Jeme ya Aese ya Frazil le Anchor Ice Jam: Go Thibana ga Motlakase wa Metsi le Morwalela wa Mariga mo Dinokeng tse di kwa Tlase ga Lefela¶

Fa noka e e elelang ka bonako, molatswana o o mo dithabeng kgotsa mosele o le mo moweng o o phepa o o tsididi wa mariga (typically below -6 to -15 degrees Celsius / 21 to 5 degrees Fahrenheit) pele ga go bopega aese e e tiileng ya boalogodimo, motlakase o o tlhakatlhakaneng o thibela metsi gore a se ka a gatsela go nna legogo le le sephaphathi le le ritibetseng kwa godimo. Go na le moo, phefo le diphororo tse di bofefo di tlhotlhora kholomo yotlhe ya metsi, di tsidifatsa metsi a a elelang a noka go sekae ka fa tlase ga ntlha ya one e e tlwaelegileng ya go gatsela go fitlha kwa seemong se se tsidifetseng thata sa ** .-0.01 to -0.1 degrees Celsius (31.98 to 31.82 degrees Fahrenheit)**. Mo metsotsong e se kae fela, dibilionebilione tsa dikristale tsa aese tse dinnye, tse di sesane jaaka legare tse di bidiwang aese ya frazil di dira nyutlea ka nako e le nngwe mo kholomong yotlhe ya metsi a a tsidifetseng thata. Ka gonne dikeresetale tsa frazil tse di tsidifaditsweng thata ga di tlhomama mo mogoteng, di kgomarela thata ("frazil e e dirang"): di kgomarela ka bogale jaaka samente ya go kopana ka fa tlase ga metsi mo go sengwe le sengwe se se kwa tlase 0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit), go apesa matlapa a a nweletseng a noka le matlapa a magolo mo godimo ga molatswana go bopa materase a makima, a a tshwanang le sepontšhe a anchor ice, go thiba diraka tsa matlakala tsa mmasepala tsa metsi a a nowang le tsa motlakase wa metsi mo metsotsong, le go phutha ka fa tlase ga dithapo tsa aese tse di kwa tlase go nna matamo a magolo a a kwa tlase ga metsi ckhang feet up.3 Ka go hupetsa diperesente di le 50 go ya go di le 90 tsa karolo e e kgabaganyang ya mosele wa noka, go pitlagana ga aese ya frazil le anchor go ka dira gore dikgato tsa noka tsa mariga di tlhatloge kwa godimo ka dimitara di le 2 go ya go di le 5 (maoto a le 6,5 go ya go a le 16,5) mo lobakeng lwa diura di le 1 go ya go di le 4 ka fa tlase ga loapi lo lo botala jwa legodimo jo bo phepa jaaka kristale. kwa tlase lekhubu la go golola jeme ya aese (jave) fa letamo la aese le ntsha tsela ka tshoganyetso. Fa metsi a noka ya mariga a simolola go tlhatlogela mo mmileng wa gago, mo kamoreng e e kwa tlase, kgotsa mo tseleng e e mo lotshitshing lwa noka, kgotsa fa mongwe a wela mo metsing a frazil a a hupeditsweng ke seretse, fudugela kwa lefelong le le kwa godimo ka bonako mme o letsetse batho ba lefelo la lona . dinomoro tsa tshoganyetso. Fa o ntse o fudugela kwa lefelong le le babalesegileng, boeletsa dikaelo tsa rona tse di tsamayang le tsone mo go aese ya frazil, go pitlagana ga aese mo nokeng, merwalela e e thubegang, le ditsunami tse di kgoromeletsang aese, merwalela, ditsuatsue tsa mariga, le mogote o o kwa tlase le go tshwarwa ke serame.

Go farologana le merwalela ya pula ya dikgakologo e e agang ka iketlo mo malatsing a maemo a bosa a a bothitho, merwalela ya aese ya frazil le ya anchor e itaya ka nako ya masigo a a tsididi thata le meso ya mariga, e kgoromeletsa metsi a a tletseng seretse, a a sa gatselang le dithemphoritšhara tsa dikilogerama di le 500 (1,100-pound freezing) letlalo le le metsi le dipompo tsa sebopeho di gatsela thata ka metsotso e se kae.

Dira se jaanong¶

1. Futha mabopo a dinoka a a kwa tlase, mafelo a a nang le morwalela, le ditsela tse di fa thoko ga noka ka bonako fa o bona dipane tsa seretse tse di kokobetseng ("aese ya pancake"), o utlwa go rora go go sa utlwaleng sentle, kgotsa o lemoga gore selekanyo sa noka se tlhatloga kgotsa se wela tlase ka tshoganyetso mo maemong a bosa a a kwa tlase ga lefela. O se ka wa emela pula e na kgotsa jam mme dijeme tsa go thubega tsa mo bogareng jwa mariga di tlhatlosa maemo a metsi ka dimitara di le 1 go ya go di le 3 (maoto a le 3.3 go ya go di le 10) mo metsotsong e e kwa tlase ga e le 60. Tlhatloga ka bonako go ya kwa lefelong le le bonnye dimitara di le 5 go ya go di le 10 (maoto a le 16 go ya go a le 33) kwa godimo ga letshwao le le tlwaelegileng la metsi a a kwa godimo.
