Kosam ɓuuɓɗam walla ɓuuɓɗam, ɓuuɓɗam, e haɗeeji ɓuuɓɗi aluminium¶

Koolaaɗo kuuɓal (receptacle) walla jolngo lampa ina foti waɗde sahaa kala nanndude e nguleeki suudu haa timma to memo e golloraade e nder deeƴre timmunde. Kala nde memi feggere mahol, aɗa anndi ina wuuri walla ina wuli, tesko maandeeji karamelisaasiyoŋ boɗeeji walla ɓaleeji e saraaji jolɗe fiilngo ngoo, nanaa daande ɓuuɓnde, ɓuuɓnde, walla ɓuuɓnde 60-Hz e nder kees mahol ngol, walla nan-ɗaa uurngol bifish,ro suudu ŋoral walla ŋoral ngal alaa ko woni e mum, a yiytii fault électrique de série à haute résistance (connexion glowing) e nder ɓuuɓri mahol maa. E wiyde Komisariyaa toppitiiɗo kisal geɗe ñamlooɓe (CPSC) e Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe ngam Reende Yiite (NFPA), jolngo e jolngo, jolngo, e jolngo ina addana ko ina ɓura 25 000 yiite e nder galleeji hitaande kala, tawi noon ina heewi huɓɓude jolɗe e jolɗe leɗɗe e jolɗe cellulose yahdu.

Hol ko waɗi ƴulɓe maa 15 ampere walla 20 ampere njiylotoo ko nde ɓuuɓol nder mahol ngol ina ɓuuɓtoo e ɓuuɓde boɗewol cereeli e 500 haa 700 degere Celsius (930 haa 1 300 degere Fahrenheit) ? Sabu ƴulɓe thermo-magnetique gonɗe e mbaydi kuuɓtodinndi, mbaɗaama tan ko ngam yiytude ƴulɓe paralel (so ƴulɓe ina ƴetta ko ɓuri 15 walla 20 ampere fof). So tawii jokkorgal njamndi mboɗeeri nder jolngo mahol ina loota, so jokkorde "backstab" push-in wire jogiinde punndi ina waasa ɓuuɓde, walla so 1965-to-1973 wiring branch aluminium tiiɗɗo ina oksidaa e les njamndi mboɗeeri, jokkorde loownde ndee ɓeydataa jolngo; e nder ɗuum, ina sosa 2- haa 5-ohm ɓuuɓol kuuraa nokkuyankeewol. So tawii ƴulɓe 12 ampere portaabe walla ƴulɓe gaasa ina doga e oon cirkowol, taƴoowo oo yiyata ko 12 ampere no woorunoo, ina heddoo e weltaare ON, tawa e oon jokkorgal ɓuuɓngal loowngal e nder mahol ngol, \(I^2R\) ƴulɓe Joule (\(12\text{ A}^2 \ttO}s {\)2\te =3\ga ina wayla ƴulɓe ɗee e njamndi soldeer kuuraa ɓuuɓndi 430 watt ɓuuɓndi e nder kees palastik sara ŋoral leɗɗe joorɗe. Ko ɓuri ɗum bonde, sabu jolɗe e nder galle ina njuɓɓinee e nder "caɗeele daisy" (feed-through series), jolɗe caggal sofa maa ɗe alaa ko jolnaa e mum hay dara ina mbaawi ɗoon e ɗoon nanngude yiite sabu jolɗe e weeyo jolnaaɗe e suudu ŋoral ceertundu no feewi caggal saal oo ina jolna am*stabbeps1 e ɓuuɓri suudu hoɗorde nde alaa ko woni. Anndude no udditirta cirkooji calɗi ɗii ɗoon e ɗoon tawa aɗa fawa heen jolngo welde e les njiimaandi, anndude "liɗɗi maayɗi" kiiɗɗi ɗii uurngol ɓuuɓngol e palastik termoset, e ittude jokkondiral aluminium backstabbed e un-pigtailed haɗata yiiteeji mahol cuuɗiiɗi.

