Frazil Ice na Anchor Ice Jam: Uguhagarika amazi n'umwuzure wo mu rushana mu nzuzi ziri munsi ya Zero¶

Igihe uruzi, umugezi wo ku misozi canke umugende utemba vyihuta bishikiwe n’ikirere gitomoye kandi gikanye co mu rushana (typically below -6 to -15 degrees Celsius / 21 to 5 degrees Fahrenheit) imbere y’uko urubura rukomeye rwo hejuru rubaho, iyo nzira y’umuvurungano irabuza amazi gukonja ngo abe igice c’urubura gituje kiri hejuru. Ahubwo, umuyaga n’ibiyaga vyihuta birahungabanya inking y’amazi yose, bikakonjesha amazi y’uruzi ari amazi gatoyi munsi y’aho ashobora gukonja gushika aho akonjera cane -0.01 to -0.1 degrees Celsius (31.98 to 31.82 degrees Fahrenheit). Mu minota mikeyi, amamiliyaridi y’ibisigazwa vy’urubura vyitwa barafu ya frazil bifise ubunini bukeyi cane kandi bifise uburebure bw’inzobe, birakora icarimwe mu nkingi yose y’amazi yakonje cane. Kubera ko amabuye y’agaciro yitwa frazil akonje cane adashobora gukomera mu buryo bw’ubushuhe, ashobora kwifatanya cane ("active frazil"): afata cane nk’isimenti iri munsi y’amazi ku kintu cose kiri musi 0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit), gupfuka amabuye y’uruzi n’amabuye y’agaciro ku ruzi kugira ngo bibe amaterasi manini manini y’ibiponji vy’urubura rw’inanga, gufunga ibibanza vy’amazi yo kunywa n’ivy’amazi vy’amazi mu minota mikeyi, no gupakira munsi y’ibitandara vy’uruzi vyo mu mazi mu bidengeri bininibinini vyo munsi y’amazi manika feet (3) Mu gupfuka 50 gushika ku 90 kw’ijana vy’uburebure bw’umugende w’uruzi, urubura rwa frazil n’urw’inanga rushobora gutuma **inzira z’uruzi zo mu rushana ziduga ku metero 2 gushika ku 5 (amafuti 6,5 gushika ku 16,5) mu masaha 1 gushika ku 4 munsi y’ikirere c’ubururu butomoye cane. mu ruzi rwo hasi umupfunda wo kurekura urubura (jave) igihe urugomero rw’urubura ruca rutanga inzira bukwi na bukwi. Nimba amazi y’uruzi yo mu rushana atangura kuduga mu nzira yawe, mu nzu yo munsi y’ubutaka canke mu nzira yo ku nkengera y’uruzi, canke iyo umuntu aguye mu mazi y’amazi y’uruzi, nuce ubwo nyene wimuka ukaja ahantu hejuru maze uhamagare uwo mu karere iwanyu . inomero z'ivyihutirwa. Igihe wimukira ahantu heza, subiramwo uburongozi bwacu bujana ku . urubura rwa frazil, uruzi rwo mu ruzi, umwuzure wo gusenyuka, n’imiyaga y’urubura, imyuzure, ibihuhusi vy'urushana, na ubushuhe burengeje urugero n'ubukonje.

Mu buryo butandukanye n’imyuzure y’imvura y’impeshi yubaka buhoro buhoro mu misi y’ubushuhe, imyuzure y’urubura rwa frazil n’urw’inanga itera mu bihe vy’amajoro n’igitondo bikanye cane mu rushana**, igatera amazi yuzuye ibitoke, ashobora gukonja cane be n’ubushuhe burengeye ibiro 500 (1.100-hocever) urukoba rutose n’amazi y’inyubako birakonja bikomeye mu minota mikeyi.

Ivyo ubikore ubu¶

1. Uve ku nkengera z'uruzi ziri hasi, ku bibanza vy'umwuzure, no ku mabarabara yo ku nkengera y'uruzi ubwo nyene iyo ubonye ibidengeri vy'amazi bireremba ("urubura rw'ibitoke"), wumva ijwi ry'uruzi ruriko ruraduga canke rugabanuka bukwi na bukwi mu bihe vy'amazi bitari vyiza. Ntutegereze imvura canke a jam kandi amazi atera hagati mu rushana atuma amazi azamuka metero 1 gushika kuri 3 (amafuti 3,3 gushika kuri 10) mu minota itarenga 60. Duga ubwo nyene ku butaka buri hejuru y’ikimenyetso gisanzwe c’amazi menshi nibura **metero 5 gushika kuri 10.
2. NTUKIGEZE usohoka ku ruzi, ku ruzi, canke ku nkengera y’uruzi, kandi ntukigere ugerageza guca mu ruzi rwa frazil rugendagenda. Uruzi rwa frazil ("slob ice") rusa n’uruzi rukomeye rwuzuye uruzi, ariko rufise **ringngth load-be.a Iyo umuntu aguye mu gitereko c’amazi citwa frazil, ico gitereko c’amazi gifise uburebure bwa metero 1 gushika kuri 2 kirafunga ubwo nyene hejuru y’umutwe wiwe nk’uko beton itose, kikamubuza kwoga kandi kigatuma ahita apfukama kubera ubukonje kandi akarohama.
