Leydi-Leydi Jaawndi (Leda/Marine Clay) : Ɓooygol leydi rewrude e leƴƴanɗe¶

E nder laddeeji daande maayo ɗi ɓooynoo ko ɓuuɓɗi e falndeeji maayo e nder Norwees (Trøndelag, Romerike/Gjerdrum, Oslofjord, e Nordland), Suwed (falnde Göta Älv e Bohuslän), fuɗnaange Kanadaa (falnde St ina wiyee Leydi Leda walla Leydi maayo Champlain), Alaska (fotde Anchorage/Bootlegger Cove), e fuɗnaange Riisi, miliyoŋaaji cuuɗi, gese, laabi mawɗi, e laabi njamndi ina njooɗii e dow bommbo sahaa keeriiɗo : **leydi yaawndi e nder geec (*k argile hakkille e ɗemngal Farayse)**. Depooji e dow leydi geec ɓooyɗo caggal glaas duuɓi 9 000 haa 12 000 jooni, caggal ɗuum ƴettaa dow koye maayo e isostatic crustal rebound, loope jaawɗe ina nanndi e leydi ɓuuɓndi, tiiɗndi, ɓuuɓndi, so tawii ko mbaydi mum miniraal "house-of-cards" mikroskoop ina heddii. Kono, nde tawnoo duuɓi ujunnaaje ujunnaaje ndiyam toɓo laaɓɗam e perkolaasiyoŋ ndiyam les ɗam ina ɓuuɓna salteeji maayo jokkondirɗi e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam, diƴƴe ɓuuɓɗe, ɓuuɓgol koyɗe maayo, ɓuuɓgol mahdi, walla toɓooli mawɗi ina mbaawi ɓuuɓnude oon ƴiye miniraal ɓuuɓɗe e nder feccere leƴƴannde. E oon sahaa nde mbaydi maggal yani, leydi tiiɗndi ndi ndiyam mum tolnii e 30 haa 80 e nder teemedere ina wayloo ɗoon e ɗoon, wonta suukara ndiyam mo alaa ko ɓuuɓnata, tawa ina waɗi ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi, ina ñaama caggal e nder leydi ɓuuɓndi e 10aa 50 meeteer e nder hojomaaji (33 haa 165 feet vere crack a minit) ko ɓuuɓnata koɗkiiji fof, laabi mawɗi, e laddeeji e rafiiji galleeji fof fotde kilooji dow falndeeji (hono no yiyraa e Rissa 1978, Verdal 1893, e Gjerdrum 2020 to Norwees; Saint-Jean-Vianney 1971 e Saint-Jude e2010; 2023 to leydi Suwed). So tawii leydi ndii ina ɓuuɓtoo, ina ɓuuɓtoo, walla ina fuɗɗoo ɓuuɓde e sara maa, yaltu ɗoon e ɗoon, nodda limoore emergency nokku maa (911 to Amerik e Kanadaa, 112 e nder Dental Orop e Norwees, 999 to Angalteer) walla ƴeewto regginorde amen of limooje caɗtuɗe. Ngam haajuuji geologique jokkondirɗi, janngu binndanɗe amen e... ɓuuɓol leydi, ɓuuɓol loope, e ɓuuɓol ɓuuɓol, sinkholes e ɓuuɓol leydi ɗoon e ɗoon, yaajde leydi loope heave, yooro subsidence, e ɓuuɓri fonndaasiyoŋ, e yerɓo leydi caggal yerɓo leydi, naatgol mahdi bonndi, e uddugol gaas.

