Superfog: Umwotsi wumuriro cyangwa umwotsi wa Marsh Uvanze nigihu na Zeru-Kugaragara Pileups¶

Mugihe igihu gisanzwe cyimyororokere kigabanya umushoferi kugera kuri metero 100 kugeza kuri 400 (metero 330 kugeza kuri 1300), ** superfog ** nikintu gikabije, cyinshi cyane cyikirere cyamanuka kigaragara kuva mukirere cyera rwose kugeza kuri ** munsi ya metero 1 kugeza kuri 3 (metero 3 kugeza kuri 10) **, akenshi bitarenze uburebure bwikinyabiziga cyawe bwite, mumwanya wa metero 20 kumuhanda wihuta. Superfog ikora iyo umwotsi ukonje, wuzuye nubushuhe hamwe numwuka wamazi uzamuka uva kuri ** uhumura ibintu kama kama kama ** (nkumuriro wibishanga byo ku nkombe, inkongi yumuriro wibiti, cyangwa ibiti byamashyamba nyuma yumuriro cyangwa gutwikwa byateganijwe) bivanze numwuka ukonje, wuzuye mwijoro mwinjiriro ryubushyuhe buke cyangwa ikibaya cyinzuzi. Umwotsi wa microscopique ukora nka miliyari ya nuclei ya hygroscopique, gufunga ibitonyanga byamazi murukuta rutagaragara, amavuta yumukara-umukara cyangwa umuhondo-wera ukurura amatara n'amatara yose. Kubera ko abashoferi bakora urugendo rw'ibirometero 105 kugeza kuri 120 (65 kugeza 75hh) binjira muri banki ya superfog hamwe na zeru zeru zerekanwa, superfog niyo mpamvu nyamukuru itera ibiza ** 50 -160-ibinyabiziga bihuza ibinyabiziga bigenda byambukiranya ** byambukiranya inyanja ya Mexico, mu majyepfo yuburasirazuba bwa Amerika, no mumihanda minini yisi yose. Niba ufite uruhare mu kugongana n’imodoka nyinshi, hamagara aho utuye (Gulf of Mexico) nimero yihutirwa ako kanya hanyuma ubaze abatuyobora amashaza-isupu imirasire yibicu hamwe na tule igihu, peat bog umuriro no gucana munsi y'ubutaka, imodoka yakoze impanuka, na guhumeka umwotsi.

Kora ubu¶

1. ** Genda gahoro gahoro ako kanya uhumura inkwi cyangwa umwotsi wa peat nijoro cyangwa bucya **: Muri zone ya superfog, izuru ryawe rirakuburira mbere yuko amaso yawe akora. Niba uhumura igishanga cya acrid, peat, cyangwa umwotsi wa pinusi mugihe utwaye hagati ya saa sita zijoro na 9h00 za mugitondo, cyane cyane iyo wegereye ikiraro cyinzuzi, inzira ya bayou, cyangwa ikibaya gito, uhite uhagarika kugenzura ubwato hanyuma ugabanye umuvuduko wawe neza mbere yuko ukubita urukuta rutagaragara.
2. ** Hindura amatara kumatara MASO (dipped beams) hanyuma uzimye amatara yimbere ninyuma **: Ntuzigere ukoresha amatara maremare cyane muri superfog. Ubwinshi bwibitonyanga byamazi byuzuye umwotsi byerekana urumuri rwinshi rugaruka mumaso yawe (backscatter glare), guhuma amaso rwose.
3. ** Ntukigere ukubita feri yawe cyangwa ngo uhagarare mumihanda ikora ingendo ndende **: Guhagarara munzira nyabagendwa nzima imbere ya zeru-visible superfog yemeza ko amakamyo yimodoka hamwe nimodoka zigenda kumuvuduko munini bizinjira mumashanyarazi yawe mumasegonda.
4. ** Kura burundu umuhanda wa kaburimbo, hejuru yigitugu cyiburyo unyuze hejuru yumuzamu niba bishoboka, hanyuma uhindure amatara yimodoka YOSE yigeze guhagarara kumuhanda **: Niba udashobora kugera kumurongo wogusohokamo kandi ugomba guhagarara kumurongo wibyatsi neza kumuhanda, uzimye amatara yawe, amatara ya feri, hamwe na flash yamashanyarazi umaze gukuraho neza mumihanda kugirango abashoferi bafite ubwoba inyuma yawe ntukore "inzira yinyenzi".
5. ** Niba uguye cyangwa uhagaritswe mukirundo cyumuhanda, komeza umukandara wawe kandi ugume mumodoka yawe mugihe cyingaruka zinyuma, Keretse niba imodoka yawe ifashe umuriro cyangwa urashobora guhita wikubita hejuru yumuzamu wegeranye **: Gusohoka kuri asfalt hagati yimodoka mugihe amakamyo atwara toni 40 aracyagonga inyuma yikirundo kuri kilometero 100 / h (62 mph).
6. ** Iyo ituze ryo guhanuka ryemerera kwimuka, uhunge UPSTREAM (werekeza kumuhanda ugenda) hanyuma FAR BEYOND irinde hanze **: Numara gusohoka hanze yumuzamu cyangwa hejuru yumuhanda wumuhanda, genda ** hejuru ** (werekeza kumuhanda uva mumuhanda) kugirango imodoka zikurikiraho zinyerera imbere yumuhanda ntizishobora kukwirakwiza imyanda.