Waɗde ɗum jooni¶

1. Uddit cirkowol ngol ñamlata jolngo ngulngo, ɓuuɓngo, walla ɓuuɓngo walla switch to panneel maa kuuraa mawɗo ɗoon e ɗoon. Yahdu e kees cirkowol maa mawngol ngol, ɓuuɓna circuit branch 15-amp walla 20-amp ngam oon suudu OFF. So tawii regginorde maa ɓuuɓnde ndee alaa ko winndaa heen walla ko sellaani, tawa kadi ko ɓuuɓol ngol ina ɓuuɓna, ina ɓuuɓna, walla ina uurna no feewi e ɓuuɓol ɓuuɓngol/liɗɗi, flip ɓuuɓol mawngol ngol (100A walla 200A) to dow too to OFF ngam taƴde doole to suudu nduu fof caggal gootol ngol ɓuuɓol ngol ɗoon e ɗoon ina woɗɗi.
2. So a yiyii cumu ina ɓuuɓtoo e yeeso, ɓuuɓol ina ɓuuɓtoo e nder ɓuuɓol ngol, walla aɗa nana ɓuuɓol ngol e saraaji ɓuuɓol ngol ina tolnoo e 60 degere Celsius (140 degere Fahrenheit): yaltu, noddu nokku maa limooje caɗtuɗe. Hoto meeɗ ɓuuɓnude ndiyam walla ɓuuɓnude ndiyam e nder ɓuuɓol kuuraa. Leɗɗe koɗorɗe (2x4 framing) e fiberglass mo yeeso kaayitaaji walla insulation cellulose fufaaɗo suuɗiiɗo caggal drywall ina waawi ɓuuɓde tawa yiytaaka e nder njamndi mboɗeeri walla fiberglass jokkorgal. Noddu 911 to leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik e Kanadaa, 112 to Dental Orop, walla 999 to Dental Dowlaaji Amerik mbele poliseeɓe ina mbaawa ƴeewtaade ɓuuɓri mahol ngol e kameraaji ƴeewndo nguleeki. Yiylo men... yiite elektirik e ƴulɓe njillu urgence.
3. So cirkowol ngol tabitinaama OFF: ittu kala ko woni e oon jolngo AND e kala jolngo ngoɗngo e dow jolngo ngooto. Siftor "Daisy-Chain Feed-Through Rule": so a memii jolngo wall ngo alaa ko woni caggal jolngo defte ngo alaa ko jolnaa e maggo e heat jolngo ngo, alaa ko woni e jolngo ngoo e dow jolngo ngo jolngo kuuraa teeŋtungo (hono ƴulɓe portaabe, PC pijirlooji, ƴulɓe, walla njamndi) jokkondiraa e ƴulɓe leslese ɓurɗe woɗɗude e cirƴe goote. Sokkit denndaangal jolɗe e kaɓirɗe toowɗe e nder oon suudu e cuuɗi saraaji mum.
4. Wiɗto kala sirlu "liɗɗi maayɗi, ƴiiƴam mbonɗam, walla ƴiiƴam cat" uurngol e nder suudu e ɓuuɓnude (gila e 15 santimeeteer / 6 inch woɗɗude tawa a memotaako) jolɗe maa, jolɗe lampaaji, e jolɗe ceiling. Receptacles electriques, jolɗe toggle break, jolɗe toggle break are resin fenoliik termoset (Bakelite) e pilaastik uree-formaldehiid ɓuuɓɗo. So tawii ko jokkondiral njamndi ndernderiwal ardii e ɓuuɓnude ɗeen palastikuuji ko ɓuri 150 degere Celsius (300 degere Fahrenheit), ɓuuɓri ndii ina yaltina metilaminuuji e ɓuuɓri amoniak ɓuuɓndi 100 e nder teemedere nanndundi e liɗɗi maayɗi walla ƴiiƴam mbonɗam. So suudu ina uurna liɗɗi, a alaa caɗeele plomb walla maayɗo-rodent ; aɗa jogii kaɓirgal kuuraa ina cooda hoore mum e nder mahol walla e nder ŋoral.
5. Anndu so tawii jolngo wall warm ko "Dimmer Switch" no woorunoo walla jolngo toggle arcing bonngo.
6. Norma: Switch dimmer solide (dimmer ɓuuɓɗo, ɓuuɓɗo, walla ɓuuɓɗo hakkille jogorɗo jogaade lampaaji keewɗi ɓuuɓɗi/halogen walla toowɗi) ina safra 3 haa 12 watt nguleeki e nder mum TRIAC semiconductor semiconductor heat-sink fin tom UL list to40 50 degere Celsius / 105 haa 120 degere Fahrenheit**) tawa lampaaji ɗii ina ON.
7. Emergency kulɓiniiɗo: Toggol mekanik ON/OFF walla jolngo rocker (ngo dimmer) walla kala jolngo fiilngo wall ina foti jogaade zero ɓuuɓri ndernderi, kadi ina foti meeɗde nan’de nguleeki. So tawii lampa kuuɓtodinka walla kala jokkorgal fiilngo ina nanndi e nguleeki seeɗa, walla so tawii lampa dimmer ina wulti no feewi ngam jogaade junngo maa e dow wellitaare fotde leƴƴanɗe 5 (dow 60°C / 140°F) walla ina heddii e nguleeki so lampaaji ɗii njuɓɓinaama OFF, uddu ɗoon e ɗoon taƴoowo oo
8. Hoto meeɗ huutoraade ƴulɓe ɓuuɓɗe, ɓuuɓɗe, walla ɓutte ɓuuɓɗe, kadi hoto meeɗ waɗde ƴulɓe 1 500 watt e nder laylaytol doole walla e nder laylaytol ɓooyngol. So tawii ƴulɓe njamndi nder laylaytol ngol ina ɓuuɓna, ƴulɓe njamndi mboɗeeri ina majja haa abada waawataa nanngude ƴulɓe fiilngo ngoo no feewi kadi, kadi maa ɗum ɓur yaawde so a ɓoornii huunde. Waɗtu ƴulɓe ɗee OFF haa ƴulɓe ɗee lomtinee e ƴulɓe ɓuuɓri-ɓuuɓri caggal-ɓuuɓri walla ɓulli-ɓuuɓri pigtailed-ɓuuɓri banngeeji (walla ranhome has).

