Gutemba-Ibumba Byihuse (Leda / Ibumba ryo mu nyanja): Amazi Yisubiramo Amasegonda¶

Hirya no hino mu kibaya cyahoze cyuzuyemo ibibaya n'ibibaya by'inzuzi muri ** Noruveje ** (Trøndelag, Romerike / Gjerdrum, Oslofjord, na Nordland), ** Suwede ** (Ikibaya cya Göta Älv na Bohuslän), ** mu burasirazuba bwa Kanada ** (ikibaya cya St. Lawrence, Ottawa, na Saguenay ** ** Alaska **. Yashyizwe hasi yinyanja ya nyuma yinyanja nyuma yimyaka 9000 kugeza 12.000 hanyuma ikazamurwa hejuru yinyanja na ** isostatic crustal rebound **, ibumba ryihuse risa kandi ryumva ari ubutaka bukomeye, imvi zikomeye mugihe cyose microscopique "inzu-y-amakarita" imiterere yubutare ikomeza kuba nta nkomyi. Ariko, kubera ko imyaka ibihumbi n’amazi meza yimvura n’amazi yo mu butaka yatoboye umunyu w’ibinyabuzima uhuza amazi y’amazi y’ibumba, guhinda umushyitsi gutunguranye, isuri y’inzuzi y’isuri, ubucukuzi bw’imyubakire, cyangwa imvura nyinshi irashobora kumenagura skeletike yoroheje mu gice cya kabiri. Ako kanya imiterere yacyo irasenyuka, ** ubutaka bukomeye hamwe n’amazi 30-80% ku ijana bihinduka ako kanya mu isupu y’amazi itavanze hamwe na buttermilk ishyushye **, ikarya igasubira mu butaka buringaniye kuri metero 10 kugeza kuri 50 ku munota (metero 33 kugeza 165 ku munota) ** mu ** isubiranamo ry’amacupa-ijosi rya ** rimara uturere twose, mumihanda n’amashyamba ya Rissa. Verdal 1893, na Gjerdrum 2020 muri Noruveje; Niba ubutaka bwacitse, butonyanga, cyangwa butangiye gutembera hafi yawe, hita uhita uhita uhamagara nimero yawe yihutirwa (911 muri Amerika na Kanada, 112 hirya no hino mubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi na Noruveje, 999 mu Bwongereza) cyangwa urebe ububiko bwacu bwa nimero yihutirwa. Kubijyanye na geologiya bifitanye isano, soma ubuyobozi bwacu kuri inkangu, inkangu, n'imyanda iratemba, umwobo hamwe nubutaka butunguranye, ubutaka bwagutse bwibumba ryinshi, kugabanuka kwamapfa, no guturika umusingi, na umutingito nyuma y’imitingito, ibyangiritse byongeye kwinjira, no guhagarika gaze.

