Ibihumyo byo mu gasozi hamwe nuburozi bwibimera byatewe nubufasha bwa mbere hamwe nuburozi¶

Kurya ibihumyo byo mu gasozi bitamenyekanye mu ishyamba cyangwa mu gikari cy'inyuma, ukibeshya uburozi bwo mu gasozi cyangwa foxglove ku cyatsi cyo mu busitani kiribwa, cyangwa ukavumbura ko umwana muto yahekenye igihingwa cy'imitako yo mu rugo bitera byihutirwa by’uburozi. Mugihe ibihumyo byinshi byinyuma hamwe nibitera urugo bitera umunwa muto gusa cyangwa umunwa woroheje, ubwoko bwica: cyane cyane ** amatoxin irimo * ibihumyo bya Amanita * ("Urupapuro rwurupfu" na "Kurimbura Abamarayika") **, ** amazi yameneka **, ** uburozi hemlock **, ** oleander **, ** yew **, hamwe na ** monkshood (aconite) kurwara.

Aka gatabo gatanga intambwe ku yindi uburyo bwihutirwa buhujwe na protocole y’ubuvuzi y’umuryango w’ubuzima ku isi (OMS), Ibigo by’Uburozi muri Amerika (Amerika), Ibigo bishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara (CDC), Ishyirahamwe ry’imyororokere muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru (NAMA), hamwe n’ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe amakuru y’uburozi mu Bwongereza (NPIS). Gusobanukirwa ** amasaha 6 yibihumyo byerekana ibimenyetso byubukererwe **, kubika urugero rwibimera cyangwa ibihumyo neza mumufuka wimpapuro, no kuvugana nuburozi cyangwa serivisi zubutabazi bihita bikiza ubuzima.

Kora ubu¶

Niba wowe cyangwa umuntu uri hafi (cyane cyane umwana) wamize, uhekenya, cyangwa utetse hamwe nibihumyo byo mwishyamba cyangwa igihingwa gishobora kuba uburozi, imbuto, urumuri, cyangwa umuzi:

1. ** Ihanagura umunwa usukure kandi woge n'amazi (ntukamire) **: Ako kanya koresha urutoki rusukuye cyangwa igitambaro gitose kugirango uhanagure witonze ibisigazwa by'ibihumyo bisigaye, amababi, imbuto, cyangwa imbuto mu kanwa k'umuntu. Basabe kwoza umunwa n'amazi hanyuma bacire amacandwe. Niba bahekenye igihingwa gitera guhita gitwikwa no gutemba (nka Dumb Cane / * Dieffenbachia * cyangwa Philodendron), bareke banywe amazi akonje cyangwa amata cyangwa bonsa kuri popsicle kugirango borohereze mucosa yo mu kanwa.
2. ** Hamagara Serivise zihutirwa cyangwa kugenzura uburozi ako kanya **:
3. ** Hamagara nimero yawe yihutirwa ako kanya ** (911 muri Amerika na Kanada, 112 hirya yubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, 999 mu Bwongereza unyuze iwacu nimero yihutirwa ububiko) niba umuntu afite ** bigoye guhumeka, kubyimba umuhogo, urujijo, salusitike, kwikuramo imitsi, gufatwa, gutinda cyangwa kudasanzwe k'umutima, gucika intege **, cyangwa niba ** kuruka / impiswi bitangiye amasaha arenga 6 nyuma yo kurya ibihumyo byo mwishyamba **.
4. ** Hamagara kurwanya uburozi ako kanya ** (muri Reta zunzubumwe za Amerika, hamagara ** 1-800-222-1222 **; mu Bwongereza, hamagara NHS 111) niba uwo muntu muri iki gihe nta bimenyetso afite cyangwa yorohewe mu kanwa gusa, kabone niyo umwana muto yarigata cyangwa akarya agapira kamwe k'ibihumyo mu gikari.
5. ** NTUKIGERE utera kuruka murugo **: Ntugashyire intoki kumuhogo, ntutange amazi yumunyu cyangwa amazi ya sinapi, kandi ntuzigere ukoresha sirupe ya ipecac. Gutera kuruka ntibikuraho byimazeyo uburozi bwibihumyo kandi birashobora gutera umusonga wica umusonga niba neurotoxine itera gufatwa gitunguranye cyangwa gusinzira.
6. ** Kusanya ibihumyo byose, bidakomeye (byacukuwe uhereye hasi) mumufuka URUPAPURO **: Ntugaterere ibihumyo cyangwa ibihingwa bisigaye mumyanda, kandi ** ntugafunge ibihumyo bishya mumifuka ya pulasitike yumuyaga ** (aho ubuhehere bwafashwe buba buhindura icyuma kitamenyekana mumasaha). Koresha icyuma cyangwa igitambaro kugirango witonze ** ucukure ibihumyo byose harimo igikombe cyo munsi y'ubutaka / itara (volva) munsi y'uruti **, ubizingire mu mpapuro zishashara cyangwa igitambaro cyumye, hanyuma ubishyire imbere mu gikapu cy'impapuro **.
7. ** Fata amafoto ya terefone yerekana neza cyane uhereye kumpande nyinshi **: Mbere yo kujya mubitaro, fata amafoto asobanutse neza, yaka cyane yegeranye cyane y'ibihumyo cyangwa igihingwa: (a) aho yari atuye (ku butaka, ibyatsi, cyangwa ibiti byapfuye), (b) hejuru yumutwe, © ** munsi yumutwe wumutwe werekana ibishishwa, imyenge, cyangwa impeta / ijipo kuri **. Ibigo by’uburozi birashobora kohereza ubutumwa cyangwa kohereza ubutumwa kuri aya mafoto mu buryo butaziguye umuntu wahamagaye mycologue wabigize umwuga cyangwa ibihingwa kugira ngo amenye amoko yihuse.
8. ** Reba abandi bose basangiye ifunguro **: Niba ibihumyo byo mu gasozi cyangwa icyatsi kibisi byatetse mu isupu yumuryango, pasta, cyangwa stir-fry, ** umuntu wese wariye iryo funguro agomba gusuzumwa mubitaro **, nubwo bamwe mubagize umuryango bumva bameze neza muri iki gihe.