3. Nimba inzu yawe canke inzu yawe iri ku kiyaya c’umwuzure mu rushana maze amazi y’ibitoke agatangura kuduga yerekeza ku mushinge wawe, zima umuyagankuba wawe munini n’umuvuduko w’amavuta y’ifuru/y’iboteri IMBERE y’uko amazi yinjira mu nzu yo hasi, maze uveyo. Bitandukanye n’amazi y’umwuzure yo mu ci, 0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit) amazi y’umwuzure yuzuye frazil arakonja agacika ibipande bikomeye vy’urubura imbere mu bibanza vyo munsi y’ubutaka no hasi mu masaha makeyi, agamenagura ibidengeri vy’amavuta, agaca amenagura imiyoboro ya gaze kavukire, kandi agafata inzugi zikingiwe hanze.
4. Niwakoresha amazi y’igisagara, ipompo yo gufumbira, canke umuyagankuba w’amazi maze ukabona ibipimo vy’ugutakaza umutwe w’amazi bigwa mw’ijoro ryiza, NTUTEGEREZE gushika amazi ashitse kuri zero kugira ngo ukore. Active frazil crystals bridge across barrack steel (even bars spaced 5 to 10 centimeters apart) mu minota 15 gushika kuri 45, amapompa ashonje biciye ku gucapura no gusenyuka kw’ibikingira amazi bifata amazi mu gihe c’amatoni mirongo y’umuvuduko w’amazi. Gukoresha ibikoresho bishushanya ivyuma bifata imyanda, ibikoresho bikoresha umuyaga ufunze, canke inzinguzingu zo gusukura inyuma ubwo nyene, canke guca mu nzira y’umuyagankuba kugira ngo urubura rwo hejuru rushobore gukora igipande co gukingira umuyaga hejuru y’umugezi.
5. Niwabona uruzi rwo mu rushana RUGUYE bukwi na bukwi mu burebure maze rugagaragaza amabuye atagira ikintu, apfutse urubura ku ruzi, nuve ku ruzi maze uduge hejuru ku nkombe ubwo nyene. Gutemba bukwi na bukwi kw’uruzi rw’uruzi rwo mu rushana rwo mu ruzi rwo mu mazi bisigura ko hariho amazi menshi cane canke anchor cu amazi. Iyo urwo rugomero rw’urubura rusenyutse, umupfunda w’urubura urubura (3 to 6 meters / 10 to 20 feet high, kwimukira ku 5 to 10 meters per second) yuzuye ibipande vy’urubura bizokubura mu mugende wumye ata n’umwe abimenyesheje.
6. Hamagara inomero y’ivyihutirwa yo mu karere kawe ubwo nyene nimba hari umuntu afashwe n’amazi y’urushana ariko araduga, akaguma ku rubura, canke akaja mu mazi akonje. Hamagara 911 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika na Canada, 112 mu Bumwe bw’Uburaya bwose, 999 mu Bwongereza, 000 muri Australiya, canke ushire amaso kuri inomero z'ivyihutirwa. Gusaba amashirahamwe yihariye Swiftwater / Ice Rescue afise impuzu zo kwibika mu mazi n’ibikoresho vyo gutabara abantu ku barafu bishobora gufutwa.

Fizike y'uruzi rw'akarere gakonje: Gukonja cane, ugukora kw'imitsi ya Frazil, urubura rw'inanga, n'ibidengeri bimanitse¶

Kugira ngo utahure ingene uruzi rufise amazi aguma asohoka mu gihe c’imbeho rushobora gusesagura inkengera zarwo ku metero 4 mw’ijoro rimwe, nusuzume ingene uruzi rwo mu ruzi rukonje cane rutera imbere mu ntambwe zine:

====================================================================================
       FOUR-STAGE PROGRESSION OF FRAZIL ICE, ANCHOR ICE, AND HANGING DAMS
====================================================================================

   [ CLEAR SUB-ZERO NIGHT AIR: -10 to -25 C (14 to -13 F) + Wind ]
          ^   ^   ^  (Intense Radiative & Convective Heat Loss from Open Rapids)
  ~~~~~~~~|~~~|~~~|~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
   (1) SUPERCOOLING & ACTIVE FRAZIL NUCLEATION (Water Temp: -0.01 to -0.10 C)
       * Turbulent rapids mix supercooled surface water all the way to the bottom.
       * Billions of sticky 0.1 to 5 mm discoid frazil crystals form in suspension.
                                        |
                                        v
   (2) ANCHOR ICE GROWTH ON THE RIVERBED & INTAKE TRASH RACKS
       * Sticky active frazil adheres to cold submerged boulders & steel grates.
       * Riverbed rises by 0.5 to 1.5 m as spongy anchor-ice pillows coat the bottom.
