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Gushushanya ibirundo vy’ivyatsi n’umuriro w’ibiraro wihuta: Ubushuhe buhambaye (65 C / 150 F) n’ugukuraho ivyatsi bitekanye

Igitigiri c'ivyihutirwa gitandukanye hakurikijwe igihugu. Iyi paji ikoresha 911, inomero ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika na Canada. Ibindi bihugu vyinshi bikoresha 112, 999 canke uwundi mubare. Rondera umubare w'igihugu cawe.

Mu matongo y’amata, mu bibanza vy’amafarasi, mu matongo y’inka, no mu mihana kw’isi yose, imvo imwe rudende y’umuriro w’ibiraro n’amatungo udakoreshwa n’amashanyarazi ni uguturika kw’ivyatsi vy’amazi, ivyatsi vy’umukara, ivyatsi vy’umukara, ivyatsi vy’umukara, canke ivyatsi vy’umukara. Mu buryo butandukanye n’umuriro w’ishamba canke urumuri rw’imashini ruturira hanze y’ikirundo, uguturika kw’ivyatsi kwihuta gutangura mu gacerere metero 1 gushika kuri 3 (amafuti 3 gushika ku 10) imbere mu mfuruka y’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi biherutse guterwa Imisi 10 gushika ku ndwi 6 inyuma y’iyimbura. Iyo ibifungurwa vy’ibifungurwa bishizwe mu mifuko hejuru y’urugero rw’ubukonje bwavyo (> 18% to 20% ubukonje bw’imifuko mitoyi y’umurongo, canke > 14% to 16% ubukonje bw’ibipande binini binini vy’uruziga canke binini vy’inzira) ata kintu kizigama aside propionic, uguhema kw’ingingo z’ibimera zifunzwe n’amamiliyaridi y’ibinyabuzima bitobito bikunda ubushuhe n’ubushuhe** bitangura gufata isukari z’ibimera no gutanga ubushuhe budashobora guhunga biciye mu vyatsi bikikije. Igihe ubushuhe bwo mu mutima buzoba bujabutse 55 C to 65 C (130 F to 150 F), imigera ikunda ubushuhe (Bacillus caldovelox n’ibiherere ku mubiri bikunda ubushuhe) itera igikorwa c’ubuhinga bwa Maillard n’ugucapura kw’ibinyabuzima bita selulose n’ibinyabuzima bita hemiselulose, bigatuma ubushuhe bwo mu mutima burenga 77 C to 93 C (170 F to 200 F) kandi bikaba bitanga umuyagankuba w’umuriro witwa pyrophoric (ukwituritsa) be n’imyuka y’umuriro (carbon monoxide, methane, na hydrogen).

Igituma ikirundo c’ivyatsi bishushanya kiba ikintu kidasanzwe cica abarimyi n’abazimya umuriro bo mu misozi ni imitego ibiri y’umubiri idahuye n’ivyo umuntu abona: (1) Umutego w’Umuyagankuba: Ku 80 C to 100+ C (175 F to 212+ F), umutima w’ikirundo c’ivyatsi upfutse umwotsi ushonje w’umwuka w’ikirere; iyo umurimyi yuguruye inzugi z'ikigega kugira ngo "asohore umwotsi" canke agatangura gukurura imifuko ishushe akoresheje igikoresho co gufata traktere ata umuyoboro w'ipompa w'abazimya umuriro (>= 100 psi) bahagaze aho, ukwiruka bukwi na bukwi kw’umwuka mushasha wo mu kirere (21% O2) itera umufuko w’umuriro w’umuriro w’umuriro (carbone pyrophoric) n’umuriro w’umuriro (carbone) ushushe cane, bigatuma haba umuriro w’umuriro canke umuyaga w’inyuma ushobora guturika mu kigega cose mu masegonda makeyi. (2) Umutego w'Ikinogo Gihishijwe ("Sinkhole"): Imbere cane mu kirundo c'umuriro, imifuko y'umuriro ipfutse iraturira imifuko yo mu mutima mu gihe isiga igice co hejuru c'ubwatsi kigaragara ko gikomeye rwose. Umurimyi asohoka aja hejuru y’ikirundo c’ivyatsi bipfutse kugira ngo asunike igikoresho co gupima ubushuhe atashize hasi imbaho ndende (2x10 canke 2x12 imbaho) kandi yambaye umugozi wo kwikingira uboshe birashobora guca mu gipfukisho giturumbuka maze bikaja mu gikiriza gushika mu 300 C to 500 C (570 F to 930 F) ifuru yo munsi y’ubutaka y’inkwi zikayangana be n’umuyagankuba, igaturika cane kandi igapfa mu masegonda makeyi. Nimba ikigega cawe kinuka nk’itabi ry’ikarameli, umukate uturitse canke umwotsi w’agahomerabunwa ubu nyene, hamagara abo mu karere iwanyu . inomero z'ivyihutirwa ubwo nyene, maze ubaze abarongozi bacu b’abavukanyi kuri gazi y'intete (azote) n'ivyago vyo mu mwobo w'ifumbire, yarokotse uburoso ikirundo c'umuriro n'uburinzi bw'itangi ry'amazi ryo mu misozi, na Inkoko zo mu rugo n'amatungo birashikirwa n'ubushuhe.