Ibihe byihutirwa hamwe nicyemezo cya mycologiya¶

flowchart TD
    Start["Ibihumyo byo mu gasozi cyangwa Ibihingwa byangiza"] --> Airway{"Haba gufatwa, urujijo, gutinda / kudasanzwe, cyangwa guhumeka?"}

    Airway -->|Yes: Immediate Life Threat| Call911["Hamagara 911/112/999 Ako kanya <br/> Ihanagura umunwa; ntugire icyo utanga kumunwa <br/> Umwanya kuruhande (umwanya wo gukira); kwitegura kuri CPR"]

    Airway -->|No: Alert with stable core clinical signs| Type{"Ibihumyo byo mu gasozi cyangwa igihingwa kibisi / Berry byatewe?"}

    Call911 --> Type

    Type -->|Wild Mushroom Ingested| Latency{"Nyuma yigihe kingana iki kurya ibihumyo kuruka / impiswi byatangiye?"}

    Latency -->|Asymptomatic right now (Just eaten)| PoisonCall["Ihanagura umunwa; kusanya ibihumyo byose (hamwe nubutaka bwo munsi) mumifuka ya PAPER <br/> Fata amafoto yumutwe, gilles, stem, na base"]

    Latency -->|Early Onset: Symptoms started < 6 hours after eating<br/>(Usually 30 min to 3 hours)| EarlyMush["Birashoboka ko GI Irritant, Muscarine, cyangwa Neuro-Hallucinogenic Mushroom <br/> Jya mu ishami ryihutirwa rishinzwe amazi ya IV no kwita ku bimenyetso <br/> UMUBURO: Baza niba amoko menshi y'ibihumyo yavanze mu ifunguro rimwe"]

    Latency -->|Delayed Onset: Symptoms started > 6 hours after eating<br/>(6 to 24 hours, or days later for Cortinarius)| LateMush["CYIHUTIRWA CY'INGENZI: Ukekwaho Amatoxin / Gyromitrin / Orellanine <br/> Jya mu ishami ryihutirwa ry’ibitaro AKAZI <br/> Irasaba hydrated hydratif IV, Amakara akoreshwa mu makara, <br/> IV N-Acetylcysteine / Silibinin, hamwe n’ikigo cyita ku mwijima."]