2. O SE KE wa tsamaya o tswa mo godimo ga aese ya noka, paneng ya aese, kgotsa shelofo ya aese e e bofefo go ya kwa lotshitshing lwa lewatle, mme o se ka wa leka go tsamaya mo gare ga aese ya frazil e e tsamayang. Aese ya frazil ("aese ya slob") e lebega e kete ke lebopo le le tiileng la kapoko le le khurumeditseng noka, mme le na le ringng load loada. Fa motho a ka wela mo paneng ya frazil slush, slush e e bokima jwa dimitara di le 1 go ya go di le 2 e e tshwaraganeng e tswalega ka bonako mo godimo ga tlhogo ya gagwe jaaka konkoreiti e e metsi, e thibela go thuma mme e dira gore a heme ka bonako le go nwela ka ntlha ya go tshoga ga serame.
3. Fa ntlo ya gago kgotsa ntlwana ya gago e le mo lefelong la morwalela wa mariga mme metsi a frazil a simolola go tlhatlogela kwa motheong wa gago, tswala sethubi sa gago se segolo sa motlakase le belefo ya lookwane lwa onto/boiler PELE ga metsi a tsena mo kamoreng e e kwa tlase, mme o tswe. Go farologana le metsi a morwalela a selemo, 0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit) metsi a morwalela a a tletseng frazil a gatsela go nna diboloko tse di tiileng tsa aese mo teng ga diphaposi tse di kwa tlase le tse di kwa tlase mo diureng di se kae fela, a thubaganya ditanka tsa oli, a thuba dipeipi tsa gase ya tlholego le go tshwara dikgoro tse di tswalelwang go tswa kwa ntle.
4. Fa o dirisa lefelo la go tsenya metsi la mmasepala, pompo ya go nosetsa, kgotsa thebaene e nnye ya motlakase wa metsi mme o lemoga gore dilekanyi tsa tatlhegelo ya tlhogo ya lefelo la go tsenya metsi di wela fa fatshe mo bosigong jo bo phepa, jo bo ka fa tlase ga lefela, O SE KE wa leta go fitlha kelelo e fitlha kwa lefelong go dira. Borogo jwa dikeresetale tsa frazil tse di dirang bo kgabaganya matlakala a tshipi (even bars spaced 5 to 10 centimeters apart) mo metsotsong e le 15 go ya go e le 45, dipompo tse di bolawang ke tlala ka cavitation le go phutlhama ga diskrini tsa go tsenya ka fa tlase ga ditone di le masomesome tsa kgatelelo ya hydrostatic. Dira gore dielemente tsa go thuthafatsa tsa raka ya matlakala a a tsenang di dire, di-bubbler tsa mowa o o gateletsweng, kgotsa dipotologo tsa go tlhatswa morago ka bonako, kgotsa go fapoga/kgaoganya kelelo ya go tsenya matlakala gore aese ya boalogodimo e kgone go bopa letlhare le le sireletsang le le kwa godimo.
5. Fa o bona noka ya mariga e rotha ka tshoganyetso mo boteng mme e senola matlapa a a sa aparang sepe, a a apesitsweng aese mo lebopong la noka, fologa mo lebopong la noka mme o tlhatlogele kwa godimo ga lebopo ka bonako. Go wela tlase ka tshoganyetso ga kelelo ya noka ya mariga e e kwa tlase go raya gore go na le di-frazil tse dintsi kgotsa di-anchor cugged me channel tse di nang le dimilione tse di kwa godimo tsa aese. metsi. Fa letamo leo la aese le palelwa, lekhubu le le tlhakatlhakaneng la aese-jam surge (3 to 6 meters / 10 to 20 feet high, e tsamaya ka 5 to 10 meters per second) e tletse ka diboloko tsa aese tse di silang e tla gogola kanale e e omileng kwantle ga tlhagiso.
6. Leletsa nomoro ya tshoganyetso ya lefelo la lona ka bonako fa mongwe a tshwaregile ke metsi a a tlhatlogang a mariga, a tshwaregile mo godimo ga aese, kgotsa a inetswe mo metsing a a gatselang. Letsa 911 kwa United States le Canada, 112 go kgabaganya Yunione ya Yuropa, 999 kwa United Kingdom, 000 kwa Australia, kgotsa tlhola dinomoro tsa tshoganyetso. Kopa ditlhopha tse di kgethegileng tsa Swiftwater / Ice Rescue tse di nang le diaparo tse di omileng tsa go inela le disele tse di budulelwang tsa go namola mo aeseng.

Fisika ya Noka ya Kgaolo e e Tsididi: Go Tsidifala Thata, Go Dira Nyutlelia ya Frazil, Aese ya Anchor, le Matamo a a Lepeletseng¶

Go tlhaloganya kafa noka e e nang le kelelo e e tlhomameng, e e kwa tlase ya mariga e ka penologang ka gone mo dintshing tsa yone ka dimitara di le 4 (maoto a le 13) mo bosigong jotlhe, sekaseka go tswelela pele ga aese ya noka e e tsidifetseng thata ka dikgato di le nnè:

====================================================================================
       FOUR-STAGE PROGRESSION OF FRAZIL ICE, ANCHOR ICE, AND HANGING DAMS
====================================================================================

   [ CLEAR SUB-ZERO NIGHT AIR: -10 to -25 C (14 to -13 F) + Wind ]
          ^   ^   ^  (Intense Radiative & Convective Heat Loss from Open Rapids)
  ~~~~~~~~|~~~|~~~|~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
   (1) SUPERCOOLING & ACTIVE FRAZIL NUCLEATION (Water Temp: -0.01 to -0.10 C)
       * Turbulent rapids mix supercooled surface water all the way to the bottom.