Hot outlet, buzzing switch, e GFCI yahdu diagnostic flowchart¶

Huutoro ndeeɗoo kartal triage injiniyaagal ngam anndude hol ko waɗi jokkorgal wall, switch, walla jolngo GFCI ina ɓuuɓna, ina ɓuuɓna, walla ina ɓuuɓna.

flowchart TD
    Start["Anomaly Wall Elektrik walla Switch Yiytaa"] --> Symptom{"1. Hol ko woni maande tigi-rigi?"}

    Symptom -->|"A. Wall outlet ina nanndi e nguleeki/ɓuuɓri, ina waɗi ɓuuɓri/ɓuuɓri<br/>, walla suudu ina uurna no liɗɗi maayɗi nii"| CutBreaker["GOLLAL ƊOO ƊOO:<br/>1. Flip Circuit Branch ngam OFF ADDI<br/>2. Ittu kaɓirɗe tan CAGGAL nde doole OFF<br/>3. Ƴeewto so tawii yaltirde ina ñammina Space Heater / AC"]

    Symptom -->|"B. Switch lampa ina nanndi e nguleeki walla ina waɗa<br/>daande ɓuuɓnde/ɓuuɓnde so ɓuuɓnaama"| SwitchCheck{"Mbele jolngo ngoo ko jolngo Dimmer<br/>walla jolngo ON/OFF gonngo e mbaydi?"}

    Symptom -->|"C. Annoore nder suudu wooturu ina ɓuuɓtoo/ina ɓuuɓtoo no feewi<br/>so mikroo walla ɓuuɓnoowo weeyo ina huɓɓa"| LooseWire["ƁURI DAISY-CHAIN ​​TOOWƊI:<br/>Lowre 'Backstab' pus-in walla ɓoggol Aluminium oksidaa<br/>e nder jolngo dow hakkunde panneel e ndee suudu.<br/>Mumtu circuit & waylu backstabs fof e pigtails side-screw."]

    Symptom -->|"D. GFCI outlet nder suudu lootorde/cuuɗi/garaas<br/>ina jokki e ɓuuɓde walla ɓuuɓde e LED boɗeejo/ɓuuɓɗo"| GFCITriage{"Mbele butoŋ GFCI RESET ina heddii e<br/>caggal nde ɓoggi ɗii fof ndartinaa?"}

    CutBreaker --> WireAge{"Mbele galle oo mahaa walla wirnaama hakkunde<br/>1965 e 1973?"}
    WireAge -->|"EEY: Ƴeewto so tawii ɓoggi cakkitiiɗi ɗi mbaydi kaalis<br/>Aluminium e nder kaɓirgal"| AlumProtocol["HAƊAARE WOƊƊI ALUMINIUM:<br/>Ɓoornugol njamndi mboɗeeri ina ŋakki e jolngo aluminium.<br/>Maani huutoraade jolɗe CO/ALR WALLA AlumiConn<br/>3-port jokkorɗe lug purple e pigtails njamndi."]
    WireAge -->|"NO: Wiring njamndi"| CopperProtocol["Lomto jokkorgal ɓuuɓngal/ɓuuɓngal e<br/>20A Ɓoornugol Spec-Grade Njulaagu;<br/>ɓurtu J-hooks njamndi e dow waktu les ɓoggi banngeeji."]

    SwitchCheck -->|"Dimmer : ɓuuɓde no feewi (40-50 C) TAN<br/>so fitirlaaji ɗii ON ; alaa uurngol walla ɓuuɓri"| NormalDimmer["TRIAC Heat Sink Warm:<br/>Hoolkiso wattannde lampaaji ɗii fof ɓuraani<br/>toɓɓere dimmer (derate so tawii ko kaɓirgal keewngal ganguuji)."]
    SwitchCheck -->|"Toggol ON/OFF ngol ina nanndi e nguleeki,<br/>WALLA kala taƴre ina ɓuuɓna, ina ɓuuɓna, walla ina uurna"| BadSwitch["SWITCH FAILING / ARCING:<br/>Paɗe jokkondirɗe kaalis nder pittaali e arcing.<br/>Flip taƴoowo OFF ɗoon e ɗoon & lomtin switch."]

    GFCITriage -->|"Trips ɗoon e ɗoon hay so alaa ko plugged in"| GroundFault["Moƴƴere les e nder kees yaltinoowo yaajɗo,<br/>Ɓooygol leydi kuutorgal, walla ŋakkere jarribo hoore mum GFCI ɓooyɗo<br/>(LED boɗeejo tiiɗɗo/ɓuuɓɗo = Lomto joofngo nguurndam)"]

Matriks nannditinoowo : maandeeji jeertinaango jolngo e jolngo¶

Huutoro ndee ɗoo alluwal ngam anndude tiiɗnaare e root mechanical cause kala jolngo walla maande switch e nder galle maa.

Fisik "Paradox 15-Amp Breaker" : Hol ko waɗi ƴulɓe boɗeeje jalbooje meeɗaani ƴattaade ƴulɓe gonɗe e mbaydi¶

Miijo wooto ɓurngo bonde e kisal hoɗorde ko goongɗinde: "So tawii won caɗeele kuuraa bonɗe e nder jolngo am, jolngo e nder suudu lesru nduu ina ustoo, ina udda ɗum."