Igiti cyemezo: Guhura na superfog hamwe no kumuhanda pileup kubaho¶

flowchart TD
    Drive["Gutwara nijoro / Igitondo Cyambere hafi yumuriro, Byateganijwe gutwikwa, umuriro wibishanga, cyangwa ikibaya cyinzuzi"] --> SmellSmoke{"Impumuro yimbaho ​​/ Umwotsi wumwotsi CYANGWA Reba Ubwenge bwibicu byubutaka imbere?"}
    SmellSmoke -->|"Yego"| PrepCar["Kwanga kugenzura ubwato; Hindukira kumuri Mucyo + Amatara yibicu; Shiraho HVAC Kuzenguruka; Fata Ibikurikira Gusohoka niba bishoboka"]
    PrepCar --> EnterWall{"Mu buryo butunguranye Injira Zeru-Kugaragara Superfog (<3 m / 10 ft Kugaragara)?"}
    EnterWall -->|"Yego, Nta mpanuka"| RoadType{"Waba uri kumuhanda ufunguye ufite ibyatsi cyangwa ikiraro kizamuye hejuru?"}
    RoadType -->|"Fungura Umuhanda ufite Urutugu runini / Ibyatsi"| PullWayOff["Kuyobora Buhoro Buhoro Ukoreshe Umurongo Wiburyo Byose Inzira Yumuhanda Hafi Yibyatsi Kurenga Guardrail; Gufata ibirenge; Zimya amatara; Guma mu gihirahiro"]
    RoadType -->|"Ikiraro cyazamutse / Nta rutugu"| CreepForward["Komeza Kugenda gahoro gahoro kumurongo wiburyo Ukurikira umurongo ushushanyije; Reba Indorerwamo; Sohora ikiraro mbere yo guhagarara"]
    EnterWall -->|"Impanuka ibaho / Yahagaritswe mubikorwa bifatika"| FireCheck{"Imodoka yawe Yaka CYANGWA Impumuro ya lisansi iruhande yumuriro?"}
    FireCheck -->|"Nibyo, Ako kanya umuriro"| EvacFire["Kuramo ako kanya; Sohoka kure yumuhanda; Kurira hejuru ya bariyeri cyangwa kurinda; Himura Hejuru"]
    FireCheck -->|"Nta muriro; Ibinyabiziga Biracyahanuka Inyuma"| BraceInCar["KOMEZA GUKURIKIRA; Kureka moteri ikora / Imifuka ikora; Kanda Umutwe Kurwanya Umutwe; Amaboko Hasi Kumuziga"]
    BraceInCar --> LullCheck{"Ingaruka Yinyuma Yahagaritswe CYANGWA Urashobora Kugera Kurinda Hanze mumasegonda 3?"}
    LullCheck -->|"Nibyo, icyuho cyiza kuri Guardrail"| FleeGuardrail["Sohoka Umugenzi / Hanze y'umuryango; Ako kanya Vault hejuru ya Murinzi / Urukuta; Genda UPSTREAM Yitaruye Ibisigazwa"]
    LullCheck -->|"Oya, Imodoka Iracyavuza Impande zombi"| StayBuckled["Guma Hasi kandi Uhambire Imbere Yicyuma Cyabagenzi Kugeza Ingaruka Zihagarara"]

Meteorology na physics: Ukuntu umwotsi wijimye hamwe nigihu bitera "Superfog"¶

Ijambo ** superfog ** ryasobanuwe kumugaragaro na USDA ishinzwe ishami ry’amashyamba ry’umuriro kugira ngo risobanure imikoranire yihariye ya termodinamike hagati ya ** ubushyuhe buke bwo gutwika umuriro ** na ** imirasire y’imipaka ikonjesha ** itanga amazi y’amazi hamwe na coefficient zo kuzimya optique kurenza umwotsi cyangwa igihu cyonyine gishobora kugerwaho.

