Guturika ibirahuri bitetse, kumenagura ibirahuri hejuru, hamwe nikirahure mubiryo¶

Iyo isahani yo gutekesha ikirahuri, umupfundikizo wikirahure, cyangwa ikirahure cyameza yamenetse mugikoni biturutse kumashanyarazi cyangwa ingaruka zumubiri, ntibikunze gucikamo ibice bibiri cyangwa bitatu byiza. Ahubwo, ibirahuri byongerwamo ubushyuhe nubushyuhe bwa soda-lime ibirahure bisohora ububiko bwimbere bwimbere, ako kanya biturika bikabije kandi bigatangiza uduce twinshi twinshi twogosha urwembe hamwe ninshinge zitagaragara za microscopique ibirahuri bigera kuri metero 5 (metero 16) hejuru yumuhanda, inkono ifunguye ibiryo, amagorofa yigikoni, nibirenge byambaye ubusa.

Aka gatabo karasobanura icyo gukora mu masegonda mirongo itandatu yambere nyuma yo guteka ibirahuri cyangwa guteka ibirahuri-ceramic guteka, uburyo bwo kurinda abagize umuryango hamwe n’ibikoko bitungwa n’ibirahure byihishe, mugihe ibigo bishinzwe umutekano byibiribwa bigusaba guta amafunguro yegeranye utiriwe ufata akantu kamwe, niki wakora mugihe umuntu amize igice cyikirahure cyangiritse cyangwa amashanyarazi yinjizamo ibintu bitarinze kumeneka.

Kora ubu¶

1. ** Hagarika abantu bose aho bari, ubwire abagize umuryango kudatera intambwe nimwe mumaguru cyangwa amasogisi yambaye ubusa, hanyuma ukure abana hamwe ninyamanswa mu gikoni **: Ibisasu biturika byikirahure bigenda byinjira mu cyumba cyose no mumihanda yegeranye aho bitagaragara rwose kuri tile yaka cyane cyangwa hasi yibiti kugeza igihe umuntu abakandagiye.
2. ** Wambare inkweto zikomeye hamwe nakazi keza cyangwa uturindantoki twoza ibikoresho mbere yo gutera indi ntambwe **: Niba inkweto zawe ziri mubindi byumba ukaba wafatiwe mu gikoni gitwikiriye ikirahure, shyira igitambaro cyo kwiyuhagiriramo cyinshi, agasanduku k'amakarito, cyangwa matelas yo mu gikoni imbere y'ibirenge byawe nk'ikiraro cy'agateganyo kugeza igihe ushobora kwambara inkweto zikomeye zifunze.
3. ** Zimya itanura, gutwika amashyiga, cyangwa guhanagura icyuma cy’umuzunguruko w’igikoni cya volt 240 niba igikoni cyikirahure ubwacyo cyaravunitse cyangwa kimenetse **: Ntukigere ukora ku ziko ryamashanyarazi yamenetse cyangwa yinjizamo mugihe ibikoresho byayo byo gushyushya cyangwa amatara yerekana imbaraga, kandi ntuzigere ureka amazi abira cyangwa amazi ya panike yinjira mumashanyarazi mumashanyarazi maremare.
4. ** Tegereza byibuze iminota 30 kugeza kuri 45 kugirango utekeshe ibirahuri bitetse kandi utekeshe ibiryo kugirango ukonje mbere yo kubikoraho cyangwa kubihanagura **: Gutoragura ibice 200 bya dogere selisiyusi (400-dogere 400-Fahrenheit) bitera ibirahuri byahujwe no gutwika ubushyuhe bwa dogere yo mucyiciro cya gatatu hamwe no gukomeretsa cyane, kandi gusuka amazi akonje kubice byikirahure bishyushye bisigaye ku ziko.
5. ** Fata 100 ku ijana by'ibiribwa, ibinyobwa, indobo, cyangwa ibirungo byari bicaye muri metero 3 kugeza kuri 5 (metero 10 kugeza kuri 16) zo kumena ibirahuri **: Ntuzigere ugerageza kwoza, kunaniza, gushungura, cyangwa gutora ibirahure bimenetse mubiryo cyangwa ibinyobwa; microscopique ibirahuri bitagaragara neza iyo bitose, ntibishobora kuyungurura neza, kandi birashobora gutobora esofagusi cyangwa amara iyo bimizwe.
6. ** Niba hari umuntu ushobora kuba yarabonye agace k'ikirahure mu jisho, ubabwire kudasiba cyangwa gukanda ijisho ryawe, hanyuma ugahita cyangwa ushake ubuvuzi bwihuse bwihuse **: Kunyunyuza ijisho ririmo ikirahure cya microscopique kirahita gitwara silika ityaye muri cornea; kwoza witonze ukoresheje saline saline eyewash cyangwa ushake kwisuzumisha byihuse (reba ibyacu ibikomere by'amaso umuyobozi).

