Gazi ipfutse umuvuduko w'amazi, ugutera ibisasu mu bidengeri, n'ugusohoka kw'azote y'amazi¶

Ivyombo vy’amazi bifise umuyagankuba mwinshi be n’ibikoresho vy’amazi vyitwa Dewar bikoreshwa buri musi mu maduka yo gusudira, mu bitaro, mu ma laboratwari yo muri kaminuza, mu maresitora, mu bikorwa vy’ubuhinga bwa none no mu bibanza vy’ubwubatsi. Igikoresho co gusudira gaze c’icuma c’inganda gifise ubunini bushitse (nk’igikoresho co gusudira argon, oxygène, azote canke helium) gipima ibilo 60 gushika kuri 80 (amapawundi 130 gushika ku 175) kandi gifata gazi ipfutse gushika kuri 150 gushika ku 300 bar p020, 402 bar. / psi), nk’incuro 70 gushika ku 140 z’umuvuduko uri imbere mu mupira w’imodoka itwara abantu. Izo nguvu zose zishobora gukoreshwa zibitswe zifatwa n’umuringa umwe w’izosi w’umuringa ufise uburebure bwa milimetero 25 gusa.

Iyo igihimba c’umubiri gihagaze kitagira umunyororo kitagira igipfukisho caco c’icuma gifise urudodo rwo kurinda, kigakubitwa n’uruzitiro rwaco rw’umuringa hasi muri beton, ku ruhande rw’intebe y’akazi canke ku itangi riri hafi, izosi ry’umuringa riracika. Ubwo nyene, iyo ndege y’umuyagankuba ihunga, ihindura iyo nkoko y’icuma y’ibilo 70, ikaba igisasu c’ibisasu bitagira ubuyobozi (tank rocketing) gishobora kwihuta gushika ku metero zirenga 50 ku segonda (ibilometero 110 kw’isaha), kigatera ibipfunsi bigororotse mu bihome vy’amabuye y’agaciro, n’ivyuma vy’amabuye y’agaciro. Ivyo bishobora kwica, kandi ntibiboneka na gato, ni ugusesa canke gukuraho umukazo w’umuyaga w’azote y’amazi (\(LN_2\)), argon y’amazi, canke helium y’amazi imbere mu laboratwari yugarijwe, mu gikoresho co gukonjesha, canke mu gikoresho co gutwara ibintu: kubera ko azote y’amazi igwira incuro **696 mu oxygène mu kirere mu masegonda makeyi, bituma abarokozi bacika intege bagacika intege bamaze guhumeka rimwe canke kabiri gusa ata n’umwe yigeze bumva ko bacitse intege. Kumenya igituma udakwiye kwigera ugerageza gufata igitereko ca gazi kigwa canke ngo usimbuke ku gitereko co gutera, ingene wokuraho igitereko c’umuyagankuba gifise ubukene bw’umwuka w’ikirere ataco ubaye uwugira kabiri, be n’ingene wobona igitereko c’amazi c’acetylene kiriko kirabora imbere, birakiza ubuzima.

Ivyo ubikore ubu¶

1. NTUKIGEZE ugerageza gufata igikoresho co gutera gaze gifise ibiro 70 (amapawundi 150) gipfutse n’ibiganza vyawe canke n’umubiri wawe, kandi NTUKIGEZE usimbira ku gitereko gifise umuvuduko wacitse. Reka igikoresho kigwa kigukubite hasi mu gihe kiriko kiratera intambwe ku ruhande kikava mu nzira yaco; iyo iyo valve y’umuringa ipfutse maze itangi rigatangura gusemerera cane, rizunguruka canke ritera nk’ibisasu, ushire inyuma y’igipfukisho kiremereye c’inyubako (inkingi ya beton, imashini y’icuma canke hanze y’icumba) ubwo nyene gushika iyo cylindre yipfutse ubusa (mu bisanzwe amasegonda 30 gushika ku 90).
2. Uve mu cumba ubwo nyene kandi NTUJE winjire kugira ngo urokore uwo mukorana yasenyutse iyo itangi ry’amazi ry’azote (\(LN_2\)), argon, helium, canke carbone (\(CO_2\)) rivuye mu kibanza gikingijwe. Gupfa kw’umuyaga udakora bitera umuntu impwemu mu **s second1) n’ukuntu umuntu yumva aniha; ibice birenga 50 kw’ijana vy’abantu bapfa mu gusohoka kw’amazi y’umuyagankuba ni abazoba ari abarokozi bakiruka bagafata impwemu. Mutegereze abazimya umuriro bambaye ibikoresho vyo guhema vyigenga (SCBA); Raba gupfumeka mu kibanza gifunze.
3. Ntukigere uzana igikombe c’amazi c’i Dewar canke igikombe c’amazi y’ibara ry’agahama imbere mu nzu y’isanseri Hamwe n’abagenzi. Iyo amazi y’azote ya Dewar asohotse canke apfutse imbere mu gitereko c’isanseri gipfutse, abari muri yo ntibashobora guhunga kuko umubare w’umwuka w’ikirere ugenda ugabanuka ukaja munsi ya 6 kw’ijana; gutwara ubwato bufise ubuhinga bwa cryogenic ku bikoresho vy’ugutwara ibintu bitagira umuntu bikoreshwa hakoreshejwe ubuhinga bwo guhamagara hasi.
4. Uve ku metero 100 gushika kuri 300 (amafuti 330 gushika ku 1.000) iyo igikoresho co gusudira c’acetylene gishushe, kinyiganyiga, canke kigasohora umunuko umeze nk’uw’umunyu w’umukara canke w’umunyu inyuma y’umuriro canke umuriro. Bitandukanye n’ibidengeri vy’amazi vy’imyobo, igikoresho co gusudira c’acetylene can- mbere n’inyuma y’aho iyo valve ipfungiwe, igaturika haciye amasaha makeyi kiretse iyo ikonjejwe ubudasiba ivuye inyuma y’ingabo z’ibisasu n’abajejwe umuriro bagenzura amazi batagira abayikoresha.
5. Hamagara inomero y’ivyihutirwa yo mu karere kawe (911 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika na Canada, 112 hirya no hino mu Bumwe bw’Uburayi, 999 mu Bwongereza) uri ahantu hatagira umuyaga. Bwira uwurungika izina nyaryo rya gazi n’inomero y’akaga y’imirongo ine y’ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu iri ku rutugu rw’icyuma (nk’akarorero, Argon A6gen, UN10xle200). ONU 1001, Azote y’amazi yo mu frigo ONU 1977) n’uko hari umuntu yafunzwe imbere; isheke inomero z'ivyihutirwa.
6. Igikoko gishushe canke umuyaga ukonnye uturika mu mazi asusurutse azunguruka buhoro buhoro ku bushuhe bwa degre 37 gushika kuri 39 (98,6 gushika kuri 102,2 degrees Fahrenheit), ntukigere usiga urukoba rwakonje. Iyo azote canke umuyagankuba w’umuyagankuba ushobora kwaguka, guvomera amaso arwaye buhoro buhoro umunyu canke amazi asukuye mu minota 15, hanyuma ubike intoke zikonje mu mazi afise ubushuhe bujanye n’ubushuhe bw’umubiri; Raba ubushuhe burengeje urugero n'ubukonje.

