Izitolo Ezishisayo noma Eziguqukile Zasebongeni, Ukushintsha Okubhuzayo, Nezingozi Zezintambo Ze-Aluminium¶

Indawo kagesi esezingeni eliphansi (isitsha sokudonsa) noma iswishi yokukhanya kufanele ihlale izwa izinga lokushisa elipholile ngokuphelele lapho uthintwa futhi isebenza ngokuthula okuphelele. Noma nini lapho uthinta i-faceplate yodonga futhi uzwa sengathi ifudumele noma iyashisa, qaphela ukuthi izimpawu ze-caramelization ezinsundu noma ezinsundu eduze nezikhala zepulaki eme mpo, uzwe umsindo ozwakalayo othi ucwebezela, uklebhuka, noma unomsindo ongu-60-Hz ngaphakathi kwebhokisi lodonga, noma uhogele ukudideka inhlanzi ebolayo, umchamo, noma iphunga elinomthombo osobala wekhemikhali ongenayo ikhemikhali esebenzayo. iphutha likagesi elimelana kakhulu nochungechunge (uxhumano olukhazimulayo) ngaphakathi kodonga lwakho. Ngokusho kwe-U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) kanye ne-National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), izintambo zesiyingi segatsha, izinto zokwamukela izinto, namaswishi kubangela ukusha kwezakhiwo ezingaphezu kuka-25,000 zezakhiwo unyaka ngamunye**, okuvamise ukuthungela izigxobo zodonga nokufakwa kwe-cellulose kuyilapho isihlukanisi sesekhethi kuphaneli enkulu ayikaze ihambe.

Kungani ikhefu lakho le-15-amp noma 20-amp lingelona uhambo lwakho lapho i-outlet engaphakathi odongeni incibilika ngokoqobo futhi icwebezela ngokubomvu kwe-cherry ku-*500 kuya ku-700 degrees Celsius (930 kuya ku-1,300 degrees Fahrenheit)? Ngoba i-thermal-magnetic circuit breaker iklanyelwe kuphela ukuthola i-parallel overcurrent (uma isekethe idonsa ngaphezu kwesamba sama-amps angu-15 noma angu-20). Uma itheminali yesikulufu sethusi ngaphakathi kwendawo yokuphuma odongeni ixega, lapho i-spring-loaded "backstab" i-push-in wire connection ilahlekelwa ukungezwani, noma uma 1965-to-1973 izintambo eziqinile ze-aluminium zegatsha zifaka i-oxidize ngaphansi kwesikulufu sethusi, ukuxhuma okuxekethile akukhulisi okwamanje; esikhundleni salokho, idala ibhodlela lokumelana nogesi 2- kuya ku-5-ohm. Uma i-heater yesikhala esiphathekayo engu-12-amp noma isomisi sezinwele sisebenza kuleyo sekethi, ibreaker ibona ama-amps angu-12 avamile futhi ihlala IVULIWE ngenjabulo, kuyilapho kuleso sikulufu setheminali esixegayo esixegayo, \(I^2R\) Joule ukufudumeza ($12\text{ A} \izikhathi ezingu-3\,\Omega = 432}-0 umbhalo ube -screwwing $3) sglowing into screwwing $3 i-soldering iron kagesegqitshwe ngaphakathi kwebhokisi lelasitiki eduze kwezigxobo zokhuni ezomile. Okucashile nangokwengeziwe, ngoba izitolo ezisendlini zixhunywe ngentambo *"iketngo le-daisy" (uchungechunge lokuphakelayo), indawo yokuphuma ngemuva kukasofa wakho akukho lutho oluxhunywe kuwo nhlobo ingabamba umlilo kungazelelwe ngoba iheater yesikhala exhunywe ekamelweni elihluke ngokuphelele ezansi nehholo idonsa ama-amps angu-12.5 edlula egunjini lokuhlala elingenalutho elingenalutho. Ukwazi ukuthi ungavala kanjani isekethe yegatsha ngokushesha ngaphandle kokudonsa ipulaki elishiselwe ngaphansi komthwalo, khomba iphunga lakudala "lezinhlanzi ezifile" lepulasitiki eshisa kakhulu ye-thermoset, futhi uqede ukuxhumeka kwe-aluminum okune-backstabbed kanye ne-un-pigtailed kuvimbela imililo yodonga efihliwe.