Kora ubu¶

1. ** Fata ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose gitunguranye kimeze nk'igice cy'ubutaka, igitonyanga cyamanutse cyamanutse, cyangwa gutemba ku nkombe z'umugezi uhujwe n'umurongo w'amashanyarazi uhindagurika cyangwa guturika imiyoboro y'amazi nk'isenyuka ryihuta ryihuta: ** Ibiza byibumba byihuta hafi ya byose bitangira nkibintu bito bisa na metero 5 kugeza kuri 15 (metero 16 kugeza kuri 50) byangirika bikurura inkombe ya ** irya metero 500 kugeza 1.500 (metero 1.640 kugeza 5.000) yubutaka bwimirima cyangwa umuhanda utuye inyuma yiminota 3 kugeza 15. Ntugume mu gupakira imifuka cyangwa kwimura imodoka.
2. ** Hunga NYUMA (kuruhande / ugereranije nuruzi rwambere cyangwa ikibaya) werekeza ahantu hahanamye cyane, NTAKIGERE na rimwe usubira inyuma uva ku nkombe yagutse: ** Kuberako igicucu cyihuta cyibumba cyihuta gisubira inyuma (hejuru-ahantu hahanamye cyangwa kuri perpendikulari kugera kumugezi wihuta ugasubira mu muyoboro ucuramye utembera mu muyoboro ugororotse ugasubira mu muyoboro ucuramye unyuze mu muyoboro ucuramye utembera mu muyoboro ucuramye unyuze mu muyoboro ucuramye utembera mu muyoboro ucuramye ugana mu muyoboro ucuramye ugana mu muyoboro ucuramye ugana mu muyoboro ucuramye ugana mu muyoboro utambutse ugana mu muyoboro utambutse ugana mu muyoboro utambutse ugana mu muyoboro utambutse ugana mu muyoboro utambutse ugana mu muyoboro utambutse ugana mu muyoboro ugana mu ruzi rwihuta. y'ubutaka bukurikira busenyuka. Shyira ** dogere 90 kuruhande (kuruhande) ** uve mukwiheba werekeza kuri ** igaragara imisozi ya granite / uburiri bwa ** cyangwa imisozi ya moraine ishyamba kugeza byibuze ufite metero 300 300 kugeza kuri 500 (metero 1.000 na 1,640) ** uvuye kumugezi.
3. ** Ntukigere ugenda, utwara, cyangwa wiruka hejuru yicyondo cyibumba cyamazi gishya kugirango ukize umuntu cyangwa kugarura ibintu: ** Ibumba ryongeye kuvugururwa rifite imbaraga zogosha munsi ya ** 0.5 kilopasikali ** (hafi ya zero zifite ubushobozi) hamwe nubucucike bwa garama 1,6 kugeza 1.8 kuri santimetero kibe, hejuru yikirwa kireremba hejuru yubutaka bwumye hamwe nibiti byangiritse. Kureka ubutaka bukomeye mukibumba cyihuta cyibumba bisobanura kurohama ako kanya hejuru yigituza cyangwa hejuru yumutwe wawe mugukonjesha, sima imeze nkimvi zijimye aho kwikuramo bidashoboka.
4. ** Niba inzu yawe itunguranye, igatonyanga, cyangwa igatangira "gutobora" (kureremba neza) hejuru yumugezi wibumba wihuta, GUMA HANZE MU igorofa yo hejuru cyangwa kuri gari ya moshi kugeza igihe icyerekezo gihagarara: ** Amateka yo kubaho mu mateka yo muri 1971 Saint-Jean-Vianney (Quebec), 1978 Rissa, na 2020 Gjerdrum (Kubaza, Noruveje) yicaye ku butaka bwuzuye ibiti. kunyerera nkubwato hejuru yibumba ryamazi munsi ya **. Abantu bafite ubwoba bagasimbuka urugi cyangwa idirishya hasi hasi mugihe isi igenda ikora bahita bamira kandi bakajanjagurwa hagati yumuzingi wubutaka bwumye n'ibiti. Guma hasi cyane cyangwa hejuru yinzu, ushyire kure ya chimney yamatafari, kandi ukoreshe itara rya terefone yawe igendanwa hamwe nifirimbi kugirango uyobore amakipe yo gutabara kajugujugu **.
5. ** Niba utwaye ninjoro mugihe umuhanda wa kaburimbo ugabanutse cyangwa uhengamye, hagarara ako kanya, ureke imodoka niba ubutaka bwaba bwumutse bwumutse, cyangwa uzamuke hejuru yinzu yimodoka niba ukikijwe nibumba ryamazi: ** Mugihe cya 1971 Saint-Jean-Vianney na 2006 Småröd (umuhanda wa E6, Suwede) nijoro, abamotari benshi batwaraga mumaguru yumuvuduko wa metero 30 zuzuye. Niba ubonye amatara yegereje azimira giturumbuka epfo na ruguru ifata umurongo, kanda kuri feri, uhindukire cyangwa wirukanke kuruhande kugeza kuryama, hanyuma uhagarike umuhanda metero 500 inyuma hamwe numuriro ugurumana kugirango uhagarike abashoferi baza.
6. ** Kwimura ikibaya cyinzuzi kumanuka ako kanya niba igitaka cyibumba cyihuta kijugunya toni miriyoni yibumba mumigezi yinzuzi: ** Inkangu yibumba yihuta itera ibyago byinzuzi zibiri: icya mbere, nka miriyoni kibe yibumba ryibumba ryiroha mukiyaga cyangwa fjord (nko muri Rissa mumwaka wa 1978, aho metero kibe miliyoni 6 zanyuze mukarere ka metero 6 kugeza kuri metero 28). amazi; icya kabiri, ikora urugomero rwibumba rwigihe gito rwambutse uruzi ** rusubiza inyuma ikiyaga kinini cyumwuzure hejuru yimbere mbere yo kumena ibiza kumanuka.