       * Billions of sticky 0.1 to 5 mm discoid frazil crystals form in suspension.
                                        |
                                        v
   (2) ANCHOR ICE GROWTH ON THE RIVERBED & INTAKE TRASH RACKS
       * Sticky active frazil adheres to cold submerged boulders & steel grates.
       * Riverbed rises by 0.5 to 1.5 m as spongy anchor-ice pillows coat the bottom.
                                        |
                                        v
   (3) PANCAKE ICE & DOWNSTREAM HANGING DAM FORMATION
       * Buoyant frazil flocs rise to form circular slush pans ("pancake ice").
       * Where river slows (pool, bridge pier, or intact ice cover), slush dives
         underneath the surface ice to build a 3-to-10-meter-thick HANGING DAM.
                                        |
                                        v
   (4) HYDRAULIC CHOKING & WINTER FLASH FLOOD (OR SUDDEN BREAKUP SURGE WAVE)
       * 70% to 90% of river channel cross-section is plugged by slush & anchor ice.
       * Upstream river stage surges 2 to 5 meters (6.5 to 16.5 feet) in hours.
====================================================================================

1. Ke Eng fa Metsi a a Elang a Tsidifala Thata Go na le go Bopa Letlhare le le Sephaphathi la Aese¶

Mo letsheng le le ritibetseng kgotsa mo letangwaneng, metsi a 4 degrees Celsius (39.2 degrees Fahrenheit) e mo kitlanong ya yone e e kwa godimo mme e nwela kwa tlase, e letla skim e e tshesane e e kwa godimo ya 0 C metsi gore a gatsele ka bonako go nna sekhurumetso sa aese se se tswelelang pele sa boalogodimo se se sireletsang letsha mo moweng o o tsididi o o kwa godimo. - Mo nokeng e e tsamayang ka lobelo lo lo fetang 0.6 to 1.0 meters per second (2 to 3.3 feet per second), di-eddies tse di tlhakatlhakaneng di nna di kopanya metsi a a kwa godimo le a a kwa tlase. - Boteng jotlhe jwa noka bo tsidifala ka go tshwana go fitlha go 0.00 degrees Celsius mme morago ga moo e bo e wela mo tsidifatso e e feteletseng (-0.01 to -0.10 degrees Celsius). Le eleng lerothodi le lennye la nngwetharong ya dikirii e e kwa tlase ga lefela le fetola noka yotlhe go nna feketori e e dirang aese, e dira dikristale tsa frazil di ka fitlha go 10 000 go ya go 1 000 000 ka kubikimetara ya metsi.

2. Aese ya Anchor: Ke Eng fa Aese e Gola kwa Botlaseng jwa Noka¶

Gantsi, aese ga e kitlane thata jaaka metsi a a seedi (0.917 g/cm3 vs. 1.000 g/cm3) mme e phaphamala mo godimo. Go ka bopega jang malao a a kitlaneng a aese mo tlase ya noka e e bofefo? - Di- vortice tse di tlhakatlhakaneng di rwala di- crystal tsa frazil tse di dirang tse di kgomarelang, tse di tsidifetseng thata go fitlha kwa tlase kwa tlase ga noka. - Fa dikristale tseo di thulana le letlapa le le nweletseng mo metsing, matlapa a magolo, matlapa a magolo, ditlhomeso tsa borogo kgotsa mefero e e mo metsing, di gatsela ka bonako fela mo godimo ga letlapa. - Fa di setse di tlhomamisitswe mo matlapeng a a bokete a a mo molapong, dikristale ka bongwe di golela kwa ntle go nna dipoleiti tse dikgolo tse di tshwaraganeng le dikhubu tsa sepontšhe tsa anchor ice (0.3 to 1.5 meters / 1 to 5 feet thick) tse di apesitseng boalo jwa noka gotlhelele, di oketsa thata go nna makgwakgwa ga boalo jwa haeteroliki (Manning's n), go tsholetsa bogodimo jo bo atlegileng jwa lefelo la noka, le go tshegetsa metsi kwa godimo ga noka. - Kotsi ya go Gololwa ga Letsatsi la Motshegare wa Motshegare: Fa letsatsi la mo mosong le tswa mme marang a letsatsi a makhubu a makhutshwane a tsenelela mo metsing a a phepa go thuthafatsa matlapa a mantsho ka karolwana ya dikirii, diheketara tsa aese e e phaphametseng ya tshetledi e kgaogana ka tshoganyetso go tswa mo bodilong jwa noka ka nako e le nngwe fela, di tsholetsa di-boder tsa dikilogerama di le 50 go tswa mo nokeng ka nako e le nngwe mme di tsholetsa bo-bossi ya dikilogerama di le 50 go ya kwa tlase mme slush armada e e thulanang le maborogo le matamo.