Ko ɗum waɗi cirkowol gonngol e mbaydi waawaa yiyde jokkorde ɓuuɓnde, ɓuuɓnde haa nde ɓooyi: 1. Ko foti no Ɓoornugol Termo-Magnetik: - Taƴre 15 ampere walla 20 ampere gonnde e nder panel maa ina fota tan total kuuraa (ampere) yaltata e taƴre ndee. Nde alaa sensor nguleeki nder mahol suudu maa e (so wonaa tawa ko taƴoowo AFCI jamaanu) alaa mikroo-prosesor ƴeewoowo arcing series. 2. Sariya Ohm e \(I^2R\) Ɓoornugol ("Jokkondiral jalboowal"): - Sibu aɗa jolna 1 500 watt ƴulɓe kuuraa portaabe e nder laylaytol suudu ŋoral e dow cirƴe 15 ampere, 120 volt. E sariya Ohm (\(I = P / V\)), ƴulɓe weeyo ina ƴetta \(1 500\binndi{ W} / 120\binndi{ V} = 12,5\binndi{ ampere}\). - Sabu 12,5 ampere ina famɗi 15 ampere, 15 ampere ɓuuɓɗo e nder suudu maa ina 100 e nder teemedere ina weltii, tee meeɗaani ƴattaade. - E nder jolngo cellungo, tiiɗngo, doolnugol jokkondiral kuuraa hakkunde jolngo njamndi, jolngo njamndi, e jolngo fiilngo ina famɗi 0.005 ohms (\(5\text{ milliohms}\)). E 12,5 ampere, nguleeki peeñki e nder ɓuuɓol tiiɗngol ko \(I^2R = (12,5)^2 \laabi 0,005 = \mathbf{0,78\text{ watts}}\) (ɓuuɓol timmungol e toɓɓere). - Jooni noon, sifo-ɗen wonde "backstab" push-in wire spring nder oon ɓuuɓol ina loota ko ɓuri duuɓi 10, walla ɓuuɓol njamndi ngol ina ɓuuɓta, ina ɓeyda semmbe jokkondirde e oon nokku gooto tokooso gila e \(0.005\text{ ohms}\) haa tan \(2.0\text{ ohms}\). - Ko heewi e cirkooji ɗii ina ustoo seeɗa (gila e 12,5 ampere les haa 10,9 ampere, ko ɗum waɗi taƴoowo les oo hay so ina famɗi ina waawi yahde.), so tawii e oon jokkondiral tokosal 2-ohm loowngal e nder kees yaltinoowo, jibinannde nguleeki nokkuure ndee ina diwa haa: $\(P = I^2 \laabi R = (10,9\binndi{ A})^2 \laabi 2,0\,\Omega = \hiisabf{237\binndi{ wattuuji nguleeki laaɓtuki ɓuuɓki}}\)$ - Hakkunde 237 watt (doole lampaaji nay ɓooyɗi 60 watt walla bundu soldeer teeŋtuɗo) e dow hoore njamndi mboɗeeri 2 milimeeteer nder kees gonɗo e mahol ngol alaa henndu, ina diwa junction e oksijen njamndi mboɗeerisigreestel60 (1 100 degere Fahrenheit), ɓuuɓnude ɓuuɓol PVC, ɓuuɓnude kees oo, e huɓɓude ɓuuɓol mahol leɗɗe ngol tawi ɓuuɓol les ngol ina jannga 10,9 ampere jam.

Hakkille 1 : "Backstabbed" pusgol e jolngo Daisy-Chain¶

So tawii aɗa hoɗi e galle mahaaɗo gila e kitaale 1960 haa hannde, a teskiima wonde soulde nde alaa ko jolni e mum ina nanndi e nguleeki, walla wonde annoore e jolngooji e nder feccere suudu ina ɓuuɓtoo ɗoon e ɗoon walla ina njaha maayde so a jolnii aspirateur walla microwave e nder wall acha"d ceertuɗo, aɗa jogii failure cha"d jokkondiral.

Hol ko woni "Backstab" (Push-In) Jokkondiral Ɓoornugol?¶

E dow ɓalewol kala jolngo 15-amp hoɗorde mo alaa ko yoɓi, ko 1,50 dolaar, ina waɗi ɓulli tokoosi 8 cirƴaaɗi, ina wiyee terminals push-in (e nder ɗemngal koolaaɗo kuuɓal "backstabs" elektoronik). - Ngam wirnude galle no yaawiri e nder mahdi, mahooɓe ina njuppa milimeeteeruuji 13 (½ inch) njamndi mboɗeeri, njaɓa njamndi mboɗeeri njuumri ndii e nder ɓuuɓri gonndi caggal jolngo ngoo, tawa ina cirƴa njamndi ndii e ŋoral bannge njamndi teeŋtungal. - E nder oon ɓuuɓol ina waɗi kaayitaaji-lefol-njamndi spring laɓi-laɓi ina ɓuuɓna e bannge ŋoral njamndi dow ŋoral jokkondirngal ɓurngal famɗude e hoore pinndi (ko famɗi fof milimeeteer kaaree 1). - Yanti heen, ngam jolnude jolɗe 8 e nder suudu ŋoral e dow cirkowol gootol, mahooɓe ɓee kuutortoo ko ɓanndu jolɗe ɗee e hoore mum no jolngo (daisy-chaining) nii : jolngo naatngo e panneel taƴoowo ngoo ina jabbee e nder ɓuuɓri backstab dow, jolngo yaltoowo ñamloowo jolɗe 7 garooje ɗee e nder hobbeletom les laylaytol ngol ko jabbet. - Ko waɗi backstabs ina ŋakkiraa: Kala nde neɗɗo huɓɓi 12-amp space heater, ɓuuɓnoowo gaasa, njamndi, walla windo AC to ɓurɗo sakkitde e nder caɗeele, oon 12 amp ina foti haɓaade laawol mum rewrude e 14 ɓuuɓol tokosol laɓi-edge backstab upstream thele out Wire njamndi ndii ina yaaji so ina wuli, ina ɓuuɓta so ina ɓuuɓi (thermal cycling), ina ɓeydoo leefɗinde ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi ndii haa ɓoggol ngol ɓuuɓtoo e feccere milimeeteer, fuɗɗoo series arcing, ɓuuɓna ɓuuɓol ngol alaa ko woni dow ngol e nder mahol ngol.