Waɗde ɗum jooni¶

1. Hokkude kala ɓuuɓol leydi gonngol e mbaadi lewru, ɓuuɓol huɗo ɓuuɓngol, walla ɓuuɓol daande maayo tawa ina yahdi e laabi kuuraa ɓuuɓɗi walla tuubaaji ndiyam ɓuuɓɗi, ko wayi no ɓuuɓol leydi yaawngol: Musibbaaji ɓuuɓɗi ko famɗi fof ina puɗɗoroo no s.mp-to-16-5ot tokooso nii (amp-to-16-5) bannge maayo, ŋoral, walla mahdi taƴaaɗo hade mum waɗde retrogressive chain reaction bonɗo, ñaamoowo 500 haa 1 500 meeteer (1 640 haa 5 000 meeteer) leydi ndema ɓuuɓndi walla laabi hoɗɓe caggal mum e nder hojomaaji 3 haa 15. Hoto heddo ngam paasde saakuuji walla yahdude e otooji.
2. Evacuer LATERALLY (banngeeji / parallel e maayo walla e ŋoral asliwal) feewde e ŋoral toowngal, WOƊƊU fof juutde caggal woɗɗitaade ŋoral ŋoral yaajngal: Sabu ŋoral yaawngal-loope retrogressive ina ñaama ŋoral ŋoral ŋoral ŋoral ŋoral (dow-slope walla perpendiculaire) ŋoral ŋoral ŋoral ŋoral njaaweeki nde ruttii e udditgol butelaaji juutɗi, doggudu juutndu caggal gila e yeeso kaaƴe rewtuɗe ina jokki e maa to bannge laawol e nder laawol gonngol e ɓuuɓde leydi. Dogdu 90 degereeji bannge (bannge) yaltude e ŋoral feewde e tufɗe granit/kaaƴe peeñɗe** walla ŋoral moraande laddeeji haa nde ngonɗaa ko famɗi fof 300 haa 500 meeter (1 000 haa 1 640 meeteer) woɗɗitaade ŋoral ŋoral.
3. Woto meeɗ yahde, dogde, walla dogaade e dow loope loope daneeje kese ngam hisnude neɗɗo walla heɓtude jawdi: Loope jaawɗe mbaylaaɗe ina njogii semmbe taƴoowo les 0,5 kilopascals (capacité bearing zero gramme) e densité 1,6 centa per cubic of 1,8 ɓuuɓri dowri yoorndi e leɗɗe ɓutte. Jappude leydi tiiɗndi e nder ŋoral loope jaawɗo firti ko ɓuuɓde ɗoon e ɗoon haa yettoo ɓalndu maa walla dow hoore maa e nder ŋoral ɓuuɓngal, nanndungal e semmbe, ngal yaltude hoore mum waawataa.
4. So tawii galle maa ɗoon e ɗoon ina ɓuuɓtoo, ina ɓuuɓtoo, walla ina fuɗɗoo "rafting" (ina ɓuuɓtoo tawa alaa ko bonnata ɗum) e dow maayo ɓuuɓngo yaawngo, JOƊƊO NDER SUUDU e dow ŋoral toowngal walla e dow ŋoral haa ŋoral ngal dartoo: Binndanɗe daartol nguurndam gila e hitaande 1971 Saint-JeanQ8uec,Vi.1971 2020 Gjerdrum (Ask, Norwees) ɓuuɓol leydi yaawngol ina hollita wonde cuuɗi leɗɗe jooɗiiɗi e dow ŋoral leydi ndi alaa ko bonnata ina ɓuuɓtoo ina ɓuuɓtoo no laanaaji dow loope ndiyam les. Yimɓe hulɓiniiɓe e diwde e damal leydi walla e feɗeendu tawa leydi ndii ina diwa, ɗoon e ɗoon ina ɓuuɓtoo, ina ɓuuɓtoo hakkunde bolokaaji gonɗi e dow leydi joorɗi e leɗɗe. Heddo e nokku ɓurɗo toowde walla dow suudu, ndarto-ɗaa e ɓulli birik, kuutoro-ɗaa lampa telefoŋ maa e fiyre ngam ardude e kippuuji hisnude elikopteruuji.
5. So aɗa diwa jamma nde jolngo laawol ngol jippii walla ɓuuɓtii, darto ɗoon e ɗoon, woppu oto oo so tawii leydi ndii ina jokki e ɓuuɓde, walla ƴeeŋtu e dow werlaa oo so tawii ko loope ndiyam taarii ɗum: E nder hitaande 1971 Saint-Jean-Vianney e Såliden highway,Eålide6m,2006 sappooji otooji ina njaha e njaaweeki laawol mawngol, ina njuuti e dow kaaƴe 30 meeteruuji (100 meeteer) gonɗe e dow ŋoral kesal, e nder niɓɓere e ɓuuɓol. So a yiyii lampaaji garooji ɗii ina majja ɗoon e ɗoon les walla jolɗe utility ina njuutee e laylaytol, ɓuuɓna fereeji ɗii, rutto-ɗaa caggal walla rutto-ɗaa banngeeji ɗii fof, ɓuuɓna laawol ngol 500 meeter caggal e lampaaji kulɓiniiɗi ngam haɗde sofereeɓe arooɓe ɓee.
6. Eɓɓude falnde maayo les ɗoon e ɗoon so tawii ɓuuɓol yaawngol ina werloo miliyoŋaaji ton loope e nder ŋoral maayo: Ɓoornugol leydi yaawngol ina addana maayo ngoo caɗeele ɗiɗi : ko adii fof, ko no miliyoŋaaji meeteeruuji kuuɓtodinɗi loope njippirta e nder maayo walla fjord ɗo s98d Lake Botnen), ina addana **tsunami diƴƴe **3 haa 8 meeteer (10 haa 26 meeteer) e nder ndiyam ɗam ; ɗimmo oo, ina waɗa baraas loowdi wakkatiindi e dow maayo ina rewi e maayo luggiɗngo dow maayo hade mum ɓuuɓde les.

