Urubura rwa Frazil hamwe na Anchor Ice Jam: Guhagarika Amashanyarazi no Guhagarika Umwuzure Wimvura Mumigezi ya Sub-Zero¶

Iyo uruzi rutemba vuba, imigezi yimisozi, cyangwa umuyoboro uhuye numwuka mwiza, wubukonje (typically below -6 to -15 degrees Celsius / 21 to 5 degrees Fahrenheit) mbere yuko urubura rukomeye rushyirwaho, imivurungano irinda amazi gukonja mu butaka butuje hejuru. Ahubwo, umuyaga na rapide bikubita inkingi zose zamazi, bikonjesha amazi yinzuzi zamazi gato ** munsi yubukonje busanzwe bwa ** kugeza kuri supercool ya -0.01 to -0.1 degrees Celsius (31.98 to 31.82 degrees Fahrenheit). Mu minota mike, amamiliyaridi ya microscopique, urwembe-ruto rwa discoid ice kristal bita ** frazil ice ** nucleate icyarimwe mugice cyamazi arenze urugero. Kuberako kristu ya frazile ikonje cyane idahungabana, irashobora ** gufatana cyane ("frazil ikora") **: ikomera cyane nka sima ihuza amazi munsi yikintu cyose kiri munsi 0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit). Mu kuniga 50 kugeza kuri 90 ku ijana by'umugezi wambukiranya igice, urubura rwa frazil na anchor rushobora gutera ** imigezi yinzuzi yimbeho kuzamuka cyane kuri metero 2 kugeza kuri 5 (metero 6.5 kugeza kuri 16.5) mugihe cyamasaha 1 kugeza kuri 4 munsi yikirere cyera cyera kirimo imvura ya zeru cyangwa urubura **, cyangwa kurekura ibiza bikabije kumanuka ** ice-jam irekura umuyaga. Niba amazi yinzuzi atangiye kuzamuka mumuhanda wawe, munsi yo munsi, cyangwa kumugezi wumugezi, cyangwa nihagira umuntu ugwa mumazi ya frazil yarohamye, hita wimukira ahirengeye hanyuma uhamagare aho utuye nimero yihutirwa. Mugihe wimukira mumutekano, subiramo ubuyobozi bwa mugenzi wawe kuri urubura rwa frazil, urubura rwinzuzi, imyuzure yamenetse, hamwe na ice shove tsunami, imyuzure, imvura y'amahindu, na hypothermia hamwe n'ubukonje.

Bitandukanye n’umwuzure wimvura wubaka buhoro buhoro muminsi yubushyuhe, imyuzure ya frazil na anchor yibasiye mugihe cya ** nijoro rikonje cyane mugitondo cya mugitondo **, itera amazi yuzuyemo ibicu, amazi akonjesha hamwe na kilo 500 (ibiro 1100) byibarafu mumazu no hejuru yumuhanda wubukonje aho uruhu rutose hamwe namazi meza yubatswe bikonja cyane muminota mike.

Kora ubu¶

1. ** Kwimura inkombe z'umugezi muto, imigezi, n'imihanda yo ku ruzi ako kanya niba ubonye ibishishwa bireremba hejuru ("urubura rwa pancake"), ukumva urusaku ruvunitse, cyangwa ukareba urwego rw'inzuzi ruzamuka cyangwa rukamanuka mu buryo butunguranye mu bihe bitarenze zeru. iminota **. Kurira ako kanya kugirango utere byibuze metero 5 kugeza kuri 10 (metero 16 kugeza 33) ** hejuru yikimenyetso gisanzwe cyamazi.
2. ** NTUKIGERE usohokera hejuru yurubura rwinzuzi, isafuriya, cyangwa urubura rwihuta cyane, kandi ntuzigere ugerageza kunyura mumaguru ya frazil yimuka. Niba umuntu aguye mu isafuriya ya frazil, igicucu cya metero 1 kugeza kuri 2 z'uburebure gifunga ako kanya hejuru yumutwe nka beto itose, bikarinda koga kandi bigatera guhita bikonja bikabije bikarohama.