3. Matamo a a Lepeletseng: Thaba ya Aese e e sa Bonweng e e Kafa Tlase ga Metsi¶

Fa frazil slush e e phaphametseng le aese ya pancake di fitlha kwa lefelong le le bonya la noka (jaaka tlhogo ya letamo, go koba ga noka, delta, kgotsa ntlha e e kwa godimo ya aese e e tiileng e e leng teng), slush e gogolwa ka fa tlase ga khurumetso ya aese ya boalogodimo. - Boalo morago ga boalo jwa dipeeletso tsa frazil slush kgatlhanong le letlhakore le le kwa tlase la letlhare la aese, go aga thaba ya aese e e retologileng e e tlhagelelang kwa tlase e e bidiwang letamo le le lepeletseng le le ka fitlhang go 5 go ya go dimitara di le 15 (maoto a le 16 go ya go a le 50) ka bokima mme la atologela dikilometara di le mmalwa bogodimo jwa thanele ya metsi go a tlhotlhora.

Lenaneo la Papiso: Frazil e e Gatselang / Anchor Ice Jam kgatlhanong le Jeme ya Aese ya Bogare jwa Mariga / Dikgakologo kgatlhanong le Morwalela wa Pula ya Metsi a a Bulegileng¶

Go Sireletsa Ditseno tsa Metsi tsa Motlakase wa Metsi, tsa Madirelo, le tsa Mmasepala mo Thibelong e e Dirang ya Frazil¶

Mo badirising ba dipolante tsa phepafatso ya metsi tsa mmasepala, diteišene tsa motlakase wa metsi o o elelang mo nokeng, ditseelo tsa metsi a a tsidifatsang, le diteišene tsa go pompa tsa temothuo/tsa go thuthusetsa ditlhapi, tiragalo ya aese ya frazil e e sa fokodiwang e ka tswala tlamelo yotlhe ya metsi ya toropo kgotsa ya dira gore keriti ya motlakase e se ka ya tsena mo inthaneteng mo metsotsong e e kwa tlase ga 30 .

1. Ke Eng fa Frazil Ice e Thiba Dijo tse di Nwetsweng mo Metsing 10 Meters Ka fa Tlase ga Boalo¶

Gantsi badirisi ba tsaya gore go baya peipi e e tsenang metsi ka boteng jwa dimitara di le 5 go ya go di le 10 mo tlase ga noka go e sireletsa gore e se ka ya gatsela mo godimo ga noka. Ka nako ya tiragalo e e matlhagatlhaga ya frazil, boteng ga bo neele tshireletso ya lefela: 1. Go Tsena ga Metsi ka Moferefere: Moferefere wa noka le lebelo la go goga la pompo ya go tsenya metsi di goga metsi a a tsidifaditsweng thata (-0.02 to -0.08 C) le dikristale tsa frazil tse di dirang tse di emisitsweng ka tlhamalalo go ya kwa tlase mo molomong wa tshipi ya go tsenya o o nweletsweng. 2. Nutcleation ya Raka ya Matlakala ya Tshipi e e sa Apara: Dibara tsa raka ya matlakala a tshipi e e sa aparang di na le phetiso e e kwa godimo ya mogote. Motsotsong oo metsi a tsidifaditsweng haholo a amang dibara tsa tshepe, dikristale tsa frazil tse sebetsang di ikamahanya le ntlha e ka pele ya bara e nngwe le e nngwe. 3. Go Kopanya ka Dikgato (15 to 45 Minutes go Total Blockage): Fa frazil e ntse e apesa dibara, phatlha e e fa gare ga dibara e a ngotlega, e leng se se dirang gore metsi a nne lebelo ka bonako go ralala diphatlha tse di setseng, se dira gore go nne le dikristale tse dintsi tsa frazil ka motsotswana go fitlha lebota le le tiileng la aese le kopana gotlhelele go kgabaganya raka ya matlakala. Fa dipompo di setse di tsentswe mo polakeng, go goga ga dipompo tse di ka fa morago ga lebota go dira gore go nne le pharologano e kgolo ya kgatelelo ya hydrostatic (up to 5 to 10 meters of water head) e e kgonang go bofa diraka tsa matlakala tsa tshipi ka fa teng le go senya di-impeller tsa pompo ka go dirisa cavitation.

2. Dikgato di le Tlhano tsa Boenjenere le tsa Tiriso go Fenya Thibelo ya Frazil e e Tsenang¶

1. Tlhokomela Mogote wa Metsi ka Nepo e e Kwa Godimo (+/- 0.005 C) Dithemometara: Dithemometara tse di tlwaelegileng tsa madirelo (+/- 0.5 C go nepagala) ga e kgone go lemoga go tsidifala thata. Fa dithemphoritšhara tsa mowa di wela kwa tlase ga -6 C (21 F) mo godimo ga metsi a a bulegileng le themperetšha ya metsi a a tsenang 0.05 C le go wa, bolela Tlhagiso ya Aese ya Frazil.
2. Tsenya Maatla a Motlakase mo Rakeng ya Matlakala PELE ga Supercooling e Simolola: Frazil e e dirang ga e kitla e ngaparela boalogodimo bongwe le bongwe jo bo tshwerweng fela 0.1 to 0.5 degrees Celsius above freezing. Tsenya maatla mo dielementeng tsa motlakase tse di kgonang go thuthafatsa mo teng ga dibara tse di khuti tsa raka ya matlakala (tse di tlhokang mo e ka nnang 2 to 5 kW per square meter ya lefelo la raka) bonnye metsotso e le 30 go ya go e le 60 pele ga metsi a fitlha 0.00 C (go thuthafatsa morago ga gore raka e setse e fitlhilwe mo mitareng wa aese gantsi go nna thari thata).