Fix duumotooɗo: "Pigtailing" e Ɓoornugol bannge-Vis¶

So aan walla elektirik lomtinii kala jolngo ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo, walla ɓooyngo: 1. Woto meeɗ huutoraade ɓulli push-in backstab e caggal jolngo. 2. Woto meeɗ huutoraade ɓoggi ɗiɗi banngeeji yaltirde ndee ngam waɗde ponto feewde e yaltirde les. E nder heen, ƴettu ɓoggol ɓalewol ngulngol naatngol ngol e panneel ngol, ɓoggol ɓalewol ngulngol yaltoowo ngol to yaltirde aroore ndee, e ɓoggol ɓalewol ngol 15 santimeeteer (6-inch) juutngol ɓoggol njamndi mboɗeeri (ther.gepper allpinds) tother e nder nut wire winged (walla Wago 221 lever-nut) toowɗo, e jokkondirde tan e oon wire pigtail gooto e nder J-hook waktu e les njamndi bannge njamndi mboɗeeri yaltirde (e ruttaade e pigtail daneejo ngam ɓoggi neutral). 3. E pigtailing, kuuraa gonɗo e jolɗe les ɗee ina rewa e jolngo tiiɗngo njamndi mboɗeeri e njamndi mboɗeeri e nder ɓalewol kurum ngol, meeɗaa yaltude e ɓanndu jolɗe ɗee, ɗum noon ina addana ɓuuɓnoowo weeyo dow oo waawde ɓuuɓnude jolngo dow ngoo.

Hakkille 2 : Wiring branch aluminium tiiɗɗo (Cuuɗi mahaaɗi 1965 haa 1973)¶

So tawii galle maa, galle maa, walla galle maa ina mahaa walla ina yaaji hakkunde 1965 e 1973 (nde ŋakkeende njamndi e nder winndere ndee addani mahooɓe wire ko ina tolnoo e **2 miliyoŋ galleeji Amerik worgo e 12-AWG walla 10-AWG wire-ampinuit bra1 20-amp jolɗe e jolɗe), jolngo nguleeki ko emergency toowɗo.

No nganndirtaa so galle maa ina jogii Wiring Branch Aluminium¶

(Tesko: Kaɓirɗe aluminium tedduɗe, keewɗe jokkorgal kuutorteeɗe ngam panneel gollorde mawnde 200-amp, 50-amp njuuteendi kuuraa, walla 30-amp joorɗo ina moƴƴi so ɗe njoofnaama e lugge panneel toɗɗaaɗe e paasta anti-oksidant. Hakkille yiite ɓurɗo mawnude ina huutoree teeŋti e single2a-strand1 ɓoggi aluminium ñamlirɗi jolɗe mahol gaadoraaɗe e jolɗe lampaaji.) 1. So tawii cirkowol ngol ina OFF, jalbu lampa e nder boowal udditiingal walla ƴeewto-ɗaa e mbaydi palastik yaajndi kaɓirɗe NM naatɗe e panneel cirkowol kuuraa les maa : - Kaɓirɗe peewnaaɗe e jolɗe aluminium ina njogii konngol ** .AL mala ALUMINUM mala ALUM** tappirde walla ɓuuɓnde kala 30 haa 60 santimeeteer (1 haa 2 feet) e dow jaak palastik yaajɗo, e ɓoggol njamndi mboɗeeri gonndi e nder ɓoggol ngol ina nanndi e kaalis/boɗeejo ɓuuɓɗo, wonaa njamndi mboɗeeri-oraas. 2. Ko waɗi ɓoggol aluminium tiiɗngol ina nannga yiite dow jolɗe njamndi tan (CPSC Study Data): - E wiyde wiɗtooji maantinɗi e nder leydi ndii kala, ɗi U.S. Komisiyoŋ kisal geɗe kuutorteeɗe (CPSC Publication 516), cuuɗi jolnaaɗi e jolngooji branche aluminium tiiɗɗo ko adii 1972 ina 55 laabi ɓuri waawde jogaade jokkorde jolngo wooto walla ko ɓuri ɗum e jolngooji haa yettoo "Sarɗiiji kulɓiniiɗi yiite" ɓuri cuuɗi jolnaaɗi e njamndi. - Mekanismeeji nay ŋakkeende njamndi: 1. Yaajde nguleeki ɓurnde toowde & "Cold Flow Creep": Aluminium ina yaaji ina ɓuuɓta 38 e nder teemedere ko ɓuri njamndi so ina ɓuuɓna e jolngo kuuraa. So tawii ɓoggol aluminium tiiɗngol ina nanngaa e les ɓoggol yaltinngol njamndi walla njamndi mboɗeeri, ina wuli, aluminium softuɗo yaajɗo oo alaa ɗo yahrata, ɗum noon yaltata ("creeps") yalta e les hoore ɓoggol ngol no paasta dental nii. So jolngo ngoo yanii, ɓoggol ngol ɓuuɓtii, ɓoggol aluminium ɓuuɓngol ngol jooni ɓuri tiiɗde e ko adii, ina acca ɓuuɓol henndu ɓuuɓndu les ɓuuɓol ngol. 2. Film oksidaa ɓuuɓɗo (\(\text{Al}_2\text{O}_3\)): So njamndi ina oksidaa e henndu, oksidaa njamndi ina woni semi-konduktiif haa jooni. So aluminium ina feeñi e henndu, ɗoon e ɗoon ina waɗa ɓalndu mikroskoop oksidaa aluminium (\(\text{Al}_2\text{O}_3\), safir/korundum seraamik), ko ɗum insulator kuuraa ɓadiiɗo timmuɗo mo dognata jokkondire toowɗe haa asamaan. 3. Koroosi Galvanik : Njamndiiji ɗi nanndaani (kaɓirgal aluminium memi ƴulɓe njamndi e nder henndu ɓuuɓndu) ina keɓa koroosiyoŋ galvanik ñaamoowo jokkondiral ngal. 4. Golle Hardening e Brittle Snapping: Wire aluminium tiiɗɗo gollal-hardens e ɓuuɓde off effortlessly so ɓuuɓnaama yeeso e caggal ko ɓuri laabi ɗiɗi walla tati nde pusgol yaltirde e nder kees.