flowchart TD
    Start["Gaz ipfutse canke ivyihutirwa vy'umuriro w'umuriro"] --> HazardType{"Ni ubuhe bwoko bw’ibintu bitera gaz canke cylindre biriko biraba?"}
    HazardType -->|"Inguvu nyinshi z'umuvuduko w'amazi"| Rocket["1. NTUgerageze gufata canke gutera hasi igikoresho co gukubita<br/>2. Kwibikira inyuma y’igipfukisho ca beton gikomeye canke c’icuma kiremereye c’imashini<br/>3. Rindira amasegonda 30 gushika kuri 90 gushika umuyagankuba urengeye ijwi uheze<br/>4. Ubwo nyene ushire umwuka mu cumba nimba gazi idakora, ifise ubumara canke ishobora kwaka"]
    HazardType -->|"Azote y'amazi / Argon / Helium / CO2 ivuza mu cumba"| Cryo["1. Uve mu cumba ubwo nyene maze ufungure inzugi zo hanze nimba ataco zitwaye<br/>2. NTUKIGERE winjira mu cumba ufashe impwemu kugira ngo ukureho umuntu atazi ubwenge<br/>3. Gukoresha umuyaga wo gusukura umwuka wo mu laboratwari uva hanze y'umurongo<br/>4. Rindira Fire Rescue n'ibitoro vya SCBA kugira ngo bakuremwo abakoze nabi"]
    HazardType -->|"Itanki ya Acetylene Flashback, Umuriro, canke Igipfukisho c'Icyuma gishushe"| Acetylene["1. Funga valve ya cylindre GUSA iyo ubwo nyene (amasegonda 2 ya mbere) kandi itangi rikonje<br/>2. Niba uruhome rw’ibarabara rwumva rushushe canke ruvuga: MUVURE 100 gushika kuri 300 m (330 gushika kuri 1.000 ft) ubwo nyene<br/>3. NTUKWINYURE igikoresho gishushe c'acetylene (ugukubitwa n'inkuba birashobora kugitera)<br/>4. Abazimya umuriro barakoresha uburyo bwo gukonjesha amazi ata muntu akoresha mu kiringo c'amasaha 1 gushika kuri 24"]
    HazardType -->|"Ugusohoka kw'umwuka w'ikirere canke amavuta yanduye"| Oxygen["1. Uce ukuraho ibishashi vyose, imbeya, n’ukunywa itabi ubwo nyene<br/>2. Siga ahantu h’impuzu harimwo umwuka w’ikirere maze ushire umwuka hanze mu minota 30<br/>3. Ntukigere ukora ku bikoresho bigenzura umwuka w'ikirere canke amavalve ukoresheje amaganzu canke ibikoresho vy'amavuta"]

Ivyuma vy'amazi n'itangi ry'ibisasu¶

Fizike y'ibisasu vy'imirongo 200 (3.000-psi)¶

Igikoresho c’umuyagankuba gifise umuvuduko munini canke aluminium ni igikoresho gifise umuvuduko munini gicuzwe ata n’imirongo, kigeragejwe kugira ngo gishobore guhangana n’umuvuduko wo mu mutima wo hagati ya 250 na 500 bar (3.600 gushika kuri 7.250 psi). Ariko rero, ikintu gifise intege nke ku gitereko cose c’umuyagankuba ni igice c’umuringa gifise urudodo gishizwe mw’izosi ry’agahomerabunwa riri hejuru y’icupa, hamwe n’igikoresho co gukuraho umukazo (PRD) c’umuringa gishobora gusenyuka, cubatswe mu ruhande rw’umubiri w’ico gicupa.