1¶

Ikamba ryaka, ryaka umuriro ryaka umuriro kuri dogere selisiyusi 800 kugeza kuri 1100 (dogere 1,470 kugeza kuri 2.010 Fahrenheit) **. Kuberako iyo plume ishyushye cyane kandi igendagenda, iturika metero ibihumbi igororotse igana muri troposse yo hejuru (convective lofting), gutwara umwotsi wacyo hejuru yumuhanda munini wegereye.

Ibinyuranye na byo, ** gutwika **, bibaho mugihe cya mop-up icyiciro cyangwa ibyumweru nyuma yumuriro w’umuriro, mugihe cyibihe byagenwe byateganijwe gutwikwa, cyangwa imbere mu bishanga bitose ** ibishanga byo ku nkombe, ibishanga bya cypress, hamwe n’ibiti byo munsi y’ubutaka **, byaka buhoro nta muriro kuri dogere selisiyusi ** 300 kugeza kuri 500.

• ** Umwuka mwinshi wamazi uva mumavuta yatose **: Ifu kama yumutuku, muck, na pinusi zirimo 50% kugeza 200% nubushyuhe bwumye. Mugihe ubushyuhe bukabije butembera mu butaka kama, buteka toni ibihumbi n’ibicu byamazi ashyushye ** (H2O) ** iburyo hamwe n'umwotsi mwinshi. Buri kilo yo gutwika amavuta kama nayo itanga imiti yongeyeho ibiro 0.5 byumwuka wamazi.
• ** Zero buoyancy nijoro **: Kubera ko umwotsi ucumba umwotsi ushushe cyane kuruta ikirere gikikije, ntigira hejuru. Izuba rimaze kurenga n'ubutaka bukonje, umwotsi utose uhobera hasi nk'amazi aremereye kandi ukamanuka kumanuka (katabatic cold-air drainage) mubutaka bwo hasi: ** ibibaya byinzuzi, imigezi yimigezi, ibibaya bya marshland, hamwe no guca umuhanda wihebye **.

2. Nuclei ya Hygroscopique hamwe na black optique¶

Iyo ubu bushyuhe, bukungahaye cyane ku bicu bitemba byinjira mu kibaya cy’umugezi gikonje, cyuzuye nijoro cyangwa hakurya y’amazi akonje ya bayou aho ubushyuhe bw’ikirere buri hafi y’ikime cyacyo (relative humidity > 90%):

1. ** Amamiliyaridi yimbuto za microscopique **: Umwotsi uturuka ku mbuto zumye kandi ibyatsi byo mu gishanga byuzuyemo amazi akurura ((hygroscopic) potasiyumu, chloride, sulfate, hamwe na karubone ya karubone ipima micrometero 0.1 kugeza 1.0.
2. ** Guturika kwa Micro-ibitonyanga **: Aho kugira ngo imyuka y’amazi yegeranye mu bitonyanga ibihumbi bike ugereranije nini kuri santimetero kibe (nko mu gihu gisanzwe cy’imirasire isukuye, aho ibitonyanga bikura bikagera kuri micrometero 15 kugeza kuri 25 bikarangira bikarangira), imyuka y’amazi ihurira icyarimwe kuri ** ibihumbi icumi byumwotsi nuclei kuri santimetero kibe **.
3. ** Kuki urumuri rudashobora gucengera **: Kuberako amazi agabanijwemo miriyoni nyinshi zitonyanga ntoya, zifite umwotsi (micrometero 5 kugeza kuri 10 z'umurambararo) zometse kuri karubone yumukara wijimye kandi wijimye ()tar balls), ibitonyanga biguma bihagaritswe igihe kitazwi kandi bigatatanya cyangwa bigakuramo ** 99,9% yumucyo ugaragara muri metero 1 kugeza kuri 2 (metero 3 kugeza 6.5) **.