Igiti cyemezo: gutemba-ibumba ryihuse hamwe na crater igaruka kubaho¶

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Imiterere ya geotechnical yibiza byibumba byihuse: uburyo bwo kumenya ubutaka nubukanishi¶

Kugira ngo wumve impamvu gutemba-ibumba ryihuta ntacyo bitwara nkurutare rusanzwe rwimisozi cyangwa imvura yatonywe nudusozi twinshi, abashakashatsi ba geotechnique babisobanura kubipimo bitatu: ** sensitivite ($ S_t \() **, ** yibukije imbaraga zogosha (\) c_ {ur} $) **, na ** gusubira inyuma **.

1.Ni iki gisobanura "Ibumba ryihuse" mubukanishi bwubutaka?¶

• ** Sensitivity ($ S_t ge 30 inyandiko {kugeza}> 500 $): ** Mu buhanga bwa geotechnique, ** sensitivite ** y ibumba ni igipimo cyimbaraga zayo ** zidahungabanijwe ** (mbega imbaraga zikomeye mbere yo kunyeganyezwa cyangwa gukemurwa) nimbaraga zayo ** zahinduwe ** (burya birakomeye nyuma yo gukangurwa cyangwa gukemurwa). Ibumba risanzwe rifite sensibilité ya 2 kugeza kuri 4. Kugirango ushyirwe mubikorwa ** ibumba ryihuse ** munsi ya Noruveje (NGI) hamwe na Kanada ya geotechnique, ibumba rigomba kugira ** sensitivite ya 30 cyangwa irenga ** (akenshi igera kuri ** 100 kugeza 500 + **) KANDI ** yahinduwe imbaraga zogosha zidafite munsi ya 0.4 kugeza 0.5 kilopascal ** (bivuze ko byahungabanye nka ** munsi yubushyuhe bwa **).
• ** Amategeko agenga imipaka ya "Marine Limit": ** Ibumba ryihuse rishobora ** gusa ** kubaho munsi yinkombe za kera cyane nyuma yinyanja nyuma yinyanja (Limit Limit, cyangwa * Marin Grense *) ** aho inyanja ya kera yubukonje bwuzuyemo ubutaka bwihebye nkuko urubura rwa Laurentide na Fennoscandian rwashonga:
• Muri ** Noruveje ** (Oslo, Romerike, Drammen, Trondheim / Trøndelag), imipaka y’inyanja yicara kuri metero 180 kugeza kuri 220 (metero 590 kugeza 720) hejuru yinyanja igezweho **.
• Muri ** Suwede ** (Göta Älv, Bohuslän, Värmland), igera kuri metero 100 kugeza kuri 175 (metero 330 kugeza 575) hejuru yinyanja **.
• Muri ** Quebec no mu burasirazuba bwa Ontario, Kanada ** (Ottawa, Montreal, Gatineau, Trois-Rivières, Saguenay / Lac-Saint-Jean), inyanja ya kera ya Champlain n'Inyanja ya Laflamme ** yashyize ibumba rya Leda kugeza kuri metero 180 kugeza kuri 200 (metero 590 kugeza 650) hejuru y’inyanja **.
• ** Ikintu Cyingenzi cyo Kurokoka: ** Ikintu cyose cyerekanwe ** gikomeye kuryama kuryama ** cyangwa ahantu haherereye ** hejuru ya Marine Limit yaho ** ni ubudahangarwa bwijana kwijana ryibumba ryihuse.