Lekki pellital : ɓuuɓol leydi yaawngol e nguurndam ɓuuɓol retrogressif¶

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    WhereAreYou -->|"TO YAASI WALLA E NDER SUUDU TO YAASI RIIM CRATER: Nande Rummbude, Leɗɗe Ɓooyɗe, walla Ɓooygol Doole"| LateralRun["POROTOKOOL ƁURƊO ƁURDE ƁURDE : 1. WOTO Dogdu Ɓooygol caggal Woɗɗitaade Ɓoornugol Ɓoornugol 2. Doggol 90 Degereeji ƁOORƊO (Bannge) Paralel e Ravine/Maayo Asliijo 3. Hoore tiiɗnde ngam Exposed Bedgerock Montain Montain to00 500 m (1 000 haa 1 640 ft) Ɓooygol ummoraade e Rim Crater"]

    WhereAreYou -->|"NDER SUUDU MO JOƊƊI WALLA WOƊƊI (‘RAFTING’) E LEYDI LIQUDI"| StayInHouse["PROTOCOL SURVIVAL DU HOUSE RAFTING: 1. WOTO MEƊƊU Diwde Damal walla Winndere E nder Ɓoornugol Loyre Diwnde walla Blokeeji Ɓoornugol 2. Waɗde ɗoon e ɗoon to Suudu Ɗiɗaɓuru, Attic, walla Peak Roof 3. Waɗde Ɓoorno-ɗee comci cooyɗi / Boll2, Ɗoon e ɗoon. 911 e Signal Elikopteer Winch Hisnude e Telefoŋ Annoore / Toownde-Vis Ɓoornugol"]

    WhereAreYou -->|"NANNGAA E KOYƊE E TO RAFT TURF FLOATING WALLA JOKKOL E LOOLE LEYLE"| RaftSurvival["FLOATING TURF-BLOCK & MUD PROTOCOL: 1. Jokkude e dow ŋoral ɓurngal yaajde e dow ŋoral huɗo/ɓurngal ɓalewal walla ŋoral leɗɗe 2. Hoto meeɗ naatde e ŋoral ɓuuɓngal ɓuuɓngal hakkunde ŋoral ŋoral 3. So Sinking: Lelnude ŋoral e dow reedu/ WepreBa; Waɗde Hoist Elikopter walla Pont Hisnude"]

    WhereAreYou -->|"E TO MAAYO WALLA TO LEYDI / LOƊƊO SLIDE"| WaterHazard["TSUNAMI & POROTOKOOL ƁURƊO ƁURDE ƁURDE ƁURDE : 1. Waɗde 15+ m (50+ ft) Dow ŋoral maayo/Fjord ɗoon e ɗoon (Waɗde ɓuuɓol ngol arii e 60-120 sec) 2. Ƴeewee dow e les maayo Dampoutm Ilam (Clay)"]

Anatomi geotechnique musiiba yaawɗo-loope : no anndirta nokku e mekanik¶

Ngam faamde hol ko waɗi ɓuuɓol leydi jaawngol ngol alaa ko wayi no ɓuuɓol kaaƴe gaadoraaɗe walla ɓuuɓol ɓuuɓol dow tule ceene toɓo, annduɓe geɗe leydi ina cifa ɗum e mette tati : sensitivite (\(S_t\)), **doole ɓuuɓɗe (\(c_{ur}**\))**gression, e.

1. Hol ko firti "Quick Clay" e nder mekanik leydi?¶

• Sensitivite (\(S_t \ge 30\text{ to }>500\)): E nder innde geoteknik, sensitibilite loope ko njuuteendi doole mum taƴɗe ɗe njiyataa (no ɗe tiiɗiri hade mum diwde walla taƴeede) e **doole mum taƴɗe ɗe ɓuuɓnaaka caggal nde ɗe ɓuuɓnaa taƴaaɗo). Lowre wootere ina jogii sensitivite 2 haa 4. Ngam renndineede e lewre yaawnde e nder tolnooji geɗe karallaagal Norwees (NGI) e Kanadaa, loowdi ndii ina foti jogaade sensibilite 30 walla ko ɓuri ɗum (ina heewi yettaade 100 haa 500+) E ko famɗi fof stre.0^th of5 kilopascals (maanaa so ɗum jiiɓiima, ina ilna no suukara ndiyam nii les teddeendi mum e dow tule ceene no 1 haa 2 degere nii).
• Kuulal keeriwal "Keeri maayo": Leydi yaawndi ina waawi tan woodde les ɓurɗo toowde e daande maayo caggal glaas (Keeri maayo, walla Marin Grense) ɗo geec ɓooyɗo mo jamaanu ice ɓuuɓnoo leydi duunde ɓuuɓnde no Laurentide e Fencecanl me:
• To Norwees (Oslo, Romerike, Drammen, Trondheim/Trøndelag), keerol maayo ina jooɗii haa 180 haa 220 meeteer (590 haa 720 meeteer) dow tolno maayo hannde.
• To Suwed (Göta Älv, Bohuslän, Värmland), tooweeki mayre ina yettoo 100 haa 175 meeteer (330 haa 575 meeteer) dow koɗorɗe geec.
• E nder Kebek e fuɗnaange Ontario, Kanadaa (Ottawa, Montreal, Gatineau, Trois-Rivières, Saguenay / Lac-Saint-Jean), Maayo Champlain e Maayo Laflamme ɓooyɗo oo, ina joginoo loope Leda haa **180 haa 200 meeteer dow toɓɓere 590 haa)65.
• Key Survival Fact: Kala kaaƴe tiiɗɗe peeñɗe walla nokkuuji tawaaɗi dow keeri ndiyam nokku oo ina mbaawi daɗde e 100 e nder teemedere e ɓuuɓri leydi yaawndi.