Icyemezo cyo gufata ibyemezo: gusubiza ibirahuri byihutirwa¶

flowchart TD
    Start["Ibirahuri byo mu gikoni byihutirwa (Bakeware, Cooktop, cyangwa Jar Break)"] --> Shoes["Intambwe ya 1: Hagarika Kwimuka, Kwimura Abana / Ibikoko, no Kwambara Inkweto Zikomeye"]
    Shoes --> Source{"Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'Ibirahure Byihutirwa?"}
    Source -->|"Guturika Ikirahure Bakeware cyangwa Igipfundikizo"| CoolWait["Zimya itanura / ziko hanyuma utegereze iminota 30 kugeza 45 kugirango Ikirahure gishyushye gikonje rwose"]
    CoolWait --> DumpFood["Hagarika ibiryo byose bifunguye, ibinyobwa, na barafu muri metero 5 (Ibirenge 16) byo kuruhuka"]
    DumpFood --> CleanProtocol["Kora Ikirahure cya Stage 4-Ikarito (Ikarito, Umuhengeri, Kugenzura Inguni Yerekana, Igitambaro Cyuzuye / Tape)"]
    Source -->|"Kumenagura cyangwa Kumenagura Ikirahure-Ceramic Stovetop"| KillPower["Ntugakore ku buso: Hagarika 240V Ikoresha Range Kumashanyarazi"]
    KillPower --> TapeCrack["Iyo bimaze gukonja, Funga igikoma hamwe numuyoboro uremereye kugirango uhagarike amazi yinjira kugeza ikirahuri hejuru gisimbuwe"]
    Source -->|"Ibirahuri bishoboka Kumirwa mubiryo cyangwa ibinyobwa"| SpitOut["Tera Umunwa usigaye mu kanwa ako kanya kandi woge umunwa witonze (Ntukangure kuruka)"]
    SpitOut --> CheckSymp{"Kuniga, Kuzunguruka, Ijosi / Isanduku / Kubabara mu gifu, cyangwa Amaraso?"}
    CheckSymp -->|"Yego: Ikimenyetso cyangwa Kinini Jagged Igice"| CallEMS["Hamagara nimero yihutirwa cyangwa ujye mu ishami ryihutirwa ako kanya kugirango Endoskopi / Igenzura"]
    CheckSymp -->|"Oya: Utuntu duto gusa nububabare bwa Zeru"| PoisonCall["Hamagara Kurwanya Uburozi / Ubufasha bwa Muganga, Kurya ibiryo byinshi-Fibre Yibiryo Byinshi, na Monitori"]

Impamvu ibirahuri bitetse hamwe nipfundikizo yinkono biturika gitunguranye: borosilicate vs tempered soda-lime ikirahure¶

Imwe mu mpanuka ziteye ubwoba zo mu gikoni zibaho mugihe umutetsi akuye isahani yikirahure mu ziko rishyushye, akayishyira hejuru yumuriro cyangwa gutwika amashyiga, cyangwa akongeramo divayi cyangwa umufa kumasafuriya yumye, hanyuma isahani igaturika bitunguranye nimbaraga zumuriro.

Fizika yumuriro wumuriro hamwe nubushyuhe bwimbere¶

Sobanukirwa n'impamvu ibirahuri bitetse bigufasha kumenya ibyokurya mumabati yawe byoroshye:

1. ** Ikirahuri cya Borosilike (Laboratoire gakondo hamwe nikirahure cy’iburayi cya kera) **: Mu mateka, ibirahuri bya kera byangiza ibirahuri byakorewe mu kirahuri cya ** borosilicate ** (silika ivanze na boron trioxide). Ikirahuri cya Borosilicate gifite coefficient nkeya cyane yo kwagura ubushyuhe (hafi $ 3.3 inshuro 10 ^ {- 6} inyandiko {K} ^ {- 1} $), bivuze ko iyo uruhande rumwe rwibiryo rushyushye kandi urundi ruhande rukora ku buso bukonje, ikirahure cyaguka kandi kigasezerana byoroheje kandi bikarwanya ihungabana ryumuriro. Iyo ikirahuri cya borosilike kimenetse kumanuka, gicamo ibice binini aho guturika.
2. Tempered soda-lime silicate glass (Modern mass-market bakeware and pot lids): Over the past few decades, many manufacturers in North America and globally transitioned consumer glass bakeware and tempered glass pot lids to heat-tempered soda-lime glass. While tempering increases mechanical resistance to being bumped against a sink faucet, soda-lime glass expands and contracts nearly three times as much as borosilicate glass when heated or cooled rapidly.
3. Why tempered soda-lime glass explodes violently: Heat tempering works by rapidly cooling the outside surfaces of the molten glass dish while the inner core cools slowly. This locks the outer skin in high compressive stress and the interior core in high tensile (pulling) stress. If a localized thermal shock (such as setting a 200-degree-Celsius / 400-degree-Fahrenheit dish onto a damp granite countertop, an unlit metal burner ring, or pouring cooler liquid into a dry hot dish) or an invisible microscopic scratch causes a crack to penetrate even a millimeter into that inner tensile core, all of the stored energy across the entire dish releases at the speed of sound (over 1,500 meters per second), shattering the dish into thousands of flying cubes and needles.

Seven actions that trigger glass bakeware explosions¶

Never subject any glass baking dish, glass pie plate, or glass measuring cup to these seven thermal-shock triggers:

• Never place glass bakeware under the broiler (grill element) or inside a toaster oven near exposed quartz/metal heating elements, where radiant infrared heat exceeds 260 degrees Celsius (500 degrees Fahrenheit).
• Never set a glass dish directly on top of a stove burner (gas, electric coil, smooth-top radiant, or induction), even if the burner is turned off; residual heat or a cold metal burner ring creates extreme localized thermal stress that detonates glass bakeware.
• Never take a glass dish out of the oven and set it on a bare granite, quartz, marble, stainless steel, or wet countertop, or on a damp dish towel. Even a barely damp towel turns to steam instantly and sucks heat out of one spot on the bottom of the glass, triggering an explosion. Always set hot glass bakeware strictly onto a dry, thick folded cotton potholder, dry cork trivet, or dry wooden cutting board.
• Never add liquid (broth, water, wine, or cold sauce) or frozen vegetables to a hot, dry glass dish that is already in the oven.
• Never take a glass dish directly from the freezer or refrigerator and place it into a preheated oven; let the dish come to room temperature on the counter first, and always preheat the oven fully before inserting glass bakeware so the bottom heating element does not blast the dish with full-wattage radiant heat during the preheat cycle.
• Never cook dry meats or vegetables in a glass dish without a layer of liquid, oil, or butter covering the bottom; bare dry areas of glass overheat far past the temperature of the areas covered by moist food, creating a lethal temperature differential across the bottom of the pan.
• Inspect glass dishes for flea-bites, chips, and metal utensil scratches: If a glass baking dish has a tiny chip on the rim or deep scratches on the bottom from metal spatulas or knives, retire it from oven use immediately, as surface scratches act as stress concentrators that can cause delayed spontaneous shattering even minutes after the dish is sitting on the counter cooling.

Comparison of kitchen glass hazards and safety responses¶

First aid and medical decision protocol if someone swallows a piece of glass¶

Discovering a chipped drinking glass rim or a shard of glass at the bottom of a plate after you or your child has already swallowed several bites of food is terrifying. Follow this evidence-based medical triage protocol recommended by Poison Control Centers and pediatric gastroenterology societies:

flowchart TD
    Ingest["Suspected Ingestion of Glass in Food or Drink"] --> Mouth["1. Spit Out Everything in Mouth Immediately and Rinse Gently with Water"]
    Mouth --> NoVomit["2. NEVER Induce Vomiting (Vomiting Drives Sharp Glass Back Up Through Esophagus)"]
    NoVomit --> InspectMouth["3. Inspect Lips, Tongue, and Inside of Cheeks Under Bright Light for Small Cuts"]
    InspectMouth --> RedFlags{"Are Any High-Risk Symptoms Present?<br/>(Drooling, Trouble Swallowing, Neck/Throat/Chest/Stomach Pain, Coughing, Vomiting, or Blood)"}
    RedFlags -->|"YES: Any Symptom Present OR Known Large/Jagged Shard Swallowed"| GoER["Go to Hospital Emergency Department Immediately (Or Call Emergency Number if Choking)"]
    RedFlags -->|"NO: Completely Pain-Free and Only Tiny Microscopic Flecks Possible"| CallPoison["Call Poison Control (1-800-222-1222 in US) or Local Medical Helpline for Triage"]
    CallPoison --> Diet["Eat Soft, Bulky High-Fiber Foods (Bread, Mashed Potatoes, Oatmeal, Bananas) and Drink Water"]
    Diet --> Watch["Watch for Delayed Warning Signs Over Next 5 to 7 Days (Black Tarry Stools, Blood, Fever, Abdominal Pain)"]

Why you must NEVER induce vomiting after swallowing glass¶

When someone swallows a sharp foreign object like a glass sliver, a natural panic reaction is to try to make them gag or vomit to bring it back up. Never induce vomiting, and never give syrup of ipecac or salt water. Swallowing is a coordinated muscular wave (peristalsis) that relaxes the esophageal sphincters ahead of the bolus. Vomiting, by contrast, is a violent, high-pressure reverse spasm that forces stomach acid and the sharp glass shard forcefully against the delicate walls of the lower esophageal sphincter, throat, and airway, doubling the risk of a life-threatening esophageal perforation.

Emergency Department red flags vs home observation¶

• Go to the nearest Hospital Emergency Department immediately (or call your local emergency number: 911 in the US/Canada, 112 in the EU, 999 in the UK) if the person has any of the following symptoms:
  • Sensation of something stuck or scratching in the throat, neck, or chest (foreign-body globus sensation).
  • Pain when swallowing saliva or water (odynophagia) or difficulty swallowing (dysphagia).
  • Drooling, spitting up saliva, gagging, wheezing, or coughing (especially in infants and young children who cannot verbalize throat pain). -Any blood in the saliva, vomit, or stool.
  • Chest pain behind the breastbone, upper abdominal pain, cramping, or a rigid/tender belly.
  • You know that the swallowed piece was longer than 1 to 2 centimeters (0.4 to 0.8 inches) or had a curved, jagged dagger shape.
• How doctors evaluate swallowed glass (and why X-rays sometimes miss it): Contrary to an old myth that "only leaded crystal shows up on X-rays," comprehensive radiological studies confirm that almost all household soda-lime, borosilicate, and tempered glass fragments larger than 2 millimeters (1/16 inch) are radiopaque (visible on standard plain X-rays) because their physical density is higher than human soft tissue, though very thin flat flakes under 1 to 2 millimeters or fragments obscured by spine bones may require a low-dose computed tomography (CT) scan or endoscopic evaluation if symptoms are present.
• If the person is completely asymptomatic and only could have swallowed a tiny microscopic fleck: Once cleared by Poison Control or your physician for home observation, normal gastrointestinal peristalsis moves 80 to 90 percent of small ingested foreign objects safely through the digestive tract within 2 to 7 days, coated in mucus and stool. Give the person normal meals rich in soft, bulky fiber (such as soft bread, oatmeal, mashed potatoes, bananas, and pasta) with plenty of water, avoid giving laxatives (laxatives cause rapid, cramping intestinal contractions around the sharp object rather than letting bulky stool surround and cushion it), and go to the emergency room immediately if any abdominal pain, fever, vomiting, or black/bloody stools develop over the next week.

The 4-stage professional protocol for cleaning up shattered glass¶

When tempered glass explodes in a kitchen, simply sweeping the middle of the floor leaves behind hundreds of needle-sharp micro-splinters hiding along baseboards, under the refrigerator kickplate, and in tile grout lines. Use this systematic 4-stage method working from the doorway inward:

Stage 1: Clear a safe standing zone and remove large shards by hand¶

1. Wearing hard-soled shoes, eye protection, and heavy cut-resistant or leather/rubber gloves, prepare a puncture-proof disposal container (a sturdy cardboard box lined with two thick plastic trash bags, or a rigid plastic bucket: never throw loose glass directly into a thin plastic kitchen trash bag, which will slice open and injure you or sanitation workers).
2. Starting at the outer perimeter of the room and working inward toward the center of the break, pick up all large and medium glass pieces using kitchen tongs, a stiff piece of cardboard, or a dustpan (not your bare fingers, even inside thin latex gloves) and place them directly into the cardboard box.
3. Shake out any kitchen rugs, runners, or dish towels that were on the floor over a large contractor trash bag outdoors, or wash/discard them if they are embedded with fine tempered glass needles (note: never put glass-contaminated rugs into your family washing machine, as glass splinters stay trapped inside the washing machine drum perforations and embed into your family's underwear and clothing on the next cycle).