Kugereranya: Superfog na Imirasire (Tule) Igicu na Dry Wildfire Umwotsi na Haboob¶

Ibimenyetso byo kuburira mbere yo kwinjira nuburyo bwo kwirukana muri superfog¶

Kuberako superfog ikora mumiyoboro y'amazi yaho hamwe no munsi yinzuzi, umuhanda urashobora kuba usobanutse neza (16 kilometers / 10 miles visibility) hejuru yo kuzamuka gake hanyuma ukamanuka kuri ** zeru igaragara ** metero 100 nyuma hepfo yumugezi wibiza cyangwa ikiraro.

Ibimenyetso byo kuburira hakiri kare mbere yo gukubita urukuta¶

1. ** Impumuro yumuriro ugurumana cyangwa gutwika ibyatsi byo mu gishanga nijoro **: Igihe cyose uhumura umwotsi utwaye ninjoro cyangwa mugitondo cya kare, nubwo inyenyeri zigaragara hejuru kandi umuhanda ujya imbere usa neza neza, fata ko banki ya superfog irimo guhurira ahantu hakurikira cyangwa ikiraro cyambukiranya imbere.
2. ** Hindura ikirere cyawe cyo kugenzura ikirere (HVAC) KUBONA (MAX A/C cyangwa kuzenguruka imbere hamwe na defroster yongera umuyaga) ako kanya **: Gukonjesha amashanyarazi hamwe nigishanga cya superfog kirimo ibyago byinshi bya ** monoxide ya karubone (CO) **, formaldehyde, acrolein, na ultrafine ibintu byangiza (PM2.5 kurenza 1,000 ug/m3). Gufunga umwuka mwiza wo hanze birinda umwotsi kuniga kuzuza akazu kawe iyo ukubise banki.
3. ** Reba uburebure bwa termometero nuburebure bwumuhanda **: Niba ikibaho cyawe hanze yubushyuhe bwikirere gitunguranye kigabanuka kuri dogere selisiyusi 3 kugeza kuri 5 (dogere 5 kugeza kuri 9 Fahrenheit) mugihe umuhanda munini umanuka mumugezi, inzira y'ibishanga, cyangwa ikibaya kirenga, winjiye muri pisine ikonje ikonje.

Tekinike yo gutwara iyo ifashwe imbere ya superfog itunguranye¶

Niba winjiye muri banki ya superfog ukaba udashobora kubona imodoka imbere yawe:

• ** Kura ikirenge cyawe kuri moteri hanyuma ugabanye gahoro gahoro, ntuzigere ukubita feri **: Gufunga feri yawe cyangwa gukora amatara ya ABS panic-stop itagaragara muri zeru bitagaragara bituma umushoferi akururuka amasegonda 2 inyuma yawe kugirango arangize ako kanya.
• ** Koresha umurongo wera usize irangi iburyo (fog line.vertigo) kandi igutera kunyura mumihanda. Reba hepfo gato gato iburyo (cyangwa ibumoso mubihugu bitwara ibumoso-bwongereza na Ositaraliya) kumurongo wamabara ya pavement kuruhande kuruhande rwimbere.
• ** Kumanura idirishya ryumushoferi wawe santimetero 5 (santimetero 2) hanyuma uzimye radio **: Muburyo bwa zeru, amatwi yawe azumva urusaku rwicyuma, feri yumuyaga wikamyo yikamyo yikamyo, hamwe namahembe yikirundo imbere yamasegonda 5 kugeza 10 mbere yuko ubona itara rimwe rya feri.
• ** Kanda amahembe yawe cyangwa amatara ya hazard mugihe gito gusa mugihe ugenda gahoro kugirango uburire umuyoboke wa hafi, hanyuma usohoke mumuhanda burundu **: Fata inzira ikurikira cyane yo gusohoka, ahantu ho kuruhukira, cyangwa mugari udakorewe amabuye arenze ibitugu. Niba ugomba guhagarara ku byatsi byo kumuhanda bisukuye neza ku rutugu rwa kaburimbo no inyuma yumuzamu, ** uzimye amatara yose yo hanze, ukure ikirenge kuri pederi ya feri, shyira feri yo guhagarara **, hanyuma utegereze imbere cyangwa inyuma yumuzamu.