3. Apetsa Diraka tsa Matlakala ka Didirisiwa tse di Kgomarelang Thata (UHMW Polyethylene / Epoxies) kgotsa Tlosa Diraka tsa Kwa Ntle tse di Makgwakgwa: Frazil e kgomarela thata makgetlo a le 10 mo tshiping e e senang sepe go na le mo dipolymer tse di seng tsa tshipi, tse di nang le kgomarelo e e kwa tlase ya mogote kgotsa faeba ya galase. Mo dipoelong tsa tshoganyetso tsa frazil kwa go sa kgoneng go thuthafadiwa teng, ka dinako tse dingwe badirisi ba tsholetsa karolo e e kwa godimo ya raka ya matlakala e e kwa ntle ka disentimetara di le 30 go letla metsi a a tshesane go feta le go imolola kgatelelo ya tlhogo e e thubaganyang.
4. Dirisa Digaretene tsa Bubbler ya Mowa o o Gateletsweng le go Dikolosa ga Metsi a a Bothitho: Go tsenya mowa o o gateletsweng kwa tlase ga raka ya matlakala go kuta ka motšhini dikokoanyo tse di bokoa tsa frazil mo dibara, fa go ntse go dikolosiwa gape peresente e nnye ya metsi a a thuthafetseng a condenser/a a tsidifatsang (even +1 to +2 C) mo forebay ya go tsena e fedisa -0.05 C supercooling gotlhelele, go fetola frazil e e kgomarelang e e dirang go nna slush e e sa direng sepe e e senang kotsi.
5. Fokotsa Lebelo la Kelelo ya Tsenyo (< 0.3 to 0.5 m/s) go Rotloetsa Khurumetso ya Aese ya Boalogodimo (Leano la "Ice Boom"): Tshireletso e le nngwe e e gaisang ya tlholego kgatlhanong le aese ya frazil ke letlhare la aese le le tiileng, le le sa tshikhinyeng la boalogodimo mo godimo ga forebay. Fa aese e e sephaphathi e sena go khurumetsa boalogodimo jwa metsi, e thibela go latlhegelwa ke mogote o o tswang mo loaping bosigo, e emisa go tsidifala thata kafa tlase. Go fokotsa dithebine tsa motlakase wa metsi ka nakwana kgotsa go dirisa dikota/tshipi tse di kokobetseng dibomo tsa aese kwa godimo ga noka go fokotsa lebelo la boalogodimo go ya kwa tlase 0.5 m/s, e leng se se dirang gore aese e e phaphametseng ya pancake e gatsele mmogo go nna marulelo a a sireletsang.

Setlhare sa Tshwetso ya Tlhaoloso ya Tshoganyetso¶

flowchart TD
    A["Maemo a bosa a a kwa tlase ga lefela (< -6 C / 21 F) mo godimo ga noka e e bulegileng KGOTSA go thapologa ka tshoganyetso ga mariga / pula-mo-kapokong"] --> B{"Ke kotsi efe ya noka ya mariga e e diragalang?"}
    B -- "Metsi a a tlhatlogang ka bonako mo serameng se se kwa tlase ga lefela / Kanale ya go tlatsa seretse sa pancake" --> C["FRAZIL / ANCHOR ICE JAM FLOOD:: 1. Fuduga mo ditseleng tsa morwalela le tse di fa thoko ga noka ka bonako go ya kwa lefelong le le kwa godimo (+5-10 m): 2. Tima dibelofo tsa motlakase o mogolo wa mo gae le tsa gase/oli pele ga metsi a tsena mo kamoreng e e kwa tlase: 3. O se ka wa kgweetsa mo lefelong le le gatsetseng mo kamoreng e e kwa tlase: 3. O se ka wa kgweetsa mo ditseleng tse di gatselang tsa morwalela"]
    B -- "Bogodimo jwa noka bo wela tlase ka tshoganyetso mme bo senola matlapa a a apesitsweng aese" --> D["LEKHUBU LA GO GOLOLA LE LETAMO LA AESE LA GO TLHAGISA MOLOKA (JAVE):: 1. Jeme ya aese e e kwa godimo ga noka e thibile noka & e thibile lebota la metsi: 2. Tloga ka bonako go tswa mo bodilong jwa noka & tlhatlogela kwa godimo ga lebopo ka bonako: 3. Tlhagisa baagi ba ba kwa tlase ka 911 /91."]