Laabi 3 TAN CPSC-jaɓi ngam feewnude Wiring branch aluminium¶

So tawii aɗa jogii jolɗe aluminium tiiɗɗe e nder galle maa, tawa jolngo ina nanndi e nguleeki, ina ɓuuɓtoo, walla ina haani lomtineede, **WOTO MEƊƊU jokkondirde jolngo aluminium tiiɗngo e jolngo "CU-Only" (Copper-Only) gonngo e jolngo, kadi WOTO MEƊƊU ɓuuɓnude jolngo aluminium (jolngo njamndi tawa ina waɗi jolngo purrenut **sto hardire no woorunoo twist-on wire nuts, jogiiɗe daartol binndaangol e nguleeki weeyo e nder jarribooji CPSC).

Huutoro tan gooto e ɗeeɗoo laabi tati jaɓaaɗi e dowla : 1. Laawol 1 (Ɓurngol moƴƴude DIY / Feewnitde Kaɓirgal Elektrik): Laamɗo Keso "AlumiConn" 3-Port Purple Lug Jokkondiral: - Jaɓaaɗo e CPSC, UL, e winnditiiɓe asiraagal, jokkondiral AlumiConn ko bolol tokosol ɓuuɓngol, ngol tunneluuji tati ceertuɗi, ɗi aluminium mekanik set-screw, ɗi ko adii fof ina kebbinaa e paasta silikon ɓuuɓnoowo oksidaaji. - Sabu ɓoggol aluminium naatngol, ɓoggol aluminium yaltoowo, e ɓoggol pigtail njamndi kesol gooto fof ina naata e porto mum ceertuɗo e ɓoggol aluminium (hono no ɓoggol aluminium e njamndi meeɗaa meemde walla ɓuuɓnude koye mum en e ɓanndu) e ina tiiɗtinaa e ɓoggol torque, ɗum ina ustoo haa abada jokkondirde e pigtail njamndi e jolngo njamndi jamaanu gonngo e mbaydi. 2. Laawol 2 (Splice Jaayndeeji Professionnel Duumotooɗi): TE Jokkondiral "COPALUM" Crimp Cold-Weld: - Ko elektorik seedtinaaɗo huutortoo kuutorgal keeringal 10 000-PSI ngam ɓuuɓnude ndiyam, ngal ɓuuɓnata ɓoggol aluminium e piggal njamndi e nder ŋoral njamndi ɓuuɓngal, ngal suddii e tuubaaji teeŋtuɗi ɓuuɓnooji nguleeki. 3. Laawol 3 (Lomto Kaɓirgal Emergency wakkati): CO/ALR-Reseptoruuji e Switchuuji tammborɗe: - So tawii ko maa lomtina ƴulɓe walla ƴulɓe to bannge ɓoggi aluminium tawa aɗa pigtail, sood TAN ko ƴulɓe walla ƴulɓe laaɓtuɗe CO/ALR (Njamndi/Aluminium Revised) e dow jokkorgal njamndi (wonaa CU/AL, woni tolno ɓooyɗo e kitaale 1970 mo jarribo kisal mum ŋakki). CO/ALR kaɓirɗe kuutortoo ko visuuji njamndi mboɗeeri softuɗi, ɗi koye mum en ɓuri mawnude, peewnaaɗi ngam ɓuuɓnude e nder oksidaa aluminium tawa ɓuuɓnataa ɓoggol ngol.

