1. Igenzura ry'Igipimo ca Gaz Kavukire n'Itegeko ryo Gufunga¶

1. Tora igipimo cawe ca gaz n'igipimo co gufunga kibereye IMBERE y'uko umutingito uba:
2. Igikoresho co gufunga umuyaga (igikoresho co gukoresha) kiri ku muyoboro w’injira uduga uva hasi mbere y’uko* gazi yinjira mu mubiri w’umugenzuzi n’uw’igipimo (kenshi \(15\text{ ku }30\text{ inch}).\) [\(6\text{ ku }30\text{ inch}).\) [\(6\text{ ku }12\)}te be{12$}te
3. Ifise igiti c’umuringa canke c’icuma c’umurongo w’inzira (lug) gisongoye, kikaba gifise umwobo w’uruziga.
4. Gumana urufunguzo rwo gufunga gazi rudatera umuriro canke urufunguzo rwo gufunga gazi rushobora guhindurwa rw’amasentimetero 30 (12-inch) ruboshe canke rumanitswe iruhande nyene y’igipimo ca gazi kugira ngo ntuzokwigere uhiga mu garage y’umwiza kandi yasenyutse kugira ngo ubone igikoresho.
5. Kora igenzura ry'intoke 3 ry'uko gazi isohoka inyuma y'umutingito:
6. Umunuko: Nuhuze hirya no hino y’imetero, mu bibanza vy’impwemu, mu kabati k’amazi, no mu gikoni kugira ngo ubone umunuko w’amagi aboze / w’ikibiriti w’umunuko wa mercaptan wongerewe kuri gaze kavukire na propane (raba gazi ivuza).
7. Umviriza: Umviriza ijwi ry’agaciro ry’ugusemerera, ry’ugusesagura, canke ry’ugusesagura hafi y’imetero canke inkuta.
8. Raba Igikoresho co Gupima: Ivyombo vyose vyo mu nzu bizimye, raba igikoresho co kugerageza c’imice gitoyi kuruta ibindi vyose kiri ku ruhande rw’imbere rw’igipimo ca gazi (kenshi canditsweko \(1/2\text{ Ikirenge Kibe}\) canke \(2\text{ Ibirenge Kibe}\)) mu minota 3 gushika ku 5 yuzuye. Iyo urwo rushinge ruriko rurazunguruka mu buryo buboneka mu gihe ata nkoko canke ifuru iriko irakora, gaze iriko irasohoka biciye mu muyoboro wavunitse uri imbere mu nzu.
9. Nimba ICYO COSE muri ivyo bipimo 3 ari ciza (canke iyo inzu yimukiye ku mushinge wayo): MUZIME.
10. Shira urufunguruzo rwawe hejuru y’urufunguzo rw’umuringa rw’umurongo w’inzira ku muyoboro w’inzira y’amazi maze uruhindure 90 degrees (uguhinduka kw’ica kane) mu nzira zompi gushika urufunguzo rwicaye mu musaraba (ruhagaze) ku muyoboro maze ibipande bibiri vy’urufunguzo bihure.
11. NTUKIGEZE usubira gufungura umupfunda wa gazi wewe nyene. Gusubira gufungura gazi bituma gazi itaturitse isuka mu matara y’umudereva yazimye canke mu mirongo y’imiyoboro yihishije imbere mu bihome, bikaba bituma haba igisasu gishobora kwica igihe kizokurikira umuvuduko w’amazi canke umuriro w’amatara ukanda. Umuhinga mu vy’amazi canke umuhinga mu vy’amazi afise uruhusha ni we wenyene ashobora kugerageza iyo nzira maze agasubizaho igikorwa ca gazi.

2. Ivyuma bishushanya amazi bifise imigozi n’ibidafise imigozi (n’akaga k’umuyaga w’umuriro)¶

Naho igikoresho cawe co gushusha amazi gifise gazi coba gifatanye n’ibipande vy’uruhome bifise ivyuma bibiri bikomeye bishobora gutuma umutingito udatera umutingito (ica gatatu co hejuru n’ica gatatu co hasi c’itangi) kandi ntikihinduke: - Suzuma umuyoboro w’umwotsi w’ivyuma uri hejuru y’igikoresho co gushusha amazi ubwo nyene. Guhungabana gukomeye kenshi gutuma igipfukisho c’ivyuma n’umuyoboro w’umwotsi uva hejuru y’itangi biva hejuru y’itangi. Iyo igikoresho co gushusha amazi gikomeje gutera n’umuyoboro w’umwotsi udakora, nta n’akamoto, kirashobora kwica umwuka w'ikirere isuka ataco ihinduye mu nzu yawe. - Suzuma ko ata gazi flex-connector ifise ibipfunsi: Suzuma ko umurongo wa gazi w’ivyuma vy’amabuye utaramvye canke ngo usaduke mu gihe co guhungabana.