2. No Ɓoggi "Bottleneck" Retrogressif peeñirta e nder hojomaaji 5¶

Ko ɓuri heewde e yimɓe ina cikka wonde ɓuuɓol ina hulɓina tan galleeji jooɗiiɗi e daande maayo. Lowre yaawnde ina luurdi e ndeeɗoo kuulal : ina halka cuuɗi jooɗiiɗi e leydi maayndi 500 haa 1 000 meeteer (1 640 haa 3 300 meeteer) caggal e daande maayo ɓuuɓngo: 1. Daawe 1: Ƴeewndo Toe (Erosion River or Fill Human): Wendu tokoosru walla maayo ina ɓuuɓna seeɗa-seeɗa les (toe) bannge loope toowɗo meeteruuji 10, walla kontraktoor ina werloo ɓuuɓri teeŋtundi ndi diƴƴe/haayre tawaande to dow ŋoral loope walla slope. 2. Daawe 2: Ɓoornugol gadanol ngol ina ɓuuɓna e ina ɓuuɓna ballal: Ɓoornugol tokosol fuɗɗorde ina fawa e nder weendu nduu. Taƴre tiiɗnde ndeen ɓuuɓol ina wayla laylaytol loope jaawngol ubbingol ngol e nder loope ndiyam. Sabu loopal ngal ko ndiyam haa laaɓi, ngal ina yalta ɗoon e ɗoon e nder ŋoral les ŋoral ŋoral, ngal acca caggal maggal ŋoral loopal gonngal dow ngal, ngal 100 e nder teemedere ngal alaa ballal. 3. Daawe 3 : Retrogressive Chain-Reaction Unloading : So ballal lateraal alaa, ƴulɓe gonɗe e dow leydi keso ɗee ina ɓuuɓtoo fotde meeteruuji 10 (33 feet) caggal, ina ɓuuɓta, ina ɓuuɓtoo so diwtii, ina yalta e uddital ɓuuɓngal gadanal ngal (ɓurngal ɓuuɓde). Taƴre caggal taƴre ina ŋakkiraa caggal e nder ŋoral ɓuuɓngal kala leƴƴanɗe 5 haa 15 (retrogression), ina yaaji haa yaaji e nder ŋoral mawngal, nanndungal e perel walla e ŋoral, ngal njaajeendi mum tolnii e kiloomeeteeruuji 1 haa 2, tawi miliyoŋaaji ton loope ndiyam e cuuɗi ɓuuɓɗi ina ɓuuɓtoo no sand an narrow nelass nii.

Njiylawu : Ɓooygol leydi yaawngol vs Ɓooygol toɓooli ordinateeruuji vs Ɓooygol karst vs Ɓooygol sanngara sismik¶

Maandeeji joy jeertinaango e joljole aadee ɗe a fotaani yejjiteede¶

So tawii fawaade e ɓuuɓri cakkitiindi e ɓuuɓri leydi yaawndi ina ƴetta tan ko leƴƴanɗe haa hojomaaji, wiɗtooji caggal musiiba e ɓuuɓri 2020 Gjerdrum (Ask) to Norwees (ndi wari yimɓe 10, ndi halki galleeji 31 e waktu 04:00 subaka ñalnde 30 desaambar Stenung3desunli60d). Suwed**, Slide Saint-Jude 2010 to Kebek, e Slide Rissa 1978 to Norwees ina peeñnina jeertinaango arano teeŋtungo e caɗeele aadee:

1. #1 Trigger Neɗɗaŋke: Dummbinde Leydi Ɓooyndi e Dow Ɓoggi¶

E nder musiiba lolluɗo Rissa, Norwees mo hitaande 1978 (fotoowo amateur Kjell秀/Ingar nanngi e filmo), remoowo gooto ɓuuɓtii 700 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo diƴƴe ngam ɓeydude barme, o moofti leydi ɓuuɓndi ndii e daande maayo Botnen. Ndeen 6amtaare vurnde famzude, vurtinii loope jaawze leslese ze, zum addani vursugol ngol vursude 330 000 meeteer kaaree (82 ektaar) leydi ndema e nder hojomaaji 5. Ko noon kadi, 2023, ɓuuɓol leydi e laawol mawngol Stenungsund E6 to Suwed, ummorii ko e ɓuuɓri mawndi kaaƴe ɓuuɓɗe e fillo mahngo waɗaaɗo e dow ŋoral loope sensible. - Kuulal jeyi ngal ɓuuɓnaaka e nder nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi: So tawii aɗa hoɗi e nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi maayo kartoŋaaji e nder leydi Norwees, Suwed, Kebek, Ontario, walla Alaska, woto meeɗ mooftude diƴƴe ɓuuɓɗe, kaaƴe, kaaƴe ɓuuɓɗe, walla ɓuuɓnude piscine sara dow daande maayo terce e ra**ce or, ra.ek woto meeɗ ɓuuɓnude walla taƴde e les (toɓɓere) ŋoral tawa aɗa jogii hiisa darnde innde geotechnique seedtinnde.

2. Ɓoornugol maayo ngo aldaa e sago e ɓuuɓri banke "Harbinger" tokooso¶

E nder balɗe walla waktuuji ko adii 2020 Gjerdrum (Norwes) e 1971 Saint-Jean-Vianney (Kebek) ɓuuɓol, hoɗɓe teskiima **ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ɓuuɓɗam ɗam meeɗaa yiyeede e ɓuuɓol tokosol ngol njuuteendi mum tolnii e 3 haa 10 meeter (10 haa 33 meeter) creek bed caggal jonte toɓooli mawɗi e ndunngu/ndunngu. E nder nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi, ɓuuɓol tokosol e daande maayo wonaa joofnirde kewu nguu : ko ɓurtugol pinndi e dow grenade ittata ballal toɓɓere wonande denndaangal ŋoral dow maggal.

3. Ɓoornugol Tension Concentric, Laabi Utility Ɓoornugol, e Leɗɗe Ɓoornugol¶

• Caɗeele turf step-down: Caɗeele lewru udditooje e laabi asfalt, e laabi otooji, walla e nees/huɗo 10 haa 50 meeteruuji caggal e daande maayo.
• Caɗeele kuutoragol ɗoon e ɗoon ko adii nde ɓuuɓol ngol waɗata: Sabu ɓuuɓol ndiyam ɓuuɓngol, tuubaaji ɓuuɓɗi, e kaɓirɗe kuuraa les leydi walla dow leydi ina taƴa keeri ɓuuɓol adanngol ngol, maande adannde e nder galle jamma ina heewi fitirlaaji ɓuuɓɗi e yaltude, fitirlaaji blue transformer pressure of washe arc, the blue transformer pressure of washe arc low, vibrating rumble nannduɗo e laana ndiwoowa walla elikopteer jahoowo ina ɓuuɓtoo dow suudu.

4. Ko mbaɗata so a nanngaama e nder galle ɓuuɓɗo e nder ɓuuɓri ("Clay Rafting") .¶

E nder 30 desaambar 2020, ɓuuɓol Gjerdrum quick-clay to Norwees e ɓuuɓol Saint-Jude ñalnde 10 mee 2010 to Kebek (ɗo ɓesngu gooto e yimɓe nayo njippii e nder galle mum en e les ɓuuɓol 40 meeter luggiɗngol), cuuɗi ɗii fof njippiima e dow to01 400 meeteer dow tawi ina heddii e mbaydi mum e dow "raft" loope toowɗe joorɗe. - Ko waɗi aɗa foti jooɗaade e nder mbaydi galle: Leydi ɓuuɓri kesiri ndi loope yaawnde ko maze maayɗo mo 15 meeteruuji luggiɗi e pooli loope ndiyam, ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi, laabi toowɗi gonɗi les, e ɓuuɓri 40 meeteruuji toowndi scaliw sliffl) e leydi kala hojomaaji seeɗa. - Wuurde e nder galle mo alaa ɗo haaɗi: 1. Uddit valveeji gaas/propane e circuit breakers so tawii ina waawi yettaade tawa jippaaki e nder lowre ɓuuɓnde. 2. Waɗde ɓoorno-ɗaa comci cooyɗi tedduɗi, bottaaje, koppi, e gannde ɗoon e ɗoon e nanngude ɓuuɓri walla duvet (cuuɗi ɓuuɓɗi e fonndaasiyoŋ mum en to Norwees, Suwed, walla Kanadaa e nder cooyngal ina cooyna haa ɓuuɓta e nder hojomaaji 30). 3. Yah to suudu ɓurndu toowde ndu alaa ko bonnata, to suudu dowri, walla to suudu dowru nduu, fa’de e ŋoral ŋoral ŋoral ŋoral: So ŋoral retrogressive ɗiɗaɓal jippiima e ŋoral ŋoral caggal galle maa, ngal ɓuuɓnata ko ŋoral loope e bannge dow ŋoral ŋoral. 4. Noddu 112 / 911 ɗoon e ɗoon, jooɗo e laylaytol, e ɓuuɓnude lampa jalboowa, ekran telefoŋ, walla lampa jalboowa e nder windo toowngo walla e dow asamaan: E nder musibbaaji jaawɗi, pompiyee leydi waawaa yahde e nder ŋoral fotde waktuuji haa geotechri has.pecal andpecal pontooji hisnude leefɗi ɓuuɓɗi walla jolɗe plywood. Fotde ƴettugol nguurndam adanngol fof ko e weeyo waɗata e elikopteeruuji njiylawu e hisnude ina njippina njuumri hisnude e dow kaɓirgal njamndi mboɗeeri, ina fawii e dow suudu walla e dow feɗeendu toowndu galle oo.