Hazard 3: Ko waɗi jolɗe GFCI ina keddii e ɓuuɓde walla ɓuuɓde (Aybeeji leydi vs. Joofgol nguurndam)¶

Kuutorɗe, cuuɗi lootorde, garaasuuji, cuuɗi les, e cuuɗi yaasiiji jamaanu ina kuutoroo GFCI (Interrupteur de circuit à défaut de terre) jolngooji baɗɗi... TEST be RESET butoŋuuji. Nandugol e ɓuuɓol e nder suudu les (ngol yahrata ko e 15 walla 20 ampere), GFCI ina waɗi mbayliigu ɓuuɓngu sensible ƴeewndotooɗo balans ɓuuɓɗo yaltuɗo e Slot Hot e wartaade e Slot Neutral amps) ina yalta feewde leydi (yeru, rewrude e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi e nder junngo maa).

So tawii jolngo GFCI e nder galle maa fuɗɗiima ɗoon e ɗoon ɓuɗɗude laabi keewɗi, ɓuuɓde, hollirde lampa kollitoowa RED tiiɗka walla ɓuuɓka, walla salaade ɗaccude... RESET butoŋ oo heddo e nder:

1. Ittu kala ɓoggol e oon jolngo GFCI E denndaangal jolɗe "Downstream Protected":
2. GFCI gooto e nder suudu les feccere bathroom walla garaas ina heewi wirde rewrude e mum LOAD terminal ngam reende denndaangal jolɗe portiir yaajɗe, jolɗe caggal galle, e jolɗe suudu lootorde mawnde dow.
3. So ndiyam toɓo naatii e nder jolngo yaajngo ñalɗi-annoore e dow porch yeeso, GFCI nder garaas walla suudu lootorde maa trip e jaɓa reset haa njaltaa yaasi e ittude jolngo ɓuuɓngo e jolngo yaajngo les.
4. Dekode lampa LED BOƊƊO ɓuuɓka walla tiiɗka e dow GFCIs "Fooyre hoore mum" jamaanu (UL 943 Standard caggal 2015):
5. Gila lewru suwee 2015, UL 943 ina ɗaɓɓi e denndaangal nokkuuji GFCI kesi yeeyeteeɗi to Amerik worgo ɗii nde mbaɗata self-test elektoronik ndernderiijo otomatik kala hojomaaji 15 haa waktuuji 3 (ko sahaa e sahaa fof waɗata daande ɓuuɓnde wootere).
6. So tawii annoore LED tokosere e yeeso GFCI ina jalba BOƊƊO walla BOƊƊO tiiɗɗo, tawa butoŋ RESET oo saliima jolnude (hay so alaa ko jokkondiri e mum): MOV nder GFCI ngam reende jolngo walla jolngo silikon (SCR) yettiima **End failure-of surge walla power outage spike) e jogaade hoore mum haa abada ngam waasde rokkude ma miijo fenaande ndeenka. Uddit jolngo ngoo, lomtina jolngo GFCI 18 dolaar.
7. Frigo / Frigo jokkondirɗo e garaas GFCI:
8. Frigooji garaas ɓooyɗi e congelateurs keeci ina njogii windings fuɗɗorde kompresor e defrost heaters ɗi naftortooɗi 3 haa 5 miliampeeji capaato e nder kaɓirgal njamndi so kompresor oo fiyi walla defrost, ina addana GFCI yah-ngartaa bonɗo bonnude teemedde dolaar nguura ɓuuɓɗo. Haa elektiriyanke waɗa circuit keeriiɗo mo jokkorgal gootal walla jokkorgal GFCI jamaanu mo alaa mooftirgel ngam jokkorgal garaas, e jolnude $15 Audible Power-Outage Alarm e nder jokkorgal gootal ngam nande ƴulɓe ɗoon e ɗoon so GFCI garaas oo meeɗii diwde.

Naamne keewɗe naamneede¶

Hol ko waɗi suudu am walla suudu lootorde am ina uurna ɗoon e ɗoon no liɗɗi maayɗi mbonɗi nii hay so suudu nduu ina laaɓi?¶

Uurugo liɗɗi ɓoli, ɓiɗɓe leɗɗe maayɗe, walla amoniak/urine nder suudu, haa teeŋti noon e uurngol ngol ɓeydotoo semmbe so tawii ƴulɓe, ƴulɓe, lampa ceŋorɗe, walla ƴulɓe ina doga, ina majja waktu gooto caggal nde ɗe njuumta, ko fiɓnde kemikal ɓooynde e electri a ƴulɓe lampa, ƴulɓe ceiling, walla panneel taƴoowo. Koɗkiiji kuuraa, ɓoggi ɓoggi, e ɓoggi jokkorgal ina mbaɗee e pilaastikuuji fenoliik (Bakelite) e urea-formaldehiid ɓuuɓɗi, ɗi ɓuuɓnata so ɗi ɓuuɓnaama ko ɓuri 150 degere Celsius (300 degere Fahrenheit) e ɓoggi ɓuuɓɗi, ɓuuɓɗi, ɓuuɓɗi liɗɗi maayo; uddu cirkowol ngol suudu nduu ɗoon e ɗoon, ƴeewto kala jolngo e jolngo.