Ivyo ubikore ubu

  1. NTUKIGERE ugendera hejuru y’ikirundo c’ivyatsi bipfutse, bimota nk’ikarameli canke bipfutse umwotsi. Imifuko y’umuriro yo mu mutima ipfutse umwotsi iturira imyobo iri munsi y’imifuko yo hejuru; yama ushiramwo imbaho ndende kandi zagutse (3.6-meter / 12-foot 2x10 canke 2x12 imbaho) canke amabara y’ 19 mm (3/4-inch) plywood hakurya y’isonga ry’ikirundo kugira ngo ugabanye uburemere bwawe, ukore babiri babiri, kandi wambare umugozi wo kwikingira uboshe n’umugozi w’ubuzima ukomeye ku giti c’ikiraro kiri hejuru urabwa n’umuntu ariko arabona ibintu hanze.
  2. **Iyo ubushuhe bwo mu mutima bushitse canke bukarenga 77 C (170 F) - CANKE iyo ubonye umwotsi uboneka, ibishashi bikayangana, canke wumva umwotsi ukomeye w’itabi ry’imiyoboro - HAGANIKA, NTUKWIMURE n’umufuko umwe, FUNGA inzugi z’ibiraro kugira ngo uhagarike umwuka w’ikirere, ushire amafarasi/inka zose, maze uhamagare 911 / 112 the Department a 999 >= 77 C (170 F) stack ata n’umugwi w’abazimya umuriro ushizweko umuriro uri aho hantu ushira ahabona umuyagankuba w’umuriro ushushe cane mu kirere ciza maze ugatuma umuriro w’umuriro uca uguruka.
  3. NTUKIGEZE ufumbisha amazi ataco ubona hanze y'ikirundo c'ivyatsi bishushe (< 77 C / 170 F) n’umuyoboro w’itongo. Gutobera ikirundo c’ivyatsi bishushe ata gusesagura burundu no kugisenyura, vyongera gusa ubukonje ku mifuko yumye ikikuje, bikaba bituma haba ingendo nshasha y’ugushusha kw’imigera kandi bikaba bituma haba igice c’umubiri gitose kidashobora gushikamwo umwuka gifata ubushuhe imbere mu mutima mbere vyihuta.
  4. Gusuzuma ikirundo mu buryo bubereye ukoresheje igikoresho co gupima ubushuhe bw’ivyatsi canke igikoresho co mu nzu 13 mm (1/2-inch) ** Nimba udafise igipimo c’ubushuhe c’ubudandaji, genda umuyoboro w’icuma ushire mu binogo vy’umuyagankuba bishushe cane ku ruganda, uwureke iminota 15 gushika kuri 20, hanyuma ushire hasi igipimo c’ubushuhe c’ikiyo/c’umubare ku mugozi umanuka imbere mu muyoboro (E Hagen use-pe Igerageza: iyo udashobora gufata umuyoboro w’icuma ukuwe mu kuboko kwawe ataco ufise mu kiringo kirenze amasegonda 1 gushika kuri 2, umutima urenga 71 C / 160 F kandi ari mu Karere k’Akaga k’Umutuku).
  5. Nimba ivyatsi vyawe bipima hagati ya 65 C and 74 C (150 F and 165 F) ("Amber Entering Danger Zone"), hamagara abakozi b'ubushake/abajejwe umuriro bo mu gisagara cawe ku murongo wabo utari uw'ivyihutirwa canke wo gutumako IMBERE yo gukuraho ikigega. Saba abajejwe umuriro bashireho ikamyo y'ipompa/y'amazi (1.5-inch / 38 mm umurongo w’igitero) mu rugo rw’ibitungwa mu gihe ukuraho witonze imifuko imwe imwe ukayijana mu bwatsi bufunguye nibura metero 30 gushika kuri 50 (amafuti 100 gushika kuri 165) mu muyaga w’inyubako zose.
  6. Injize Ibarafu ryumye (Ikirere gikomeye, CO2) canke Azote y’amazi imanuka mu mirongo y’icuma itoboye mu > 77 C (170 F) hotspots iyo urindiriye ibikoresho bikomeye n’abakozi bazimya umuriro. Gupakira urubura rwumye rwajanjaguwe hejuru y’ikirundo c’ibarafu canke kuruterera hasi mu miyoboro ikoreshwa n’amazi bituma ahantu hagati y’ivyatsi bimera hasi hari urubura ruremereye kandi rukonja CO2 gazi (-78.5 C / -109.3 F), icarimwe bikonjesha umurongo w’imbere bigakuraho umwuka w’ikirere uri munsi y’ 12% O2 umurongo w’umuriro kugira ngo imifuko ishobore gukurwamwo ata guturika mu muriro.

Danger

Umutego w'Inyuma y'Urugi rw'Ikigega n'Umuyagankuba (CO) Gupfuka Imbere mu Bibanza vy’Ivyatsi Vyugarijwe. Iyo ikiraro c’ivyatsi vyuzuye cane gishushe hejuru 85 C to 100 C (185 F to 212 F) ijoro ryose inzugi zifunze, umuriro mwinshi urarya umwuka w’ikirere uriho maze ukazuza mu nzu y’ivyatsi Carbon Monoxide (CO), Metane (CH4), Ihidrojeni (H2), n’Ivyuma vy’Ihydrogène / Oxides d’Azote. Kuduga mu nzu y’ivyatsi yugarijwe kandi ipfutse ata Igikoresho co Guhumeka (SCBA) bishobora gutuma umuntu atakaza ubwenge bukwi na bukwi kuva kuri . CO ubumara mu gihe c’impwemu 2 gushika kuri 3. N’ikibi kuruta, gutera inzugi nini z’ikigega zifunguye mu gitondo c’umuyaga bituma haba umuyaga w’ubukazi ugaburira umwuka w’ikirere mu gicu c’umuriro uriko urafumba, ugatera uguturika kw’umwotsi / uguturika kw’umwotsi. Imisi yose ushire inzugi zifunze, ukure amatungo biciye ku miryango y’abagenda n’amaguru yo mu ruhande nimba ataco bihungabanya, kandi ureke abazimya umuriro bambare . SCBA n’amakamera afata amashusho y’ubushuhe (TIC) kugenzura ivy’ugusohoka kw’impwemu no gusanura.