3. ** Niba inzu yawe cyangwa akazu kawe kari mumugezi wubukonje kandi amazi ya frazil atangiye kuzamuka yerekeza kuri fondasiyo yawe, funga amashanyarazi yawe nyamukuru hamwe nitanura / amavuta ya peteroli mbere yuko amazi yinjira mubutaka, hanyuma ugahunga. ** Bitandukanye namazi yumwuzure, 0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit) Amazi yumwuzure yuzuye frazil arakonja mubice bikomeye bya barafu imbere mubutaka no hasi hasi mumasaha make, kumenagura ibigega bya peteroli, gufata imiyoboro ya gaze karemano, no gufunga imiryango ifunze hanze.
4. ** Niba ukoresha amazi ya komini, pompe yo kuhira, cyangwa micro-hydroelectric turbine hanyuma ukamenyesha gufata ibipimo byo gutakaza umutwe bigabanuka mwijoro rikeye, munsi ya zeru, NTUGutegereze kugeza igihe amazi atangirira kuri zeru kugirango akore.even bars spaced 5 to 10 centimeters apart) mu minota 15 kugeza 45, pompe yinzara ikoresheje cavitation no kugwa kuri ecran yo gufata munsi ya toni mirongo yumuvuduko wa hydrostatike. Koresha uburyo bwo gufata imyanda-rack yo gushyushya, guhumeka-guhumeka ikirere, cyangwa kuzunguruka inyuma ako kanya, cyangwa gutembera / gutembera gutembera kugirango urubura rwo hejuru rushobora gukora urupapuro rukingira hejuru.
5. ** Niba ubonye uruzi rwitumba RUGENDE mu buryo butunguranye kandi ugashyira ahagaragara amabuye yambaye ubusa, yuzuyeho urubura hejuru yuruzi, va kumugezi hanyuma uzamuke hejuru yinkombe ako kanya. Iyo urwo rugomero rwa barafu rwananiwe, imivurungano ** ice-jam surge wave (3 to 6 meters / 10 to 20 feet high, kwimuka kuri 5 to 10 meters per second) ** ipakiye hamwe no gusya ibibarafu bizahanagura umuyoboro wumye nta nteguza.
6. ** Hamagara nimero yawe yihutirwa ako kanya niba hari uwaguye mu mutego w’amazi yo mu gihe cy'imbeho, akagwa hejuru y’urubura, cyangwa yibizwa mu mazi akonje. ** Hamagara 911 muri Amerika na Kanada, 112 mu bihugu by’Uburayi, 999 mu Bwongereza, 000 muri Ositaraliya, cyangwa urebe nimero yihutirwa. Saba itsinda ryihariye ** Swiftwater / Ice Rescue ** amakipe afite ibikoresho byumye byo kwibiza hamwe nudukino two gutabara urubura.

Ubukonje-Akarere k'Uruzi Ubukonje: Supercooling, Nucleation ya Frazil, Urubura rwa Anchor, n'ingomero zimanikwa¶

Kugira ngo wumve uburyo uruzi rufite imyuzure idahwitse, yubukonje buke rushobora kurenga inkombe za metero 4 (ijoro 13) ijoro ryose, suzuma iterambere ryibyiciro bine byimibiri yinzuzi zidasanzwe:

====================================================================================
       FOUR-STAGE PROGRESSION OF FRAZIL ICE, ANCHOR ICE, AND HANGING DAMS
====================================================================================

   [ CLEAR SUB-ZERO NIGHT AIR: -10 to -25 C (14 to -13 F) + Wind ]
          ^   ^   ^  (Intense Radiative & Convective Heat Loss from Open Rapids)
  ~~~~~~~~|~~~|~~~|~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
   (1) SUPERCOOLING & ACTIVE FRAZIL NUCLEATION (Water Temp: -0.01 to -0.10 C)
       * Turbulent rapids mix supercooled surface water all the way to the bottom.
       * Billions of sticky 0.1 to 5 mm discoid frazil crystals form in suspension.
                                        |
                                        v
   (2) ANCHOR ICE GROWTH ON THE RIVERBED & INTAKE TRASH RACKS
       * Sticky active frazil adheres to cold submerged boulders & steel grates.
       * Riverbed rises by 0.5 to 1.5 m as spongy anchor-ice pillows coat the bottom.