                                        |
                                        v
   (3) PANCAKE ICE & DOWNSTREAM HANGING DAM FORMATION
       * Buoyant frazil flocs rise to form circular slush pans ("pancake ice").
       * Where river slows (pool, bridge pier, or intact ice cover), slush dives
         underneath the surface ice to build a 3-to-10-meter-thick HANGING DAM.
                                        |
                                        v
   (4) HYDRAULIC CHOKING & WINTER FLASH FLOOD (OR SUDDEN BREAKUP SURGE WAVE)
       * 70% to 90% of river channel cross-section is plugged by slush & anchor ice.
       * Upstream river stage surges 2 to 5 meters (6.5 to 16.5 feet) in hours.
====================================================================================

1. Kubera iki amazi atemba akonje cane aho gukora urubura rusanzwe¶

Mu kiyaga canke mu kidengeri gituje, amazi ari ku . 4 degrees Celsius (39.2 degrees Fahrenheit) ni ku rugero rwo hejuru rw’uburemere bwayo kandi ikarohama gushika ibwina, igatuma habaho igice co hejuru c’uburemere bukeyi c’ 0 C amazi kugira ngo akonje ningoga abe igipfukisho c’urubura gikomeza kiri hejuru y’ikiyaga kikingira ikiyaga ikirere gikanye kiri hejuru. - Mu ruzi rugenda vyihuta kuruta 0.6 to 1.0 meters per second (2 to 3.3 feet per second), ibicu bitera umuvurungano biguma bivanga amazi yo hejuru n’ayo hasi. - Uburebure bwose bw’uruzi burakonja mu buryo bumwe gushika ku . 0.00 degrees Celsius hanyuma akagwa mu gukonja cane (-0.01 to -0.10 degrees Celsius). N’agatotsi gatoyi k’ica mirongo ibiri c’amazi kari munsi ya zero gahindura uruzi rwose rukagira uruganda rukora urubura, rukazana **amabuye y’agaciro yitwa frazil ashika ku 10.000 gushika ku 1.000.000 kuri metero kibe y’amazi.

2. Ibarafu ry’Inanga: Igituma Ibarafu Ikura Hasi mu Ruzi¶

Mu bisanzwe, urubura ntirwoba rukomeye cane nk’amazi ari mu mazi (0.917 g/cm3 vs. 1.000 g/cm3) kandi ireremba hejuru. Ni gute ibitanda vy’urubura vyinshi bishobora gusenyuka ku hasi kw’uruzi rwihuta? - Ivyo bicu bitera umuvurungano bitwara amabuye y’agaciro yitwa frazil akora cane kandi akonje cane gushika mu ruzi. - Iyo ayo mabuye y’agaciro apfutse amabuye y’agaciro, amabuye y’agaciro, amabuye y’agaciro, ibirenge vy’ibiraro canke ivyatsi bibi vyo mu mazi, aca akonja ubwo nyene akaja ku rutare. - Iyo amaze gushirwa ku bitandara bikomeye biri ku ruzi, amakirisitayo umwumwe wese arakura hanze akagira amasahani manini manini apfutse hamwe n’ibipande vy’ibiponji vy’urubura rwo gushingirako (0.3 to 1.5 meters / 1 to 5 feet thick) zipfuka rwose igitanda c’uruzi, zigatuma igitanda c’amazi kirushiriza kuba ububabare (Manning’s n), biduza uburebure nyabwo bw’uruzi, no gusubiza inyuma amazi aja hejuru y’uruzi. - Ikibazo co gusohoka kw’izuba ryo mu gicugu: Igihe izuba ryo mu gitondo risohotse maze imishwarara y’izuba y’imipfunda miremire ikaja mu mazi asukuye kugira ngo isusurutse ibitandara vy’umwiza n’agace k’ibarafu, amahegitare y’urubura rwo mu mazi rwo mu mazi aratandukana bukwi na bukwi n’uruzi icarimwe, akaduza amazi y’ikilo 50 y’amazi y’uruzi. slush armada itera ibiraro n’ibidengeri.

3. Inzira zimanitse: Ibarafu ritaboneka riri munsi y’amazi¶

Iyo urubura rwa frazil rureremba n’urubura rwa pancake bishitse ahantu uruzi rushika buhoro buhoro (nk’umutwe w’ikidengeri, ahantu uruzi rugoramye, uruzi rwo mu mazi, canke ku ruhande rwo hejuru rw’uruzi rukomeye rwariho), urwo ruzi rurakubitwa munsi y’igipfukisho c’uruzi rwo hejuru. - Ivyuma vy’amazi vyitwa frazil slush biratera munsi y’urubura, bikaba vyubaka urubura ruhindukiye ruja hasi rwitwa urugomero rumanitse rushobora gushika ku metero 5 gushika kuri 15 (amafuti 16 gushika kuri 50) rw’uburebure kandi rugashika ku bilometero vyinshi, rugasiga gusa umugende w’uruzi amazi yo gufyonda.