Igiti c'ingingo: Ugutoranya ubushuhe bw'ikirundo c'ivyatsi n'amasezerano y'ibikorwa vyihutirwa

Koresha iki giti c’ingingo c’uburimyi n’ivy’umuriro (USDA, NFPA, Cornell / Penn State / Kaminuza ya Minnesota) igihe cose utohoza ikirundo c’ivyatsi bikekwa ko ari ikirundo c’ivyatsi.

flowchart TD
    A["Ivyatsi Bishasha Vyashizweko Ivyatsi Bishasha canke Ivyatsi Vy’Ikibumbano (Imisi 10 Kugeza ku Ndwi 6 Inyuma Yo Gutera Ivyatsi): Gukora Umwotsi, Gutera Amazi ku Gisenge, Ikarameli Inzobe canke Umunuko w’Ikibumbano"] --> B["UMUTEKANO WA MBERE: NTUGENDERE ku kirundo utashizeho Ibiti vy’amafuti 12 + Igikoresho co Gukingira & Igikoresho co Kubona Hanze"]
    B --> C["Injiza 2-ku-3-Metre (6-10 ft) Igipimo c'ubushuhe (canke umuyoboro w'icuma utwarwa mu minota 15-20) mu binogo vy'umuriro n'imbere y'ikirundo"]
    C --> D{"Ni igiki gisomwa n’ubushuhe burengeye ubundi bwose?"}
    D -->|"< 52 C (< 125 F): Ubuvuzi busanzwe 'bw'icuya'"| E["GREEN ZONE (Safe): Guhema kw’ibimera bisanzwe & gukira kw’ibimera. Gukurikirana buri ndwi; kuguma mu kigega gifise umwuka."]
    D -->|"52 C gushika kuri 65 C (125 F gushika kuri 150 F): Ugutera imbere kw’imigera ikunda ubushuhe"| F["UMUGAMBI W’UMUHORO WO GUKORESHA: Sonde BURI MASAHA 12 gushika kuri 24. Yongera umuyaga ukikuje ikirundo; gutandukanya imifuko iyo vyoroshe kuronka."]
    D -->|"65 C gushika kuri 77 C (150 F gushika kuri 170 F): Uguhinduka kw’imiti y’ubushuhe gutangura"| G["AMBER AKAGA: Gutohoza BURI AMASAHA 2 gushika kuri 4. Ubushuhe NTIBUZOGANUKA ubwabwo. Hamagara Fire Dept kugira ngo bashireho ikamyo y’amazi y’amazi, hanyuma basenye ikirundo kugira ngo bafungure umurima > 50 m (165 ft) uvuye ku nyubakwa."]
    D -->|"77 C gushika kuri 93 C (170 F gushika kuri 200 F): Imifuko y’umuriro n’umuyagankuba"| H["IVYUHUTIRIZWA BIKOMEYE: Hamagara 911 / 112 / 999 Ubwo nyene. HAGANIKA kwimurira imizigo gushika Fire Dept ishizeko amahose y’inci 1,5 agendereye gutera. Funga inzugi kugira ngo umwuka w’ikirere ugabanuke; gukuraho amatungo."]
    D -->|">= 93 C (>= 200 F) CANKE Umwotsi Uboneka / Inkwi Zikayangana"| I["UMUGAMBI W’UMURIRO W’UMURIRO WA MURI MURI MURI WA MURI WA MURI WA MURI WA MURI: Uguturika kw’umuriro bishika Ubwo nyene iyo umuntu ashikiwe n’ikirere. Injize Ice Yumye / CO2 canke Amazi y’Umubare Munini/Ifu y’Ikigo ca A IMBERE yo gukura imizigo n’igikoresho co gucukura/gufata kure."]

Igice ca 1: Intambwe 4 z'ubuhinga bw'ibinyabuzima n'ubuhinga bw'ibinyabuzima z'uguturika kw'ivyatsi

Ni kuki umuganda w’ivyatsi vy’umukara canke ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vyicaye mu kigega gikonje ushobora kwishuha biva kuri 25 C (77 F) inzira yose ija 500 C (932 F) n’umuriro wo hanze zero? Ugushuha kwihuta gutera imbere biciye mu inzira zine zitandukanye z’ibinyabuzima n’iz’imiti, imwe yose ikaja ku yindi:

Intambwe ya 1: Guhema kw'ingingo z'ibimera n'ugukura kw'imigera y'ibimera (20 C to 45 C / 68 F to 113 F)

  • Mu masaha ya mbere 24 gushika kuri 72 inyuma yo gukata no gutera mu bipande, utugingo ngengabuzima tw’igitegwa turi imbere mu bihimba vy’igiti bitose (moisture > 20%) babandanya guhema, barya ibiribwa birimwo ibinure (\(C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \umwampi w'iburyo 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + \text{Ubushuhe}\)) kandi bakarekura umwotsi w'amazi ("icuya c'ivyatsi").
  • Iyo ubukonje bw’imifuko buri munsi ya 15% (imifuka minini) canke 18% (imifuka mito), ubwo bushuhe buyoroshe (35 C to 45 C / 95 F to 113 F) ihindura umwuka ubukonje maze igasubira gukonja ata nkomanzi mu ndwi 2.
  • Ariko rero, iyo ubukonje burenze ** .20% to 35%, imbere mu nzu hashushe kandi harimwo ubukonje, bituma haba uguturika kw’ibiherere ku mubiri (Aspergillus, Fusarium) n’imigera, ivyo bikaba bifata isukari y’ibimera idafise imiterere maze bikasunika ubushuhe bwo mu mutima w’ibimera bukarenga 45 C (113 F) mu gihe bariko barafatanya izo nsinga z’ivyatsi kugira ngo zibe igitanda gikomeye kandi gifata ubushuhe.