    Type -->|Plant, Leaf, Berry, Bulb, or Root Ingested| PlantType{"Ni ibihe bimenyetso cyangwa ubwoko bwibimera birimo?"}

    PlantType -->|Immediate mouth burning & drooling after chewing houseplant<br/>(Dieffenbachia, Philodendron, Peace Lily, Pothos)| Oxalate["Kalisiyumu idashobora guhinduka Oxalate Crystal Irritation <br/> Ihanagura umunwa; tanga amata akonje, amazi, cyangwa popsicle <br/> Hamagara Uburozi; gukurikirana kubyuka bidasanzwe"]

    PlantType -->|Foxglove, Oleander, Lily of the Valley, Yew, Monkshood,<br/>Hemlock, Jimsonweed, Castor Bean, or Deadly Nightshade| LethalPlant["URUGENDO RWA SYSTEMIQUE ZIKURIKIRA <br/> Jya mu ishami ryihutirwa ry’ibitaro Ako kanya <br/> Irasaba guhora ukurikirana ECG, Amakara akoreshwa, <br/> hamwe na antidoti zihariye (Digoxin Fab, Physostigmine, Benzodiazepines)"]

Igice cya 1: Uburozi bwo mu gasozi (Mycetismus) na Syndromes 8 zivura¶

Mu bwoko burenga 10,000 buzwi bwa macrofungi ku isi, munsi ya 100 ni uburozi ku bantu, kandi amoko agera ku icumi atera hejuru ya 95 ku ijana by'uburozi bwica ibihumyo byica. Ariko, ** ntamategeko numwe wabantu cyangwa imigani yabagore bashaje ntibashobora gutandukanya ibihumyo bitekanye nibica **.

Kwangiza ibihumyo biteye akaga imigani ya rubanda¶

• ** Ikinyoma cya 1: "Guteka, guteka, kumisha, cyangwa gukonjesha bitesha agaciro uburozi bwibihumyo." **: ** IKINYOMA. Guteka, gukaranga, guteka, kubura umwuma, cyangwa gusya muri aside igifu ntibigabanya na gato urupfu rwabo.
• ** Ikinyoma cya 2: "Ibihumyo byica biryoha, bikarishye, cyangwa bibi, cyangwa byanduza ikiyiko cya feza mu nkono yo guteka." **: ** IKINYOMA.
• ** Ikinyoma cya 3: "Niba ibisimba, impongo, inkwavu, cyangwa ibinyomoro birya ibihumyo, bifite umutekano ku bantu." **: ** IKINYOMA.
• ** Ikinyoma cya 4: "Ibihumyo bifite uburozi bifite amabara meza cyangwa ingofero zidashishwa byoroshye." *: ** IKINYOMA. Ibihumyo bya Padi ( Volvariella volvacea ) cyangwa ibihumyo ( Agaricus *).
• ** Ikinyoma cya 5: "Porogaramu igaragaza ibihumyo bya terefone ya terefone yavuze ko ishobora kuribwa 98%." **: ** IKINYOMA.

Imbonerahamwe yingenzi ya syndromes yuburozi bwibihumyo nibimenyetso bitangiye¶

Abaganga b’amavuriro bagabanya uburozi bwibihumyo muri ** Gutinda-Gutangira Syndromes (> 6 hours, impfu nyinshi no kunanirwa kw'ingingo) ** na ** Syndromes Yambere-Gutangira (< 6 hours, gake cyane byica hamwe no kwitabwaho) **.

Kwibira cyane mubyiciro 4 bya Amatoxin (* Amanita phalloides *) Uburozi¶

Kuberako ** 90 ku ijana byahitanye ibihumyo kwisi yose ** biterwa na alpha-amanitin muri * Amanita phalloides * (Urupapuro rwurupfu), * Amanita bisporigera / virosa * (Kurimbura umumarayika), na * Galerina marginata *, gusobanukirwa ibyiciro bine byuburiganya ni ngombwa:

• ** Icyiciro cya 1: Igihe cyihuta cyo guceceka (amasaha 6 kugeza 24 nyuma yo gufatwa) **: Kumasaha 6 kugeza 12 yambere nyuma yo kurya, umuntu yumva ** bisanzwe 100% **. Muri iri dirishya ryicecekeye, amatoxine yakuwe mu mara, ikinjira mu mwijima hepatocytes ikoresheje abatwara OATP1B3, hanyuma igahuza bidasubirwaho na ** RNA Polymerase II **, igahagarika intumwa zose za RNA hamwe na sintezamubiri ya poroteyine mu mwijima.
• ** Icyiciro cya 2: Icyorezo cya Gastroenteritis Icyiciro (amasaha 12 kugeza kuri 36 nyuma yo gufatwa) **: Mu buryo butunguranye, umurwayi agira uburibwe bukabije bwo munda, kuruka bidasubirwaho, hamwe na ** profuse, amazi, impiswi imeze nka diarrhea ** (rimwe na rimwe irimo amaraso na mucus), bitera umwuma muke, hypovolemique, metabolisiyumu.
• ** Icyiciro cya 3: Uburiganya "Gukiza Fake" / Icyiciro cya Honeymoon (amasaha 24 kugeza 72 nyuma yo gufatwa) **: Hafi yumunsi wa 2 cyangwa umunsi wa 3, kuruka no gucibwamo biragabanuka, kandi ** umurwayi yumva ameze neza cyane **. Abarwayi batabizi (kandi rimwe na rimwe abaganga batagenzura imisemburo yumwijima wamaraso) bibeshya bakeka ko bafite igifu cyamasaha 24 hanyuma bagataha. ** Imbere mu mubiri, ariko, hepatocyte necrosis nini irakomeje **, kandi transaminase yumwijima (AST na ALT) irazamuka ibihumbi.
• ** Icyiciro cya 4: Kunanirwa kwa Hepatorenal Fulminant (Iminsi 3 kugeza 7 nyuma yo gufatwa) **: Jaundice (amaso yumuhondo nuruhu), hypoglycemia yimbitse (kuko umwijima wapfuye ntushobora kurekura glucose), coagulopathie ikabije no kuva amaraso bidatinze (INR skyrocketing kuko impyiko zidakira, impyiko zidakira, impyiko zikomeye, guhindurwa cyangwa kuvura hakiri kare imiti igabanya ubukana.