2. Ukuntu Crater isubira inyuma "Bottleneck" Crater ikora muminota 5¶

Abantu benshi bibwira ko inkangu yibasiye amazu yubatswe ku nkombe y'umusozi muremure. Ibumba ryihuse ryamagana iri tegeko: ** risenya amazu yicaye ku butaka bwapfuye metero 500 kugeza 1.000 (metero 1,640 kugeza 3.300) inyuma ya banki idakabije **: 1. ** Icyiciro cya 1: Imbuto Yambere Yambere (Uruzi Erosion cyangwa Kuzuza Abantu): ** Umugezi muto cyangwa uruzi bigenda byangirika buhoro buhoro munsi (urutoki) rwa banki yibumba ya metero 10 z'uburebure, cyangwa rwiyemezamirimo ajugunya ikirundo kinini cyumwanda wacukuwe / urutare hejuru yumusozi cyangwa akajugunya ibirundo byifatizo mubumba. 2. ** Icyiciro cya 2: Igice cya mbere cyamazi kandi gisiba inkunga: ** Agace gato kambere kuzunguruka kamanuka mumigezi. Kogosha bikabije ibyo bisindisha byibutsa igumba ryashyinguwe vuba mu byondo. Kubera ko ibyondo bitemba rwose, ** isohoka ako kanya ikava mu mwobo munsi yigitanda cyumugezi **, igasigara inyuma yurukuta rwibumba ruhagaze rwerekanwe inyuma ** ** ijana ku ijana idashyigikiwe . 3. ** Icyiciro cya 3: Gusubira inyuma Urunigi-Imyitozo Yipakurura: ** Hatabayeho gushyigikirwa kuruhande, inkovu iherutse kugaragara irambuye metero 10 (metero 33) inyuma yinyuma, ibitonyanga, imyanda ku ngaruka, kandi isohoka mu gufungura kwambere ( icyuho ). Igice nyuma yo gukata kunanirwa gusubira mu kibaya kibase buri masegonda 5 kugeza kuri 15 ( gusubira inyuma **), kwaguka hanze mu mwobo munini umeze nk'isaro cyangwa umeze nk'ibikombe bigera kuri kilometero 1 kugeza kuri 2 z'ubugari mu gihe toni miliyoni z'ibumba ryuzuye amazi n'amazu areremba bisuka mu ijosi rifunganye nk'umucanga ukoresheje isaha imwe.

Kugereranya: Byihuta-Ibumba Landslide vs Imvura isanzwe Mudslide vs Karst Sinkhole vs Seismic Sand Liquefaction¶

Ibimenyetso bitanu biburira hamwe nibitera abantu ntugomba na rimwe kwirengagiza¶

Mugihe icyiciro cya nyuma cyo gutembagaza ibumba ryihuta bifata amasegonda niminota mike, iperereza ryakozwe nyuma y’ibiza ryerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya ** 2020 Gjerdrum (Baza) muri Noruveje ** (cyahitanye abantu 10 kandi gisenya amazu 31 saa yine za mu gitondo ku ya 30 Ukuboza), umuhanda wa ** 2023 Stenungsund E6 wanyuze muri Suwede **, uduce twa ** 2010 muri Saint-Jude muri Noruveje **

1. # 1 Imbarutso yumuntu: Kujugunya Ubutaka bwacukuwe hejuru yumusozi¶

Mu byamamare ** 1978 Rissa, muri Noruveje ibyago ** (byafashwe kuri firime n’umufotozi wikinira Kjell 秀 / Ingar), umuhinzi yacukuye metero kibe 700 y’umwanda kugira ngo yongere ikigega maze arundanya ubutaka bwacukuwe ku nkombe y’ikiyaga cya Botnen. Iyo mitwaro yoroheje yinyongera yasunikishije ibumba ryihuse kurenza umusaruro waryo, bituma habaho kunyerera ** metero kare 330.000 (hegitari 82) ** yubutaka bwimirima muminota 5. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, umuhanda wa ** 2023 Stenungsund E6 waguye muri Suwede ** watewe n’ibigega byinshi by’urutare rwaturikiye hamwe n’ubwubatsi bwashyizwe hejuru y’imisozi y’ibumba. - ** Amategeko y’umutungo utavunika mu turere twihuse twibumba: ** Niba utuye mu karere kashushanyijemo ibumba ry’ibumba ryakozwe muri Noruveje, Suwede, Quebec, Ontario, cyangwa Alaska, ** ntuzigere urundanya umwanda wacukuwe, amabuye, inkuta zubatswe n’urutare, cyangwa pisine yo koga yuzuza hafi y’uruhande rw’ikibaya, cyangwa banki y’amaterasi kugira ngo ucukure ** cyangwa ** kubara tekinoroji ya tekinoroji.