Imbonerahamwe y’ukugereranya: Frazil / Anchor Ice Jam n’Ibarafu ry’Ibarafu ry’Impeshi n’Imvura y’Imvura y’Amazi Yuguruye¶

Gukingira amazi y'amazi, inganda, n'amazi y'ibisagara kugira ngo ntihagire ubuzibuzi bwa Frazil bukora¶

Ku bakoresha ibikoresho vyo gusukura amazi y’ibisagara, ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi biva mu ruzi, ibikoresho vyo gukonjesha amazi, n’ibikoresho vyo gupompa amazi y’uburimyi/amafi, ikintu c’urubura gishobora guhagarika amazi yose yo mu gisagara canke kigatuma uruzitiro rw’amashanyarazi rudakora mu minota mikeyi 30.

1. Kubera iki Frazil Ice ifunga amazi yo mu mazi 10 Meters Munsi y'Isi¶

Abakoresha iyo nzira akenshi biyumvira yuko gushiramwo umuyoboro w’amazi ushika ku metero 5 gushika ku metero 10 (amafuti 16 gushika ku 33) mu mfuruka y’uruzi birukingira gukonja ku ruhande. Mu gihe c'ikintu ca frazil gikora, uburebure ntibutanga uburinzi: 1. Turbulent Entrainment: Umuvuduko w'uruzi n'umuvuduko wo kunyota w'ipompa y'amazi bikwegera amazi akonje cane (-0.02 to -0.08 C) n’amabuye y’agaciro yitwa frazil akora amanitse agororotse aja hasi mu munwa w’inkengeri y’amazi. 2. Ivyuma bitagira ikintu: Ivyuma bitagira ikintu bifise ubushobozi bwo gutwara ubushuhe bwinshi. Igihe amazi akonje cane akora ku bipande vy’icuma, amabuye y’agaciro yitwa frazil akora aca yifatanya n’urubibi rw’imbere rw’ivyo bipande vyose. 3. Ikiraro c'Ivyiyumviro (15 to 45 Minutes to Total Blockage): Uko frazil ipfuka intsinga, ikinogo kiri hagati y’intambara kiragabanuka, ivyo bikaba bituma amazi yihuta cane biciye mu binogo bisigaye, bikazana mbere n’ibindi bihimba vy’umubiri bita frazil ku segonda gushika uruhome rukomeye rw’urubura rujabutse rwose igitanda c’ibikoresho vy’isuku. Iyo amaze gupfungwa, ukunyota kw’amapompo ari inyuma y’uruhome gutuma habaho itandukaniro rinini ry’inguvu z’amazi (up to 5 to 10 meters of water head) ishobora gufatanya ibikoresho vy’ivyuma vy’imyanda imbere no gusenya ibikoresho vy’ipompa biciye ku gucapura.

2. Intambwe zitanu z’ubuhinga n’imikorere zo gutsinda ubuzibuzi bwa Intake Frazil¶

1. Gukurikirana ubushuhe bw'amazi n'ubuhinga bwinshi (+/- 0.005 C) Ivyuma bipima ubushuhe: Ivyuma bipima ubushuhe bisanzwe vyo mu nganda (+/- 0.5 C ukuri) ntishobora kumenya ukuntu ibintu bikonja cane. Iyo ubushuhe bw’ikirere bugabanutse bukaja munsi ya -6 C (21 F) hejuru y'amazi yuguruye n'ubushuhe bw'amazi yinjira buratera 0.05 C kandi ugwa, umenyeshe Imburi y’Ibarafu ya Frazil.
2. Inguvu z'umuyagankuba wo gushushanya ibikoresho vy'imyanda IMBERE y'uko Supercooling itangura: Active frazil ntizo kwifatanya n'ikintu cose gifashwe gusa 0.1 to 0.5 degrees Celsius above freezing. Guha inguvu ibikoresho vy'umuyagankuba bishusha imbere mu binogo vy'ibikoresho vy'imyanda (bisaba nka 2 to 5 kW per square meter y’ahantu h’ibitereko) nibura iminota 30 gushika kuri 60 imbere y’uko amazi ashika 0.00 C (gushusha inyuma y’aho igitereko kimaze guhambwa mu metero imwe y’urubura akenshi biracererwa cane).
3. Impuzu ku bikoresho vyo gupfuka imyanda n’ibikoresho bifata cane (UHMW Polyethylene / Epoxies) canke Ukureho ibikoresho vyo hanze bikomeye: Frazil ifata cane incuro 10 ku vyuma bitagira ikintu kuruta ku bikoresho bitagira ivyuma, bishobora gutwara ubushuhe buke canke ivyuma vy’ibirahuri. Mu nzira z’ivyihutirwa za frazil aho ubushuhe butaboneka, abazikoresha rimwe na rimwe baraduza igice co hejuru c’aho bashiramwo imyanda y’inyuma n’amasentimetero 30 kugira ngo amazi makeyi ashobore guca hirya no hino maze akureho umukazo wo gumenagura umutwe.