Intambwe ya 2: Uguhangana n'imigera n'ibiherere ku mubiri (45 C to 70 C / 113 F to 158 F)

  • Hejuru 45 C (113 F), imigera y'umubiri irapfa maze igasubirizwa n'imigera y'umubiri (Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula na Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, iyo migera na yo nyene itera indwara y'amahaha y'umurimyi, indwara y'amahaha y'umubiri* Igikoko citwa bacille caldovelox)**.
  • Izo thermophiles zitera imbere cane hagati ya 50 C and 65 C (122 F and 149 F), bica bimenagura ningoga amavuta n’amaproteine bikomeye biciye ku bisubizo vy’ugutukura bitagira enzyme vya Maillard (ivyo bikaba bituma ikigega c’ivyatsi gishushe gifise umuco w’umukate uryoshe, ufise karameli, uherutse gutekwa canke w’itabi ry’imiyoboro).
  • Na 68 C to 74 C (155 F to 165 F), ubushuhe burakomera cane ku buryo mbere n’imigera ikunda ubushuhe ishobora guterwa umuti (pasteurisation) igapfa. Abarimyi benshi bihenda biyumvira yuko iyo iyo migera imaze gupfa ku isaha ya 10.00. 70 C (158 F), ivyatsi bizohagarika gushuha. Mu vy'ukuri, intambwe iteye akaga kuruta izindi zose iratanguye.

Intambwe ya 3: Uguhinduka kw'imiti y'ubushuhe (70 C to 150 C / 158 F to 302 F)

  • Igihe imigera ikunda ubushuhe isunika ivyatsi kugira ngo 70 C (158 F) iyo hari ubukonje, ivy’imiti gusa, vyihuta vy’uguhinduka kw’ubushuhe birafata:
    • Amavuta y’ibimera (aside zitagira ibinure ziri mu bihimba vy’amababi) n’ivyuma bita hemicellulose bihinduka amazi bica bihinduka ibinyabuzima bitagiramwo ibinure n’ibinyabuzima bita peroxides bishobora gukora cane.
    • Kubera ko ubwatsi bwumye bushika ku butoshe bufise ubushobozi buke cane bwo gutwara ubushuhe (bukora nk’ivyuma vy’ibara ry’agahama), ubushuhe buva hagati y’ikintu . 100-ton gukeba ubwatsi canke ikirundo gikomeye c' 700 kg (1,500 lb) imifuko ikikuje ntishobora guhunga.
    • Buri 10 C (18 F) kwongerekana kw’ubushuhe kurakubita kabiri igitigiri c’ibintu bihinduka (Arrhenius equation), bituma ubushuhe bwo mu mutima bwihuta kuva kuri 77 C (170 F) ku 120 C (248 F) mu masaha makeyi.

Intambwe ya 4: Ihinduka ry'umuriro, uguhingura ivyuma vy'umuriro n'ugucana kw'umuriro (150 C to 280+ C / 302 F to 536+ F)

  • Hejuru 150 C (302 F) imbere cane mu mutima w'ikirundo ufise umwuka w'ikirere, cellulose iragira uguhinduka kw'ubushuhe (charring), igahindura ivyatsi vyo mu mutima bikaba ibirabura maze ikarema "carbone pyrophorique" igabanywe neza kandi ifise utunogo.
  • Carbon Pyrophoric ni iki? Carbon Pyrophoric ni amakara adashikamye mu vy’imiti, akora, afise uburebure bunini cane bw’ubutaka. Ico gihe nyene 175 C to 250 C (350 F to 480 F) carbone y'umuriro ihura n'ibintu bishasha 21% oxygène yo mu kirere (yaba mu guturira umwobo w’umwotsi gushika ku ruhande rw’ikirundo, canke igihe umurimyi ataco yiyumvira akuye umufuko ku ruganda), umwuka w’ikirere urafata ku ruhande rw’ikirundo c’umuyagankuba ku buryo uturika . 600 C (1,100 F) urubeya ako kanya (auto-ignition).

Igice ca 2: Imeza y'ibikorwa vy'ubushuhe bw'ivyatsi n'uburyo bw'imiyoboro y'icuma

Ikiraro cose kibitse amatoni arenga 20 y’ivyatsi gikwiye kubika 1.8-to-3.0-meter (6-to-10-foot) igikoresho co gupima ubushuhe bw’ivyatsi gifise urushinge rw’ubudandaji kimanikijwe imbere mu muryango w’injira, no gupima ivyatsi bishasha kabiri mu ndwi mu ndwi 6 za mbere inyuma yo guteranya.