Limooje emergency diiwaan e porotokolle agence¶

• Norwees: Noddu 112 (Koordinaasiyoŋ Polis / Hisnugol) walla 110 (Yite & Hisnugol) ɗoon e ɗoon. Koolaaɗo kuuɓal polis (Innsatsleder) jeertinii ɗoon e ɗoon Centre Jokkorde Hisnugol (JRCC / Hovedredningssentralen) ngam ustude Elikopteruuji SAR 330 Eskaadron Enerji e USAR (Njiylawu e Hisnugol wuro) kippuuji Norwegian e V 24/7 Kuugal Noddaango leydi (Jordskredvakta, +47 22 95 93 60)** e Duɗal Geoteknik Norwees (NGI) ngam ƴeewde darnde ɓuuɓol e sahaa goonga.
• Suwed: Noddu 112 (SOS Alarm) ngam neldude elikopteeruuji SAR njuɓɓudi laamu Suwed, e **Duɗal Geoteknik Suwed (SGI, Biro Geoteknik Dowla to47 perimeteruuji ɓuuɓɗi kisal.
• Kanada (Kebek e Ontario): Noddu 911 (walla 310-4141 / *4141 ngam Suuree Kebek). To Kebek, ndeenka siwil municipaal ina softina ɗoon e ɗoon Ministeer kisal renndo (MSP) e Ministeer yah-ngartaa e yah-ngartaa duumotooɗo (MTMD) Goomu Emergency Geotechnique ; to Ontario, 911 neldata ko kippuuji nokkuuji Fire-Rescue/USAR e njuɓɓudi caɗeele diiwaan.
• Leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik (Alaska): Noddu 911 ngam neldude Fire-Rescue municipaal, soldateeɓe dowla Alaska, e Division Alaska ngam wiɗtooji leydi e geɗe fisik (DGGS) / Porogaraam USGS ngam haɓaade mboros oo.

Naamne keewɗe naamneede¶

Hol ko woni "leɗɗe yaawɗe" (Leda clay), hol ko waɗi ɗe ummoraade e leydi tiiɗndi, ɗe mbaɗta maayo ndiyam e nder leƴƴanɗe seeɗa ?¶

Lowre yaawnde ko loowre glaciomarine nde jolnaa e geecuuji ɓuuɓɗi e joofnirde yontaaji ɓuuɓɗi cakkitiiɗi ɗii (duuɓi 9 000 haa 12 000 jooni) nde caggal ɗuum ƴettitaa dow geec nde ɓuuɓol Leydi ngol ummii caggal nde ɓuuɓol ngol ɓuuɓtii. Nde ɓuuɓol loope ngol fuɗɗii jooɗaade e ndiyam lamɗam, iyon sodium e magnesium addani ɓuuɓol loope mikroskoop ngol ɓuuɓde e nder mbaydi "galle-karte" udditiindi, ndi nanngi haa 60 haa 70% ndiyam e nder ɓuuɓri tokosiri. Duuɓi ujunnaaje ujunnaaje e dow leydi njoorndi, ndiyam toɓo ɓuuɓɗam ina loota lamɗam e nder leydi, ina ɗacca oon galle karte keewɗo ndiyam ina ɓuuɓtoo no feewi. So tawii ɓuuɓol maayo, teddeendi mahdi teeŋtundi, walla diƴƴe taƴii jokkondire hakkunde ɓuuɓol loope, galle karte oo ina ɓuuɓtoo ɗoon e ɗoon, ina yaltina ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ɗam fof, ina wayla leydi tiiɗndi ndii, ina wonta ɓuuɓri ndiyam kesiri tawa ɓeydaaki heen hay toɓɓere ndiyam kesam.