Stage 2: Stiff-bristle sweeping from corners and appliances inward¶

1. Use a stiff-bristled broom and dustpan to sweep from the edges of the room, under the toe-kicks of all base cabinets, and beneath the front edge of the stove, dishwasher, and refrigerator toward the center of the floor.
2. Sweep with short, controlled strokes rather than fast flicking motions (which launch small glass cubes across the room).
3. After sweeping the floor into the dustpan, take the broom outside and tap and rinse the bristles thoroughly with a garden hose over gravel or dirt so glass splinters stuck between the broom bristles do not fall back onto your kitchen floor the next time you sweep.

Stage 3: The low-angle "Flashlight Grazing Test" (The secret to finding invisible glass)¶

Overhead kitchen ceiling lights make transparent glass splinters on shiny tile, linoleum, or hardwood floors almost impossible to see from standing height.

1. Turn off the overhead kitchen lights and close the window blinds if possible.
2. Shira itara ryaka rya LED (cyangwa itara rya terefone yawe) ** iringaniye rwose hasi ** kugirango urumuri rwayo rusimbukire hejuru yubutaka hejuru yubutaka bwa zeru.
3. Ibirahuri byose bisigaye bya microscopique, nubwo byaba bito cyangwa bisobanutse, bizafata urumuri rutambitse nka prism hanyuma ** itere igicucu kirekire, cyaka kandi kibengerana ** hasi. Ihanagura urumuri mu ruziga rwa dogere 360 ​​uhereye ahantu henshi hasi no hejuru yumuhanda wose kugirango werekane buri kintu cyihishe.

Icyiciro cya 4: ipikipiki ya Micro-splinter ukoresheje igitambaro cyimpapuro zitose, kaseti, cyangwa umutsima woroshye¶

1. Kuzuza impapuro 3 cyangwa 4 z'igitambaro cy'impapuro ** zuzuye ** mu gipande cyinshi, uzimanure munsi ya robine hanyuma uzisohore kugeza igihe zitose, hanyuma ukande (ntugahanagure uruhande rumwe) hejuru ya etage yose no hejuru ya konte, hanyuma ujugunye buri kantu ka damp mumasanduku yawe yo guta amakarito nyuma yo gukanda.
2. Gupfundikanya ubugari bwa ** umuyoboro wa kaseti cyangwa gusiga amarangi ya kaseti ** gufatisha uruhande-ruzengurutse uruziga ruzunguruka cyangwa igikarito, cyangwa ukande igice cyumugati wa ** mushya, woroshye wa sandwich wera ** cyangwa ** ukata ibirayi mbisi ** bikabije ahantu hatuje umukungugu wikirahure; gluten ya gluten yumugati woroshye cyangwa inyama yibirayi mbisi imitego ya microscopique yikirahure neza utiriwe utema intoki.
3. Gusa nyuma yo kuzuza ibyiciro uko ari bine ugomba gukoresha ** iduka rya canister iduka (wet / yumye)

Uburyo bwihariye: uburyo bwo kuvanaho ikirahure cyacitse mumyanda¶

Iyo ikirahure cyo kunywa cyangwa ikirahuri cyarashwe kiva mu biganza bitose mugihe cyoza ibyombo hanyuma ukajanjagura imbere muri reberi yumukara wirabura wajugunywe imyanda (guta imyanda), ntuzigere ugera ku ntoki zawe zambaye ubusa.