Impamvu Multidose ikora Amakara ikiza ubuzima muburozi bwa Amatoxin¶

Nubwo umurwayi ufite * Amanita phalloides * uburozi ageze mubitaro ** amasaha 12 kugeza kuri 36 nyuma yo kurya ibihumyo **, abaganga byihutirwa baracyatanga ** Amakara akoreshwa namakara (MDAC) ** buri masaha 2 kugeza kuri 4 akoresheje umunwa cyangwa umuyoboro wa nasogastric. Kubera iki? Kuberako abagera kuri 60 ku ijana bya amatoxine yakiriwe isohoka n'umwijima mu mara, ikajugunywa mu mara mato yo hejuru, hanyuma ** igasubira mu maraso inshuro nyinshi (kuzenguruka enterohepatique) **. Kugumana imigezi ikomeza yamakara ikora inyuze mu mara ihuza amatoxine isohoka mu mara kandi ikayitwara nta nkomyi mu ntebe.

Nigute ushobora gukusanya neza no gufotora ibihumyo cyangwa igihingwa kugirango umenye¶

Iyo uhamagaye kurwanya uburozi cyangwa ukagera mu ishami ryihutirwa, umuganga w’uburozi w’ubuvuzi cyangwa umujyanama wa mycologue akeneye kumenya urugero kugeza ku bwoko. Kurikiza aya mategeko ane yo kubungabunga:

1. ** Gucukura ibihumyo BYOSE: ntuzigere ukuramo umupira **: Ikintu gikomeye cyane kidasanzwe gitandukanya ibihumyo byica * Amanita * nibihumeka biribwa neza ni igikombe cya ** isa nigikombe cyangwa itara ryabyimbye (volva) ryashyinguwe kuri santimetero 2 kugeza kuri 5 (santimetero 1 kugeza kuri 2) munsi yubutaka bwuruti **. Koresha icyuma cyamavuta, ikiyiko, cyangwa igitereko cyubusitani kugirango ucukure munsi yibihumyo hanyuma uzamure imiterere yose neza.
2. ** Kusanya ibyiciro byinshi byubuzima niba bikura mumatsinda **: Niba hariho ibihumyo byombi "buto" nibihumyo byafunguye bikura hamwe, kora kimwe cyangwa bibiri muri buri cyiciro.
3. ** Buri gihe ukoreshe PAPER umufuka cyangwa impapuro zishashara: NTUKIGERE umufuka wa plastiki **: Ibihumyo bishya ni amazi 90% kandi ukomeza guhumeka nyuma yo gutorwa. Gufunga igihumyo imbere yumufuka wa plastiki wa Ziploc cyangwa ibikoresho bya pulasitiki byangiza imitego nubushuhe, bigatera amazi ya bagiteri ihindura urugero mugihumyo cyumukara kitamenyekana mbere yuko kigera muri laboratoire. Shira buri gihumyo mu gikapu cya ** cyumye cyumufuka wa sasita ** cyangwa uzizingire neza mumpapuro zishashara cyangwa igitambaro cyumye.
4. ** Uzigame ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose kidakarabye, ibisigazwa byo guteka, cyangwa kuruka **: Niba nta bihumyo byose bisigaye, koresha ikiyiko gisukuye hamwe nigikombe cyikigereranyo cyerekana ibihumyo kugirango ukize ibice byose by ibihumyo byometse kumasafuriya, gutemagura imyanda, cyangwa na emesi (kuruka): mycologiste ya laboratoire irashobora gutahura mikorosikopi ** ya microscope **.