                                        |
                                        v
   (3) PANCAKE ICE & DOWNSTREAM HANGING DAM FORMATION
       * Buoyant frazil flocs rise to form circular slush pans ("pancake ice").
       * Where river slows (pool, bridge pier, or intact ice cover), slush dives
         underneath the surface ice to build a 3-to-10-meter-thick HANGING DAM.
                                        |
                                        v
   (4) HYDRAULIC CHOKING & WINTER FLASH FLOOD (OR SUDDEN BREAKUP SURGE WAVE)
       * 70% to 90% of river channel cross-section is plugged by slush & anchor ice.
       * Upstream river stage surges 2 to 5 meters (6.5 to 16.5 feet) in hours.
====================================================================================

1. Kuki Amazi atemba ya supercools aho gukora urupapuro rwuzuye¶

Mu kiyaga cyangwa icyuzi gituje, amazi kuri 4 degrees Celsius (39.2 degrees Fahrenheit) ni ku bunini bwacyo kandi ikarohama hepfo, ikemerera hejuru hejuru ya skim ya 0 C amazi yo gukonjesha vuba mugice gikomeza hejuru yubura urinda ikiyaga umuyaga ukonje hejuru. - Mu ruzi rugenda rwihuta kuruta 0.6 to 1.0 meters per second (2 to 3.3 feet per second), imivurungano eddies ihora isubiramo amazi yo hejuru hamwe namazi yo hepfo. - Ubujyakuzimu bwose bw'umugezi burakonja kimwe 0.00 degrees Celsius hanyuma ikamanuka muri ** supercooling (-0.01 to -0.10 degrees Celsius) **. Ndetse n'akantu gato ka makumyabiri na makumyabiri-ya-dogere ya dogere munsi ya zeru ihindura uruzi rwose rukaba uruganda rukora urubura, rukabyara kristu zigera kuri ** 10,000 kugeza 1.000.000 za kristal frazil kuri metero kibe y'amazi **.

2. Urubura rwa Anchor: Impamvu urubura rukura munsi yuruzi¶

Mubisanzwe, urubura ntiruba rwinshi kuruta amazi meza (0.917 g/cm3 vs. 1.000 g/cm3) kandi ireremba hejuru. Nigute ibitanda byimbitse byurubura bishobora kuboneka kuri ** hepfo ** yumugezi wihuse? - Imivurungano ihindagurika itwara kristu ya frazil ikora cyane, ikamanuka kugeza kumugezi. - Iyo izo kristu zogeje amabuye yarohamye, amabuye, amabuye, ibirenge, cyangwa ibyatsi byo mu mazi, bihita bikonja hejuru yigitare. - Iyo bimaze kwizirika kumabuye aremereye kumurongo, kristu ya buri muntu ikura hanze ikabamo amasahani manini, yuzuye hamwe na dome ya spongy ya ** anchor ice ** (0.3 to 1.5 meters / 1 to 5 feet thick) bitwikiriye rwose uruzi, byongera cyane uburiri bwa hydraulic uburiri (Manning's n), kuzamura uburebure bukomeye bwinzuzi, no gusubiza inyuma amazi hejuru. - ** Imirasire y'izuba ya Midday Release Hazard: ** Iyo izuba ryo mugitondo risohotse kandi imirasire y'izuba ya shortwave yinjiye mumazi asukuye kugirango ashyushye urutare rwijimye ku gipimo cya dogere, hegitari ya ice ya buoyant anchor ihita itandukana kumugezi icyarimwe, ikuramo amabuye y'ibiro 50 kumanuka hanyuma ikareremba epfo na ruguru ikubita mu biraro binini.

3. Kumanika ingomero: Ikiboneka kitagaragara mu mazi ya iceberg¶

Iyo amazi ya frazil areremba hamwe na ice pancake bigera buhoro buhoro kugera kumugezi (nkumutwe wikigega, uruzi rwinzuzi, delta, cyangwa inkombe yo hejuru yurubura rukomeye rusanzwe), ibishishwa bikuburwa ** munsi ya ** hejuru yubuso bwa barafu. - Igice kinini nyuma yububiko bwa frazil slush yabitswe munsi yurubura rwa barafu, yubaka igishushanyo mbonera cya ice ice cyamanutse cyiswe ** urugomero rumanitse ** rushobora kugera kuri metero 5 kugeza kuri 15 (metero 16 kugeza kuri 50) z'uburebure ** kandi rugera kuri kilometero nyinshi, hasigara gusa umuyoboro muto ufite umuvuduko mwinshi munsi yuruzi kugirango amazi anyure.