1. Ibipimo vyemewe vy'ubushuhe n'ibikorwa vy'ingenzi

Ubushuhe bw'imbere (Celsius / Fahrenheit) Igipimo c'icuma c'iminota 20 "Ukuboko kutagira ikintu" Igihugu c'ibinyabuzima / imiti imbere mu kirundo Itegeko ry'Ibikorwa vyihutirwa
< 52 C (< 125 F) Pipe yumva ashushe gatoyi kugira ngo asusuruke neza; ashobora gufata ibihe bidahera mu kuboko gusa Gukiza ibitegwa mu buryo busanzwe ("ugucukura"); uburyo bw'ibifungurwa butagira agasembwa SAFE (Icatsi kibisi): Nta gikorwa gikenewe. Bandanya ugenzura buri ndwi mu misi 30.
52 C to 60 C (125 F to 140 F) Pipe yumva ashushe cane; ashobora gufata neza mu kuboko ataco afise mu amasegonda 30 gushika kuri 60 Ihinduka ry’umubiri ry’umubiri ry’umubiri (mesophile/thermophile) rikora; Maillard iratangura gutukura (amatonyanga y'amaproteine ashobora gusimburwa) UBURYO (Umuhondo-1): Subira usuzume ubushuhe amasaha 24 yose. Gufungura amabarabara yo hejuru y’ikigega kugira ngo ukureho umuyaga utose uri hejuru y’ikirundo.
60 C to 65 C (140 F to 150 F) Pipe yumva ishushe; ushobora gufata mu kuboko gusa amasegonda 10 gushika kuri 15 imbere y'uko ugira ububabare Isonga ry’ubushuhe bw’imigera y’ubushuhe; umunuko mwiza wa karameli n'umwotsi w'amazi uboneka uduga uva hejuru IMBURIZO (Umuhondo-2): Subira usuzume amasaha 12 yose. Ubushuhe bushobora kuba buteye igomwe bukakonja, CANKE bukajabuka 65 C ivy’imiti. Tegura ahantu hanze kugira ngo ushiremwo ibintu iyo biduze 2 C n’ibindi.
65 C to 74 C (150 F to 165 F) Pipe ni ububabare bushushe; ushobora gufata mu kuboko gusa amasegonda 3 gushika kuri 5 Igitigiri c'imiti y'imiti cararengewe: Imigera iriko irapfa, imiti y'ubushuhe bwo hanze y'umubiri yaratanguye AKAGA (Amber): Subira uyisuzume inyuma y’amasaha 2 canke 4. Ivyatsi bizobandanya hafi ata gukeka gushuha gushika bisha. Hamagara abajejwe umuriro kugira ngo bahagarare hafi n'umuyoboro w'amazi, hanyuma ushire ikirundo mu murima wuguruye > 50 m (165 ft) kuva ku nyubakwa.
77 C to 88 C (170 F to 190 F) Pipe iturira urukoba mu < 1 to 2 seconds (bishushe cane) Igikorwa c'umuriro gikomeye: Ivyuka vy'umuriro, ivyuka vy'umuriro (CO), n’imyobo yaturitse igira imyobo . Ivyihutirwa BIKOMEYE (Ibara ry’umutuku): Hamagara 911 / 112 / 999 UBWO nyene. NTUKIMURE imizigo yose gushika abazimya umuriro bashizeho 38 mm (1.5-in) hoses zigenewe ikirundo. Funga inzugi; n’ugukuraho ibikoko vyose.
88 C to 100+ C (190 F to 212+ F) Pipe irasize iyo ikozweko n’igitambaro gitose; char yirabura canke ivu ryifashe ku mpera y'itohoza Umuriro ukora munsi y'ubutaka: Amabale azoturika mu muriro igihe ca kabiri akora ku kirere co hanze IKIBAZO C'UMURIRO KIRI HAFI (Ikirabura): Abazimya umuriro bategerezwa gusesagura ahantu hashushe n'amazi/ifu y'umugwi A canke bagatera urubura rwumye (CO2) mbere yo gukura imifuko imwe imwe ukoresheje igikoresho co gufata/gucukura no gutobeka umufuko wose mu murima wuguruye.

2. Uko wokora igikoresho co gupima ivyatsi vyihutirwa mu minota 15 (ata gikoresho co gupima ivyatsi vy’ubudandaji)

  1. Fata 2.4-to-3.0-meter (8-to-10-foot) uburebure bwa 13 mm to 19 mm (1/2-inch to 3/4-inch) umuyoboro w’umuyagankuba w’icuma ukomeye canke umuyoboro w’ivyuma.
  2. Inyundo iherezo rimwe ribe ryiza isonga ry'igiti hanyuma utere itandatu 5 mm (3/16-inch) imyobo hejuru gusa y’isonga rero ubushuhe bwo mu mutima bwinjira hasi ningoga.
  3. Rara imbaho z’ibiti hejuru y’ikirundo c’ivyatsi (wambaye umugozi uboshe) hanyuma usunike umuyoboro w’icuma 1.5 to 2.5 meters (5 to 8 feet) hasi mu binogo vy’umuriro.
  4. Manura igipimo c’ubushuhe kiri ku mugozi gushika hasi mu muyoboro mu minota 15 gushika kuri 20 (upfuke hejuru n’igitambaro), ukure umugozi hejuru, hanyuma usome ubushuhe ubwo nyene.

Igice ca 3: Intambwe ku yindi Itegeko ryo Gusubiramwo: Uko Wokuraho Ivyatsi Bishusha Utaturiye Ikiraro

Igihe ikirundo c’ivyatsi kirenze 68 C to 77 C (155 F to 170 F), ukurikize iyi ntambwe 6 zikomeye z'umurimyi n'Igisata c'Umuriro:

+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|       6-STEP SAFE HAY OVERHAUL & BALE REMOVAL PROTOCOL (> 68 C)         |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|  STEP 1: EVACUATE LIVESTOCK & STAGE CHARGED FIRE APPARATUS FIRST        |
|  - Lead all horses and cattle to a distant pasture BEFORE moving bales. |
|  - Stage a Fire Dept pumper with at least TWO charged 38 mm (1.5-inch)  |
|    hoselines (with Class A surfactant foam) and shut off barn power.    |
|  STEP 2: COOL OR INERT THE CORE BEFORE UNCOVERING (If Temp >= 85 C)     |
|  - Drive piercing nozzles into hotspots with Class A foam/water, OR     |
|    pack 50-100 kg of crushed Dry Ice (CO2) under a tarp over hotspots.  |
|  STEP 3: REMOVE BALES FROM TOP TO BOTTOM USING MECHANICAL REACH         |
|  - Use a telehandler, excavator, or tractor grapple from OUTSIDE if     |
|    possible; any crew on the stack must wear SCBA on wooden planks      |
|    with a charged nozzle aimed directly at the bale being lifted.       |
|  STEP 4: EXPECT BALES TO BURST INTO FLAME THE SECOND THEY ARE LIFTED    |
|  - Knock down surface flames with a burst of Class A foam/water as      |
|    the loader carries the charred bale out of the barn immediately.     |
|  STEP 5: SEPARATE GOOD, WARM, AND CHARRED BALES > 50-100 METERS AWAY    |
|  - Pile 1 (Cool < 50 C): Stack loosely on pallets with air gaps.        |
|  - Pile 2 (Warm 50-70 C): Spread in a SINGLE layer, 1 meter apart.      |
|  - Pile 3 (Charred > 70 C): Break open completely and soak with water.  |
|  STEP 6: 48-HOUR FIRE WATCH ON REMOVED BALES                            |
|  - Monitor removed bales with a probe or thermal camera for 48 hours.   |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Igice ca 4: Ukwirinda mu gutera no guteranya: Imipaka y’ubukonje, Igerageza ry’ubukonje bw’igiti, n’ibintu bizigama

Ni kubera iki abarimyi bazi utuntu n’utundi bafatwa n’ikigega c’ivyatsi gishushe mbere n’igihe amababi yo hanze y’igiti c’umukaraba yumva yumutse cane mw’izuba ryo ku muhingamo?