Yenza lokhu manje¶

1. Vala i-circuit breaker ephakela indawo eshisayo, ebhayizayo, noma eshintshe umbala noma shintsha iphaneli yakho kagesi eyinhloko ngokushesha. Hamba uye ngqo ebhokisini lakho le-breaker eliyinhloko bese upheqa i-15-amp noma 20-amp amp circuit breaker* ukuze lelo gumbi li*****. Uma uhla lwemibhalo yakho yebreaker ingenamalebula noma ingalungile futhi indawo yokuphuma ibhema, iyathuthumela, noma inuka kakhulu ipulasitiki/inhlanzi eshisiwe, phenyisa i-Main Service Breaker enkulu (100A noma 200A) phezulu kakhulu kwephaneli ukuze IVALIWE ukuze unqamule ugesi endlini yonke ngokushesha, bese ubuyisela ama-breaker okujikeleza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uma iphutha selihlukanisiwe.
2. Uma ubona intuthu enyakazayo igoqa ku-faceplate, amalahle akhazimulayo ngaphakathi kwendawo yodonga, noma uzwa i-drywall ezungeze i-outlet engaphezu kuka-60 degrees Celsius (140 degrees Fahrenheit): phuma futhi ushayele indawo yangakini. izinombolo eziphuthumayo. Ungalokothi ufafaze amanzi noma isicisha-mlilo esisekelwe emanzini endaweni kagesi. Izigxobo zodonga zezinkuni (2x4 uzimele) kanye ne-fiberglass enobuso obunephepha noma ukufakwa kwe-cellulose okufuthwayo okufihlwe ngemuva kwe-drywall kungashunqa kungabonakali ebhokisini lensimbi eshisa ngokweqile noma le-fiberglass. Shayela u-911 e-United States nase-Canada, 112 ngaphesheya kwe-European Union, noma 999 e-United Kingdom* ukuze izicishamlilo zikwazi ukuhlola imbobo yodonga ngekhamera yokuthwebula eshisayo. Buyekeza wethu Umhlahlandlela ophuthumayo womlilo kagesi kanye nezinhlansi.
3. Uma isinqamuli sesifunda sesiqinisekisiwe IVALIWE: khipha yonke into kuleyo sitolo KANYE nakuwo wonke omunye umthombo wesekethe efanayo. Khumbula "I-Daisy-Chain Feed-Ngomthetho": uma uthinte indawo ephuma edongeni engenalutho ngemuva kweshelufu lezincwadi elalingenalutho kuxhunywe kulo, nokho i-outlet ibishisa ngokuyithinta, ukushisa okusindayo kwakhiqizwa i-heater kagesi, i-PC elayishayo isomisi, noma insimbi) ixhunywe ku-indawo ephumayo eya phansi nomfula ngokuqhubekayo eduze kwesekhethi efanayo. Khipha zonke izifudumezi zesikhala nezinto zikagesi ezidonsa kakhulu kulelo gumbi namagumbi ancikene.
4. Phenya nganoma iyiphi iphunga elingaqondakali "lezinhlanzi ezifile, izimfanzi ezibolayo, noma umchamo wekati" ekamelweni ngokuhogela (kusuka ku-15 amasentimitha / amayintshi angu-6 ukusuka ngaphandle kokuthinta) izinsimbi zakho zodonga, amaswishi okukhanya, nezinto zophahla. Izimpahla zikagesi, amaswishi okuguqula, ama-circuit breaker, nama-wire nuts-resistant heat nuts-resistant phecelezi (i-Bakelite) namapulasitiki e-urea-formaldehyde**. Uma ithusi elingaphakathi lithintana nalo futhi lishisisa la mapulasitiki ngaphezu kuka-*150 degrees Celsius (300 degrees Fahrenheit)**, ukubola okushisayo kukhipha ama-methylamine aguquguqukayo nezinhlanganisela ze-ammonia ezinuka amaphesenti angu-100 afana nezinhlanzi ezibolayo noma umchamo. Uma igumbi linuka njengenhlanzi, awunayo inkinga yamapayipi amanzi noma amagundane afile; unomshini kagesi oziphekela wona ngaphakathi odongeni noma ophahleni.
5. Nquma ukuthi ingabe iswishi yodonga efudumele iwushintsho oluvamile lwe-"Dimmer Switch" noma i-arcing toggle switch eyingozi.
6. Okuvamile: Iswishi ye-dimmer yesimo esiqinile* (isilayidi, i-rotary, noma i-smart dimmer elawula ama-incandescent/halogen amaningi noma ama-wattage bulbs amaningi) ihlakaza 3 kuya ku-12 watts okushisa ngaphakathi kwayo I-TRIAC semiconductor heat-sink fin futhi izwakale iphakama ngokuphawulekayo ku-50 degrees Celsius (40 degrees Celsius) 105 kuya ku-120 degrees Fahrenheit**) kuyilapho izibani ZIKHALA.
7. Isimo Esiphuthumayo Esiyingozi: Ukushintshashintsha okujwayelekile kokuthi UKUVULIWE/KUVALE komshini noma ukushintshwa kwe-rocker (okungadimi) noma noma iyiphi indawo yokukhipha ipulaki odongeni kufanele ibe ukungancishisi ukushisa kwangaphakathi futhi akumele kungalokothi kuzizwe kufudumele. Uma iswishi yokukhanya evamile noma noma iyiphi into yepulaki izwa ukushisa okuncane, noma uma inkinobho ye-dimmer ishisa kakhulu ukubamba umunwe wakho ngokunethezeka imizuzwana engu-5 (ngaphezu kuka-60°C / 140°F) noma ihlala ifudumele lapho izibani icishiwe CIMILE, vala isinqamuleli ngokushesha.
8. Ungalokothi uphinde usebenzise okokuphuma odongeni okushile, okuncibilikile, noma okuxekethile, futhi ungalokothi uxhume i-heater yesikhala engu-1,500-watt kumugqa wamandla noma isitsha esigugile. Uma ama-spring angaphakathi e-outlet eseshise ngokweqile, ingxubevange yethusi ilahlekelwa unomphela ipulaki yayo yensimbi engenasici (**an), okusho ukuthi ipulaki yokushisa yasentwasahlobo ngeke neze (**an). prong ngokuqinile futhi izoshisa kakhulu nakakhulu ngokuzayo uma uxhuma okuthile. Gcina isinqamuli SIVALI kuze kube yilapho isitsha sithathelwa indawo yi-commercial-grade i-back-wire screw-clamp noma i-side-screw pigtailed receptacle (noma idivayisi elinganiselwe nge-CO/ALR uma ikhaya lakho linezintambo zegatsha ze-aluminium).