Imbonerahamwe yo Kugereranya: Gukonjesha-Frazil / Anchor Ice Jam na Hagati-Itumba / Ikiruhuko Cyimvura Ice Jam na Amazi Yuzuye Amazi¶

Kurinda Amazi Y’amashanyarazi, Inganda, n’Imijyi Amazi afatika¶

Ku bakora inganda zitunganya amazi ya komine, imigezi y’amazi y’amashanyarazi, gufata amazi akonje, hamwe n’amapompo y’ubuhinzi / amafi-y’amafi, ibirori bya frazil bitagabanijwe bishobora guhagarika amazi yose y’umujyi cyangwa gutembera amashanyarazi kuri interineti mu minota itarenze 30.

1. Impamvu Frazil Ifunga Ifunga Amazi Yinjiye 10 Meters Munsi yubuso¶

Abakoresha bakunze gutekereza ko gushyira umuyoboro ufata amazi metero 5 kugeza kuri 10 (metero 16 kugeza kuri 33) munsi yumugezi birinda ubukonje. ** Mugihe cyibikorwa bya frazil, ubujyakuzimu butanga uburinzi bwa zeru: ** 1. ** Kwinjira mu mivurungano: ** Imivurungano yinzuzi n'umuvuduko ukabije wa pompe yo gufata ukurura amazi arenze urugero (-0.02 to -0.08 C) hanyuma uhagarike kristu ikora ya frazil igororotse igahita yinjira mumazi ya bellmouth. 2. ** Imyanda ya Bare Steel-Rack Nucleation: ** Utubari twinshi twimyanda-rack bar ifite ubushyuhe bwinshi. Mugihe amazi arenze urugero akora kumyuma yicyuma, kristal ikora frazil yisanzuye kugeza kumurongo wambere wa buri kabari. 3. ** Ikiraro cyerekana (15 to 45 Minutes Kuri Blockage Yuzuye): ** Nkuko frazil yambika utubari, ikinyuranyo hagati yutubari kiragabanuka, cyihutisha umuvuduko wamazi binyuze mumfunguzo zisigaye, bigatanga na kirisiti nyinshi za frazil kumasegonda kugeza urukuta rukomeye rwibiraro bya barafu hejuru yumwanda. Iyo umaze gucomeka, guswera pompe inyuma yurukuta bitera umuvuduko mwinshi wa hydrostatike ()up to 5 to 10 meters of water head) irashobora gutobora imyanda yimyanda imbere no gusenya pompe ikoresheje cavitation.

2. Intambwe eshanu zubuhanga & ibikorwa kugirango dutsinde gufata Frazil¶

1. ** Kurikirana Ubushyuhe bw'amazi hamwe na Precision (+/- 0.005 C) Therometero: ** Ubusanzwe inganda za termometero (+/- 0.5 C ukuri) ntishobora kumenya supercooling. Iyo ubushyuhe bwikirere bugabanutse munsi -6 C (21 F) hejuru y'amazi afunguye no gufata ubushyuhe bwamazi 0.05 C no kugwa, menyesha ** Frazil Ice Alert **.
2. ** Ongeramo imyanda-Rack Gushyushya Amashanyarazi MBERE YUKO Supercooling Itangira: ** Igikoresho cya frazil ntikizaba ** ntigishobora gukomera kumurongo wose ufashwe gusa 0.1 to 0.5 degrees Celsius above freezing. Shyiramo ingufu zishyushya amashanyarazi imbere yubusa imyanda (bisaba hafi 2 to 5 kW per square meter agace ka rack) ** byibuze iminota 30 kugeza kuri 60 mbere yuko ** amazi agera 0.00 C (gushyushya nyuma ya rack yamaze kwinjizwa muri metero ya barafu itinda cyane).