4. Gukoresha amabarabara y’umuyaga ufunze n’ugusubira gukoresha amazi asusurutse: Gutera umuyaga ufunze ku musozo w’igitereko c’ibikoresho vy’isuku bica ibice vy’umubiri bishobora gusenyuka ku bihimba vy’umubiri, mu gihe bisubira gukoresha igice gitoyi c’amazi asusurutse (even +1 to +2 C) mu nzira y’imbere y’ifunguro irakuraho . -0.05 C supercooling rwose, guhindura frazil ikora ifatanye ikaba umunyu udakora udatera akaga.
5. Kugabanya umuvuduko w'amazi (< 0.3 to 0.5 m/s) kugira ngo uremeshe igipfukisho c'urubura co ku butaka ("Ice Boom" Strategy): Uburyo bumwe bwiza bwo kwikingira urubura rwa frazil ni urubura rukomeye kandi rudahinduka hejuru y'ikiyaga c'imbere. Igihe urubura rusanzwe rupfutse amazi, rurazibira ubushuhe buva mu kirere mw’ijoro, rugahagarika gukonja cane munsi yarwo. Gusubiza inyuma mu gihe gito ama turbine y’amazi canke gukoresha ibiti/ivyuma bireremba ice booms hejuru y’uruzi bigabanya umuvuduko wo ku butaka uri munsi 0.5 m/s, bikaba bituma urubura rw’ibitoke rureremba rukonja hamwe rugacika igisenge gikingira.

Igiti c'Ingingo y'Ivyihutirwa¶

flowchart TD
    A["Ikirere kiri munsi ya zero (< -6 C / 21 F) hejuru y'uruzi rwuguruye CANKE gushonga kw'imbeho / imvura-ku-rubura"] --> B{"Ni akaga akahe k’uruzi k’urushana kariko karaba?"}
    B -- "Amazi aduga vuba cane mu bukonje buri munsi ya zero / Umuyoboro wo kwuzuza umutobe w'ibitoke" --> C["FREEZIL-UP FRAZIL / ANCHOR ICE JAM FLOOD:: 1. Gukura abantu mu mabarabara yo mu biyaya vy’umwuzure n’ivyo ku ruzi ubwo nyene uja ahantu hejuru (+5-10 m): 2. Zima amashanyarazi yo mu nzu n’amavalve ya gazi/amavuta imbere y’uko amazi yinjira mu nzu yo munsi y’ubutaka: 3. Ntukigere utwara imodoka mu nzu yo munsi y’ubutaka: 3. Ntukigere utwara imodoka mu bibanza vy’ubukonje."]
    B -- "Urugero rw'uruzi ruramanuka bukwi na bukwi kandi rugaragaza ibitandara vy'uruzi vyuzuye urubura" --> D["IMMINENT ICE-DAM RELEASE SURGE WAVE (JAVE):: 1. Ibarafu ryo mu ruzi ryazibiye uruzi & ririko rifata uruhome rw’amazi: 2. Niwiruke mu ruzi & muduge hejuru ku nkombe y’uruzi ubwo nyene: 3. Mugabishe abatuye mu ruzi rwa 911 /911."]
    B -- "Amashanyarazi y'amazi / Amazi yo mu gisagara, umuvuduko utandukanye uriko uraduga" --> E["Gufungura ibikoresho vyo gushushanya ibikoresho vyo mu mfuruka, ibikoresho vyo gusubira gukoresha amazi asusurutse, n’ibikoresho vyo gutera umuyaga STAT: 2. Ipompa y’umuriro/turbine (< 0.5 m/s) kugira ngo ibikoresho ntibisenyuke & bibe ahantu hatandukanye. birenze umupaka w'imiterere"]
    B -- "Umuntu canke igikoko caguye mu ruzitiro rwa frazil canke mu ruzitiro rw'urubura" --> F["Hamagara 911 / 112 / 999 kugira ngo ukore Swiftwater Ice Rescue (NTUKIGEZE uja ku mazi y’amazi y’amazi n’amaguru): 2. Shika canke utere umugozi uremereye, ingazi, canke umugozi uremereye, umugozi w’uruzitiro: uruzitiro rukomeye. imyambaro itose mu nzu, kuvura hypothermie"]

Ibarafu ry'inyuma ry'umugezi rirekura imipfunda y'amazi ("Javes") n'imipfunda y'urubura ("Ivu")¶

Naho amazi y’ibisigazwa vy’amazi vyubaka mu masaha makeyi, imipfunda y’ibisigazwa vy’amazi (yitwa javes n’abahinga mu vy’amazi) iri mu mipfunda y’umwuzure wo mu mazi yihuta cane kandi isenya cane kw’isi: 1. Uko umupfunda w’urubura ugira: Yaba yashizweho n’urugomero rwinshi rwitwa frazil rumanitswe mu gihe c’ugushonga hagati mu rushana canke urugomero rw’uruzitiro rukomeye rwo mu mazi, urugomero rukora nk’urugomero rw’igihe gito rujabuka uruzi, rushigikira ikigega c’amazi kirekire kiri hejuru y’uruzi (often 3 to 8 meters / 10 to 26 feet higher than the water level immediately downstream of the jam). 