    B -- "Pharologano ya kgatelelo ya Motlakase / Metsi a Mmasepala e tlhatloga" --> E["THIBELO YA INTAKE YA FRAZIL E E DIRANG:: 1. Tobetsa dithuthafatsi tsa raka ya matlakala, go dikolosa metsi a a bothitho gape, le dibubble tsa mowa STAT: 2. Kelelo ya pompo ya throttle/thebaene (< 0.5 m/s) go thibela gore raka e phutlhame le go bopa boalogodimo jo bo farologaneng jwa raka. e feta tekanyetso ya popego"]
    B -- "Motho kgotsa phologolo e ne ya wela mo seretseng sa frazil kgotsa mo jemeng ya aese e e tsamayang" --> F["GO INELWA MO METSING A A TSITSIDILENG A A FETELETSWENG / LELENG:: 1. Leletsa 911 / 112 / 999 go bona Swiftwater Ice Rescue (O SE KA WA ya mo lereleng la frazil ka maoto): 2. Fitlhelela kgotsa latlhela thapo e e bokete, lere, kgotsa boedi jo bo bokete jwa go tswa mo lefelong le le tiileng la O. diaparo tse di metsi mo ntlong, alafa hypothermia"]

Go Golola Makhubu a a Tlhatlogang ("Javes") le Di-Shove tsa Aese ("Ivu")¶

Fa dijeme tsa frazil tse di gatselang di ntse di agega mo diureng di le mmalwa, makhubu a go golola jeme ya aese (a a bidiwang javes ke baenjenere ba haeteroliki) a gareng ga makhubu a morwalela a a bofefo, a a senyang thata a a kwa teng ga naga mo Lefatsheng: 1. Kafa Lekhubu la Go Golola Aese-Jam le Bopegang ka Gone: E ka tswa e bopilwe ke letamo le le lepeletseng le lekima la frazil ka nako ya go thapologa ga mariga kgotsa jeme e e thubegang ya metšhini ya dipolata tse di tiileng tsa aese, jeme ya aese e dira jaaka letamo la nakwana go kgabaganya noka, e tshegetsa letamo le le boteng la metsi kwa godimo ga noka (often 3 to 8 meters / 10 to 26 feet higher than the water level immediately downstream of the jam). 2. Go Palelwa ga Sebopego ka Tshoganyetso: Go farologana le letamo la konkoreite le le nang le tsela ya go tshologela, jeme ya aese e palelwa ka tsela e e tshosang jaaka yuniti e le nngwe fa kgatelelo ya hydrostatic le metsi a a tlhatlogang di tsholetsa monwana wa aese go tswa mo lefelong la noka. 3. Lobelo (5 to 10 Meters Per Second / 18 to 36 km/h): Fa jeme e thubega, lekhubu le le tlhomameng la kgogedi la metsi le diboloko tsa aese tse di silang tsa tono e le 1 di tabogela kwa tlase ka lobelo lwa dimitara di le 5 go ya go di le 10 ka motsotswana (dimaele di le 11 go ya go di le 22 ka ura), ka lobelo lo lo fetang lo motho a ka tabogang mo go lone mo lotshitshing lwa noka lo lo nang le kapoko. 4. Dikgorogelo tsa Aese mo Lebopong (Go Palama Aese): Fa lekhubu la go tlhatloga le dikologa dikhuti tsa noka, maatla a a latlhelang dipolanka tse dikgolo tsa aese ya noka go ya kwa godimo ga mabopo (10 to 50 meters inland), go kgaola ditlhare tse di godileng, go thuba dikota tsa ditirelo le go thubaganya mabota a a fa fatshe a matlo a a fa thoko ga noka.

Dinomoro tsa Maemo a Tshoganyetso tsa Kgaolo le Ditsamaiso tsa go Tlhokomela Aese ya Noka¶

• United States: Letsa 911 go fudusiwa ka bonako kgotsa go namolwa ke aese. Ela tlhoko go tlola ga kgato ya noka ya mariga ka nako ya mmatota le Dikgakololo tsa Kelelo ya Molapo o o Amegang ke Aese ka NOAA / Ditheo tsa Ponelopele ya Noka tsa Tirelo ya Bosetšhaba ya Maemo a Bosa (RFCs) le U.S. Laboratori ya Patlisiso le Boenjenere ya Dikgaolo tse di Tsididi tsa Sesole sa Baenjenere (USACE CRREL) Polokelotshedimosetso ya Ice Jam.
• Kanada: Letsa 911. Disenthara tsa ponelopele ya dinoka tsa porofense (tse di jaaka Neteweke ya Temogo ya Aese ya Dibeisi tsa Noka ya Alberta, Tebelo ya Noka ya New Brunswick, Ontario MNRF, le Tlhokomelo ya MSP ya Quebec) di ntsha Ditlhagiso tsa Morwalela wa go Gatsela le go Thubega ga Aese letsatsi le letsatsi.
• Bogosi jo bo Kopaneng le Ireland: Letsa 999 kgotsa 112. Tlhola maemo a dinoka ka Setheo sa Tikologo (Engelane), SEPA (Scotland), Ditsompelo tsa Tlhago Wales, le OPW (Ireland).
• Kopano ya Yuropa, Dinaga tsa Bokone le tsa Alpine: Letsa 112. Diponelopele tsa aese le frazil tsa noka di tlhokomelwa ke NVE (Bokaedi jwa Metswedi ya Metsi le Maatla a Norway, Ispatruljen), SMHI (Sweden), SYKE (Finland), le diofisi tsa metsi le bosa tsa Alpine.
• Asia, Russia, Australia & New Zealand: Letsa 119 (Japane, Korea Borwa), 110 / 119 (Tshina, Noka e Setlha le Noka ya Heilongjiang/Amur ditsiboso tsa go tlala ga aese), 112 (Russia EMERCOM), 000 (Australia), kgotsa New1100. dinomoro tsa tshoganyetso.