3. ** Ikariso yimyanda hamwe nibikoresho bike (UHMW Polyethylene / Epoxies) cyangwa Gukuraho Ibicuruzwa byo hanze: ** Frazil yubahiriza inshuro 10 imbaraga zicyuma cyambaye ubusa kuruta ibyuma bitari ibyuma, ubushyuhe buke-bushyashya-polymers cyangwa fiberglass. Mugihe cyihutirwa frazil yiruka aho ubushyuhe butaboneka, ababikora rimwe na rimwe bazamura igice cyo hejuru cyimyanda yo hanze hanze ya santimetero 30 kugirango amazi agabanuke kandi agabanye umuvuduko wumutwe.
4. ** Shyiramo Umwenda Uhunitse-Umuyaga wa Bubbler hamwe no Gususurutsa-Amazi ashyushye: ** Gutera umwuka wugarijwe munsi yumwanda wimyanda ukata imashini zoroshye za frazil zivuye mu tubari, mugihe uzenguruka agace gato k'amazi ashyushye / amazi akonje (even +1 to +2 C) mu gufata mbere yo gukuraho -0.05 C supercooling burundu, ihinduranya ifatika ikora frazil muburyo butagira ingaruka.
5. ** Kugabanya umuvuduko wo gufata umuvuduko (< 0.3 to 0.5 m/s. Iyo urubura rumeze nk'urubura rutwikiriye amazi, birabuza gutakaza ubushyuhe bukabije mu kirere nijoro, bigahagarika ubukonje munsi yacyo. Gusubiza inyuma by'agateganyo amashanyarazi ya hydroelectric cyangwa gukoresha ibiti bireremba / ibyuma ** urubura rwinshi ** hejuru cyane bidindiza umuvuduko wubutaka munsi 0.5 m/s, kwemerera urubura rwa pancake kureremba gukonjesha hamwe mugisenge gikingira.

Igiti cyo gufata ibyemezo byihutirwa¶

flowchart TD
    A["Ikirere cya zeru (<-6 C / 21 F) hejuru yumugezi ufunguye CYANGWA ubukonje butunguranye / imvura-kuri-shelegi"] --> B{"Ni izihe mpanuka z'inzuzi zibaho?"}
    B -- "Amazi azamuka vuba muri sub-zeru ikonje / Umuyoboro wuzuye Pancake" --> C["FREEZE-UP FRAZIL / ANCHOR ICE JAM FLOOD :: 1. Kwimura umuhanda w’imyuzure & imigezi yinzuzi uhita ujya ahantu hirengeye (+ 5-10 m): 2. Funga urugo nyamukuru amashanyarazi & gaze / amavuta ya peteroli mbere yuko amazi yinjira mubutaka: 3. Ntukigere utwara amazi akonje (guhagarika feri & guhagarara ako kanya)"]
    B -- "Urwego rwinzuzi rutunguranye DROPS & rugaragaza urubura rwambaye ubusa rwuzuye urutare" --> D["AKARERE KA UPSTREAM ICE-DAM YASOHOTSE UMURONGO W'AMAFARANGA (JAVE) :: 1. Urubura rwo hejuru rwa ice jam rwacomye uruzi & rufata urukuta rw'amazi: 2. Kunyura hejuru y'uruzi & kuzamuka hejuru ya banki ako kanya: 3. Wiburira abaturage bamanuka binyuze kuri 911/112/999"]
    B -- "Hydroelectric / Amazi ya Komine Gufata umuvuduko utandukanye uzamuka" --> E["BIKORWA BIKORESHEJWE MU BIKORWA BIKURIKIRA ::"]
    B -- "Umuntu cyangwa inyamanswa yaguye muri frazil slush cyangwa kugenda ice jam" --> F["GUKURIKIRA AMAZI / AMAZI / SLUSH IMMERSION :: 1."]