2. Isuri idasanzwe idasanzwe Isuri hamwe na "Harbinger" Ntoya¶

Mu minsi cyangwa amasaha mbere y’ibiza 2020 Gjerdrum (Noruveje) na 1971 byanyerera kuri Saint-Jean-Vianney (Quebec), abaturage babonye ** umwuzure w’umwuzure udasanzwe udasanzwe hamwe na metero 3 kugeza kuri 10 (metero 10-33) zuzuye ibyondo ** bigwa munsi yuburiri bw’imigezi nyuma yicyumweru cyimvura nyinshi. Mubutaka bwihuse bwibumba, gutembera kwa banki ntoya ni ** ntabwo ** iherezo ryibirori: ni ** gukurura pin kuri grenade ** ikuraho inkunga y'amano kuri plateau yose iri hejuru yayo.

3. Ibice Byihuta Byakubiswe, Gufata Imirongo Yingirakamaro, hamwe nibiti bigoramye¶

• ** Ibice bimanuka byamanutse: ** Ibice bimeze nkukwezi kwifunguye mumihanda ya asfalt, inzira nyabagendwa, cyangwa urubura / ibyatsi bya metero 10 kugeza kuri 50 uvuye kumurongo.
• ** Ibikoresho bitunguranye byananiranye mbere yo gutontoma: ** Kuberako imiyoboro y'amazi yashyinguwe, imiyoboro y'amazi, hamwe n'insinga z'amashanyarazi munsi cyangwa hejuru yo hejuru byambukiranya umupaka wa mbere, ikimenyetso cya mbere cyane imbere mu nzu nijoro ni ** amatara yaka kandi asohoka, impinduramatwara yubururu arc irabagirana hanze yidirishya, gutakaza umuvuduko wamazi wa robine, cyangwa gutembera hejuru ya gari ya moshi.

4. Wakora iki uramutse ufatiwe mu nzu yajugunywe mu mwobo ("Ibumba ryibumba")¶

Mu gihe cyo ku ya 30 Ukuboza 2020, Gjerdrum yanyuze mu ibumba ryihuse muri Noruveje ndetse no ku ya 10 Gicurasi 2010, Saint-Jude yatembye i Québec (aho umuryango w’abantu bane bafatiwe mu rugo rwabo munsi y’urwobo rwa metero 40), amazu yose yamanutse kuri metero 10 kugeza kuri 30 ahagaritse kandi anyerera kugeza kuri metero 400 mu buryo butambitse hejuru y’igitaka cyumye. - ** Impamvu ugomba kuguma imbere yimiterere yinzu: ** Igorofa yikibuye gishya cyihuta cyibumba nigitero cyica cya metero 15 zubujyakuzimu bwibumba ryibumba ryamazi, urwembe rukarishye rwasenyutse hejuru yinzu, utuye kumurongo wumuvuduko mwinshi, hamwe nuburebure bwa metero 40 z'uburebure butagaragara (** ikamba ry'ikamba **) bikomeza kubyara ibice bishya byisi. - ** Intambwe ku yindi kurokoka murugo rwimuwe: ** 1. ** Funga gazi / propane na valve yamashanyarazi ** niba bigerwaho neza utamanutse mukuzimu. 2. ** Wambare amakoti aremereye yimbeho, inkweto, ingofero, na gants ako kanya ** hanyuma ufate ibiringiti byubwoya cyangwa imyenda (amazu yashenye urufatiro rwabo muri Noruveje, Suwede, cyangwa Kanada mugihe cyitumba bikonje bikonja muminota 30). 3. ** Wimuke mucyumba cyo hejuru cyane, atike, cyangwa kuryama hejuru yinzu ireba kure yurukuta rwumusozi uhagaze: ** Niba icyapa cya kabiri gisubira inyuma kiva kumukuta wurugo inyuma yinzu yawe, bizasunika umuraba wibyondo kuruhande rwo hejuru rwubatswe. 4. ** Hamagara 112/911 ako kanya, guma kumurongo, hanyuma uzungure itara ryaka, ecran ya terefone, cyangwa igitanda cyamabara meza cyane hanze yidirishya ryo hejuru cyangwa ikirere: ** Mugihe cyibiza byibumba byihuse, abashinzwe kuzimya umuriro ** ntibashobora kugenda mumugezi ** amasaha menshi kugeza igihe abashakashatsi ba geotechnique bagenzuye ko gusubira inyuma byahagaze kandi bikarambika ibiraro biremereye byoroshye. Ibintu hafi ya byose byakijijwe kurokora ubuzima bikorwa mu kirere na kajugujugu ya ** ishakisha-gutabara imanura uwoga wo gutabara ku mugozi uzamura ibyuma ku gisenge cyangwa mu idirishya ryo hejuru ry’inzu **.