Iyo cylindre ihagaze igororotse ata rufunguruzo canke umugozi wo ku ruhome (nk’akarorero, mu gihe umuhinga mu vy’ubuhinga ariko arahindura igikoresho co gucungera umuvuduko kugira ngo igipfukisho c’icuma co kurinda kibe kizimye) maze kigatera:

1. Igitero ca gillotine: Uko iyo cylindre y’icuma y’ibilo 70 (amapawundi 155) ica mu nzira y’uburebure bwa metero 1,5, iyo valve y’umuringa yo hejuru iranyaruka cane. Iyo umupfunda w’umuringa ukubise ku ruhande rw’imeza y’icuma yo gusudira, ku nkoko y’iforogo, canke ku ntambwe ya beton, canke iyo ikintu kiremereye kiguye ku gikoresho co gucungera umuvuduko w’icuma gifatanye, iyo nkoko y’umuringa ishobora gusenyuka iraca ijana n’izosi ry’icuma, igasiga **12-to-19-millifi.
2. Inguvu z’ibisasu birengeye ijwi: Gazi ibitswe ku 200 bar (3.000 psi) iraturika iva muri iyo nzira y’izosi y’imillimetero 15 ku muvuduko urengeye w’ijwi (ugutemba gupfutse), igatuma habaho inguvu zishobora gusubira inyuma zishobora gushika mu kanya nk’ako gukubita 3.500 pounds gushika kuri 5.800 to500s. thrust), nka incuro zitanu gushika ku munani z’uburemere bupfuye bw’icuma ubwaco.
3. Inzira y’akaduruvayo: Iyo iyo valve ivunitse neza ku nzira y’umurongo wo hagati, iyo cylindre irasa inyuma hasi nk’igisasu, imenagura inkuta z’amabuye y’agaciro, ibipande vy’ibiti, ibikoresho vyo mu laboratwari, n’inzugi z’ibinyabiziga, canke igaca mu bihome vy’amabuye y’agaciro, ikaja hejuru mu celi. Iyo uruti rw’ivalve rupfutse mu mfuruka ya degre 45 imbere y’uko rufunguka, iyo cylindre irazunguruka cane nk’uruziga rw’icuma rw’ibilo 70 ku nkuru amajana n’amajana, igamenagura amaguru n’amaguru imbere y’uko itera igisasu kijabuka iduka.

Ico wokora iyo umuvuduko w'amazi ucitse canke uvuze ataco ushobora gukora¶

1. Fata ubwo nyene igipfukisho c'ibisasu mu masegonda 60 gushika kuri 90: Igihe igipfukisho c'umuriro kigwa maze wumva ijwi ry'umuvuduko w'amazi ry'umuvuduko munini canke ry'umuvuduko munini w'umuriro, uvuze induru "TANK DOWN, TAKE COVERn" maze ugere inyuma y'inyubako y'umuriro mwinshi. imashini y’icuma, canke gusohoka mu muryango ukikuje imfuruka y’uruhome rukomeye. Mbere n’igikoresho c’umuyagankuba cuzuye c’amalita 9.000 (300-cubic feet) gifise umuvuduko munini gifise izosi ry’umuyagankuba ryose, kizoheza umuriro waco wose mu masegonda 30 gushika kuri 90.
2. Igihe umuvuduko w’indwara uhagaze, suzuma akaga ka gazi IMBERE yo gusubira kwinjira mu cumba: Naho iyo cylindre ihagarikiye kwiruka ikaryama hasi ata co irimwo, vyose litiro 6.000 gushika ku 9.000 (210 gushika ku 315 cubic feet) vy’umuyagankuba upfutse: no fiw yari mu cumba
3. Ibintu bitera impwemu (Azote, Argon, Hélium, Carbone Dioxide): Mu nzu ntoyi yo gusudira, mu nzu yo kubikamwo ibintu, canke mu nzu yo munsi y’ubutaka, igikoresho kimwe co gusohoka gishobora gutuma umwuka wo mu kirere ugera munsi y’urugero rwo guhema rutekanye. Ugurure inzugi uvuye hanze maze ureke ama ventilateur asukure aho hantu imbere y’uko winjira.
4. Imiyaga ishobora kwaka (Idrojene, Acetylène, Propane, Methane, Monoxide de carbone): Uce uva mu nyubakwa yose ubwo nyene ata guhindura amatara canke amamashini (ivyo bikaba bituma haba umuyagankuba ushobora gutera igicu c’umuyagankuba).
5. Imyuka itera umwuka (Oxygène pure, Oxide d’azote): Oxygène pure yuzuza impuzu zo ku kazi, imisatsi, n’ibitambaro vyo mu maduka; igiciro kimwe canke itabi ridahinduka mu minota 15 umuntu amaze kuyibona, bizotuma impuzu ziturika zibe umuriro w’itara ry’umuriro.
6. Imyuka y’ubumara canke y’ubumara (Klorine, Amoniya, Sufuri, Sufuri y’ihydrogène, Silane, Phosgene): Uce utera inkengeri y’ibikoresho bishobora gutera akaga mu kibanza ubwo nyene, uve mu muyaga no mu misozi, hanyuma urindire imigwi ya HAZMAT; Raba imiti yamenetse.

Azote y'amazi (\(LN_2\)), argon, n'umuyagankuba¶

Kubera iki azote y’amazi iseseka yica ata n’umwe apfutse umwuka¶

Azote y’amazi (\(LN_2\), itetse ku degre 196 z’ubushuhe / degre 320 za Fahrenheit) n’amazi y’argon (\(LAr\), itetse ku degre 186 z’ubushuhe / degre 303 z’ubushuhe) bibikwa mu bidukikije. kuva ku bikoresho vy’amalita 4 vyo ku ntebe gushika ku bikoresho vy’amalita 240 vy’amapine bikoreshwa n’umuyagankuba.