Hasi ya Ice-Jam Kurekura Umuhengeri wo Kubaga ("Javes") hamwe na Shoves ("Ivu")¶

Mugihe amafranga ya frazil yubatse hejuru yamasaha make, ** ice-jam irekura imiraba ** (yitwa ** javes ** naba injeniyeri ba hydraulic) iri mubisumizi byumwuzure byihuta byangiza isi: 1. ** Ukuntu Ice-Jam irekura imiterere yumuraba: ** Yaba yarakozwe nurugomero rwinshi rwa frazil rumanitse mugihe cyimbeho rwagati rwimbeho cyangwa icyuma gikonjesha imashini yibibarafu bikonje, urubura rwa ice rukora nkurugomero rwigihe gito hakurya yuruzi, rusubiza inyuma ikigega kinini cyamazi hejuru ((often 3 to 8 meters / 10 to 26 feet higher than the water level immediately downstream of the jam). 2. ** Kunanirwa mu buryo butunguranye: ** Bitandukanye nurugomero rwa beto rufite spillway, urubura rwa barafu rwananiwe cyane nkigice kimwe mugihe umuvuduko wa hydrostatike hamwe namazi azamuka bizamura urubura hejuru yuruzi. 3. ** Umuvuduko (5 to 10 Meters Per Second / 18 to 36 km/h). 4. ** Shoveline Ice Shoves (Ice Ride-Up): ** Mugihe umuyaga mwinshi uzenguruka uruzi rugoramye, umuvuduko utera ibisate binini byurubura rwinzuzi kuruhande rwinkombe (10 to 50 meters inland), gutema ibiti bikuze, gufata inkingi zingirakamaro, no gusenya inkuta zo hasi zamazu yinzuzi.

Imibare yihutirwa yo mukarere hamwe na sisitemu yo gukurikirana imigezi¶

• ** Amerika: ** Hamagara ** 911 ** kugirango uhite uhunga cyangwa gutabara urubura. Kurikirana ibihe nyabyo byimigezi isimbuka hamwe na ** Inama Zibasiwe ninzuzi zitemba ** ukoresheje ** NOAA / Ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe iteganyagihe (RFCs) ** na ** Amerika. Ingabo za ba injeniyeri Ubukonje Uturere Ubushakashatsi na Laboratoire (USACE CRREL) Ububiko bwa Jam Jam **.
• ** Kanada: ** Hamagara ** 911 **. Ibigo biteganyiriza imigezi yo mu Ntara (nka ** Umuyoboro wa ** Alberta Umugezi wo Kwitegereza Urubura **, ** Uruzi rushya rwa Brunswick Reba **, ** Ontario MNRF **, na ** Quebec MSP Vigilance **) rusohoka buri munsi Iburira ry’Umwuzure.
• ** Ubwongereza na Irilande: ** Hamagara ** 999 ** cyangwa ** 112 **. Reba urwego rwinzuzi ukoresheje ** Ikigo gishinzwe ibidukikije (Ubwongereza) **, ** SEPA (Scotland) **, ** Umutungo Kamere Wales **, na ** OPW (Irlande) **.
• ** Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi, Nordic & Alpine Ibihugu: ** Hamagara ** 112 **. Uruzi rwa ice hamwe na frazil biteganijwe bikomezwa na ** NVE (Ubuyobozi bushinzwe umutungo w’amazi n’ingufu muri Noruveje, Ispatruljen) **, ** SMHI (Suwede) **, ** SYKE (Finlande) **, hamwe n’ibiro bya Alpine hydro-meteorologiya.
• ** Aziya, Uburusiya, Ositaraliya & Nouvelle-Zélande: ** Hamagara ** 119 ** (Ubuyapani, Koreya y'Epfo), ** 110/119 ** (Ubushinwa, Uruzi rw'umuhondo na Heilongjiang / Amur River ice-jam imenyesha), ** 112 ** nimero yihutirwa.

Ibibazo bikunze kubazwa¶

Nigute uruzi rushobora kwuzura hagati yimbeho mugihe imvura itaguye kandi ubushyuhe ni -15 C (5 F)?¶

Umwuzure wubukonje bwimbeho uterwa nubunini bwa barafu hamwe nubuvanganzo bwa hydraulic biniga umuyoboro winzuzi, ntabwo biterwa nimvura idasanzwe. Iyo ubushyuhe bwikirere bugabanutse munsi ya dogere selisiyusi 6 kugeza kuri 15 (dogere 21 kugeza kuri 5 Fahrenheit) hejuru yumuvuduko mwinshi mwijoro rikeye, amazi yinzuzi yuzuye imivurungano munsi gato yubukonje (-0.01 kugeza -0.1 C) kandi ikabyara amamiliyaridi ya kirisiti ya frazil ifata neza. Izi kristu zitwikiriye uruzi rufite metero zigera kuri metero imwe ya barafu ya sporgy hanyuma igapakira munsi yurubura rwo munsi y’amazi mu ngomero zimanika munsi y’amazi agera kuri metero 10 z'ubugari. Kubera ko 70 kugeza 90 ku ijana byumuyoboro wamazi wacometse giturumbuka hamwe nubukonje, ndetse ninzuzi zisanzwe zo mu gihe cyizuba ntizishobora kujya uretse hejuru no hejuru yinkombe.