Dipotso tse di bodiwang kgapetsakgapetsa¶

Noka e ka tlala jang mo gare ga mariga fa pula e ise e ne mme themperetšha e le -15 C (5 F)?¶

Morwalela wa mariga wa go gatsela o bakwa ke selekanyo sa aese le kgotlhano ya haeteroliki e e hupetsang mosele wa noka, e seng ke pula e e oketsegileng. Fa dithemphoritšhara tsa mowa di wela kwa tlase ga -6 go ya go -15 degrees Celsius (21 go ya go 5 degrees Fahrenheit) mo godimo ga diphororo tse di bulegileng tse di bofefo mo bosigong jo bo phepa, metsi a noka e e tlhakatlhakaneng a tsidifala thata go sekae ka fa tlase ga go gatsela (-0.01 go ya go -0.1 C) mme a ntsha dibilione tsa aese e e kgomarelang ya frazil c. Dikristale tseno di apesa lefelo la noka ka aese e e ka fitlhang go mitara ya tshetledi ya sepontšhe mme di paka ka fa tlase ga dithapo tsa aese tse di kwa tlase go nna matamo a a lepeletseng a a ka fa tlase ga metsi a a ka nnang dimitara di le 10 ka bokima. Ka gonne diperesente di le 70 go ya go di le 90 tsa mosele o o kafa tlase ga metsi di thibilwe ka tshoganyetso ke seretse le aese, tota le kelelo e e tlwaelegileng e e kwa tlase ya noka ya mariga ga e na kwa e ka yang teng fa e se go ya kwa godimo le kwa godimo ga dintshi.

Ke ka ntlha yang fa metsi a noka a kgona go wela kwa tlase ga didikirii tsa Celsius di le 0 (didikirii tsa Fahrenheit di le 32) kwantle ga go fetoga go nna aese e e tiileng?¶

Mo letangwaneng le le ritibetseng, milimitara e e kwa godimo ya metsi e tsidifala go fitlha go 0 degrees Celsius mme ka bonako e gatsela go nna letlhare le le sephaphathi la aese e e kwa godimo e e sireletsang metsi otlhe a a kwa tlase. Mo nokeng e e bofefo e e elelang ka lobelo lo lo fetang 0.6 go ya go 1.0 metres ka motsotswana (2 go ya go 3.3 feet ka motsotswana), go tlhakatlhakana ga metšhini go tswelela go tlhakanya metsi a a kwa godimo go ya kwa tlase go ya kwa tlase ga noka. Noka yotlhe e tsidifala go le gonnye go feta 0.00 didikirii tsa Celsius go nna seemo sa go tsidifala thata se se sa tlhomamang (-0.01 go ya go -0.10 C). Le fa gone go tsidifala thata go le kwa tlase ga nngwesomeng ya dikirii, go wela tlase go go nnye goo ga themperetšha go dira gore go nne le nyutlea e e thunyang ya dikristale tsa aese tsa frazil tse di emisitsweng go fitlha mogote o o fitlhegileng o o gololwang ke go gatsela o busetsa metsi kwa go 0.00 C.

Ke ka ntlha yang fa mothuthi yo o nonofileng a sa kgone go thuma go tswa mo nokeng e e tletseng slush ya frazil?¶

Slush ya Frazil (e gantsi e bidiwang "aese ya slob" kwa bokone jwa Canada le Newfoundland) e na le llaga e e bokima jwa dimitara di le 1 go ya go di le 3 ya dikristale tsa aese tse di tletseng metsi le slush ya pancake e e kokobetseng mo godimo ga metsi. Ke sedirisiwa se se seng sa ga Newton, se se nang le bothata jo bo kwa godimo: ga se na maatla a popego ya lefela go tshegetsa bokete jwa motho yo o emeng kgotsa selei sa phalotso, ka jalo o nwela ka tlhamalalo ka sone go ya kwa molaleng wa gago, le fa go ntse jalo se kima thata e bile se bokete thata go ka kgaogana ka matsogo a gago kgotsa go se raga ka maoto a gago. Mo godimo ga moo, go wela mo seretseng sa -0.05 C go tsosa go hema ga go tshoga ga serame go go sa itireleng mo metsotswaneng e le 2, go dira gore o heme seretse sa aese ka bonako le go nwela fa o sa apara baki ya botshelo e e phaphametseng thata mme o bofilwe mo thapong ya lebopo.

Go raya goreng fa noka e e elelang ka bonako ya mariga e ka didimala ka tshoganyetso mme ya wela mo mafikeng a a senang sepe?¶

Fa o tsamaya mo dithabeng, o tshwara ditlhapi mo aeseng kgotsa o nna mo thoko ga noka ka mariga mme o lemoga gore metsi a wela tlase ka tshoganyetso ka mitara kgotsa go feta, a senola matlapa a a metsi a a nang le aese mo molapong, o mo kotsing e e feteletseng. Dinoka ga di time jaaka pompo; go wela tlase ka tshoganyetso ga kelelo ya mariga e e yang kwa tlase go raya gore frazil e kgolo, aese ya tshetledi, kgotsa jeme ya aese e e thubegang e sa tswa go tlhotlhorega go kgabaganya mosele o o kwa godimo, e thibela noka yotlhe ka fa morago ga lebota le le sa tlhomamang la aese. Fa letamo leo la aese le thubega, se se ka diragalang metsotso kgotsa diura moragonyana, lekhubu la metsi le le bogodimo jwa dimitara di le 3 go ya go di le 6 le diboloko tsa aese tse di silang ("jave") di tla taboga go fologa lefelo la noka le le tlhagelelang ka lobelo lwa dikilometara di le 18 go ya go di le 36 ka ura. Tlhatloga kwa godimo kwa godimo ga lebopo ka bonako.