Indawo eshisayo, iswishi enomsindo, kanye neshadi lokuxilonga uhambo lwe-GFCI¶

Sebenzisa leli shadi lokulinganisa lobunjiniyela ukuze uhlole ukuthi kungani isitsha sodonga, iswishi, noma i-GFCI ishisa ngokweqile, iyabhaza, noma ikhubeka.

flowchart TD
    Start["I-Electrical Wall Outlet noma Ukushintsha Okungaqondakali Kutholiwe"] --> Symptom{"1. Luyini uphawu lwangempela?"}

    Symptom -->|"A. I-Wall outlet izwa ukushisa/kushisa, inezikhala ezinsundu/ezincibilikile, noma igumbi linuka njengenhlanzi efile"| CutBreaker["ISINYATHELO ESISHESHAYO:<br/>1. Phenya Isihlukanisi Sesekhethi Yegatsha UKUZE UVALE KUQALA<br/>2. Khipha amadivayisi kuphela NGEMVA kokuthi amandla EVALIWE<br/>3. Hlola ukuthi i-outlet bekuphakela i-Space heater / AC"]

    Symptom -->|"B. Iswishi yokukhanya izwakala ifudumele noma yenza<br/>umsindo oklabhazayo lapho iphenyisiwe"| SwitchCheck{"Ingabe iswishi iyiswishi ye-Dimmer<br/>noma iyiswishi yokuguqula yokuvula/ukucisha evamile?"}

    Symptom -->|"C. Izibani ekamelweni elilodwa ziyacwayiza/zifiphele ngokukhanyayo<br/>lapho i-microwave noma i-heater yesikhala ivuleka"| LooseWire["IPHUTHA ELIPHEZULU LOKUMZALWA KWE-DAISY-CHAIN:<br/>Iphutha le-'Backstab' elixegayo lokusunduza ngaphakathi noma intambo ye-Aluminium ene-oxidized<br/>ekuphumeni komfudlana phakathi kwephaneli naleli gumbi.<br/>Vala isekethe futhi uguqule wonke ama-backstab abe ama-pigtails e-side-screw."]

    Symptom -->|"D. GFCI endlini yokugezela/ikhishi/egaraji<br/>ilokhu ikhubeka noma ichofoza nge-LED ebomvu/ecwayizayo"| GFCITriage{"Ingabe inkinobho ye-GFCI RESET ihlala <br/>ngemuva kokukhipha zonke izintambo?"}

    CutBreaker --> WireAge{"Ingabe ikhaya lakhiwe noma lafakwa izintambo phakathi kuka-<br/>1965 no-1973?"}
    WireAge -->|"YEBO: Hlola izintambo eziqinile ezinemibala esiliva<br/>Aluminium ebhokisini"| AlumProtocol["I-ALUMINUM WIRING HAZARD:<br/>Ama-standard brass-screw-screw ahluleka entanjeni ye-aluminium.<br/>Kumele asebenzise izindawo zokuphuma ezikalwe nge-CO/ALR NOMA i-AlumiConn<br/>3-port purple lug connectors ezine-copper pigtails."]
    WireAge -->|"CHA: Izintambo zethusi"| CopperProtocol["Shintshanisa isitsha esihlanganisiwe/esincibilikisiwe ngokuthi<br/>20A I-Commerce Grade Spec-Grade Outlet;<br/>goqa ama-J-hook ethusi ngokwewashi ngaphansi kwezikulufu eziseceleni."]

    SwitchCheck -->|"Iswishi ye-Dimmer: kufudumala kancane (40-50 C) KUPHELA<br/>lapho ukukhanya KUVULIWE; akukho phunga noma ukuqhekeka"| NormalDimmer["Ukufudumala Kwesinki Okujwayelekile Kwe-TRIAC:<br/>Qinisekisa ukuthi isamba sokusha kwe-bulb akweqi<br/>isilinganiso sokufiphala (derate uma ibhokisi lezigelekeqe eziningi)."]
    SwitchCheck -->|"Iswishi yokuguqula yokuvula/ukuvala evamile izwakala ifudumele,<br/>NOMA noma iyiphi inkinobho iyaqhekeka, izinhlansi, noma iphunga"| BadSwitch["UKWEHLULEKA / UKUSHINTSHA KWE-ARCING:<br/>Amaphedi okuxhumana esiliva angaphakathi anezimbobo futhi afaka i-arcing.<br/>Cisha i-breaker ngokushesha bese ushintsha iswishi."]

    GFCITriage -->|"Uhambo ngokushesha noma kungekho lutho oluxhunyiwe"| GroundFault["Umswakama Owehlayo Ebhokisini Lokukhipha Impahla Yangaphandle,<br/>Ukuvuza Komhlaba Wensiza, noma Ukuhluleka Ukuzihlola Okukhulile kwe-GFCI<br/>(I-LED Ebomvu Eqinile/Ecwayizayo = Ukushintshwa Kokuphela Kokuphila)"]

I-matrix yokuqhathanisa: ukuphuma kodonga kanye nezimpawu eziyisixwayiso zokushintsha¶

Sebenzisa leli thebula lereferensi ukuze unqume ubukhali kanye nezimpande zembangela yanoma iyiphi indawo kagesi noma uphawu lokushintsha ekhaya lakho.

I-Physics ye-"15-Amp Breaker Paradox": Kungani i-outlet ebomvu ekhazimulayo ingalokothi ihambe i-breaker ejwayelekile¶

Umbono owodwa oyiphutha oyingozi kakhulu ekuphepheni kwezindawo zokuhlala ukukholelwa ukuthi: "Uma bekunenkinga kagesi eyingozi endaweni yami yokukhipha udonga, i-breaker breaker engaphansi bezingakhubeka bese liyivala."