3. Amategeko agenga amashanyarazi n'amazi¶

• Amashanyarazi: Zima umuyagankuba mukuru ku gicapo cawe c’umuyagankuba iyo ubonye intsinga zacitse canke ziriko zirasha, wumva umunuko w’ibikoresho bishaje, amazi ahagaze hasi avuye mu miyoboro yaturitse, canke uriko urakura inyubakwa yononekaye.
• IKIBAZO GIKOMEYE: Niwaba wumva umunuko wa gaze canke propane imbere mu nzu, NTUKORE ku gipande c’umuyagankuba, ku bikoresho vy’amatara, canke ku bikoresho vy’ibikoresho biri mu nzu; guhindukiza umuyagankuba canke umuyagankuba bituma haba akarongo k’umuyagankuba gatoyi k’imbere kazoturitsa ico cumba cuzuye gaze. Mubanze muve mu nzu maze muzime gaze iva ku gipimo co hanze.
• Igikoresho c'amazi co mu nzu: Nimba amatiyo yo mu nzu yaturitse kandi ariko arasesagura mu gisenge canke hasi, funga umuyoboro w'amazi yo mu nzu (aho umuyoboro w'amazi winjira mu nzu canke mu nzu yo munsi y'ubutaka) kugira ngo amazi ntayononekare mu nzu no kugira ngo uzigame 150 gushika kuri 300 waterin to400 litres) ibitswe imbere mu gitereko cawe c’amazi ashushe imbere y’uko amazi yo mu nzira atakaza umuvuduko canke akanduzwa n’imirongo y’amazi y’imyanda yamenetse.
• Ibidengeri vya Propane (LPG) (Inzu zo mu misozi no hanze y’umuyagankuba): Bitandukanye na gazi kavukire, iremereye kuruta umuyaga kandi ikaduga yerekeza ku gisenge, gazi ya peteroli (propane) iremereye incuro 1,5 kuruta umuyaga kandi ibidengeri biri hasi, bitemba mu bibanza vyo munsi y’ubutaka. Inyuma y’umutingito, suzuma itangi ryawe ry’inyuma ry’amazi menshi kugira ngo umenye neza ko ritanyereye ku mabuye yaryo ya beton maze rigaca umurongo w’umuringa w’ingurube; iyo wumvise umunuko wa gaze canke ubonye urubura ku gikoresho co gukoresha itangi, hindukiza umupfunda w’uruziga rw’amaboko uzunguruka munsi y’igiti c’itangi mu buryo bw’isaha (iburyo) gushika ushitse.

Urutonde rugufi rwo gusubira kwinjira (KU nyubakwa zifise ikimenyetso c'icatsi kibisi canke zemerewe zifise ikimenyetso c'umuhondo GUSA)¶

Nimba inyubakwa yawe ifise Ikimenyetso c’Icatsi kibisi (canke ifise Ikimenyetso c’Umuhondo cemerera mu buryo butomoye kwinjira mu gihe gitoyi umuntu agenzurwa kugira ngo atore imiti canke ibintu vy’ingenzi) kandi ikarenga isuzuma ryawe ry’inyuma ry’ibipimo 360:

• Ntukigere winjira wenyene; post an "Outside Lookout" n'ijwi rirenga: Umuntu akuze umwe ategerezwa kuguma hanze mu nzira ata bibazo vyo kugwa, afise ijwi ry'ugutabara ritagira ibitoke. Iyo uwuriko araraba yumvise umutingito w’inyuma utanguye canke abona inyubakwa iriko irahinduka, ijwi rimwe rirerire ry’ifirimbi rimenyesha umuntu ari imbere ngo agwe, atwikire canke asohoke ubwo nyene.
• Ambara ibikoresho vyose vyo kwikingira: Ambara inkofero ikomeye canke inkofero y’ikinga/yo kuduga, inkweto z’akazi zifise amaguru manini, amaganzu y’urukoba, amabarabara y’umutekano, igikoresho co guhumeka inkungugu N95 (ivyuma vyononekaye n’ibisenge vya kera vy’ibitoke birekura silika n’ inkungugu ya asibesito), kandi utware itara ry’imbere ry’amabateri ryaka cane (ntiwigere ukoresha amabuye y’agaciro, amatara canke ibikoresho vyo gucana).
• Ufungure urugi rwose uko winjira: Twara ibipfunsi vy’umuryango w’ibiti canke ibintu biremerera maze ushire urugi rw’imbere n’urugi rwose rw’imbere rwugurure inyuma yawe kugira ngo iyo umutingito w’inyuma ushire amabarabara y’umuryango mu gihe uri mu cumba co inyuma, ntuzokwingingwa kandi ntube ufunzwe imbere.
• Ugurure amabarabara y’igikoni n’inzugi z’ibikoresho vyo hejuru n’amasentimetero 2 gusa (1 inch) mbere: Mu gihe c’uguhungabana gukomeye, ibibindi vy’ibirahuri biremerera, amasahani y’ivyuma, n’ibibindi biranyerera imbere maze bikavyishingikiriza ata guca ku ruhande imbere mu nzugi z’ibikoresho vyugarijwe; guzunguruka urugi rw’akabati rwuguruye mu bisanzwe bitera ibirahuri biremerera mu maso no mu biganza vyawe.
• Uce ukubura ibirahuri vyamenetse n’imiti yo mu nzu yamenetse ubwo nyene: Suzuma munsi y’ibikoresho vyo mu gikoni no mu bwogero aho amacupa y’amazi n’amoniya canke amazi yo gusukura amazi yo mu nzu ashobora kuba yarapfutse kandi akavanga (raba Igisukura kivanze n'umuyaga w'ubumara wa amoniya).

Ibibazo bikunda kubazwa¶

Mbega umutingito ukurikira umutingito woba wama ari mutoyi kuruta umutingito munini, canke umutingito munini woshobora gutera mu nyuma?¶

Naho igice kinini c’imitingito y’inyuma y’umutingito ari gito kuruta umutingito munini (mu bisanzwe kigera ku rwego rwo hejuru rw’uburemere bwa 1,1 gushika ku 1,2 hasi hakurikijwe Itegeko rya Båth, bisobanura ko umutingito w’uburemere bwa 7,0 mu bisanzwe utera umutingito w’uburemere bwa 5,8 gushika ku 5,9 munini kuruta uwundi), amakuru y’ivy’imitingito yerekana ko kuva ku 100 gushika ku 500. umutingito mu vy’ukuri ni umutingito ubanza gukurikira mu masaha canke imisi mikeyi n’umutingito munini kuruta. Mbere n’umutingito w’inyuma ufise inguvu ntoyi incuro 10 kuruta umutingito munini, urashobora gusenyura burundu inyubakwa inkingi zayo za beton, inkuta zayo z’amatafari canke imishinge yayo yari yaramaze gusaduka kandi igacika intege kubera umutingito wa mbere.

Ni kuki ntashobora kuzima ubwo nyene igipimo ca gaze kavukire inyuma y’umutingito wose?¶

Ushobora kuzimya gusa umupfunda wawe wo gukoresha gaze kavukire iyo wumvise akamoto k’amagi aboze, wumvise ijwi ry’amazi rivuza induru, ubonye akamenyetso gatoyi k’igerageza kari ku maso y’igipimo kariko karahindukira mu gihe ibikoresho vyose vy’amazi bizimye, canke ubonye inzu yawe yahindutse ku mushinge wayo. Iyo umupfunda wa gazi umaze kuzimwa, bene inzu barabujijwe n’amategeko no ku mubiri kuyisubiramwo kubera ko gazi itaturitse ishobora guca mu matara y’umudereva azimye canke mu binogo vy’imibabaro vyihishije maze igaturika. Iyo abaturage ibihumbi mirongo bazimye amametero ya gaze ataco yononekaye ata co bimaze inyuma y’umutingito uringaniye, birashobora gutwara amayinga menshi abakozi bo mu bigo vy’amazi bagerageza umuvuduko w’amazi ku nzu ku nzu kugira ngo basubize ubushuhe n’amazi ashushe mu kibano.