Hol no lampa ka alaa ko jolni e mum waawirta ɓuuɓde walla ɓuuɓde ?¶

E nder jolngo hoɗorde, elektirik ina famɗi ɗo dognata jolngo ceertungo gila e panneel taƴoowo haa e kala jolngo gooto ; e nder ɗuum, kaɓirgal gootal ina doga gila e panneel taƴoowo oo haa e jolngo adanngo e nder kaɓirgal ngal, caggal ɗuum ina hoppa e jolngo ngool jolngo haa e jolɗe ɗiɗmere, tataɓere e nayaɓere dow mahol ngol ("daisy-chaining"). So neɗɗo jolnii ƴulɓe 1 500 watt e nder Outlet #4 to bannge suudu nduu, 12,5 ampereeji ɗii fof ina poti ruttaade no feewi e nder ɓulli walla e ɓulli "backstab" push-in ɗi Outlet #1, #2, e #3 mo alaa ko woni e mum oo e laawol ngol; so tawii Empty Outlet #2 ina jogii ɓoggol backstab loowngol e nder boowal mum, doole guurɗe e nder oon jokkorgal loowngal ina ɓuuɓta, ina ɓuuɓna Empty Outlet #2 hay so alaa ko jolnaa e yeeso mum.

Hol ko waɗi a meeɗaa waɗde ƴulɓe 1 500 watt e nder laylaytol walla e laylaytol jolngo ?¶

Nanduɗo e tele, ordinateer, walla telefoŋ (mo ƴettata tan ko 0,5 haa 2 ampere e nder sahaaji), 1 500 watt portable electric heater ina ƴetta 12,5 ampere jokkondirɗo e waktuuji keewɗi, ina ñaama 83 e nder teemedere e mbaawka cirkowol 15-amp ngol e hoore mum. Standard multi-outlet doole jolɗe e reentorde surge ina waɗi jolɗe bus njamndi ɓutte nder, 15-amp thermal rocker switch tokooso, e 16-AWG walla 14-AWG cord mo alaa ko woni e mum ngam jokkude waktuuji keewɗi 12.5-amp thermal jolngo me plug e cagnip tapiiji; sahaa kala jolnude ƴulɓe (space heater) e nder lowre ɓuuɓnde, tawa aɗa woppa ɗum ina doga tawa aɗa ɗaanii.

Hol ko seerndi jolngo GFCI e jolngo AFCI, hol ngo haɗata jolɗe ngulɗe fuɗɗaade yiite ?¶

GFCI (Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter) ko kaɓirgal kaɓtowal kuuraa, peewniraangal ngam reende aadee e nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi (cuuɗi, cuuɗi, yaasi) e taƴde doole so miliyoŋaaji 5 kuuraa njaltii e cirƴe ɗee feewde leydi ; kono GFCI WAAWAA yiytude ɓoggol loowngol, ɓuuɓngol-ɓuuɓngol walla serie arcing nder ɓuuɓol suudu joorndu sabu denndaangal doole ina ngarta e ɓoggol neutral ngol haa jooni. AFCI (Combination Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupter) taƴoowo walla yaltinoowo huutortoo ko mikroo-prosesor ngam yuurnitaade siyno rajo-frekans (RF) toowɗo e dow ɓoggol ngol, yiytude ɗiɗo fof ƴulɓe cirkooji juutɗi paralel e ɓoggol ngol ina waawi yaltude e ɓoggol loowngol ngol mahol ngol.

Fuɗɗoode ƴeewtaama¶

• Goomu kisal geɗe kuutorteeɗe e leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik (CPSC): Bayyinaango 516: Feewnude jolɗe aluminium e Haɗeede yiite e nder njuɓɓudi kuuraa galle: jokkorgal loowngal, jokkondiral pusgol caggal, e ŋakkeende jolɗe jolɗe e weeyo.
• Fedde ngenndiire toppitiinde ndeenka yiite (NFPA): NFPA 70: Kuulal 210.12 (Reende AFCI), 210.8 (Reende GFCI), e 406 (Restoraaji e maandeeji CO/ALR).
• Laboratowariiji binnditagol (UL): UL 498 (Njuɓɓudi ngam jokkondire e jokkorgal), UL 943 (Njuɓɓudi ngam taƴondirde e jolngo leydi e jarribo hoore mum ƴeewndotooɗo hoore mum), e UL 1699 (Taƴondirde e jolngo ArcFault).
• Fondaasiyoŋ kisal kuuraa hakkunde leyɗeele (ESFI) & Kisal kuuraa gadano (Royaume-Uni): Anndude jolɗe ɓuuɓɗe, uurngol liɗɗi pilastik fenolik, e jokkondiral kuuraa jalbooje.

Ardiiɓe jokkondirɓe¶

• Yiite kuuraa, ɓuuɓol, e uurngol ɓuuɓngol e nder mahe
• Arcing panneel kuuraa, buzzing ɓuuɓɗo, e ɓuuɓde
• Yiite kuutorɗe : ittude jolngo, uddude taƴoowo, e suppitde Class C
• Alaa nguleeki e ndunngu : nguleeki nder suudu kisal e ndeenka tuubaaji
• Taƴgol nguleeki : lampaaji kisal, kisal nguura, e reende surge
• Reggindo limooje emergency