Inomero zihutirwa zo mukarere hamwe na protocole yikigo¶

• ** Noruveje: ** Hamagara ** 112 ** (Igipolisi / Guhuza Inkeragutabara) cyangwa ** 110 ** (Umuriro & Inkeragutabara) ako kanya. Umuyobozi wa Polisi ushinzwe Impanuka (* Innsatsleder *) ahita aburira ikigo gishinzwe guhuza ubutabazi ** (JRCC / Hovedredningssentralen) ** guhiga kajugujugu ** 330 Squadron SAR ** na ** USAR (Gushakisha imijyi no gutabara) **, hamwe n’ubuyobozi bwa ** Noruveje (NVEl) 24/7 +47 22 95 93 60) ** hamwe na ** Noruveje ya Geotechnical Institute (NGI) ** kugirango isuzume igihe nyacyo.
• ** Suwede: ** Hamagara ** 112 ** (SOS Alarm) kohereza amakomine y’umuriro & Inkeragutabara (* Räddningstjänsten *), kajugujugu za SAR zo mu gihugu cya Suwede, hamwe n’ikigo cya ** cyo muri Suwede Geotechnical (SGI, * Statens ikigo cya geotekniska * 24/7 ushinzwe ubutabazi)
• ** Kanada (Quebec na Ontario): ** Hamagara ** 911 ** (cyangwa ** 310-4141 / *4141** kuri Sûreté du Québec). I Québec, kurengera abaturage muri komine bihita bikora ** Ministère de la Sécurité publique (MSP) ** na ** Ministère des Transports et de la Mobilité biramba (MTMD) Itsinda ryihutirwa rya Geotechnical **; muri Ontario, 911 yohereje imirwanyasuri yumuriro-Inkeragutabara / USAR hamwe nubuyobozi bwihutirwa bwintara.
• ** Reta zunzubumwe za Amerika (Alaska): ** Hamagara ** 911 ** kurungika amakomine yo gutabara amakomine ya komine, ingabo za leta ya Alaska, hamwe na ** Alaska ishami ry’ubushakashatsi bwa geologiya na geofiziki (DGGS) / Gahunda ya Landslide Hazards **.

Ibibazo bikunze kubazwa¶

Niki "ibumba ryihuse" (Leda ibumba), kandi ni ukubera iki rihinduka kuva mubutaka bukomeye rigahinduka uruzi rutemba mumasegonda?¶

Ibumba ryihuse ni ibumba rya glaciomarine ryashyizwe mu nyanja yumunyu yinyanja nyuma yimyaka yanyuma yubukonje (hashize imyaka 9000 kugeza 12.000) nyuma yaje kuzamurwa hejuru yinyanja mugihe ubutaka bwisi bwongeye kwiyongera nyuma yubukonje bwashonga. Iyo ibice byibumba byabanje gutura mumazi yumunyu, sodium na magnesium ion byatumye uduce twibumba twa microscopique duhurira hamwe muburyo "inzu-y-amakarita" ifunguye yafataga amazi agera kuri 60 kugeza kuri 70% mumyenge mito. Mu myaka ibihumbi n'ibihumbi ku butaka bwumutse, amazi meza yimvura yogeje umunyu mubumba, hasigara iyo nzu yuzuyemo amakarita yuzuye neza. Iyo inkombe yinzuzi yatembye, umutwaro uremereye wubwubatsi, cyangwa kunyeganyega bisenya umurunga uri hagati yibumba ryibumba, inzu yikarita irasenyuka ako kanya, irekura amazi ya pore yose yafashwe hanyuma ihindura ubutaka bukomeye mumazi atemba atongeyeho igitonyanga na kimwe cyamazi mashya.