Kuki amazi yinzuzi ashobora kugabanuka munsi ya dogere selisiyusi 0 (dogere 32 Fahrenheit) adahindutse urubura rukomeye?¶

Mu cyuzi gituje, milimetero yo hejuru y'amazi ikonja kugeza kuri dogere selisiyusi 0 hanyuma igahita ikonja mu rupapuro ruringaniye rw'urubura rwo hejuru rukingira amazi asigaye hepfo. Mu ruzi rwihuta rutemba rwihuta kurenza metero 0,6 kugeza kuri 1.0 ku isegonda (metero 2 kugeza kuri 3.3 ku isegonda), imivurungano ya mashini ikomeza kuvanga amazi yo hejuru kumugezi. Umugezi wose urakonja gato ya dogere selisiyusi 0.00 kuri leta ikonje cyane (-0.01 kugeza -0.10 C). Nubwo supercooling iri munsi ya kimwe cya cumi cya dogere, iryo gabanuka rito ry'ubushyuhe ritera nucleation iturika ya kirisiti ya frazil yahagaritswe kugeza ubushyuhe bwihishwa bwasohowe nubukonje bugarura amazi kuri 0.00 C.

Ni ukubera iki udashobora koga akomeye mu ruzi rwuzuye amashanyarazi?¶

Igishushanyo cya Frazil (bakunze kwita "slob ice" mu majyaruguru ya Kanada na Newfoundland) kigizwe n'uburebure bwa metero 1 kugeza kuri 3 z'uburebure bwuzuye amazi ya kirisita yuzuye amazi hamwe na pancake slush ireremba hejuru. Nibikoresho bitari Newtonian, bifite ubukana bwinshi: bifite imbaraga zeru zubaka kugirango zishyigikire uburemere bwumuntu uhagaze cyangwa gutabara, bityo ugahita unyuzamo unyuze mu ijosi, nyamara ni mubyimbye cyane kandi biremereye kuburyo udashobora gutandukanya amaboko yawe cyangwa ukandagira amaguru. Byongeye kandi, kugwa muri -0.05 C bitera gukonjesha ubukonje butabishaka mu masegonda 2, bigatera guhita uhumeka urubura no kurohama niba utambaye ikoti ryubuzima bwa flotation kandi uhambiriye ku mugozi winkombe.

Bisobanura iki niba uruzi rwihuta rwihuta rutuje rugatemba rugatemba rutonyanga rwamabuye yambaye ubusa?¶

Niba urimo gutembera, kuroba urubura, cyangwa gutura ku ruzi mu gihe cy'itumba ukabona urwego rw'amazi rugabanuka gitunguranye kuri metero imwe cyangwa irenga, ukerekana amabuye yatose, yuzuye urubura ku ruzi, uri mu kaga gakomeye. Inzuzi ntizimya nka robine; igitonyanga gitunguranye kumugezi wubukonje bisobanura frazil nini, urubura rwa ankor, cyangwa ice ice yamenetse imaze kwambukiranya umuyoboro ugana hejuru, igahagarika uruzi rwose inyuma yurukuta rudahungabana. Iyo urwo rugomero rwa rubura rumaze guturika, rushobora kubaho nyuma yiminota cyangwa amasaha, uburebure bwa metero 3 kugeza kuri 6 z'uburebure bwamazi hamwe no gusya urubura ("jave") biziruka kumugezi wagaragaye kuri kilometero 18 kugeza kuri 36 kumasaha. Zamuka hejuru ya banki ako kanya.