2. Igusenyuka kw’imibumbe mu buryo butunguranye: Bitandukanye n’urugomero rwa beton rufise inzira y’ugusesa amaraso, urugomero rw’urubura rurasenyuka cane nk’ikintu kimwe iyo umuvuduko w’amazi n’amazi ariko araduga biduza urutoke rw’urubura rukava ku ruzi. 3. Ukwihuta (5 to 10 Meters Per Second / 18 to 36 km/h): Iyo iyo jam ivunitse, umupfunda w’amazi n’ibipande vy’urubura vy’itoni 1 bigenda bigenda bimanuka mu ruzi ku rugero rwa metero 5 gushika ku 10 ku segonda (ibilometero 11 gushika ku 22 kw’isaha), bikaba vyihuta cane kuruta uko umuntu yoshobora kwiruka ku nkengera y’uruzi rufise urubura. 4. Ibarafu ryo ku nkengera y’ikiyaga (Ice Ride-Up): Uko umupfunda w’uruzi uzunguruka uruzi, umuvuduko uratera ibipande vyinshi vy’uruzi ku nkengera z’uruzi (10 to 50 meters inland), guca ibiti bikuze, guca ibiti vy’amazi, no gumenagura inkuta zo hasi z’amazu yo ku nkengera y’uruzi.

Igitigiri c'ivyihutirwa vyo mu karere n'uburyo bwo kugenzura urubura rw'uruzi¶

• Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika: Hamagara 911 kugira ngo uce ushobora guhunga canke gutabara abantu mu barafu. Gukurikirana igihe nyaco c’ugusimbuka kw’uruzi mu gihe c’imbeho be n’impanuro z’uruzi rushobora gushikirwa n’urubura** biciye ku NOAA / Ibiro vy’igihugu bijejwe ivy’imihindagurikire y’ikirere (RFCs) na U.S. Ishirahamwe ry’Ingabo z’Abahinga ry’Ubushakashatsi n’Ivy’Ingenzi (USACE CRREL) Urutonde rw’Ibiharuro vy’Ibarafu.
• Kanada: Hamagara 911. Ibigo vy’intara vy’ugutegekanya uruzi (nk’Ishirahamwe ry’Igenzura ry’Ibarafu ry’Ibiyaga vy’Uruzi rwa Alberta, Ishirahamwe ry’Igenzura ry’Uruzi rwa New Brunswick, Ontario MNRF, na Igenzura ry’Uruzi rwa Québec) bitanga buri musi imburi z’Umwuzure w’Ibarafu ry’Ibarafu ry’Ibarafu ry’Ibarafu ry’Ibarafu.
• Ubwongereza na Irlande: Hamagara 999 canke 112. Suzuma urugero rw’uruzi biciye ku Ikigo c’Ibidukikije (Ubwongereza), SEPA (Ekose), Igihugu c’Ubutunzi bw’Igihugu ca Pays de Galles, na OPW (Irlande).
• Ubumwe bw'Uburayi, Ibihugu vyo mu Burengero n'Ibihugu vy'Imisozi: Hamagara 112. Ivyerekeye urubura n’uruzi rwa frazil bicungiwe na NVE (Ishirahamwe ry’Ubutunzi bw’Amazi n’Inguvu ryo muri Norvege, Ispatruljen), SMHI (Suède), SYKE (Finlande), n’ibiro vy’ivy’amazi n’imitererere vyo mu misozi miremire.
• Aziya, Uburusiya, Ostraliya na Nouvelle-Zélande: Hamagara 119 (Ubuyapani, Koreya y’Epfo), 110 / 119 (Ubushinwa, Uruzi rw’Umuhondo n’Uruzi Heilongjiang/Amur rw’imburi z’urubura), 112 (Uburusiya EMERCOM), 000 (Ostraliya), canke **Nouvelle-Zélande). inomero z'ivyihutirwa.

Ibibazo bikunda kubazwa¶

None uruzi rushobora gute gusesa amazi hagati mu rushana iyo imvura itagwa kandi ubushuhe buri -15 C (5 F)?¶

Imyuzure y’urushana iterwa n’urubura rwinshi be n’ugushikana kw’amazi bipfutse umugende w’uruzi, atari imvura nyinshi. Iyo ubushuhe bwo mu kirere bushitse munsi ya degre -6 gushika kuri -15 Celsius (21 gushika kuri 5 degrees Fahrenheit) hejuru y’ibiyaga vyihuta vyuguruye mw’ijoro ryiza, amazi y’uruzi ateye umuvurungano arakonja cane gatoyi munsi y’ubukonje (-0,01 gushika kuri -0,1 C) maze agatuma haba amamiliyaridi y’urubura rwitwa frazil glace c. Ivyo bice vy’amabuye y’agaciro bipfuka uruzi n’uruzi rushika kuri metero imwe y’urubura rw’inanga rufise uburebure bwa metero 10, hanyuma rugapakira munsi y’urubura rwo mu mazi rwo mu mazi ruja mu bidengeri bimanitse munsi y’amazi bifise uburebure bushika kuri metero 10. Kubera ko ibice 70 gushika ku 90 kw’ijana vy’umugende wo munsi y’amazi bipfutse bukwi na bukwi n’ibitovu be n’urubura, mbere n’uruzi rusanzwe rutemba mu rushana nta ho ruja kiretse kuduga no hejuru y’inkengera.