Nakhu ukuthi kungani i-circuit breaker evamile ingakwazi ukubona ukuxega okuxekethile, okuncibilikayo kokuxhumana kuze kube yilapho sekwephuze kakhulu: 1. Yeka isilinganiso esijwayelekile se-Thermal-Magnetic Breaker: - Ikhefu elijwayelekile elingu-15-amp noma elingu-20-amp kuphaneli yakho likala kuphela inani lamanje kagesi (ama-ampere) agelezayo aphuma kusiphuli. Ayinayoinzwa yokushisa ngaphakathi kodonga lwegumbi lakho lokulala* futhi (ngaphandle uma kuyi-breaker yesimanje ye-AFCI) ayikho i-microprocessor ebukele uchungechunge lwe-arcing. 2. I-Ohm's Law kanye ne-\(I^2R\) Series Heating ("Uxhumano Olukhazimulayo"): - Ake sithi uxhuma i-1,500-watt heater yesikhala sikagesi esiphathwayo* endaweni yokuphuma yekamelo kumjikelezo ongu-15-amp, 120-volt. Ngokomthetho ka-Ohm (\(I = P / V\)), i-heater yesikhala idonsa \(1,500\text{ W} / 120\text{ V} = 12.5\text{ amps}\). - Ngenxa yokuthi ama-amp angu-12.5 angaphansi kwama-amps angu-15, i-breaker engu-15-amp egumbini lakho elingaphansi yaneliseke ngamaphesenti angu-100 futhi ayisoze yakhubeka. - Ngaphakathi kokuphumayo okunempilo, okuqinile odongeni, ukumelana nogesi ukuthintana phakathi kwentambo yethusi, isikulufu sethusi, ne-plug blade kungaphansi kuka-0.005 ohms (\(5\text{ milliohms}\)). Ku-12.5 amps, ukushisa okukhiqizwa ngaphakathi kwe-outlet eqinile ngu-\(I^2R = (12.5)^2 \izikhathi ezingu-0.005 = \mathbf{0.78\text{ watts}}\) (kubanda ngokuphelele lapho uthintwa). - Manje ake sithi "i-backstab" i-push-in wire spring ngaphakathi kwaleyo ndawo iyaxega ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-10, noma ama-slot blades ayaguga, okuphakamisa ukumelana nokuxhumana kulelo phuzu elilodwa elincane ukusuka ku-\(0.005\text{ ohms}\) ukuya ku-\(2.0\text{ ohms}\)* nje. - Isamba sesekhethi yamanje yehla kancane (kusuka ku-12.5 amps yehle kuya ku-10.9 amps, okwenza i-breaker yangaphansi kube mancane amathuba okuthi ihambe.), kuyilapho kuxhumo oluncane olu-2-ohm oluxekethile ngaphakathi kwebhokisi lokuphumayo, isizukulwane sokushisa sasendaweni sigxumela: $\(P = I^2 \izikhathi ezingu-R = (10.9\umbhalo{ A})^2 \izikhathi 2.0\,\Omega = \mathbf{237\text{ ama-watts okushisa okugxilile}}\)$ - Igxilisa 237 watts (amandla amalambu okukhanya esikhathi sakudala angama-60-watt noma isibhamu esisindayo) phezu ikhanda lesikulufu sethusi lamamilimitha angu-2 ngaphakathi kwebhokisi lepulasitiki elingangenisi umoya lishayela isikulufu kanye nokuhlangana kwe-oxide yethusi kudlule **600 degrees Fahrenheit0 degrees Celsius*VC 1,10mel ukwahlukanisa, ukushaja ibhokisi lepulasitiki, kanye nokuthungela isigxobo sodonga sokhuni kuyilapho i-floor breaker ifunda ama-amps angu-10.9 anokuthula.

I-Hazard 1: "Izinsimbi zokusunduza ngemuva" kanye ne-Daisy-Chain Trap¶

Uma uhlala endlini eyakhiwe kusukela ngawo-1960s kuze kube namuhla futhi uqaphela ukuthi indawo yokuphuma engaxhunywanga lutho kuyo izizwa ifudumele, noma ukuthi amalambu nezindawo zokuphuma ezinqamula ingxenye yegumbi ziyalokoza noma zife lapho uxhuma isicoci se-vacuum noma i-microwave odongeni oluhlukile, uhlulekile "i-backstab" uxhumano lwe-daisy-chain.

Yini i-"Backstab" (Push-In) Outlet Connection?¶

Ngemuva kwayo yonke indawo engabizi engu-$1.50 yendawo yokuhlala engu-15-amp duplex kunezimbobo eziyisishiyagalombili eziyindilinga ezincane ezibizwa ngokuthi amatheminali ama-push-in (ngokwezwi elibiza ngokuthi "backstabs" ngabasebenza ngogesi). - Ukuze bafake izintambo zendlu ngokushesha okukhulu ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa, abakhi bakhumula ucingo lwethusi olungamamilimitha angu-13 (½ intshi) futhi bafake ucingo olungenalutho oluqondile embotsheni engemuva kwendawo yokukhipha impahla esikhundleni sokusonga ucingo ezikulufini ezisindayo zethusi eziseceleni. - Ngaphakathi kwaleyo mbobo kunephepha elincanyana ishidi-unqenqema lommese wethusi oluluma ohlangothini lwentambo yethusi phezu kwepeshi yokuxhumana encane kunekhanda likaphini (ngaphansi kwe-square millimeter engu-1). - Ukwengeza, ukuze bafake izintambo ezingu-8 ekamelweni lokulala kusekethe eyodwa, abakhi basebenzisa umzimba wokuphuma ngokwawo njengebhuloho elihlanganisayo (daisy-chaining): ucingo olungenayo oluvela kuphaneli ye-breaker luboshelwe embotsheni ye-backstab ephezulu, futhi ucingo oluphumayo oluphakela izitolo eziyi-7 ezilandelayo phansi komugqa luboshelwe emgodini ongemuva ongemuva. - Kungani ama-backstabs ehluleka: Ngaso sonke isikhathi uma othile evula iheater yesikhala engu-12-amp, isomisi sezinwele, i-ayina, noma iwindi le-ACekugcineni kokugcina ochungechungeni, lawo ma-amps angu-12 kufanele alwe ngendlela yawo adlule14 emithonjeni ye-backstab emincane emincane engu-14 ezitolo ezingu-7 ezikhuphuka nomfula. Intambo yethusi iyakhula lapho ifudumele futhi incipha lapho ipholile (ibhayisikili elishisayo), yenza buthakathaka kancane kancane isiqeshana sentwasahlobo esincanyana kuze kube yilapho intambo idonsa ingxenyana yemilimitha, iqala uchungechunge i-arcing, futhi incibilikisa i-outlet engenalutho ekhuphukayo kanye phakathi odongeni.