Ni ukubera iki ngomba kwiruka kuruhande (kuruhande) aho guhita nsubira inyuma kure yikibuye cyihuta cyibumba?¶

Bitandukanye n’imisozi isanzwe yimisozi igwa rimwe igahagarara, inkangu y’ibumba yihuta ni ** isubira inyuma **: nkigice cya mbere cy’ibumba ry’ibumba kandi kigasohokera mu kibaya cy’umugezi, gisiga inyuma y’imisozi ihanamye, idashyigikiwe inyuma yacyo, ihita icika kandi igwa muri metero 10 kugeza kuri 20 igasubira mu butaka buri masegonda make. Mu mpanuka zanditse, uruzitiro rwaririye inyuma ya perpendikulari igana ku ruzi kuri metero 500 kugeza 1.500 (kugeza kuri kilometero) ku muvuduko wo kwiruka. Kwiruka ugana inyuma yumusozi bikomeza kugumisha munzira yinzira yagutse, mugihe wiruka kuri dogere 90 kuruhande (kuruhande, ugereranije numugezi wambere cyangwa ikibaya) werekeza kumusozi wigitanda ugaragara bikujyana hanze yumuyoboro washyizwe mumazi wibumba.

Kuki abantu bari mumazu yatembye muri metero 300 muri Gjerdrum na Rissa baguye kurokoka, mugihe abantu basimbutse hanze bapfuye?¶

Mubutaka bwibumba bwihuse, hejuru ya metero 1 kugeza kuri 3 (metero 3.3 kugeza kuri 10) zubutaka hafi yubuso bwashyizwe mubutaka bwumye, bwumye bwibumba buvanze nimizi yibiti nishingiro ryinzu, mugihe ibumba ryihuta ryamazi riryamye munsi yubutaka (metero 3 kugeza kuri 25 munsi). Iyo ibumba ryihuta ryibumba ryibumba, amazu yimbaho ​​yimbaho ​​yicaye kumurongo wo hejuru akunze kureremba kandi akanyeganyega neza nkibiti hejuru yumugezi wibumba utemba. Abikorera baguma imbere mu igorofa rya kabiri cyangwa muri gari ya moshi baguma hejuru y’amazi ahumeka kugeza igihe kajugujugu zishakisha n’ubutabazi zabazamuye hejuru y’inzu, mu gihe umuntu wese usimbutse urugi rwo hasi mu cyerekezo cyimuka ahita anywa munsi y’icyondo cyinshi cyinshi cyangwa akajanjagurwa hagati y’ibisya byumye.

Nyir'urugo arashobora gutungurwa kubwimpanuka yibumba ryibumba ryihuse hamwe nubutaka bwinyuma cyangwa ubucukuzi?¶

Yego. Bimwe mu biza byibasiwe n’ibumba byihuse mu mateka, harimo n’isenyuka rya Rissa ryo muri 1978 muri Noruveje, byatewe n’imirimo isa n’ubutaka buto, nko guteranya metero kibe magana abiri y’umwanda wacukuwe hafi y’ikiyaga cyangwa guca amaterasi nto mu nsi y’ikibaya. Ongeramo umwanda wuzuye wuzuye, urukuta rwamabuye, cyangwa ububiko bwubutaka hejuru yumusozi byongera impungenge zo kumanura hasi, mugihe ucukuye munsi (urutoki) rw'umusozi ukuraho umutwaro uremereye ufashe banki yibumba. Mu ikarita yihuta y’ibumba muri Noruveje, Suwede, na Québec, amategeko akomeye yo kubaka abuza kwimuka ubutaka cyangwa guhindura amanota y’imisozi nta ruhushya rwemewe rw’ubuhanga rukora.