Ni kubera iki amazi y’uruzi ashobora kugwa munsi ya degre 0 Celsius (degre 32 Fahrenheit) atahindutse igice gikomeye c’urubura?¶

Mu kidengeri gituje, milimetero yo hejuru y’amazi arakonja gushika ku bushuhe bwa degre 0, agaca akonja ubwo nyene agacika urubura rwo hejuru rwo ku ruhande rwo hejuru, rukingira amazi asigaye ari musi. Mu ruzi rwihuta cane rutemba cane kuruta metero 0,6 gushika ku metero 1,0 ku segonda (amafuti 2 gushika ku 3,3 ku segonda), umuvurungano w’ubuhinga uguma uvanga amazi yo hejuru gushika ku ruzi. Uruzi rwose rurakonja gatoyi rukarenga degre 0,00 Celsius rugaca rukonja cane (-0,01 gushika -0,10 C). Naho iyo nzira y’ugukonja cane iri munsi y’ica cumi c’ingero, ako gatotsi gatoyi k’ubushuhe karatuma haba uguturika kw’ibice vy’urubura vyitwa frazil bimanitse gushika ubushuhe bwihishije buva mu gukonja bugaruye amazi ku 0,00 C.

Ni kuki umuntu akomeye yoga adashobora kwoga avuye mu ruzi rwuzuye amazi y’ibitoke yitwa frazil?¶

Igikoko citwa Frazil slush (kenshi citwa "slob ice" mu buraruko bwa Canada no muri Terre-Neuve) gifise uburebure bwa metero 1 gushika kuri 3 c'urubura rwuzuye amazi n'ibarafu ry'ibitoke ryitwa pancake slush rireremba hejuru. Ni ikintu kitari ica Newton, gifise ubushobozi bwo gukora cane: nta nkomezi gifise zo gushigikira uburemere bw’umuntu ahagaze canke c’ikinyabiziga co gutabara, rero uracinjiramwo ugororotse gushika mw’izosi ryawe, yamara kiraremereye cane kandi kiraremereye cane ku buryo udashobora kugitandukanya n’amaboko yawe canke ngo ugitere amaguru n’amaguru yawe. Ikindi, kugwa mu mfuruka y’ubushuhe bwa -0,05 C bituma umuntu agira umutima w’ubukonje ataco yipfuza mu masegonda 2, bigatuma uhita uhumekera mu mfuruka y’urubura maze akarohama iyo utambaye ijaketi y’ubuzima ishobora kureremba cane kandi uboshe ku mugozi wo ku nkombe.

None iyo uruzi rwo mu rushana rugenda rwihuta ruca ruceceka bukwi na bukwi rukagwa mu ruzi rw’ibitandara bitagira ikintu?¶

Nimba uriko uragendagenda, uroba urubura canke uba ku nkengera y’uruzi mu rushana, ugaca ubona amazi agabanutse bukwi na bukwi n’imetero imwe canke irenga, ugaca ugaragaza amabuye atose kandi afise urubura ari ku ruhande rw’uruzi, uba uri mu kaga gakomeye. Inzuzi ntizima nk’uruzitiro; gutonyanga bukwi na bukwi kw’uruzi ruja mu ruzi rwo mu rushana bisigura ko uruzi runini cane rwitwa frazil, urubura rw’inanga canke urubura rwo gusenyuka rwaciye rujabuka umugende ruja hejuru, rukazibira uruzi rwose inyuma y’uruhome rw’urubura rudashikamye. Igihe urwo rugomero rw’urubura ruca rumenagurika, ivyo bikaba bishobora gushika haciye iminota canke amasaha, umupfunda w’amazi ufise uburebure bwa metero 3 gushika kuri 6 be n’ibipande vy’urubura bisya (“a jave”) bizokwiruka bimanuke ku ruzi rwerekanwa ku bilometero 18 gushika kuri 36 kw’isaha. Duga hejuru cane ku nkombe ubwo nyene.