Ukulungiswa Kwaphakade: "I-Pigtailing" kanye Ne-Side-Screw Clamping¶

Uma wena noma osebenza ngogesi nishintsha noma iyiphi indawo efudumele, ecwayizayo, noma egugile: 1. Ungalokothi usebenzise izimbobo ze-push-in backstab ngemuva kwe-outlet. 2. Ungalokothi usebenzise izikulufu ezimbili ezisemaceleni ze-outlet njengebhuloho lokuphakelayo ezindaweni eziphuma ezansi nomfula. Kunalokho, thatha intambo emnyama engenayo eshisayo kusuka kuphaneli, ucingo olushisayo olumnyama oluphumayo uye endaweni yokukhipha elandelayo, kanye nocezu olufushane lwamasentimitha angu-15 (amayintshi angu-6) lwentambo yethusi emnyama (a ""pigtail"), iphiko elisontekile phakathi kwekhwalithi ye-copper** elisontekile ngekhwalithi emithathu yonke. nati (noma i-Wago 221 lever-nut)**, bese uxhuma kuphela leyo ntambo ye-pigtail eyodwa ku-J-hook ehambisana newashi ngaphansi kwesikulufu eseceleni sethusi se-outlet (bese uphinda nge-pigtail emhlophe yezintambo ezimaphakathi). 3. Nge-pigtailing, ugesi ogeleza uya ezindaweni eziphuma ezansi nomfula udlula uqonde ku-splice ye-wire-nut eqinile yethusi kuya kweyethusi ngemuva kwebhokisi futhi awuke ugeleze emzimbeni wokuphumayo, okwenza kube nzima ukuthi isifudumezi sendawo esingaphansi komfula sishise ngokweqile indawo ephuma nomfula.

I-Hazard 2: I-Solid Aluminium Branch Wiring (Izindlu ezakhiwa ngo-1965 kuya ku-1973)¶

Uma ikhaya lakho, indlu yedolobha, noma ifulethi lakhiwe noma lanwetshwa phakathi kuka-1965 no-1973 (lapho ukushoda kwethusi emhlabeni wonke kwashukumisela abakhi ukuthi bafake izintambo cishe izindlu eziyizigidi ezingu-2 zaseNyakatho Melika ezinocingo oluqinile lwe-12-AWG noma 10-AWG olunomucu owodwa we-aluminium wesifunda wama-switchlets angu-15-amp kanye ne-out2) izimo eziphuthumayo ezibaluleke kakhulu.

Ungasho kanjani ukuthi ikhaya lakho linezintambo ze-Aluminium Branch¶

(Qaphela: Amakhebuli e-aluminium agqinsi, anemigqa eminingi asetshenziselwa iphaneli enkulu yesevisi engu-200-amp, ububanzi bukagesi wama-amp angu-50, noma isomisi esingu-30-amp aphephile uma enqanyulwa ngamaphaneli ephaneli alinganiselwe ane-anti-oxidant paste. Ingozi yomlilo eyedlulele isebenza ngokuqondile ku-intambo encane, eqinile ye-solid-mp evamile kanye ne-15-luminum feed 15-luminum izindawo zokuphuma ezibondeni namaswishi okukhanya.) 1. Uma i-circuit breaker ivaliwe KUVALIWE, khanyisa ithoshi ebhokisini lokuphuma elivulekile noma ubheke i-plastic sheathing yezintambo ze-NM ezingena kuphaneli yakho yokuphula ugesi engaphansi: - Amakhebuli akhiqizwe ngamakhondaktha e-aluminium anegama elithi AL noma ALUMINUM noma ALUM ephrintiwe noma egcizelelwe njalo ngamasentimitha angu-30 ukuya kwangu-60 (ifidi elingu-1 kuye ku-2) eduze kwejakhethi yepulasitiki yangaphandle, futhi ucingo lwekhondatha yensimbi olungenalutho ngaphakathi kwamantongomane ocingo lubukeka isiliva elifiphele/mpunga kunethusi elibomvu-owolintshi. 2. Kungani izintambo eziqinile ze-aluminium zivutha ezitolo ezijwayelekile zekhopha kuphela (Idatha Yocwaningo ye-CPSC): - Ngokwezifundo zomlilo eziyingqophamlando ezweni lonke ezenziwe yi-U.S. Ikhomishana Yokuphepha Komkhiqizo Wabathengi (i-CPSC Publication 516), amakhaya anezintambo zegatsha le-aluminium eziqinile zangaphambi kuka-1972 anethuba eliphindwe ka-55 lokuba noxhumo lwezintambo olulodwa noma ngaphezulu ezindaweni ezithengisayo afinyelele "Izimo Zengozi Yomlilo"* kunamakhaya anentambo yethusi. - Izindlela zokuhluleka kwe-metallurgical ezine: 1. Ukunwetshwa Okushisayo Okuphakeme & "I-Cold Flow Creep": I-Aluminium iyanwebeka futhi yenza izinkontileka amaphesenti angu-38 ngaphezu kwekhopha lapho ishiswa umthwalo kagesi. Uma intambo ye-aluminium eqinile ivaleleke ngaphansi kwesikulufu sensimbi noma sethusi futhi ishisa, i-aluminium ethambile enwebekayo ayinandawo lapho ingaya khona, ngakho ikhipha ("ikhasa") iphuma ngaphansi kwesikulufu njengomuthi wokuxubha. Lapho umthwalo ucisha futhi intambo iphola, intambo ye-aluminium eyisicaba manje isibancane kunangaphambili, okushiya igebe lomoya elixegayo ngaphansi kwesikulufu. 2. Instantaneous Insulating Oxide Film (\(\text{Al}_2\text{O}_3\)): Uma ithusi lixutshwa emoyeni, i-copper oxide isasebenza kancane. Uma i-aluminium ichayeke emoyeni, ngokushesha yenza isikhumba esincane se-aluminium oxide (\(\text{Al}_2\text{O}_3\), ceramic sapphire/corundum), okuyi insulator kagesi eseduze kahle eshayela phezulu ukumelana nokuxhumana. 3. I-Galvanic Corrosion: Izinsimbi ezingafani (intambo ye-aluminium ethinta isikulufu sethusi emoyeni oswakeme) igqwala i-galvanic edla kuxhumeke uxhumano. 4. Ukuqina Kokusebenza kanye Ne-Brittle Snapping: Intambo ye-aluminium eqinile yenza lukhuni futhi inqamuke kalula uma igobelwe emuva naphambili izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezimbili noma ezintathu lapho iphushela into ephumayo ebhokisini.