Ivyo bimenyetso vy’Icatsi kibisi, Umuhondo n’Umutuku bishirwa ku nyubakwa inyuma y’umutingito bisobanura iki?¶

Mu rwego mpuzamakungu ATC-20 rw'isuzuma ry'umutekano inyuma y'umutingito, ikimenyetso c'icatsi kibisi ("CASUZUWE") bisigura ko ata kaga gakomeye k'inyubako kabonetse kandi ko kwibamwo mu buryo butegekanijwe n'amategeko vyemewe, naho nyene hariho ivyonona bitari mu mibumbe. Ikimenyetso c'umuhondo ("GUKORESHA BIBUZIJWE") bisigura ko hari ingorane zidasanzwe z'imibumbe canke z'ugugwa zabonetse; gukomeza kuba canke kuryama imbere birabujijwe kiretse bivuzwe neza, kandi kwinjira ni ahantu hatagira umutekano canke gutora ibintu vy’ingenzi mu gihe gitoyi bigenzurwa. Ikimenyetso c'UMUTUKU ("UNSAFE") bisigura ko iyo nyubakwa yononekaye cane canke ko iri mu kaga ko gusenyuka hafi, kandi kwinjira muri iyo nyubakwa kubera imvo iyo ari yo yose birabujijwe cane kandi bishobora gutuma umuntu apfa.

Ni kubera iki biteye akaga kugenda hanze y’inyubakwa mu gihe c’uguhungabana, kandi ni ryari ari co gihe ciza co guhunga?¶

Gusohoka mu nyubakwa mu gihe isi iriko iranyiganyiga cane, bigushira munsi y’aho umutingito ushobora kwica cane: imbere y’inyubakwa, aho amabarabara y’amatafari atakomeye, imigende y’umwotsi, amabuye yo hejuru, ibikoresho bikoresha umuyaga, be n’ibirahuri vy’amadirisha yo mw’igorofa yo hejuru vyamenetse bigwa ku mabaraza y’abantu n’ibindi. Mu gihe c’uguhungabana gukomeye (kwaba uguhungabana gukomeye canke uguhungabana kw’inyuma), guma imbere maze Utere, Upfuke, kandi Ufate munsi y’ibikoresho bikomeye canke ku ruhome rw’imbere. Igihe ciza co guhunga ni ubwo nyene INYUMA y’aho ukunyiganyiga guhagaze, ukamanuka wihuta ku ngazi maze ukaraba hejuru uko usohoka uja mu kibanza kigutse nibura incuro 1,5 z’uburebure bw’inyubakwa kure y’ibibanza.

Amasoko yasuzumwe¶

• Inama y’Ikoranabuhanga Rikoreshwa (ATC, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika): Igitabo c’Ibikorwa vy’Igihugu ca ATC-20-1: Isuzuma ry’Umutekano w’Inyubakwa Inyuma y’Umutingito (Ivyasuzumwe vy’Icatsi kibisi, Ikoreshwa ry’Umuhondo Ribujijwe, n’Ivyangombwa vy’Ibara ry’Umutuku Bidatekanye).
• Ikigo ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kijejwe ivy’ubutaka (USGS): Ivyiyumviro vy’inyuma y’umutingito, Itegeko rya Omori n’Itegeko rya Båth ry’Ivyerekeye Fizike y’Ukubora kw’Inyuma y’Umutingito, Ivyiyumviro vy’Inyuma y’Umutingito, n’Imenyekanisha ry’Inyuma y’Umutingito.
• Ikigo ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kijejwe gucungera ibihe vy’ivyihutirwa (FEMA) na Ready.gov (Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika): Urutonde rw’umutekano w’umutingito (FEMA B-526), ​​Kumenya ingorane z’imibumbe y’inkuru ziyoroshe n’iz’uruhome rw’ibimuga, n’amabwirizwa yo guhagarika ibikorwa vy’amazi.
• Ishirahamwe ry’amazi n’amashanyarazi ryo muri Pasifike (PG&E) n’ishirahamwe ry’amazi ryo muri California y’amajepfo (SoCalGas, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika): Igenzura ry’ibipimo vya gazi kavukire inyuma y’umutingito, uburyo bwo gufunga amavalve y’ibikorwa ku degre 90, n’amategeko yo gusubizaho umutekano.
• Ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ry’abajanama mu bijanye n’ugushaka no gutabara (INSARAG / ONU OCHA) na CERT: Itegeko ry’ugutoranya inyubakwa, ugushaka no gutabara, n’amategeko agenga umutekano wo gusubira kwinjira mu nyubakwa zononekaye.

Inyobora zifitaniye isano¶

• Ivyinyugunyugu: Gutera, Gupfuka, no Gufata ku buzima
• Ivyonona inyubakwa n'ugusenyuka kw'inyubako mu nzu
• Gaz ivuza: ingene womenya no gufunga gaz kavukire
• Igikomerekezo co gujanjagurwa n'indwara y'ibice
• Tsunami: ibimenyetso vy'imburi n'uguhunga ahantu hejuru
• Go-bag n'ibintu vyihutirwa vyo guhunga