Iyo azote y’amazi y’amalita 180 y’amapine Dewar itembagaye mu nzira, igacagura umurongo wayo w’ubwubatsi bw’umuvuduko, canke igafuha umuvuduko wayo w’ugutabara imbere mu laboratwari ntoyi, mu cumba ca cryobank, canke mu gikoni c’amaresitora (aho \(LN_2\) ikoreshwa mu gukonja ibintu bibiri bimwe bimwe), co co:

1. Ikigereranyo c’ukwaguka 1-ku-696: Litiro imwe yose y’amazi y’azote yamenetse iraca ibibatsi ikaba litiro 696 z’amazi y’azote ikonnye (kandi litiro 1 y’amazi y’argon ikwaguka ikaba litiro 847 z’amazi y’argon iremereye). Gusuka litiro 20 gusa z’amazi y’azote mu cumba c’ububiko c’uburebure bwa metero 3 ku 4 (amafuti 10 ku 13) gipfutse, bituma haba litiro 13.920 z’umuyaga w’azote utagira agasembwa, ubwo nyene bigatuma umwuka w’ikirere wo muri ico cumba ugabanuka uva ku rugero rusanzwe **20,9 kw’ijana ugashika kuri **8 kw’ijana.
2. Umutego w’umubiri w’inzara y’umuyaga zero: Ubwonko bw’umuntu ntibumenya ingene umwuka w’ikirere uri mu maraso kugira ngo buvyure icipfuzo co guhema; ahubwo, ibihimba vy’umubiri bifata imiti mu bwonko no mu mubiri w’umutwe bipima neza **umuyaga w’ikirere (\(CO_2\)) wiyongera mu maraso.
3. Iyo winjiye mu cumba cuzuye 95 kw’ijana vy’azote canke argon, urashobora guhumeka no gusohoka mu buryo busanzwe, ugafuha umwuka w’umubiri wawe igihe cose uhumeka, rero wumva ata n’umwe apfuye, ata n’umwe apfuye, kandi ata n’umwe amugabishije.
4. N’ikibi kuruta, iyo umuvuduko w’igice c’umwuka w’ikirere mu mahaha ugabanutse ukaja munsi y’ibice 6 gushika ku bice 8 kw’ijana, umwuka w’ikirere mu vy’ukuri urakwiragira inyuma uva mu maraso yawe y’imitsi ukaja mu mahaha yawe maze ugasohoka mu guhema kwawe kwa mbere nyene. Mu masegonda 8 gushika kuri 15 (uguhema 1 gushika kuri 2 gusa), amaraso atagira umwuka w’ikirere ashika mu gice c’ubwonko maze umuntu agaca agwa hasi ata co azi, aho nyene gazi y’azote canke y’argon ikanye kandi ikomeye cane yibanda cane; reba gupfumeka mu kibanza gifunze.

Intambwe ku yindi inyishu ku guseseka kw'amazi y'umuriro canke umuriro w'umuyagankuba¶

1. Guhunga abantu ubwo nyene no kubatabara mu kirere¶

1. Iyo Cryogenic Dewar isetse, ipfutse, canke ivuye mu nzu n’ijwi rirenga, usohoke mu cumba ubwo nyene maze ukure canke ushire urugi rw’ibarabara rwuguruye cane uvuye hanze iyo gusa ivyo bivuye mu cumba mu kibanza kitagira umuntu canke bigatuma icumba gitera umuyaga mwinshi cane.
2. Suzuma igikoresho co kugenzura ukuntu umwuka w’ikirere (ODM) gishizwe ku ruhome hanze y’umuryango: Amalaboratwari n’amaresitora y’ibinyobwa/soda bikwiye kuba bifise igikoresho co kugenzura ukuntu umwuka w’ikirere (Oxygène/CO2) gishizwe hanze y’umuryango w’injira. Igisomwa cose kiri munsi ya 19,5 kw’ijana c’umwuka w’ikirere ni ikirere kidafise umwuka w’ikirere mu buryo butegekanijwe n’amategeko; munsi ya 12 kw’ijana bituma umuntu ahita agira ubumuga bwo guca urubanza; munsi ya 6 gushika kuri 8 kw’ijana ni urupfu mu minota mikeyi.
3. Nimba umuntu yagirizwa ari hasi imbere kandi ashobora gushikirwa ari hanze y’umuryango ataco yinjiye mu cumba (nk’akarorero, ibirenge vyiwe biri ku mbuga y’umuryango wuguruye nyene mu nzira yagutse ifise umwuka mwiza), guma rwose mu kirere ciza c’inzira maze umukure hanze n’amaguru yiwe mu kirere ciza. Ahandi ho, rindira abarokozi bo mu gisata c’umuriro bambaye ibitoro vy’umuyagankuba SCBA bifise umuvuduko mwiza.
4. Igihe uwukomeretse ari mu kirere ciza, uce usuzuma impwemu n’imitsi y’umutima ubwo nyene: Nimba atariko arahumeka, utangure CPR n’impwemu zo gukiza (canke bag-valve-mask ventilation n’umwuka w’ikirere 100 kw’ijana) ubwo nyene; gusubiza umwuka w’ikirere mu mahaha imbere y’uko umutima uhagarara (hypoxique cardiaque) bituma umuntu akira ningoga; Raba CPR.