1. "Ubukonje bw'Igiti" n'"Ubukonje bw'Ikime" n'Imipaka y'Uburemere bw'Igiti

  • Internal Stem Moisture (amazi afashwe imbere mu biti vy’igiti c’umukaraba, mu biti vy’umukaraba, canke mu bihimba vy’umukaraba bitakura) birateye akaga cane kuruta ikime gitoyi co ku mugoroba ku mababi. Igihe igikoresho kinini c’uburemere bwinshi (3x4 canke 4x4 imizigo ipfutse ku > 200 kg/m3) imenagura inkomoko zikomeye, umutobe w’inkomoko uhishijwe ugasohoka ukaja mu gice kitagira umwuka, gifise ubushobozi bwo gukingira cane.
  • Ijana kw'ijana ry'ubukonje bwo gutera ivyatsi (ataco bizigama):
Ubwoko n'ubunini bw'umupira Ubukonje burengeye % ku binyampeke (Alfalfa / Clover) Ubukonje bwinshi butekanye % ku vyatsi vy'ivyatsi / ivyatsi Kubera iki imifuko minini isaba ivyatsi vyumye
Imirongo mito mito y'imirongo ibiri (18 to 30 kg / 40 to 65 lbs) 18% to 20% 18% to 20% Urugendo rugufi (20 cm / 8 in) kuva mu mutima gushika hanze bituma ubushuhe n'umwotsi w'amazi bishobora gusohoka
Imifuko minini izunguruka (1.2x1.5 m canke 1.5x1.8 m, 450 to 800 kg / 1,000 to 1,750 lbs) 15% to 16% 16% to 18% Inzira ndende kuva hagati hagati gushika hanze ifata ubushuhe (volume scales cubically while surface area scales quadratically)
Imifuko minini y'uburemere bwinshi (3x3 canke 3x4, 400 to 900 kg / 900 to 2,000 lbs) 12% to 14% 14% to 16% Ugufatanya kw’amazi gukomeye cane gukuraho imihora y’umuyaga, bikaba bituma habaho uburinzi bwinshi n’ingorane nyinshi z’umuriro wihuta

2. Gukoresha aside ya Propionique & Gushira mu ngiro "Itegeko ry'Icuya co Hanze ry'Indwi 2".

  1. Ivyuma bizigama ivyatsi: Iyo imvura yinjira iguhatira gutera ivyatsi ku 20% to 26% ubukonje, ushireko ikintu co gukingira amazi y’aside ya propionic/acetic ku kibanza co gutoragura (2 to 5 kg per metric ton / 4 to 10 lbs per ton, bigereranywa n’ubukonje). Aside ya propionic ibuza ububi n’imigera ikunda ubushuhe. (Imburi: Umunyu w’urutare rusanzwe [NaCl] iterwa ku mifuko y’ivyatsi NTI ibuza umuriro kwihuta kiretse iyo ikoreshejwe ku rugero runini, rudaryoshe rwa . > 2% ku buremere, kandi irashobora gukwegera ubukonje bwo mu karere mu gitereko).
  2. Ntukigere Uteranya Ibikoko Bikekwa Imbere mu Kigega Ubwo nyene ("Itegeko ry'Icuya Hanze ry'Indwi 2 Kugeza kuri 3"):
    • Iyo umuzigo w’imifuko ugerageje hejuru y’ubukonje ushaka (> 16% ku mifuko minini canke > 20% ku mifuko mito mito) - canke mbere n'aho imifuko 3 canke 4 gusa itose ivuye mu mwobo uri hasi canke mu murongo w'igiti gifise igitutu iri mu igare - NTUSHIRA iyo mifuko imbere mu kigega cawe gikuru c'ivyatsi.
    • Bifata gusa umufuko umwe utose uhambwe hagati y’imifuko 500 yumutse nk’amagufa kugira ngo umuntu atangure itanure ry’imigera rituritsa ikigega cose.
    • Bika imizigo ikekwako hanze ku ma paleti canke ku mabuye y’agaciro mu mirongo imwe (n’ 30 cm / 1 foot air gaps hagati y'imirongo) munsi y'igitambaro gishobora guhumeka imisi 14 gushika kuri 21 gushika zihejeje "icuya" cazo c'ibinyabuzima zigakonja munsi 38 C (100 F) imbere yo kubijana mu nzu.