Hol ko waɗi miɗo foti dogaade bannge (laterally) tawa miɗo foti dogde caggal, miɗo woɗɗitoo ɓuuɓol jaawngol ɓuuɓngol ?¶

Nanduɗo e ɓuuɓol leydi gonngol e dow tulde, ngol fadi laawol gootol, ngol dartoo, ɓuuɓol leydi ngol yaawngol ko **retrogressive**: no ɓuuɓol gadanol ngol ɓuuɓtortoo, ngol yaltata e nder falnde maayo nii, ngol accirta ko ɓuuɓol gonngol e dow tulde, ngol alaa ballal caggal maggol, ngol ɓuuɓtoo ɗoon e ɗoon furtherland to0 kala leƴƴanɗe seeɗa. E nder musibbaaji binndaaɗi, rimre ɓuuɓnde ndee ñaamii ko juuti caggal, ina tiiɗi e maayo ngoo, fotde 500 haa 1 500 meeteer (fotde kiloomeeteer gooto) e njaaweeki dogdu. Dogde feewde caggal, woɗɗitaade kaaƴel ngel, ina addana-ma yahde e nder laawol ŋorol ngol ina yaaji, kono dogde 90 degere bannge (bannge, e dow ŋoral walla ŋoral asliwal) feewde e tufnde kaaƴe peeñɗe, ina addana-ma yaltude e ŋoral loope maayo ɓuuɓngal.

Hol ko waɗi yimɓe wonɓe e nder galleeji ɓuuɓɗi 300 meeteruuji e nder ɓuuɓol Gjerdrum e Rissa ina nguuri, tawi yimɓe diwtuɓe e yaasi ɓee ina maaya ?¶

E nder nokkuuji loope jaawɗe, dow leydi 1 haa 3 meeteer (3,3 haa 10 meeteer) saraaji leydi ndii ina ɓuuɓna, ina wonta ɓuuɓri loope tiiɗnde, yoornde, ina jokkondiri e ɗaɗi leɗɗe e ɓuuɓri galleeji, tawa loope jaawɗe ndiyam ɗee ina ɓuri luggiɗde e les leydi (3 haa 25 meeteer les). So loopal jaawngal luggiɗngal ngal ɓuuɓtii, cuuɗi leɗɗe jooɗiiɗi e dow ŋoral toowngal ina keewi ɓuuɓde e ɓuuɓde tawa ina ɓuuɓna no ŋoral dow maayo loopal ɓuuɓngal nii. Hoɗɓe e nder etaas ɗiɗaɓo walla attic ina keddii e dow ɓuuɓri ndiyam suffocating haa elikopteeruuji njiylawu-e-hisnugol njippina ɗum en e dow suudu, tawi noon kala diwɗo e damal les-etaas e nder slide moving d slide ina suusa ɗoon e ɗoon les ɓuuɓri dense grey crust of surfala grinding mud walla.

Mbele joom galle ina waawi waɗde e aksidaa ɓuuɓol leydi yaawngol bonngol e ɓuuɓgol caggal galle walla ɓuuɓgol ?¶

Oho. Musibbaaji keewɗi ɓurɗi mawnude e daartol, haa arti noon e ɓuuɓol leydi Rissa e hitaande 1978 to Norwees, ummorii ko e golle leydi nannduɗe e tokoose, ko wayi no ɓuuɓnude teemedde seeɗa meeteeruuji kuuɓtodinɗi diƴƴe ɓuuɓɗe saraaji maayo walla taƴde tergal tokosal ravi e nder bot. Ɓeydude diƴƴe fillo teeŋtuɗe, maadi kaaƴe, walla ɓuuɓri leydi e dow ŋoral ina ɓeyda semmbe ŋoral les, tawa kadi ɓuuɓnude les (toɓɓere) ŋoral ina itta teddeendi passif jogiindi bannge loope e nokku mum. E nder nokkuuji kartoŋaaji ɗi loope yaawɗe to Norwees, Suwed, e Kebek, sariyaaji mahdi tiiɗɗi ina kaɗa diwde leydi walla waylude tolnooji ŋorol tawa alaa yamiroore innjiniyaaruuji geɗe karallaagal (geotechnique) seedtinaaɗe.