2. Imfashanyo ya mbere ku ndwara y'amazi y'azote canke y'umuyagankuba¶

Amatonyanga makeyi y’amazi y’azote agendagenda ku ruhu rushushe kandi rudafise ikintu, akenshi arasimbuka ata co akora kubera ingaruka ya Leidenfrost (igice c’umuyagankuba w’azote gica gica munsi y’ico gitonyanga). Ariko rero, iyo azote y’amazi canke argon y’amazi yinjiye mu mpuzu z’ipampa, igatera imbere mu gipfukisho c’igitambaro co mu mutwe canke c’impuzu y’imbere, igatera mu jisho, canke igatera nk’umuyaga ukonnye w’umuvuduko munini ushika ku rukoba, irakonja urukoba n’ibihimba vy’umubiri bikomeye gushika ku bushuhe bwa C96:

1. Ntukigere ukuraho impuzu canke amaganzu akonje cane ku rukoba rw’uwagirizwa: Gutabura igitambaro canke amasogisi akonje ku rutoke canke ku kirenge bica bitabura uburebure bwose bw’urukoba n’urukoba rw’umubiri rwo ku ruhu rw’umubiri. Ahubwo, rekura umugozi wose wo ku kiganza uhagaze neza maze ushire ukuboko canke ikirenge cambaye mu mazi asukuye gushika iyo barafu ipfutse maze iyo mpuzu igaca igenda buhoro buhoro.
2. Subira gushusha urukoba rwakonje mu mazi asusurutse agendagenda ku bushuhe bwa degre 37 gushika kuri 39 (98,6 gushika kuri degre 102,2 Fahrenheit):
3. Niwibike intoke, ukuboko canke ikirenge vyakonje mu gitereko c’amazi gisukuye kigeragejwe n’igipimo c’ubushuhe (canke n’inkokora yawe itakomeretse kugira ngo wumve neza ko umubiri ushushe, ntiwigere ushuha) mu minota 15 gushika kuri 30 gushika iyo nyama ihindutse plik/ plik/; Raba ubushuhe burengeje urugero n'ubukonje.
4. Ntukigere usiga canke ukora amavuta y’ibiturika vy’ubukonje, kandi ntukigere ufata ibiganza bikonje hejuru y’igikoresho co guturira Bunsen co muri laboratwari, radiator, canke uruzitiro rw’amazi ashushe hejuru ya degre 42 Celsius (108 degrees Fahrenheit), kuko utugingo ngengabuzima twakonje tudakomeye dushobora guturirwa n’ubushuhe bukomeye ataco wumva.
5. Cryogenic splash to eyes: Ubwo nyene woze ijisho ryuguruye n’umugezi w’umunyu canke amazi meza yo mu ruzi ku kibanza co kwoza amaso mu minota 15, ntukigere ureka uwo muntu akora ivyo gukaraba amaso yiwe, kandi ufunge amaso yompi n’ibipande vy’impuzu vy’impuzu z’impuzu z’impuzu z’impuzu z’impuzu z’impuzu; Raba ibikomere vy'amaso.
6. Itege ububabare bukomeye butera n’ibivyimba bigaragara/biva amaraso mu gihe co gusubira gushusha: Zingira imibare yasubiye gushusha neza n’agatambaro k’urutoke k’umye gashizwe hagati y’urutoke rumwe rumwe, ntukigere utera ibivyimba vy’umubiri, hanyuma utware mu kibanza co guturika (ibikomere vy’umubiri bicungirwa n’ikigo kidasanzwe).

Acetylene cylindre flashback, ukubora imbere, n'umuriro w'amavuta y'umwuka¶

1. Igisasu c’igihe c’igikoresho gishushe c’acetylene¶

Mu buryo butandukanye n’ibikoresho vy’umwuka, azote canke argon, ari vyo bikoko vy’icuma vyuzuye gazi, acetylene (\(C_2H_2\)) ntihagarara neza kandi irashobora guturika ubwayo ata muyaga canke umwuka iyo ipfutse nk’umuyaga w’ubuntu uri hejuru ya **1.03 (**5.2)9. Kugira ngo acetylene ibike neza imbere mu gitereko co gusudira ku 17 bar (250 psi), imbere mu gitereko c’acetylene hashirwamwo ibintu bikomeye vyose kuva hejuru gushika hasi n’ibintu bimwe bimwe bimeze nk’ivy’isima vyuzuye acetone y’amazi (canke DMF a gasce solvant), aho igikoresho co gusudira gifise uburemere bukeyi.

Ariko rero, ibintu bibiri vyihutirwa birashobora gutuma haba igikorwa c’ubushuhe buteye akaga, bwitunga imbere mu gitereko c’ivyuma bita acetylene:

• Torch flashback in cylindre: Iyo itara ry’uguca canke ry’ugusudira ry’umwuka-acetylene ritagira ibikoresho bifata flashback bikora rigira flashback (aho urubeya rugenda rusubira inyuma ruja hejuru y’umuyoboro w’umutuku w’acetylene), canke iyo cylindre ishikiwe n’umuriro wo hanze w’amasengesho canke igatera umuriro wo hejuru w’ibarabara itangura kubora ikagira carbone ikomeye (umukungugu) be n’umuyaga w’ihydrogène mu gihe irekura ubushuhe bukomeye bwo mu mutima.
• Kubera iki gufunga umupfunda bidahagarika igisasu: Kubera ko ukubora kwa acetylene bisaba zero oxygen, naho wofunga umupfunda w’icuma burundu, igikorwa co kubora c’imiti gishobora kubandanya kirya inzira yaco buhoro buhoro kija hasi biciye mu gipfukisho c’imbere mu gipfukisho c’icuma gipfutse kugira ngo kigere. kuyorosha uruhome rw’icuma gushika iyo silinde ituritse nk’igisasu gishobora guturika cane.