Ni gute ibidengeri vy’amazi n’ibigo vy’amazi vyo mu bisagara bituma urubura rwa frazil rudafunga amabarabara yavyo yo mu mazi?¶

Ibarafu ryitwa frazil rikora rifata gusa ku bintu biri munsi y’amazi mu gihe amazi akonje cane munsi ya degre 0,00 z’ubushuhe, kandi rifata cane ku bipande vy’ivyuma bitagira ikintu kandi bikanye. Amahinguriro y’amazi n’ibibanza vy’amashanyarazi y’amazi birabuza gufunga biciye ku buryo butanu: gushushanya ivyuma vy’ibitoro vy’ibikoresho vy’imyanda bikoresheje umuyagankuba canke n’umwotsi ku bushuhe bwa degre 0,2 gushika ku 0,5 gusa kugira ngo amakirisitayo ntashobore gufatanya; gusubira guzunguruka umugezi mutoyi w’amazi akonjesha asusurutse mu gitereko c’imbere c’amazi kugira ngo hakurweho ugukonja cane; gupfuka amabarabara n’ibintu vy’agaciro gatoyi vyitwa polyéthylène; gushiramwo amabarabara y’umuyaga ufise amazi kugira ngo azunguze umukungugu w’amazi; no kugabanya umuvuduko w’amazi yo mu majyaruguru munsi ya metero 0,5 ku segonda hakoreshejwe ibikoresho vy’urubura bireremba ku buryo habaho igipfukisho c’urubura gikomeye co ku ruhande kugira ngo amazi akinzwe umuyaga ukanye wo mw’ijoro.

Ni kubera iki utokwigera utwara imodoka canke ikamyo mu mazi y’umwuzure atari maremare cane yo mu rushana ari ku nzira?¶

Gutwara imodoka mu mazi y’umwuzure yo mu rushana afise uburebure bwa santimetero 15 gushika ku 20, birateye akaga cane kuruta ibidengeri vyo mu ci kubera imvo zitatu. Ica mbere, iyo nkoko y’umukara ihisha ibipande vy’uruzi bikomeye vy’ibilo 200 bireremba bishobora guca ibipfukisho vy’umuduga canke guca ibice munsi y’umubiri, bigatuma amapine akurwa ku nzira. Ubwa kabiri, 0 C frazil slush irasesagura ku bikoresho vy’amaferemi bishushe, ku bikoresho vy’ugupima, no ku bikoresho vy’ugutwara imodoka, maze igakonja ikaba urubura rukomeye mu masegonda 60, igafunga amapine canke igatuma amaferemi adakora burundu. Ica gatatu, iyo moteri ihagaze mu mfuruka ziduga ziri munsi ya zero, amazi arakonja hirya no hino y’inzugi n’ibarabara mu minota mikeyi, bigatuma abayirimwo bafatwa mu nzu y’icuma idashushe.

Amasoko n'ubuyobozi buzwi¶

• TWEBWE. Ishirahamwe ry’abahinga ry’ingabo (USACE) Ishirahamwe ry’ubushakashatsi n’ubuhinga ryo mu turere dukonje (CRREL, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika): Ivy’ubuhinga n’ubuhinga bwo guhingura: Igitabo c’ubuhinga bwo gufata uruzi (EM 1110-2-1612) (igitabu c’ubutegetsi bwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ku bijanye n’ubuhinga bwo gufata uruzi rukonje cane, frazil ice, frazil ice igishushanyo co gushushanya ibibanza vy’ibikoresho vy’isuku, n’ugugabanya umwuzure w’amazi y’urubura).
• Ikigo c’igihugu kijejwe ivy’ikiyaga n’ikirere (NOAA) & Ikigo c’igihugu kijejwe ivy’imihindagurikire y’ikirere (NWS, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika): Ukwitegurira umwuzure w’urubura n’ugusenyuka, Impanuro z’Ikigo kijejwe gutegekanya uruzi, n’umutekano w’imipfunda y’urubura.
• Ibidukikije n’Imihindagurikire y’Ikirere Canada (ECCC) & Inama y’Igihugu y’Ubushakashatsi muri Canada (NRC, Canada): Imigenderanire y’Ibarafu ryo mu Ruzi, Ivyago vy’Ikinogo ca Frazil, n’Ingingo ngenderwako z’Igihugu ca Canada zijanye n’Ivyuma vyo mu Rushana.
• Ikigo ca Norvege kijejwe amazi n’inguvu (NVE, Norvege): Ugucungera urubura rwa Frazil, urubura rw’inanga, n’ugucungera amazi mu nzuzi ziteye igomwe ziri munsi ya Zero (Igitabo c’ibikorwa ca Ispatruljen).
• Ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ryitaho ivy’imihindagurikire y’ikirere (WMO, Mpuzamakungu): Igitabo kivuga ku bijanye n’ugutegekanya no kugabisha ku bijanye n’umwuzure (WMO-No. 1072), Ivy’amazi y’akarere gakonje n’uburyo bwo kugabisha imbere y’igihe.

Inyobora zifitaniye isano¶

• Barafu yo muri Frazil, uruzi rwuzuye uruzi, imyuzure y’amazi, n’imiyaga y’uruzi
• Imyuzure
• Ikiyaga c'urubura caraturitse n'imyuzure n'uguhunga kw'urugomero
• Ibihuhusi vy'urushana
• Ubushuhe buke n'ubukonje