Kuberiki abashinzwe kuzimya umuriro badashobora kugendana nintambwe gusa kugirango bakize abantu mumugezi wibumba ryihuse nyuma yuko slide ihagaze?¶

Ibumba ryongeye kuvugururwa vuba imbere mu mwobo waguye rifite imbaraga zogosha hafi ya zeru, bivuze ko ridashobora gushyigikira uburemere bwikirenge cyumuntu, urwego, cyangwa imodoka yose. Umuntu uwo ari we wese uvuye ku butaka bukomeye mu cyondo cyijimye ararengana mu rukenyerero cyangwa hejuru y’umutwe mu gihe cyo gukonjesha, ibumba ryinshi ry’ibumba rikora nka sima itose kandi rigakora kashe ya vacuum itavunika ku maguru no mu gituza. Byongeye kandi, uburebure bwa metero 20 kugeza kuri 40 z'uburebure bwa veritike yibumba ikikije ikiriba ikomeje kumanika icyapa cya kabiri gisubira inyuma nta nteguza. Niyo mpamvu gutabarwa kwambere gushingira ku kajugujugu ya kajugujugu ivuye mu kirere, hagakurikiraho amakipe yihariye ya USAR arambika ibiraro birebire, bifatanya n’ibiraro by’ubutabazi bireremba hamwe na matelas yaka umuriro mu birwa bihamye.

Ni ubuhe bufasha bwa mbere abarokotse barokowe mu byondo bikonje byihuse bakeneye?¶

Abahohotewe bakuwe mu mwobo w’ibumba byihuse bafite ibibazo byihutirwa by’ubuvuzi: ** hypothermia ** (yashyinguwe ibumba ryo mu nyanja rya Scandinaviya n’Abanyakanada ryicaye kuri dogere selisiyusi 4 kugeza kuri 7] guhagarika. Sukura ibumba ryijimye riva mu kanwa, izuru, n'amaso ako kanya ukoresheje amazi meza cyangwa umunyu, gabanya imyenda iremereye yuzuye ibyondo imbere ya ambulance ishyushye cyangwa aho uba, uzingire umurwayi mu mwenda wumye, hanyuma ujyane mu kigo cy’ihungabana. Gufata ubufasha bwambere bwemewe hamwe namasomo ya CPR muri Croix-Rouge, Ambulance ya St John, cyangwa umutanga waho aragutegurira gufasha mugihe cyibiza.

Kuyobora¶

• Inkangu, inkangu, hamwe n’imyanda itemba
• Sinkholes hamwe nubutaka butunguranye kugwa kurokoka
• Ubutaka bwagutse bwubutaka bwuzuye ibumba, kugabanuka kwamapfa, no guturika
• Nyuma y’imitingito, umutingito wongeye kwinjira, no guhagarika gaze

Inkomoko nubuyobozi¶

• ** Ubuyobozi bushinzwe umutungo w’amazi n’ingufu (NVE, Norges vassdrags- og energidirektorat) hamwe n’ikigo cya Jeworujiya cya Jeworujiya (NGI): **
• ** Ikigo cya Suwede Geotechnical Institute (SGI, Statens geotekniska Institute) hamwe n’ikigo cya Suwede gishinzwe ibibazo by’abaturage (MSB): ** * Skredrisker i kvicklera (Isuzuma ryihuse ry’ibiza, Isuzuma rya Göta Älv, hamwe n’ishakisha-no-gutabara Crater Protocole) *.
• ** Ministère de la Sécurité publique du Québec (MSP) hamwe n’ubushakashatsi bwa Jewolojiya muri Kanada (GSC / Umutungo Kamere Kanada): **
• ** Ubushakashatsi bwa Jewolojiya muri Amerika (USGS) na Alaska Igice cy’ubushakashatsi bwa Geologiya & Geofiziki (DGGS): **
• ** Sosiyete mpuzamahanga ishinzwe ubukanishi bwubutaka n’ubuhanga bwa geotechnique (ISSMGE): ** * Imiterere ya Geotechnical hamwe n’ibimenyetso byerekana hakiri kare byerekana ibumba ryumva kandi ryihuse (Sensitivity $ S_t ge 30 $ hamwe nimbaraga zogosha $ <0.5 inyandiko {kPa} $ Ibipimo) *.