Igice cya 2: Inzu yica kandi isanzwe / Uburozi bwibimera byo mu gasozi¶

Guhura nibihingwa bigizwe mumatsinda abiri atandukanye: ** ibihingwa bisanzwe byo murugo ** (bikunze guhekenywa nabana bato ninyamanswa, bigatera uburibwe umunwa ako kanya ariko ntibikunze kuba uburozi bwa sisitemu) hamwe na ** sisitemu yumutima cyangwa ibimera bya neurotoxique ** (bishobora kwica umuntu mukuru cyangwa umwana mumasaha make).

Kugereranya neza ibihingwa byuburozi na toxidrome yubuvuzi¶

The deadly "Wild Carrot / Wild Parsnip" foraging trap: Hemlock¶

Every spring and summer, experienced gardeners and foragers are poisoned after mistaking Water Hemlock (Cicuta maculata) or Poison Hemlock (Conium maculatum) for edible wild members of the Apiaceae (carrot/parsley) family, such as Queen Anne's Lace (wild carrot), wild parsnip, wild celery, or anise/fennel.

• How to recognize Poison Hemlock (Conium maculatum): While edible Queen Anne's Lace has a hairy green stem ("the Queen has hairy legs"), Poison Hemlock has a smooth, hairless hollow green stem covered with distinctive purple-red blotches or spots, a musty mouse-urine odor when crushed, and grows up to 2 to 3 meters (6 to 10 feet) tall.
• Why Water Hemlock (Cicuta maculata) is the most acutely lethal plant in North America: Growing along stream banks, marshes, and wet ditches, Water Hemlock has chambered tuberous roots filled with yellowish, oily liquid saturated with cicutoxin. Taking a single bite of a Water Hemlock root mistaken for wild parsnip triggers violent grand mal seizures (status epilepticus) within 15 to 60 minutes, rapidly causing severe rhabdomyolysis, metabolic acidosis, cerebral hypoxia, and death unless immediate ambulance airway management and intravenous benzodiazepines are administered.

Ibibazo bikunze kubazwa¶

• Aka gatabo kagamije gutanga amakuru kandi ntigasimbuza isuzuma ry'ubuvuzi bw'umwuga cyangwa amahugurwa y'intoki. Kubera ko uburozi bukabije bw’ibimera n’ibihumyo bushobora gutera gufatwa cyangwa gufatwa n’umutima, turasaba ko twafasha ubufasha bwambere bwemewe n’amasomo ya CPR binyuze muri federasiyo mpuzamahanga y’umuryango utabara imbabare Croix-Rouge n’umuryango utabara imbabare (IFRC), umuryango w’igihugu cya Croix-Rouge, St John Ambulance, cyangwa abatanga amahugurwa yemewe.

Inkomoko yagenzuwe¶

• Ibigo by’uburozi muri Amerika & Ishyirahamwe ry’Abanyamerika rishinzwe kurwanya uburozi (AAPCC, Amerika): * Amabwiriza yo Gutwara Amavuriro yo Gutera Ibihumyo bitazwi no kwerekana ibihingwa byo mu rugo *.
• Ishyirahamwe ry’imyororokere yo muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru (NAMA, Amerika & Kanada): * Syndromes Z'ibihumyo: Amatoxin, Gyromitrin, Orellanine, Muscarine, na Irritants Gastrointestinal *.
• Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS): * Imicungire y’ubuvuzi y’uburozi bukabije n’ibimera na Fungi *.
• Ibigo bishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara (CDC, Amerika): * Raporo y’indwara n’impfu buri cyumweru (MMWR): Amanita phalloides Uburozi bw’ibihumyo hamwe n’ubuvuzi bwa Clinical *.
• Ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe amakuru y’uburozi (NPIS, Ubwongereza) & NHS: * TOXBASE Ubuvuzi bw’amavuriro ya Fungi (Amatoxins) n’ibimera bya Cardiotoxic (Digitalis, Taxus, Aconitum) *.

Kuyobora¶

• Uburozi ubufasha bwambere hamwe nuburozi bwo kurwanya uburozi
• Uburozi bwibiryo, gastroenteritis ikaze, hamwe no kuvugurura umunwa
• Botulism, ibimuga bya shellfish, ciguatera, nuburozi bwa scombroid
• Gufata hamwe na epilepticus ubufasha bwambere
• CPR no gutabara guhumeka kubantu bakuru
• Imibare yihutirwa ukurikije igihugu