Hol ko waɗi pompiyee en mbaawaa tan naatde e laylayti ngam hisnude yimɓe e ɓuuɓol jaawngol, caggal nde ɓuuɓol ngol dartii ?¶

Loowdi yaawndi kesiri mbaylaandi e nder weeyo ina jogii semmbe taƴoowo ko ina wona zero, ɗum firti ko ndi waawaa jogaade teddeendi koyngal neɗɗo, walla jolngo, walla hay oto jahoowo e nokkuuji kala. Kala jippotooɗo e leydi tiiɗndi e nder loope daneeje ina ɓuuɓtoo e dow ŋoral walla e dow hoore mum e nder ŋoral ɓuuɓngal, ɓuuɓngal, ɓuuɓngal, ngal waɗata ko no semmbe ɓuuɓɗo nii, ngal waɗata ko ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi ndi taƴataa e saraaji koyɗe e ɓalndu. Yanti heen, kaaƴe ɓutte 20 haa 40 meeteruuji toowɗe, taariiɗe ɓuuɓol ngol ina njokki e ɓuuɓnude ɓulli retrogressive ɗiɗaɓiri tawa jeertinaani. Ko ɗum waɗi hisnude adannde tuugii ko e winndiiji ƴettugol elikopteeruuji ummoraade e weeyo, rewi heen ko kippuuji keertiiɗi USAR ina lelna ponte hisnude juutɗe, jokkondirɗe, ɓuuɓɗe e matte ɓuuɓɗe e nder duuɗe ɓuuɓɗe.

Hol ballal gadanal ngal daɗɓe e loopal jaawngal ɓuuɓngal njiɗi ?¶

Jaɓɓotooɓe ummoriiɓe e ɓuuɓri loope yaawnde ina ngondi e caɗeele safaara tati ko yaawi : **hipotermi tiiɗɗo** (loope maayo Skandinaavi e Kanadaa udditaaɗe ina njooɗii e nguleeki 4 haa 7 degere Celsius [39 haa 45 degere Fahrenheit] e nder weeyo e **respiration a**hairway e hitaande kala). silt loopal laaɓngal e nder hunduko e ɓuuɓri, e **gaañanɗe ɓuuɓɗe walla sindrom compartiment** ummoraade e leɗɗe galleeji walla bolokaaji leydi mbayliigu. Laɓɓin loope daneeje ummoraade e hunuko, nofru, e gite ɗoon e ɗoon e ndiyam laaɓɗam walla saline, taƴon comci ɓuuɓɗi teeŋtuɗi, ɓuuɓɗi, ɓuuɓɗi e nder ambulance walla e nder suudu ɓuuɓndu, ɓuuɓna ñawɗo oo e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi, nawtaa ɗum to nokku ɗo ñawu nguu heɓtotoo. Ƴettude ballal gadanal e CPR seedantaagal ummoraade e Croix-Rouge, St John Ambulance, walla ballal nokkuure ina hebbina on ngam wallitde e ƴeewde musiiba.

Ardiiɓe jokkondirɓe¶

• Leydi ɓuuɓndi, ɓuuɓol loope, e ɓuuɓol ɓuuɓol eɓɓoore
• Sinkholes e nguurndam ɓuuɓɗam leydi ɗoon e ɗoon
• Yaajde leydi loope heave, yooro ɓuuɓde, e ɓuuɓde fonndaasiyoŋ
• Yerɓo leydi caggal yerɓo leydi, naatgol mahdi bonndi, e uddugol gaas

Fuɗɗoode e ardorde laawɗunde¶

• Direkteeruuji ndiyam e semmbe Norwees (NVE, Direkteeruuji semmbeeji Norwees) e Duɗal Geoteknik Norwees (NGI): Sikkerhet mot kvikkleireskred (Kisal e ɓuuɓri leydi yaawndi: Kuulal NVE 1/2011 Rajooji Komisariyaa 2020 / Rissa 1978).
• Duɗal leydi Suwed (SGI, duɗal Statens geotekniska) e Duɗal Suwed toppitiingal ko faati e kaɓirɗe siwil (MSB): *Skredrisker i kvicklera (Ƴeewndo riskuuji leydi e leydi yaawndi, wiɗto Göta.lv, e wiɗto-e-
• Ministeer kisal renndo Kebek (MSP) e wiɗto leydi Kanadaa (GSC / Ressources naturelles Canada): *Leydi sensible (Leda / Champlain Sea Clay) Kartal gonngal caggal leydi, kuule gonɗe e dow ŋoral, e kuule gonɗe e dow ŋoral.
• Wiɗto leydi Amerik (USGS) e Diisnondiral wiɗtooji leydi e leydi Alaska (DGGS): Mekanikuuji ŋakkere leydi ɓuuɓndi (Formaasiyoŋ Bootlegger Cove, Anchorage, Alaska) e ƴeewndo ɓuuɓgol leydi.
• Fedde hakkunde leyɗeele ngam Mekanik Leydi e Innjiniyaaruuji Geoteknik (ISSMGE): *Sifaa Geoteknik e kollitooje jeertinaango arano e leydi ɓuuɓndi e yaawndi (Nguurndam \(S_t \ge 30\) e semmbe taƴgol mbayliigu \(<0.5\)xt