• ** 1. Kuramo umugozi wamashanyarazi munsi yumwobo (cyangwa uzimye icyuma cyumuzunguruko) **: Nubwo urukuta ruzimya, gucomeka igice munsi yumwobo bireba neza ko ntamuntu numwe ushobora guhita apfa guhinduranya impanuka mugihe urimo ukora kumazi.
• ** 2. Kuramo reberi ikurwaho ya reberi (niba ifite ibikoresho) **: Kubintu byinshi bigezweho, ibintu byoroshye bya rubber byirabura byirabura bikurura hejuru no hanze yumukingo wamazi, biguha uburyo bwagutse, busobanutse bwicyumba cyo gusya ukoresheje itara.
• ** 3. Kuramo ibice binini hamwe ninshinge ndende-izuru cyangwa igikoni cyigikoni **: Koresha ibyuma birebire cyangwa ibyuma kugirango uzamure ibirahuri byose bigaragara.
• ** 4. Vuga ibice bito n'ibiciriritse hamwe na vacuum itose / yumye iduka ryumye **: Shyiramo nozzle ya plastike ikaze ya vacuum yumudugudu wumye / wumye kumanura mucyumba cyo kujugunya kugirango ucyure amabuye mato yikirahure yicaye hafi yimpeta yo hanze.
• ** 5. Koresha "Uburyo bw'Ibirayi Raw" kubitsindagira byinangiye **: Kata ibirayi binini mbisi mo kabiri hanyuma ukande igorofa, inyama zaciwe zimanika hasi kugeza ku isahani yo munsi ya flawheel imbere mumashanyarazi; utuntu duto dusigaye twibirahure twinjijwe mu nyama zi birayi hanyuma uzamure neza.
• ** 6. Gerageza kuzunguruka intoki ukoresheje intoki hamwe na hex mbere yo kugarura imbaraga **: Shyiramo milimetero 6 (¼-santimetero) Allen hex wifashishije muntoki ya unjamming sock iri hagati yimbere yimbere yimiturire ya moteri munsi yumwobo (cyangwa ukoreshe icyuma cyibiti cyibiti hejuru yicyuma cyo hejuru uhereye hejuru) hanyuma uzenguruke hejuru yicyerekezo cya 360. Niba ihindutse neza nta majwi yicyuma-yikirahure yunvikana, ongera ushyireho izamu, wongere ucomekamo igice, ukoreshe umugezi ukomeye wamazi akonje, hanyuma uhindure imyanda mugihe uhagaze inyuma hamwe nuguhagarika umwobo utwikiriye gufungura.

Ibibazo bikunze kubazwa¶

Inkomoko yagenzuwe¶

• Komisiyo ishinzwe umutekano w’ibicuruzwa muri Amerika (CPSC, Amerika): * Imenyekanisha ry’umutekano hamwe n’isuzuma ry’ubuhanga ku bijyanye no kumena ibirahuri bya Bakeware Amashanyarazi, Tempered Soda-Lime vs Borosilicate Glass Properties, hamwe n’ibirahure-Ceramic Cooktop *.
• Ishami ry’ubuhinzi muri Amerika rishinzwe umutekano w’ibiribwa n’ubugenzuzi (USDA FSIS, Amerika): * Amabwiriza y’umutekano w’ibiribwa ku busambanyi bw’umubiri no kujugunya ku gahato ibiryo byerekanwe ku kirahure kimenetse *.
• Ikigo gishinzwe ubuziranenge bwibiribwa (FSA, Ubwongereza): * Impanuka z’ibiribwa n’ubuyobozi bwanduza umubiri: Amasezerano yo kumena ibirahuri mu bikoni byo mu rugo no kugaburira *.
• Ishyirahamwe ry’Abanyamerika rishinzwe kurwanya uburozi / Ibigo by’uburozi muri Amerika (AAPCC, Amerika): * Amabwiriza yo Gutwara Amavuriro yo Kwinjira mu buryo butunguranye Uduce duto tw’ibirahure mu bana no mu bantu bakuru *.
• Sosiyete y'Abanyamerika y'Amajyaruguru ishinzwe abana Gastroenterology, Hepatology, nimirire (NASPGHAN, Amerika / Kanada): * Raporo y’ubuvuzi ku micungire y’imibiri y’amahanga yatewe mu bana (Ibintu bikarishye, Radiopacity y’ibirahure, hamwe n’ibipimo ngenderwaho bya Endoskopi) *.
• Ishuri Rikuru ry’amaso ry’Abanyamerika (AAO, Amerika): * Imfashanyo Yihutirwa Yambere Kumubiri w’amahanga ya Corneal no gukomeretsa amaso y ibirahure *.

Kuyobora¶

• Gukata n'ibisigazwa
• Gukomeretsa amaso
• Umwana yamize ibintu by'amahanga
• Idirishya ryacitse