Uko womenya nimba igikoresho c’acetylene kiriko kirabora, n’ico wokora¶

1. Isegonda 2 za mbere inyuma y’ugusubira inyuma kw’itara: Nimba itara ryawe ry’umuyagankuba rivuza cane, rivuza induru, canke risohora umwotsi mwirabura uva ku mutwe, uce ufunga umupfunda w’umwuka w’itara, ufunge umupfunda w’amavuta y’itara, kandi, niba gusa ushobora gushika ku mubiri w’itara ubwo nyene ukuboko, funga umupfunda mukuru w’icylindre ya acetylene.
2. Ibimenyetso vy'akaga vy'ukubora kw'imbere (NTUKEGERE CANKE UKORE):
3. Umubiri w’icuma w’icylindre ya acetylene wumva ushushe canke ushushe (canke irangi/amazi atose ku gikoko bipfutse canke vyuma mu bice).
4. Ico gice c’umubiri gisohora ugusemerera kw’imbere, ugusemerera canke uguhungabana.
5. Gaz ihunga ihumura cane nk’umunyu w’umukara, acetone isharira, canke insulation yaturitse.
6. Ivyuma bishobora gusenyuka (ku bipimo vyo muri Amerika y’Uburaruko) birashonga maze bikarasa ivyuma vy’umuriro canke vy’umukungugu w’umwirabura.
7. Imirongo ngenderwako yo gukura umuntu mu nzu iyo afise igitereko c'amazi gishushe canke gisha:
8. NTUKIGEZE ugerageza gutoragura, gutera canke gutwara hanze igikoresho c’acetylene gishushe. Igitero c’ubuhinga co gutera igikoresho c’acetylene kiriko kirabora gishobora kugituritsa mu biganza vyawe.
9. Mukure abantu bose mu kibanza co gukingira nibura metero 100 gushika kuri 300 (amafuti 330 gushika ku 1.000) inyuma y'ibibanza bikomeye maze muhamagare 911 / 112 / 999.
10. Ibiro vy'umuriro bizoshiraho igikoresho co kugenzura amazi yo mu butaka kitagira umuntu inyuma y'igipfukisho c'ibisasu kugira ngo bikomeze gutonyanga igipfukisho c'icyuma n'amazi akonjesha menshi cane gushika amasaha 24 (bigenzure n'amakamera y'ubushuhe n'"ikigeragezo co kwuma gitose" gushika icuma gihagaze gikonje amasaha arenga inyuma y'isaha imwe).

2. Umwuka w'ikirere w'umuvuduko munini Adiabatic gufatanya n'uguturika kw'amavuta¶

Ntukigere ushira n’itonde na rimwe ry’amavuta ya peteroli, amavuta y’ibitoke, WD-40, Vaseline, canke amavuta yo mu minwe ku gipfukisho c’umwuka w’ikirere, ku gikoresho co gupima umuvuduko w’ikirere, canke ku gikoresho co mu gitereko c’umwuka w’ikirere c’ibitaro, kandi ntukigere ufungura igipfukisho c’umwuka w’ikirere c’umuvuduko munini vyihuta igihe uhagaze imbere y’ibipimo vy’umuvuduko w’ikirere:

• Iyo umupfunda w’umwuka w’umwuka w’ubuzima w’amabara 150 gushika kuri 200 (2.200 gushika ku 3.000 psi) ufungutse ningoga, umwuka w’umwuka w’umuyaga w’umuvuduko munini uca utera mu mfuruka y’umuringa nk’ipistoni, ugaca ufatanya gazi iri imbere ningoga cane ku buryo ubushuhe bwawo bushika ku80. degre Celsius (930 gushika kuri 1.470 degre Fahrenheit)** (ugukomera kw’amazi / ingaruka za dizeli).
• Iyo hariho umwuka w’ikirere ufise umuvuduko munini 100 kw’ijana ku bushuhe bwa degre 600, mbere n’amavuta y’urutoke, amavuta y’amazi canke ikintu kidakwiye co gukingira urudodo kiri imbere muri iyo ntungamubiri, biraturika, bigatuma umubiri w’iyo ntungamubiri w’umuringa uhinduka ikirahuri cera gishushe. mu maso no mu gikiriza vy’umukoresha.
• Itegeko ryo gufungura umuvuduko w'umwuka ("Saduka buhoro buhoro, uhagarare ku ruhande"): Imisi yose usuzume indodo z'umwuka n'ibiganza bisukuye kandi bitagira amavuta, ugenzure ko umuvuduko w'umuyagankuba uhindura umuvuduko w'umuyagankuba ushizwe inyuma gushika aho usohoka (ufunguye), uhagarare ku ruhande rw'umuyagankuba uri hagati y'umuvuduko w'umwuka faces, hanyuma ufungure uruziga rw’ukuboko rw’icuma buhoro cane mu ntango gushika urushinge rw’igipimo c’umuvuduko munini ruhagaritse kuduga imbere y’uko ufungura neza umuvuduko.

Gazi ikozwe n'urutonde rw'umutekano¶

Igenzura ry’amahugurwa yawe, ivuriro, igikoni, canke laboratwari ugereranije n’ibi bitanu vy’umutekano w’ibikoresho:

• Funga igice cose c’umubiri gihagaze ku ntumbero zibiri (canke ica gatatu co hejuru) n’iminyororo canke imigozi iremereye, yaba yuzuye canke ataco irimwo: Ntukigere usiga igice c’umubiri gihagaze kidafise iminyororo hasi, ku kibanza co gushiramwo ibintu, canke ku igare, mbere n’amasegonda 30 mu gihe uriko urahindura ibidengeri. Gumana igipfukisho c’uburinzi bw’ivyuma bikomeye vy’urudodo gipfutse neza ku gipfukisho cose c’ivyuma igihe cose kiriko kiragendagenda canke kitahuye neza n’ikintu kigenzura.
• Suzuma indodo z’ihuriro ry’umugenzuzi wa CGA / ISO, ntukigere ukoresha ama adaptateri canke umugozi wa Teflon ku ndodo zigororotse: Umuryango wose wa gazi ukoresha ubuhinga butandukanye, butahinduka bw’isohoka ry’imipfunda (nk’iyi CGA 540 ku bijanye n’umwuka w’ikirere, CGA 580 ku bijanye n’umwuka w’ikirere udakora, CGA 580 ku bijanye n’ibara ry’umubiri ry’umubiri). Ntukigere uhatira umugenzuzi udahuye ku gitereko, ntukigere ukoresha ibikoresho vy’umuringa vy’i muhira kugira ngo uhuze umugenzuzi w’amavuta n’itangi ry’umwuka, kandi ntukigere uzingira umugozi wa PTFE w’umukozi w’amazi ku ntebe z’ugufatanya za CGA bullnose (indodo z’imiyoboro gusa zifise uburebure bw’umwuka).
• Shiraho ibikoresho bifata umuriro n’ibikoresho bigenzura umuyagankuba ku matara yose akoreshwa n’amavuta y’umuriro: Shiraho ibikoresho bifata umuriro bishobora guhagarika umuriro ku isohoka ry’ibikoresho vyo gucungera umuvuduko w’umuyaga n’amavuta (ukwongerako ibikoresho bifata umuriro bikoreshwa n’amatara) kugira ngo uhagarike umuriro w’amatara) icyuma.
• Ivyumba vy’amazi bifise ibikoresho biguma bigenzura ukuntu umwuka w’ikirere (ODMs) n’ibipimo vy’umwuka w’ikirere bishobora gusohoka: Gushiramwo ibikoresho bigenzura umwuka w’ikirere bifise inzira zibiri (bitera ubwoba ku bice 19,5 kw’ijana n’ibice 18,0 kw’ijana \(O_2\)) bifise strobe yo hanze n’ihembe ry’inyuma ry’icumba c’amazi canke nitrogen hanze y’icumba cose \(CO_2\) beverage cooler, kandi wambare amaganzu y’ivyuma (kugira ngo ashobore gukurwako ubwo nyene iyo amazi apfutse imbere), ingabo yuzuye mu maso, n’amapantalo atagira amaboko atwikira hejuru y’inkweto zipfutse igihe usuka \(LN_2\).
• Irinde gutwara imodoka zipfutse n’urubura rwumye/LN2: Ntukigere utwara Dewar y’amazi y’azote, isandugu nini y’urubura rwumye, canke itangi ry’acetylene/propane ritagira umwuka imbere mu nzu y’abagenzi y’imodoka canke SUV yugarijwe amadirisho ari hejuru. Igihe umuvuduko w’imodoka ugenda buhoro buhoro canke ugateka \(LN_2\) imbere mu nzu y’imodoka yugarijwe, birashobora gutuma umushoferi apfuye iyo ari ku muvuduko munini canke bikagurura umuriro imbere mu modoka igihe nyene umuyagankuba w’amafirime canke ubuto bw’idirisha ry’umuyagankuba buca.

Ibibazo bikunda kubazwa¶

Ni igiki mu vy’ukuri kiba iyo iyo valve y’umuringa ivunitse hejuru y’itangi ry’amazi ryuzuye canke ry’amazi y’amazi?¶

Igikoresho c’inganda cuzuye gazi (nk’iyo gusudira argon, azote canke oxygène) canke igikoresho co mu mazi c’aluminium kirimwo gazi ikoreshwa n’inguvu zishika kuri 150 gushika kuri 300 bar (2.200 gushika kuri 4.500 psi). Iyo iyo silindere iguye hasi ata gipfukisho cayo c’icuma co kuyikingira, maze igaca igipfukisho c’umuringa kiri ku ijosi, iyo gazi irasohoka ica muri ako gazi k’imilimetero 15 (inch 0,6) ku rugero rwo hejuru rw’ijwi, igatuma haba inguvu zirenga 4.000 z’ibisasu. Uwo muvuduko utuma iyo nkoko y'icuma y'ibilo 70 (amapawundi 155) yihuta guca hasi canke mu kirere ku giciro c'imetero zirenga 50 ku segonda (110 miles kw'isaha), igaca yinjira bitagoranye mu bihome vy'amabuye y'agaciro, mu miryango y'icuma no mu mibiri y'ibinyabiziga imbere y'uko isohoka mu masegonda 30 . Ntukigere ugerageza gufata canke gukandagira ku gitereko gifise umuvuduko w’amazi wononekaye; ushireho igipfukisho ubwo nyene inyuma ya beton iremereye canke icuma gushika iyo ndege ihagaze burundu.

Ni kuki abantu bacika intege iyo bari mu mazi y’azote canke argon ata na rimwe bumva ko bariko baranyiganyiga?¶

Ivyo umubiri wawe ukora kugira ngo uhumeke be n'ukuntu wumva "inzara y'ikirere" (ugupfukama) biterwa hafi vyose n'ukwiyongera kw'umuyaga w'ikirere ($CO_2$) mu maraso yawe, atari ukubura umwuka w'ikirere. Iyo azote canke argon imenetse ivuye mu gazi imbere mu cumba kifunze, irakuraho umwuka w’ikirere mu gihe iguma iguha uburenganzira bwo guhema azote idafise akamoto maze ugasohora umwuka wawe bwite w’ikirere mu buryo busanzwe. Kubera ko umwuka wawe w’ikirere uguma uri hasi, wumva umeze nk’uko bisanzwe kandi umerewe neza, gushika aho umwuka w’ikirere wo mu bwonko bwawe ugabanutse cane ku buryo utazi ubwenge ata co ugabishije umaze guhema rimwe canke kabiri gusa (mu masegonda 15 gusa). Ntukigere winjira mu cumba kirimwo ivyuma biva mu mazi (cryogenic leak) kugira ngo ukize umuntu ata co azi ata gikoresho co guhema cigenga (SCBA).