Izindlela Ezi-3 KUPHELA Ezigunyazwe I-CPSC Zokulungisa Izintambo Zegatsha Ze-Aluminium¶

Uma unezintambo eziqinile zegatsha le-aluminium endlini yakho futhi i-outlet izizwa ifudumele, icwayiza, noma idinga ukushintshwa, UNGALINGE uxhume intambo ye-aluminium eqinile endaweni evamile "CU-Only" (Copper-Only), UNGALOKOTHI usonte intambo ye-aluminium nentambo yethusi ndawonye ngaphakathi kwentambo evamile yesitolo sehadiwe (okuhlanganisa nenkambu yedokhyumenti ensomi umlando wokushisa ngokweqile ekuhlolweni kwe-CPSC).

Sebenzisa eyodwa kuphela kulezi zindlela ezintathu eziqashelwa ngokusemthethweni: 1. Indlela 1 (Ukulungisa Okungcono Kakhulu Kwebhokisi le-DIY/I-Electrician): I-King Innovation "AlumiConn" 3-Port Purple Lug Connectors: - Kugunyazwe i-CPSC, UL, kanye nababhala ngaphansi komshwalense, Isixhumi se-AlumiConn siwubhulokhi omncane onsomi onsomi oqukethe imihubhe emithathu ehlukene ehlukene ye-aluminium set-screw screw efakwe ngaphambili nge-silicone anti-oxidant inhibitor. - Ngenxa yokuthi intambo ye-aluminium engenayo, intambo ye-aluminium ephumayo, nentambo entsha ye-copper pigtail ngayinye ingena embotsheni yesikulufu** eyayo ehlukene (ukuze izintambo ze-aluminium nezethusi zingalokothi zithintane noma zichobozelane) futhi ziqiniswa nge-screwdriver ye-torque, iqeda ngokuphelele ukugeleza okubandayo nokugqwala kwe-galvanic ukuze uxhume i-copper ejwayelekile. 2. Indlela 2 (Permanent Professional Press Splice): TE Ukuxhumana "COPALUM" Cold-Weld Crimp: - Kufakwe osebenza ngogesi oqinisekisiwe kusetshenziswa ithuluzi elikhethekile elingu-10,000-PSI le-hydraulic crimp* elishikela intambo ye-aluminium kubanda ku-copper pigtail ngaphakathi komkhono wensimbi onembobo, embozwe ishubhu elinciphisa ukushisa. 3. Indlela 3 (Ukushintshwa Kwedivayisi Yesikhashana): CO/ALR-Izinto Zokutholwa Nezitembu Ezigxiviziwe: - Uma kufanele ushintshe i-outlet efudumele noma ushintshele ngqo ezintanjeni ze-aluminium ngaphandle kwe-pigtailing, thenga KUPHELA isitsha noma iswishi egxivizwe ngokucacile. CO/ALR (Ithusi/I-Aluminium Ibuyekeziwe) ebhandeni lensimbi (hhayi CU/AL, okuyisilinganiso esiphelelwe yisikhathi sawo-1970 esahluleka ukuhlola ukuphepha). CO/ALR amadivayisi asebenzisa izikulufu zethusi ezithambile ** eziyi-idium-plated** ezinamakhanda amakhulu kakhulu aklanyelwe ukuluma nge-aluminium oxide ngaphandle kokuchoboza intambo.