Tip

Uko womenya ubukonje bw'umuyaga mu minota 2 ata gipimo c'ubuhinga bwa none ("Igerageza ry'uguhindura" & "Igerageza ry'ugukaraba"): Imbere yo gutangura igikoresho co gutera ivyuma, shira mu gice co munsi c'umuyaga gikomeye cane kandi kiremereye cane maze ufate igipfunsi c'ibiti: **st the Twist the T:1) nk’ugufyonda igitambaro gitose; iyo inkomoko yumva icumbagira, imeze nk’impuzu, canke yerekana ubukonje bwirabura ku ntugu zigoramye, ubukonje ni > 22% (NTUKIBARE); iyo inkomoko zica zica zisubira inyuma, nusuzume utugingo ngengabuzima. (2) Igerageza ryo Gukaraba Uruti rw’Igishushanyo Gito: Gukaraba uruti rw’inyuma rw’igiti c’umuceri canke c’ivyatsi co hasi gikomeye n’urukumu rwawe; iyo urukoba ruvuyeko bitagoranye rugaragaza utugingo ngengabuzima dutose tw’icatsi kibisi, rutose cane ku buryo udashobora gukora imizigo minini (> 18%). (3) Igerageza ry'Ifu y'Imikoro 100: Gukata 100 grams y’ivyatsi ku munzane wo mu gikoni, ubishire mu gitereko c’amazi gifise ikirahuri c’amazi (kugira ngo ukinge magnetron), ubishire mu bice vy’amasegonda 90 gushika uburemere buhagaritse kugwa (Final Dry Weight), hanyuma ubaze: % Moisture = 100 - Final Grams.

(Ku bijanye n’ibintu vyihutirwa bijanye n’ugukingira umuriro mu buhinzi no mu misozi, raba Gazi y'intete (umwotsi utukura w'azote) n'umwobo w'ifumbire hydrogène sulfure, Yarokotse ikirundo c'uburoso, umuriro w'ivyatsi, n'ukwikingira itangi ry'amazi ryo mu misozi, na Guhindukira kwa tracteur no gusubira inyuma. Niwiyumvire gufata inyigisho yo kuzimya umuriro n’ubutabazi bwa mbere mu vy’uburimyi mu ntara biciye ku biro vy’intara yawe, Umusaraba Mutukura, canke St John Ambulance.)

Inomero z'ivyihutirwa zo mu karere n'amategeko y'ibigo

Akarere / Igihugu Umuriro n'ubutabazi vyihutirwa Inzego zijejwe kwagura uburimyi n'umutekano wo mu ntara Amabwirizwa yihariye y'umuriro n'ivugurura ry'ububiko bw'akarere
Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika na Canada 911 USDA / Ibiro vy'Ukwagura Amakoperative (Intara yose ya Amerika) NASD (Ikigo c'Igihugu c'Umutekano w'Ibiterwa) OMAFRA (Ontario) / Uburimyi bwa Alberta Ibiro vy'umuriro vyo mu misozi yo muri Amerika no muri Kanada bikoresha Amafoto y'ubushuhe (TIC), amazi y’ugutobora, n’ifu yo gutobeka yo mu rwego rwa A (0.3% to 0.5%) gukonjesha > 77 C (170 F) ibirundo vy’ivyatsi imbere y’uko bikurwamwo n’ubuhinga. Ntukigere ukekeranya guhamagara umukuru w’abazimya umuriro bo mu karere kawe kugira ngo akubwire 65 C (150 F) standby check - abajejwe umuriro barakunda cane gushiramwo ikamyo imwe kugira ngo bashobore gukurura ivyuma bigenzurwa kuruta kurwanya umuriro w’ikigega wuzuye mw’ijoro.
Ubwami bw'Ubwongereza 999 canke 112 Umuyobozi w'ubuzima n'umutekano (HSE Uburimyi) NFU (Ishirahamwe ry'Igihugu ry'Abarimyi) Mu Inyigisho y’Igihugu y’Ibikorwa vy’Ishirahamwe ry’Ubwongereza ry’Umuriro n’Ubutabazi, ibibanza vyo mu misozi bitwara ibikoresho vyo gupima ubushuhe bw’ivyatsi n’amacumu y’ubushuhe kandi bikora ivy’ugupima ubushuhe bw’ibirundo vy’ubushuhe ku buntu iyo abarimyi bamenyesheje ibirundo vy’ubushuhe biri hejuru y’ 60 C.
Ubumwe bw'Uburayi 112 Ivyumba vy'igihugu vy'uburimyi n'abazimya umuriro mu misozi (Feuerwehr / Sapeurs-Pompiers) Mu turere tw’amata two mu misozi miremire no mu Buraya bwo hagati (Ubudage, Otirishiya, Ubusuwisi, Ubufaransa), abazimya umuriro b’intahemuka (Freiwillige Feuerwehr) bakoresha ubuhinga bwihariye bwo gupima ubwatsi (Heumesssonde) n’ibikoresho vyo gupima ubwatsi (Heumesssonde) n’ibikoresho vyo gupima ubwatsi (Heumessonde) canke gusesagura umutima n’amazi/CO2 ku >= 70 C.
Ostraliya na Nouvelle-Zélande Ostraliya:000** Nuvelle-Zélande: 111 CFA (Ikigo c’Igihugu kijejwe umuriro, VIC) / NSW RFS / DFES AFIA (Ishirahamwe ry’Inganda z’Ibifungurwa vy’Ibitungwa ryo muri Ostraliya) FENZ (Igihugu c’Umuriro n’Ivyihutirwa NZ) CFA and NSW Rural Fire Service publish strict seasonal haystack spontaneous combustion alerts (especially after flood or unseasonal spring rains wetting export oaten and lucerne hay) and deploy bulk water tankers and excavators for stack overhaul above 70 C.
Ubuhinde na Aziya-Pasifike Ubuhinde:112** canke 101 (Umuriro) Ubuyapani: 119 ICAR (Inama y'ubushakashatsi mu vy'uburimyi y'Abahindi) / Intara ya Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVK) Ku bijanye n’ibitoke vy’ibigori vyirundanijwe, ingano bhusa, n’ibirundo vy’ibagase bishushe mu gihe c’ubukonje bw’imvura nyinshi (> 70 C), guhuza n’Ishirahamwe ry’Umuriro ryo mu karere . 101 / 112 imbere yo gusenya ibirundo biri hafi y’ibiraro vy’ibitungwa.

Ibibazo bikunda kubazwa

Why does throwing open the barn doors or pulling apart a hot, smoking haystack cause it to suddenly explode into flames?