Intambwe ku yindi kurokoka imbere yimodoka nyinshi¶

Niba wunvise amajwi adashidikanywaho yo kumenagura ibyuma na feri yo mu kirere imbere ya superfog, cyangwa niba imodoka yawe ikubise inyuma yumurongo uhagaze:

Icyiciro cya 1: Amasegonda 60 yambere (Brace yingaruka zinyuma)¶

Muri superfog pileup, ingaruka zambere imbere yawe ni gake cyane ikwica; akaga gakomeye kaza nyuma yamasegonda 3 kugeza kuri 45 nyuma ** mugihe ibiro 36.000 (80.000 pound) traktor-trailer yikubise inyuma yimodoka yawe ihagaze.

1. ** Gerageza kwerekeza kumpera yinyuma cyangwa uhagaritse hejuru yikamyo yikamyo iremereye mbere yo guhagarara **: Niba uhagaze inyuma yimodoka imwe itagaragara muri zeru itagaragara, gerageza gutereta imodoka yawe kurutugu rwiburyo cyangwa hagati aho kwicara cyane inyuma yicyuma gisize inyuma munsi yumurongo wa toni 40, kugirango utaba sandwiched (accordioned) hagati yamakamyo abiri aremereye niba ikindi cyuma kigukubise inyuma.
2. ** Komeza umukandara wawe wumukandara hanyuma usige umuriro ON **: Ibinyabiziga bigezweho bisaba ko umuzunguruko ukomeza gukora kugirango umwenda ukingirire kuruhande hamwe nisakoshi yindege ya kabiri yo mu kirere kugirango ikoreshwe mugihe cyingaruka zikurikiraho, kandi akazu kawe kerekana ingingo eshatu + icyuma cyabagenzi cyicyuma cyagenewe gukuramo imbaraga za kinetic zahita zica abanyamaguru badafite umupaka.
3. ** Fata imyanya yinyuma yinyuma **: Kanda inyuma yumutwe wawe uhagaze neza hagati yumutwe, reba neza imbere (uhindukiza umutwe kuruhande mugihe cyinyuma yinyuma itera umugongo wumugongo winkondo y'umura), shyira amaboko yawe hasi kumasaha ya saa yine na 8 zumuzingi wa tekinike, hanyuma ukande ibirenge byawe hasi kuruhande.

Icyiciro cya 2: Guhitamo igihe cyo kuguma mumodoka nigihe cyo kwimuka¶

Koresha iri tegeko rikomeye, ubuzima-cyangwa-urupfu nyuma yimodoka yawe ihagaze:

Icyiciro cya 3: Aho ugomba kugenda iyo umaze gusohoka mu modoka (Itegeko "Hejuru Hejuru ya Murinzi")¶

Buri mwaka, abarokotse bahunga imodoka zabo badakomeretse mugihe cyo guhunika igihu bicwa nyuma yiminota mike kuko bahagaze ahantu hadakwiye kumuhanda.

1. ** Ntuzigere uhagarara hagati yimodoka, imbere yumutwe wawe, cyangwa inyuma yumutiba wawe kugirango ugenzure ibyangiritse cyangwa ubwishingizi bwo guhana **: Muri superfog, undi muhengeri wimodoka urashobora kugonga inyuma yikirundo nyuma yiminota 5 nyuma yimpanuka ya mbere, ukazunguza akayaga yimodoka 20 yose imbere ya metero 15 (metero 50) hanyuma ugahonda umuntu wese uhagaze hagati ya bamperi.
2. ** Mbere yo gusimbukira hejuru ya bariyeri yikiraro igaragara muri zeru itagaragara, REBA HANZE hejuru yinkombe ya mbere **: Ku kiraro cyazamutse hejuru y’ibiraro hagati y’ibihugu (nka I-10 cyangwa I-55 hakurya y’ibishanga bya Mexico ndetse n’ibigobe), ikinyuranyo kiri hagati y’inzitizi z’amajyaruguru n’amajyepfo cyangwa igitonyanga kiri hanze ya metero 15 kugeza kuri 30 zuzuye (metero 50 kugeza kuri 30). Mu mateka menshi y’ibihu, abamotari bagize ubwoba berekeje hejuru yurukuta rwikiraro batagaragara kuri zeru bibwira ko umuhuza wibyatsi yari kurundi ruhande aragwa. Niba uri hejuru yikiraro kinini hamwe nigitonyanga gihagaritse hepfo, guma kumuhanda muto wabanyamaguru unyuze inyuma yumuhanda cyangwa ugende ** hejuru ugana kurukuta rwinyuma rwa ** kure yakarere. (Gulf of Mexico)
3. ** Genda UPSTREAM (werekeza kumodoka igenda) rimwe mumutekano inyuma yumuzamu cyangwa hejuru yinkombe **:
4. ** Hasi (mu cyerekezo traffic igenda) ** ni ** ikwirakwiza imyanda **: buri kinyabiziga gishya kigonga pileup kirekura ibiziga, moteri, hamwe n’imodoka yazungurutse imbere (downstream) kumanuka.
5. Iyo ugenda ** metero 50 kugeza 100 (metero 165 kugeza 330) UPSTREAM ** kuruhande rwumutekano (cyangwa hejuru hejuru yumusozi wumusozi uhanamye), uragenda inyuma yingaruka mugihe uzunguza itara ryaka cyane cyangwa ikoti ryerekanwa cyane riva inyuma yumuzamu kugirango uburire abashoferi begereye gutinda mbere yuko bakubita impanuka.