Ingozi 3: Kungani izitolo ze-GFCI ziqhubeka nokukhubeka noma ngokuchofoza (Amaphutha Aphansi vs. Ukuphela Kokuphila)¶

Amakhishi esimanje, amagumbi okugeza, amagaraji, amagumbi angaphansi, nezindonga zangaphandle zisebenzisa i-GFCI (I-Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter) izitolo ezifakelwe TEST futhi RESET izinkinobho. Ngokungafani ne-breaker egumbini elingaphansi (elihamba ngama-amps angu-15 noma angu-20), i-GFCI iqukethe i-transformer yamanje ebucayi eqapha ibhalansi ngqo yamanje eshiya i-Hot slot bese ibuyela kokuthi Imbobo emaphakathi, inqamula amandla ku 25 millisecond uma ngisho *4 kuya ku-6 amamilimitha ama-amp aphumayo (ama-amp aphumayo) angu-0 (isibonelo sama-amp aphumayo angu-0). isomisi sezinwele esimanzi esandleni sakho).

Uma i-GFCI endlini yakho ngokuzumayo iqala ukuchofoza ngokuphindaphindiwe, ukubhayiza, ukukhombisa ukukhanya okuqinile noma okucwayizayo kwenkomba OKUBOMVU, noma ukwenqaba ukuvumela RESET inkinobho hlala iphushwe:

1. Khipha yonke intambo kuleyo ndawo ye-GFCI KANYE nakuzo zonke izitolo ze-"Downstream Protected":
2. Indawo yokuphuma eyodwa ye-GFCI egunjini lokugezela elingaphansi noma egalaji elingaphansi livamise ukuxhunywa ngezintambo ngalo LOAD amatheminali okuvikela zonke izitolo zokudayisa ezingaphandle, indawo engemuva yendlu, kanye nezindlu zangasese ezisezingeni eliphezulu.
3. Uma amanzi emvula engena ngaphakathi kwentambo yokunweba yokukhanya kweholide yangaphandle kuvulandi ongaphambili, i-GFCI engaphakathi kwegalaji noma indlu yokugezela izokhubeka futhi inqabe ukusetha kabusha uze uphumele ngaphandle futhi ukhiphe intambo emanzi endaweni engaphandle yomfula.
4. Nquma ukukhanya okucwayizayo noma okuqinile kwe-RED LED kuma-GFCIs "Wokuzihlola" wesimanje (UL 943 Post-2015 Standard):
5. Kusukela ngoJuni 2015, i-UL 943 idinga ukuthi zonke izitolo ze-GFCI ezintsha ezithengiswa eNyakatho Melika zenze ukuzihlola okuzenzakalelayo kwangaphakathi kwe-elekthronikhi njalo ngemizuzu engu-15 ukuya emahoreni angu-3 (okwesinye isikhathi okwenza umsindo omncane wokuchofoza okukodwa).
6. Uma ilambu elincane le-LED ebusweni be-GFCI libaneka NGOKUBOMVU noma OKUBOMVU okuqinile futhi inkinobho ethi RESET inqaba ukungena (ngisho noma kungekho lutho oluxhunyiwe): I-MOV yokuvikela kwangaphakathi kwe-GFCI noma isilungisi esilawulwa nge-silicon (SCR) isifinyelele Ukuphela Kokuphila Ukwehluleka (ngokuvamile kucisha ukukhanya futhi kucime ugesi unomphela) ngaphandle ngakho ngeke ikunikeze umuzwa wamanga wokuvikela. Vala isinqamuli bese ubuyisela i-$18 GFCI yokuphumayo.
7. Isiqandisi / Isiqandisi sixhunywe egaraji i-GFCI:
8. Iziqandisi ezindadlana zamagaraji neziqandisi zesifuba zine-compressor yokuqala yokujikajika kanye nezifudumezi ezivuza ngokwemvelo ama-milliamp angu-3 ukuya kwangu-5 we-capacitive current ohlakeni lwensimbi lapho i-compressor ikhahlela noma ihliphiza, okubangela uhambo lwe-GFCI oluyinkathazo olungonakalisa amakhulu amadola okudla okufriziwe. Osebenza ngogesi afake isekethi yesitsha esisodwa esizinikele ** noma isitsha sesimanje se-GFCI esilinganiselwe ngenjini samafriji egaraji, futhi axhume i-$15 Ezwakalayo I-Alarm-Outage Alarm** endaweni efanayo ukuze uzwe ukutshiyoza ngokushesha uma igalaji i-GFCI ike igibele.

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa¶

Kungani igumbi lami lokulala noma indlu yokugezela iphunga ngokuzumayo njengezinhlanzi ezibolayo ezifile nakuba igumbi lingenabala?¶

Iphunga elingazelelwe, elingaqondakali lenhlanzi ebolayo, izimfanzi ezifile, noma i-ammonia/umchamo ngaphakathi kwegumbi, ikakhulukazi leli eliba namandla uma isifudumezi sendawo, isifudumezi-moya, ukukhanya kosilingi, noma isomisi sisebenza futhi sinyamalale ngemva kwehora zivaliwe, isiginesha yamakhemikhali yakudala yomlilo kagesi oqala ngaphakathi kwendawo ophuma kuyo odongeni, iswishi yokukhanya, indawo yosilingi, noma i-breaker panel. Izivalo zikagesi, amantongomane ocingo, namabhulokhi agcinayo abunjwa nge-thermoset phenolic (i-Bakelite) ne-urea-formaldehyde epulasitiki abola lapho ishisiswe ngaphezu kuka-150 degrees Celsius (300 degrees Fahrenheit) ngocingo oluxegayo, oluyi-arcing, ludedele i-methyldenamine eguquguqukayo yolwandle; vala i-circuit breaker yalelo gumbi ngokushesha futhi uhlole yonke indawo yokuphuma nokushintsha.

Kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi indawo ephuma odongeni engaxhunywanga lutho kuyo ishise noma incibilike?¶

Ezindaweni zokuhlala, abasebenza ngogesi abavamile ukuthi basebenzise izintambo ezihlukene ukusuka kuphaneli ye-breaker kuya endaweni ngayinye yokuphuma; esikhundleni salokho, ikhebula elilodwa ligijima lisuka kuphaneli ye-breaker liya endaweni yokuqala yokuphuma kuketango, bese ligxuma lisuka kuleyo mishini yokuphuma liye kweyesibili, yesithathu, neyesine yokuphuma phansi ngodonga ("daisy-chaining"). Uma othile exhuma i-heater yesikhala engu-1,500-watt ku-Outlet #4 ohlangothini olukude lwegumbi, wonke ama-amps angu-12.5 walowo gesi kufanele ageleze aqonde ngezikulufu noma eziphethwini ze-"backstab" ze-Empty Outlet #1, #2, kanye no-#3 endleleni; uma i-Empty Outlet #2 inentambo ye-backstab exekethile ngaphakathi kwebhokisi layo, okwamanje okugeleza kuleyo nhlangano evulekile izoshisa kakhulu futhi incibilike i-Empty Outlet #2 nakuba kungekho lutho oluxhunywe ebusweni bayo.

Kungani ungalokothi uxhume iheater yesikhala esiphathwayo esingu-1,500-watt kumucu wamandla noma intambo yokunweba?¶

Ngokungafani nethelevishini, ikhompuyutha, noma ishaja yocingo (edonsa ama-amps angu-0.5 kuya kwangu-2 kuphela ngezikhathi ezithile), isishicileli sikagesi esiphathwayo esingu-1,500-watt sidonsa ama-amps angu-12.5 amahora amaningi ekugcineni, sidle amaphesenti angu-83 engqikithi yomthamo wesekethe yasendlini evamile engu-15-amp iyodwa. Imichilo yamandla ephuma ezindaweni eziningi kanye nezivikeli zokuhlinza ziqukethe imichilo yamabhasi ethusi yangaphakathi emincane, iswishi encane ye-rocker eshisayo engu-15-amp, kanye nentambo engu-16-AWG noma engu-14-AWG engakhelwanga ngokuqhubekayo amahora amaningi wemithwalo yokushisisa engu-12.5-amp, ebangela ukuthi umugqa wepulaki uncibilike futhi uxhume iswishi yepulagi; hlala uxhume i-heater yesikhala ngokuqondile esitshalweni esibamba kakhulu futhi ungalokothi usishiye sisebenza singagadiwe noma ngenkathi ulele.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-GFCI ne-breaker ye-AFCI, futhi iyiphi evimba izindawo ezishisayo ukuthi ziqale umlilo?¶

I-GFCI (I-Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter) iyisisetshenziswa esimelene nogesi esiklanyelwe ukuvikela abantu ezindaweni ezimanzi (amagumbi okugeza, amakhishi, ngaphandle) ngokusika amandla lapho ama-milliamp angu-5 okuvuza kwamanje kuphuma kusekethe kuya phansi; kodwa, i-GFCI AYIKWAZI ukubona intambo exegayo, eshisayo noma uchungechunge olugoqa ngaphakathi kwe-outlet yegumbi elomile ngenxa yokuthi wonke amandla akhona asabuyela ocingweni olumaphakathi. Isihlukanisi se-AFCI (Inhlanganisela ye-Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupter) sisebenzisa i-microprocessor ukuqapha isiginesha kagesi we-high-frequency radio-frequency (RF) ocingweni, ithola izinhlansi zombili ezihambisanayo zesekethe emfishane kanye nochungechunge olugoqa ocingweni oluxekekile oluxekekile noma intambo eyonakele futhi ikhubekise udonga.

Imithombo ihloliwe¶

• Ikhomishana Yokuphepha Komkhiqizo Wabathengi Yase-United States (CPSC): Ukushicilela 516: Ukulungisa Izintambo Ze-Aluminium kanye Nezingozi Zomlilo Zesistimu Yogesi Wasekhaya: Izinto Ezifakwayo Ezixegayo, Izixhumo ze-Backstab Push-In, kanye Nokwehluleka Kwentambo Ye-Space Heater.
• Inhlangano Kazwelonke Yokuvikela Umlilo (i-NFPA): NFPA 70: Ikhodi Kagesi Kazwelonke (NEC) Ama-athikili 210.12 (AFCI Protection), 210.8 (GFCI Protection), kanye ne-406 (Izinto Zokwamukela Nezimpawu ze-CO/ALR).
• I-Underwriters Laboratories (UL): UL 498 (Okujwayelekile Kwamapulagi Okunamathiselwe Nezinto Zokwamukela), UL 943 (Okujwayelekile Kweziphazamisi Zomjikelezo we-Ground-Fault Ngokuzihlola Okuzenzakalelayo), kanye ne-UL 1699 (I-Arc-Fault Circuit-Interrupt).
• I-Electrical Safety Foundation International (ESFI) kanye Nokuphepha Kogesi Kuqala (United Kingdom): Ukubona Izitolo Zokushisisa Ngokweqile, Iphunga Le-Phenolic Plastic Fishy, ​​kanye Nokuxhumana Kagesi Okukhazimulayo.

Iziqondiso ezihlobene¶

• Umlilo kagesi, izinhlansi, nephunga elivuthayo ezindongeni
• I-arcing yamaphaneli kagesi, ama-breaker buzzing, nokushisa ngokweqile
• Imililo kagesi: ukunqamula, ukuvala i-breaker, nokucindezelwa kwe-Class C
• Akukho ukushisa ebusika: ukufudumala kwangaphakathi okuphephile nokuvikelwa kwamapayipi
• Ukunqamuka kukagesi: ukukhanya okuphephile, ukuphepha kokudla, nokuvikelwa kokuhlinzwa
• Uhla lwemibhalo lwezinombolo eziphuthumayo