Once the interior of a damp haystack heats above **`77 C to 93 C (170 F to 200 F)`**, exothermic chemical oxidation and pyrolysis convert the buried hay into **superheated, porous "pyrophoric carbon" (activated char)** surrounded by pockets of combustible **carbon monoxide (`CO`), methane, and hydrogen gas**. Deep inside the tightly packed stack, this `200 C to 400 C` char cannot burst into open flame only because **all the oxygen inside the stack has been used up (`oxygen-starved smoldering`)**. The instant you throw open the barn doors or pull a bale off the pile without a charged fire hose spraying it, **`21%` atmospheric oxygen rushes into the superheated char and gas pocket**, causing instantaneous **auto-ignition and flashover** across the entire barn.

Why is it so dangerous to walk on top of a steaming haystack to check its temperature?

Spontaneous hay fires burn **from the inside out**. A smoldering fire pocket `1.5 to 2.5 meters (5 to 8 feet)` below the surface can completely consume 10 or 20 interior bales, turning them into fine ash and leaving a **massive hollow cavern ("burned-out sinkhole")** bridged only by a thin crust of intact-looking top bales. If a farmer steps onto that crust without **long `3.6-meter (12-foot)` wooden planks and a tied-off overhead safety harness**, the crust collapses like thin ice, dropping the person into a **`300 C to 500 C (570 F to 930 F)` pit of glowing ash and lethal carbon monoxide** from which it is nearly impossible to climb out.

Why shouldn't I just spray water on a warm haystack (60 C / 140 F) to cool it down?

Spraying water onto a haystack that is below the fire point (`< 77 C / 170 F`) without completely removing the bales **actually makes spontaneous heating much worse**. First, waxy hay stems shed water like a thatched roof, so a garden hose never reaches the deep hotspot. Second, the water you spray soaks into the **previously dry surrounding bales**, giving thermophilic bacteria fresh moisture to turn the **entire barn into a giant heating furnace**. Third, wet outer bales swell up and seal the stack tighter, trapping even more heat inside the core. Only use water (with a fire department hose and Class-A wetting foam) when you are actively **dismantling and flooding a critical `>= 77 C (170 F)` stack**.

Can just ONE wet bale in a wagon of 100 dry bales really burn down a whole barn?

**Yes.** Agricultural fire investigations by **Cornell University, Penn State Extension, and the Country Fire Authority (`CFA`)** repeatedly prove that **a single damp bale (`> 22% to 25%` moisture)** - often baled from a shaded fence line, a low wet spot in the field, or a slug of heavy weeds - buried near the center of a stack of completely dry bales acts like a biological matchstick. The surrounding dry bales act as **100% thermal insulation** that traps every calorie of heat produced by that one wet bale until its core crosses **`70 C (158 F)`** and ignites the dry hay around it.

Does throwing dry rock salt onto wet hay bales as you stack them prevent spontaneous barn fires?

**No - this is a dangerous agricultural myth.** Controlled university trials prove that scattering a few handfuls of dry livestock salt (`NaCl`) onto damp bales (`0.5% to 1%` by weight) does **not** stop thermophilic bacteria or exothermic chemical oxidation inside the dense core of the bale. Worse yet, salt is **hygroscopic** (it absorbs moisture from humid summer air), which can actually keep the surface of the bales damp and corrode steel barn siding and baler parts. If you must bale hay slightly damp (`20% to 25%`), use a scientifically proven **buffered propionic acid liquid preservative** applied directly at the baler chamber, and leave the bales outside for 2 to 3 weeks until they finish sweating.

Inyobora zifitaniye isano

Amasoko n'ubuyobozi buzwi

  • Igisata c'uburimyi ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (USDA) & Urutonde rw'Igihugu rwerekeye Umutekano w'Ubuhinzi (NASD): Gukingira no gucungera umuriro wihuta mu bubiko bw'ivyatsi n'ivyatsi: Ivyiyumviro vy'ubushuhe bw'ivyuma (150 F to 200 F) n’Umutekano wo Gusubiramwo.
  • Ivyagutse vya Kaminuza ya Cornell, Ivyagutse vya Penn State n’Ivyagutse vya Kaminuza ya Minnesota: Ukwirinda umuriro mu kiraro c’ivyatsi: Ivyiyumviro vy’ugushushanya kw’imiti y’ibinyabuzima bitobito n’ivy’ubushuhe, imipaka y’ubukonje hakurikijwe uburemere bw’ibiti, n’Itegeko ry’Igipimo c’Ubushuhe bw’Imiyoboro y’Ivyuma.
  • Ishirahamwe ry'igihugu ry'ugukingira umuriro (NFPA, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika) & Ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ry’abakuru b’abazimya umuriro (IAFC): Ibikorwa vy'umuriro w'ibiraro n'ibibanza vy'uburimyi: Ugukoresha umuriro w'umwuka mwiza, gukingira umuriro w'umuriro, gufata amashusho y'ubushuhe, no gukoresha umuriro w'ifu w'umugwi A mu muriro w'ivyatsi.
  • Ikigo kijejwe umuriro mu gihugu (CFA, Victoria, Ostraliya) & Ishirahamwe ry’Inganda z’Ibifungurwa vy’Inyamaswa ryo muri Ostraliya (AFIA): Ingingo ngenderwako z'uguturika kw'ivyatsi ku barimyi n'abazimya umuriro bo mu misozi.
  • Ishirahamwe ry'Uburayi ry'Amashirahamwe y'Ukurinda Umuriro (CFPA Europe) & Ubwishingizi bw'Uburimyi bw'Ubudage (SVLFG): Ingingo ngenderwako zo gupima ubushuhe bw'ibirundo vy'ivyatsi (Heumesssonde) no gukuraho neza ibifungurwa vy'ibifungurwa vyishushanya.