Inomero zihutirwa zo mukarere hamwe na protocole yikigo¶

Ibibazo bikunze kubazwa¶

Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati y'igihu gisanzwe na "superfog"?¶

Ubushuhe busanzwe bwimishwarara ituruka kumyuka wamazi meza yegeranye numwuka ukonje wijoro kandi mubisanzwe bigabanya kugaragara hagati ya metero 100 na 400 (metero 330 kugeza 1300), cyangwa kumanuka kugera kuri metero 10 kugeza 30 mubicu bikabije. Superfog ikora gusa mugihe umwotsi hamwe numwuka mwinshi wamazi aturuka kumyuka yumubiri utose, nkumuriro wibishanga byo ku nkombe, umuriro wa bogi, cyangwa inkongi yumuriro ukabije, ukavangwa numwuka ukonje, wuzuye mwijoro nijoro mubushyuhe buke. Amamiliyaridi ya mikorosikopi yumwotsi ikora nkimbuto za kondegene zipakira ibitonyanga byamazi kuburyo bigaragara ko bigabanuka kugera kuri metero 1 kugeza kuri 3 (metero 3 kugeza 10), bihuma abashoferi ako kanya.

Kuki superfog ikora cyane hagati ya saa sita zijoro na 8h00 AM nyuma yumuriro ugaragara ko ugiye gupfa?¶

Nyuma ya saa sita zishyushye, umuriro ugurumana utanga ubushyuhe bukabije butumura umwotsi mwinshi mwijuru kure yubutaka. Mwijoro, uko ubushyuhe bugenda bugabanuka nubushuhe bukazamuka, umuriro uva mumuriro ushushe ugahinduka ubushyuhe buke ((`300 to 500 degrees Celsius`), irekura umwotsi mwinshi, utose nta buoyancy hejuru. Hagati ya saa sita z'ijoro n'izuba rirashe, gukonjesha imirasire bitera umutego muto w'umwuka ukonje ku butaka (`a nocturnal inversion`), gukurura uwo mwotsi utose mukibaya cyinzuzi gito, ibishanga, no kugabanya umuhanda aho bihurira na superfog mugihe cyamasaha yo kugenda.

Nakagombye kuzimya flashers yanjye mugihe utwaye cyangwa uhagaze muri zeru-igaragara superfog?¶

Gusa koresha flasher ya hazard niba uhatirwa kunyerera gahoro gahoro mumurongo ukora cyangwa ufunzwe uhagaze mumihanda nyabagendwa aho udashobora guhaguruka. Mugihe ukuyemo umuhanda wa kaburimbo ku rutugu cyangwa ku cyatsi, ugomba guhindura flasher yawe, amatara, n'amatara ya feri. Muri zero-visibilité superfog, abashoferi bafite ubwoba inyuma yawe barwaye "ingaruka zinyenzi": bahanze amaso kumatara yose yaka imbere, bakeka ko imodoka yawe ihagaze igenda kumuhanda, hanyuma bakava mumuhanda berekeza mumodoka yawe kumuvuduko wumuhanda.

Niba nishora mumihanda minini ya superfog, nibyiza kuguma mumodoka yanjye cyangwa gusohoka nkiruka?¶

Igihe cyose ikinyabiziga cyawe kitaba cyaka kandi ntigisohora amavuta mbisi iruhande rwumuriro, ugomba kugumisha umukandara wawe kandi ukaguma mumodoka yawe mugihe izindi modoka zirimo zigwa hafi yawe. Ikariso yawe yumutekano wibyuma, uduce twinshi, hamwe nisakoshi yindege birashobora gukuramo ingaruka zahita zica umunyamaguru uhagaze kumuhanda. Gusa usohokane mumodoka yawe mugihe habaye ihagarara risobanutse mubitera inyuma kandi urashobora kugera kuruhande rwumutekano wumurinzi wicyuma cyangwa inkombe ndende mumasegonda 2 kugeza kuri 3, kandi buri gihe ugenzure hepfo mbere yo kuzamuka hejuru yurukuta hejuru yikiraro.