Nigute ingomero z'amashanyarazi n'ibiti byo mu mujyi bibuza urubura rwa frazil gucomeka ibyuma byo gufata amazi?¶

Urubura rukora frazil rukomera gusa hejuru yubutaka bwamazi mugihe amazi arenze hejuru ya dogere selisiyusi 0.00, kandi ikomera cyane kumabari yambaye ubusa, akonje. Ibimera byamazi na sitasiyo y’amashanyarazi birinda guhagarara hakoreshejwe uburyo butanu: gushyushya ibyuma bitagira umwobo imyanda cyangwa amashanyarazi hamwe na dogere 0.2 kugeza kuri 0.5 selisiyusi kugirango kristu idashobora guhuza; kuzenguruka umugezi muto w'amazi akonje ashyushye mumbere yo gufata kugirango ukureho supercooling; gusya grates hamwe na polymethylene polymers nkeya; Gukoresha compression-air bubbler umwenda kugirango uhindure umushyitsi; no gutinda umuvuduko wamazi wamazi uri munsi ya metero 0,5 kumasegonda ukoresheje urubura rureremba hejuru kuburyo igipfundikizo cyibarafu gikora kugirango gikingire amazi yumuyaga ukonje.

Kuki utagomba na rimwe gutwara imodoka cyangwa ikamyo unyuze mu mazi maremare ya ice-jam mu muhanda?¶

Gutwara muri santimetero 15 kugeza kuri 20 (santimetero 6 kugeza kuri 8) z'amazi y'umwuzure wa frazil ni bibi cyane kuruta ibiziba byo mu cyi kubwimpamvu eshatu. Ubwa mbere, akajagari kanyeganyega gahisha hejuru y'ibiro 200 by'urubura rukomeye rw'umugezi rushobora gukata imigozi ya karuvati cyangwa umugozi munsi ya chassis, bikazamura amapine kuri kaburimbo. Icya kabiri, 0 C frazil irasunika kuri rot ya feri ishyushye, kaliperi, hamwe no kuyobora hanyuma igahinduka urubura rukomeye mumasegonda 60, gufunga ibiziga cyangwa guhagarika feri burundu. Icya gatatu, niba moteri ihagaze mukuzamuka munsi ya zeru, amazi arakonja hafi yinzugi hanyuma akaduka muminota mike, agatega abayirimo imbere mumabati adashyushye.

Inkomoko nubuyobozi¶

• ** Amerika. Ingabo za Corps of Engineers (USACE) Uturere dukonje Ubushakashatsi na Laboratoire (CRREL, Reta zunzubumwe za Amerika): ** * Ubwubatsi nogushushanya: Igitabo cyubushakashatsi bwibishushanyo mbonera (EM 1110-2-1612) *
• ** Ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe inyanja n’ikirere (NOAA) & Ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe ikirere (NWS, Amerika): **
• ** Ibidukikije n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe Kanada (ECCC) & Inama y’ubushakashatsi ku rwego rw’igihugu Kanada (NRC, Kanada): ** * Inzira y’Uruzi rw’Uruzi, Frazil Slush Hazards, hamwe n’amabwiriza ya Hydraulic yo muri Kanada yo guteganya imyuzure y’imvura *.
• ** Ubuyobozi bushinzwe umutungo w’amazi n’ingufu (NVE, Noruveje): ** * Urubura rwa Frazil, Urubura rwa Anchor, hamwe n’imicungire y’amashanyarazi mu migezi ya Sub-Zero (Igitabo gikubiyemo Ispatruljen) *.
• ** Umuryango mpuzamahanga w’iteganyagihe (WMO, Mpuzamahanga): ** * Igitabo cyerekeye Guteganya Umwuzure no Kuburira (WMO-No 1072), Ubukonje-Akarere ka Ice-Jam Hydrology na Sisitemu yo Kuburira hakiri kare *.

Kuyobora¶

• Urubura rwa Frazil, urubura rwinzuzi, imyuzure yamenetse, hamwe na ice shove tsunami
• Umwuzure
• Ikiyaga cya glacial cyuzuye imyuzure no kwimura urugomero
• Imvura y'amahindu
• Hypothermia hamwe n'ubukonje