Ni kubera iki igikoresho c’acetylene gishobora guturika amasaha makeyi inyuma y’aho iyo valve imaze kuzimwa?¶

Udakunze izindi gazi zikoreshwa n’amakara nka propane canke methane, acetylene ($C_2H_2$) ni ikintu gifise ubushuhe bwo mu mutima gishobora gusenyuka kikaba gazi ikomeye ya carbone na hydrogène mu gihe kirekura ubushuhe bwinshi bwo mu mutima, ata muyaga canke umwuka w’ikirere gikeneye na gato. Iyo umuco w’itara usubiye mu gitereko c’ivyuma vy’acetylene, canke iyo ico gitereko gishushe n’umuriro uri hafi, iyo nzira y’ukubora kw’ubushuhe buva hanze irashobora gutangura imbere mu gitereko co hejuru. Naho woca ufunga umupfundikizo w’ico gikoresho kugira ngo ntihagire gazi isohoka kandi ntihagire umuyaga winjira, uwo mupfunda w’ubushuhe urashobora kubandanya ugenda buhoro buhoro uja hasi imbere mu gipfukisho c’icuma gipfutse amasaha menshi gushika aho umukazo wo mu mutima uturikira iyo silindere mu buryo buteye akaga. Iyo itangi ry’amazi ryitwa acetylene ryari rigeze kwumva rishushe iyo rikozeko, rikavuza induru imbere, canke rikagira umunuko nk’uw’umunyu w’umukara inyuma y’aho rihindukiye, rireke aho riri nyene, rivemwo ku metero 100 gushika ku 300 (amafuti 330 gushika ku 1.000), hanyuma uhamagare abajejwe umuriro.

Ni kubera iki ari akaga cane kuronka amavuta canke amavuta ku gikoresho co gupima umwuka w’ikirere c’ubuvuzi canke co gusudira?¶

Oxygène isukuye iyo iri ku gipimo kinini (150 gushika kuri 200 bar / 2.200 gushika kuri 3.000 psi) igabanya cane ubushuhe bwo gucana bw’amazi yose y’ibinyabuzima, harimwo amavuta y’imoteri, amavuta y’ibikoresho, WD-40, umuti wo gusukura iminwa, n’amavuta ya peteroli. Vyongeye, iyo ufunguye umupfundikizo w’umwuka w’ikirere, iyo gazi ifise umuvuduko munini cane yirukira mu nzira ndende y’umuyagankuba maze igafatanya iyo gazi ifunzwe vyihuta cane ku buryo ubushuhe buri imbere muri iyo nkoko y’umuringa bushika ku bipimo birenga 500 vy’ubushuhe (930 degrees Fahrenheit adik now compression). Iyo mbere n’agace gatoyi k’amavuta canke k’amavuta kari ku ndodo canke ku ntebe y’ivyo bikoresho, bica bica biturika ubwo nyene imbere muri iyo mwuka w’umwuka mwiza, bigatuma umuringa n’icuma vy’ico gikoresho ubwaco bisha, bigatuma ico gikoresho giturika.

Iyi nkuru itanga amakuru yerekeye umutekano w’ivyihutirwa be n’ubufasha bwa mbere ku bihe vyihutirwa vy’umuyagankuba n’amazi y’umuriro kandi ntisubirira ibikoresho vyemewe vy’akaga, gusudira, canke inyigisho z’umutekano wo muri laboratwari. Niwiyumvire gufata inyigisho y’ubuvuzi bwa mbere n’ubuvuzi bwo gusubiza umutima mu nda (CPR) ivuye ku musaraba utukura, St John Ambulance, canke ishirahamwe ry’amahugurwa y’ubuvuzi vyihutirwa ryo mu karere kawe.

Inyobora zifitaniye isano¶

• Ugupima mu kibanza gikingijwe: imyobo, amasilo, n'ibidengeri
• Ubutabazi bwa mbere bw'ubushuhe n'ubukonje
• Imiti imenetse n'ibikoresho biteye akaga
• Ibikomere vy'amaso n'imiti
• Guturika no gusha ubutabazi bwa mbere
• Impanuka zo ku kazi n'impanuka zo mu nganda

Amasoko yasuzumwe¶

• Ishirahamwe ry’Imiyaga Ipfutse (CGA, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika): Igitabo c’Imipfunda Ipfutse n’Ugukoresha neza Imyuka Ipfutse mu Bikoresho (Agatabu P-1) be n’Ugukoresha neza Amazi Apfutse (Agatabu P-12)
• Ishirahamwe ry’Ubwongereza ry’Ivyuma Bikomeye (BCGA, Ubwongereza) n’Ishirahamwe ry’Ubuzima n’Umutekano (HSE, Ubwongereza): Gukoresha neza Amagazi Akomeye (INDG306) no Gukoresha neza Acetylene (INDG327)
• Ikigo ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kijejwe itohoza ku bijanye n’umutekano w’imiti n’akaga (CSB, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika): Itangazo ry’umutekano wo gupfukama n’azote (No. 2003-10-B)
• Ishirahamwe ry’i Buraya ry’Ivyuma vy’Inganda (EIGA): Ugucungera Ivyago vy’Ivyuma vy’Ivyuma vy’Ivyuma vy’Ivyuma vy’Ivyuma vy’Ivyuma vy’Ivyuma vy’Ivyuma vy’Ivyuma
• Ishirahamwe ry’Umutekano n’Ubuzima ku Kazi (OSHA, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika): Ibisabwa rusangi ku bijanye n’imiyaga ipfutse (29 CFR 1910.101) be n’ugusudira no gucapura imiyaga ikoresheje umwuka w’ikirere (29 CFR 1910.253)