Kuki abatabazi byihutirwa babwira abarokotse pileup kugenda "hejuru" inyuma yumuzamu aho kugenda imbere?¶

Mu kayira kegereye umuhanda, ibinyabiziga bigenda byiyongera inyuma yinyuma kandi biranyerera ("kumanuka"). Igihe cyose ikamyo iremereye ikubise ikirundo, irekura imodoka zajanjaguwe, ibyuma byacitse, n'amapine imbere yumuhanda no kumugezi wo hepfo. Iyo uzamutse hejuru yumuzamu ukagenda metero 50 kugeza kuri 100 "hejuru" (gusubira mucyerekezo cyumuhanda ugenda uturuka, mugihe ugumye neza inyuma ya bariyeri cyangwa hejuru yumusozi), uba wishyize inyuma yingaruka aho imyanda iguruka idashobora kukugeraho.

Ni ukubera iki nkwiye gushiraho imashini yimashini cyangwa icyuma gishyushya "Gusubiramo" mugihe wegereye superfog?¶

Bitandukanye n’igihu gisanzwe cy’amazi meza, superfog ni kimwe cya kabiri cyumwotsi uterwa no gutwikwa kwuzuye, ubushyuhe buke bwo gutwika ibishishwa, ibishanga, cyangwa amashyamba. Uyu mwotsi ucumba urimo karubone nyinshi ya karubone (`CO`), imyuka ya cyanide ijyanye na gaze kama, formaldehyde, hamwe na concentrated `PM2.5` soot yashizwe mumazi ya acide. Guhindura imodoka ya HVAC yimodoka yawe mukuzenguruka ikirere imbere mbere yo kwinjira muri plume bituma umwotsi wubumara uva mu kabari kawe, cyane cyane iyo urangije guhagarara mumodoka muri banki yibicu.

Kuyobora¶

• Imirasire-isupu yumucyo, igihu cya tule, hamwe nibinyabiziga byinshi
• Peat bog umuriro, gucana amakara munsi yubutaka, hamwe nu mwobo wo munsi
• Umwotsi wumuriro hamwe no guhumeka ivu
• Impanuka y'imodoka: umutekano wibibaho, gukuramo, no kwirinda umugongo
• Carbone monoxide hamwe no guhumeka umwotsi ubufasha bwambere

Inkomoko nubuyobozi¶

• ** Ishami rishinzwe ubuhinzi muri Amerika (USDA) Serivisi ishinzwe amashyamba - Ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi cy’amajyepfo & Pasifika ya Wildland Fire Science Laboratoire: ** * Imiterere ya Superfog Imiterere, Imyuka ihumura neza, hamwe na Wildland-Highway Visibility Modeling *.
• ** Ikigo cy’igihugu cy’inyanja n’ikirere (NOAA) - Ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe ikirere (NWS, Amerika): ** * Umujyanama w’umwotsi mwinshi, ibipimo ngenderwaho bya Superfog, hamwe n’amabwiriza agenga umutekano w’abatwara ibinyabiziga *.
• ** Ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe umutekano wo gutwara abantu (NTSB, Amerika): ** * Raporo y’iperereza ryihariye ry’imihanda kuri bike-bigaragara cyane Imodoka nyinshi zinyuranya n’imivurungano hamwe n’ingamba zo guhangana n’ibiraro *.
• ** Ubuyobozi bukuru bwimihanda (FHWA, Reta zunzubumwe zamerika): ** * Sisitemu yo Kuburira-Ntiboneka-Buke, Sensor Yerekana Ibicu / Umwotsi, hamwe na protocole yo kwirinda impanuka yabamotari *.
• ** Ibiro Bikuru by’Ubwongereza & Umuhanda munini w’igihugu (Ubwongereza): ** * Gutwara ibicu bikabije n’umwotsi wa Moorland: Amategeko agenga umuhanda Amategeko 226 kugeza 236 (Amatara maremare, Amatara y’ibicu, hamwe no kwimura umuhanda ukomeye-ibitugu) *.