Matamo a motlakase wa metsi le dipolante tsa metsi tsa toropo di dira jang gore aese ya frazil e se ka ya thiba dikereiti tsa tsone tsa go tsenya metsi ka fa tlase ga metsi?¶

Aese e e dirang ya frazil e kgomarela fela mo difatlhegong tse di ka fa tlase ga metsi fa metsi a tsidifaditswe thata ka fa tlase ga 0.00 degrees Celsius, mme e kgomarela thata mo dibara tsa tshipi tse di sa aparang sepe, tse di tsididi tsa raka ya matlakala. Dipolante tsa metsi le diteišene tsa motlakase wa metsi di thibela go thibana ka mekgwa e le metlhano: go gotetsa dibara tsa tshipi tse di khuti tsa raka ya matlakala ka motlakase kgotsa ka mouwane ka didikirii tsa Celsius di le 0.2 go ya go 0.5 fela gore dikristale di se ka tsa kgolagana; go dikolosa gape molatswana o monnye wa metsi a a bothitho a a tsidifatsang mo forebay ya intake go fedisa go tsidifala thata; go apesa dikereiti ka dipolymer tsa polyethylene tse di sa kgomareleng thata; go dirisa digaretene tsa bubbler tsa mowa o o gateletsweng go tshikinya slush e e sa gagamalang; le go fokotsa lebelo la metsi a a kwa godimo ka fa tlase ga dimitara di le 0.5 ka motsotswana go dirisiwa di-boom tsa aese tse di phaphametseng ka jalo go bopega khurumetso ya aese e e tiileng ya boalogodimo go thibela metsi mo moweng o o tsididi wa bosigo.

Ke ka ntlha yang fa o sa tshwanela go kgweetsa koloi kgotsa lori mo metsing a a seng boteng a mariga a a tletseng aese mo tseleng?¶

Go kgweetsa mo metsing a morwalela a frazil a mariga a a boleele jwa disentimetara di le 15 go ya go di le 20 go kotsi thata go feta mo megobeng ya selemo ka ntlha ya mabaka a le mararo. Sa ntlha, seretse se se motlhaba se fitlha diboloko tse di kokobetseng tsa dikilogerama di le 200 tsa aese e e tiileng ya noka tse di kgonang go kgaola di- tie-rod tsa go kgweetsa kgotsa tsa wedge kafa tlase ga tšhese, di tsholetsa dithaere mo tselaneng. Sa bobedi, 0 C frazil slush e gasagasega mo di-rotor tse di mogote tsa diboriki, di-caliper le mo di-steering linkage mme e gatsela go nna aese e e tiileng mo metsotswaneng e le 60, e lotlela maotwana kgotsa e thibela diboriki gotlhelele. Sa boraro, fa enjene e ema mo seretseng se se tlhatlogang se se kwa tlase ga lefela, metsi a a gatsela go dikologa dikgoro le foreimi mo metsotsong e se kae fela, mme a tshwara batho ba ba mo teng ga khabe ya tshipi e e sa gotediwang.

Metswedi le kaelo ya semmuso¶

• RONA. Setlhopha sa Baenjenere sa Sesole (USACE) Laboratori ya Patlisiso le Boenjenere jwa Dikgaolo tse di Tsididi (CRREL, United States): Boenjenere le Moakanyetso: Buka ya Boenjenere jwa go Tsenya Aese (EM 1110-2-1612) (buka ya puso e e tlhomameng ya fisikisi ya nyutlea ya noka e e tsidifetseng thata, aese ya frazil, moralo wa go thuthafatsa raka ya matlakala, le phokotso ya morwalela wa ice-jam).
• Tsamaiso ya Bosetšhaba ya Lewatle le Lefaufau (NOAA) & Tirelo ya Bosetšhaba ya Maemo a Bosa (NWS, United States): Go Ipaakanyetsa Morwalela wa Jam ya Aese ya go Gatsela le go Thubega, Dikgakololo tsa Aese tsa Setheo sa Ponelopele ya Noka, le Pabalesego ya Makhubu a a Tlhatlogang a go Golola Aese.
• Tikologo le Phetogo ya Tlelaemete Canada (ECCC) & Lekgotla la Bosetšhaba la Patlisiso Canada (NRC, Canada): Dithulaganyo tsa Aese ya Noka, Dikotsi tsa Frazil Slush, le Dikaelo tsa Haeteroliki tsa Canada tsa go Bonela Pele Morwalela wa Mariga.
• Bokaedi jwa Metswedi ya Metsi le Maatla a Norway (NVE, Norway): Aese ya Frazil, Aese ya Anchor, le Taolo ya go Tsena ga Motlakase wa Metsi mo Dinokeng tse di kwa Tlase ga Lefela (Buka ya Tiriso ya Ispatruljen).
• Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa Maemo a Bosa (WMO, Boditšhabatšhaba): Buka ya go Bonelapele le Tlhagiso ya Morwalela (WMO-No. 1072), Thulaganyo ya Metsi a a Tlhagisiwang ke Aese mo Kgaolong e e Tsididi le Dithulaganyo tsa Tlhagiso ya Pele.

Dikaedi tse di tsamaelanang¶

• Aese ya Frazil, go pitlagana ga aese mo nokeng, merwalela e e thubegang, le ditsunami tse di kgoromeletsang aese
• Merwalela ya tshoganetso
• Merwalela ya go thunya ga letsha la aese le go fudusiwa ga batho ka ntlha ya go senyega ga letamo
• Ditsuatsue tsa mariga
• Mogote o o kwa tlase le go tshwarwa ke serame