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I-Subsidence Yami Ngaphansi Kwekhaya Lakho Noma Igesi Ye-Methane Engazelelwe Iphuma Empompini Wakho Womthombo: I-Emergency Triage

Izinombolo zezimo eziphuthumayo ziyehluka ngezwe. Leli khasi lisebenzisa u-911, inombolo yase-United States naseCanada. Amanye amazwe amaningi asebenzisa u-112, 999, noma enye inombolo. Thola inombolo yezwe lakini.

Ukuvuka ngo-3:00 AM uye endaweni ejulile, ephithizelayo engaphansi komhlaba elandelwa umsindo wokububula kwendlu yakho, ikamelo lokulala nezicabha zangaphambili zivaleleka ngokuzumayo kumafreyimu agqagqene, imifantu yezitebhisi engama-degree angu-45 eqhekeka ezindongeni zakho zamatshe ezingaphansi, kanye nomkhombe ongashoni noma oyindilinga wolayini owela phansi ekhishini lakho -NOMA. ehlinzekwa umthombo wamanzi angaphansi komhlaba oyimfihlo kuphela ukuba nompompi ukhafule ngobudlova, amaphakethe omoya wokukhwehlela, futhi ugcwalise ingilazi yakho yokuphuza ngamabhamuza anobisi, alokozayo, afana ne-champagne (dissolved methane gas effervescence) - isimo esiphuthumayo sesakhiwo kanye nesiqhumane. ENyakatho Melika yonkana, e-United Kingdom, e-Europe nase-Australia, izigidi zemizi zihlezi ngenhla kwemephu kanye nezimayini ze-lead-zinc zangekhulunyaka le-19 nelama-20, usawoti, igypsum, i-limestone, insimbi, kanye nezimayini zomthofu (including Pennsylvania, Illinois, Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana, Colorado, Wyoming, Nova Scotia, the UK Midlands/Yorkshire/South Wales, the German Ruhr Valley, and the Hunter Valley of NSW), kanye namaphaneli ezimayini zamalahle amade asebenzayo**, ukuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic kawoyela/igesi (fracking) amasimu, kanye nemithombo yokujova amanzi angcolile.

Nakuba ukunyakaza komhlabathi kanye namanzi omthombo acwebezelayo kubukeka njengezinkinga ezihlukene, kokubili kudala umbulali osheshayo ofanayo, ongabonakali ngaphakathi kwendlu yakho phakathi nemizuzu: igesi ye-hydrocarbon evuthayo (Methane CH4) kanye negesi yezimayini enobuthi (Carbon Monoxide, Hydrogen Sulfide, or Oxygen-Depleted "Blackdamp" CO2/N2) ukuthuthela emzini wakho. Uma insika yamalahle engaphansi komhlaba ibhidliza noma uphahla lwemayini lubhidlika 15 kuya ku-150 amamitha (50 kuya ku-500 amafidi) ngaphansi komgwaqo wakho, indawo ephansi inwebeka ngegagasi eliqinile elinqamula insimbi/insimbi eqinile imigqa yesevisi yegesi yemvelo ( (mercaptan-odorized or odor-stripped) lapho bengena khona odongeni lwakho olungaphansi futhi kuqhekeke imigqa ye-septic ne-propane. Ngokufanayo, lapho izimayini eziseduze, ukumba, ukucindezela kwe-barometric kwehla, noma ukumpompa okunamandla kwehlisa ithebula lamanzi le-hydrostatic emthonjeni wamanzi oyimfihlo ongenela amalahle noma i-shale strata, i-Methane engenaphunga, engenambala (CH4) iyancibilika (fizzes) emanzini akho ompompi, izishawa, umshini wokuwasha, kanye nomgodi womthombo ovalekile, anqwabelana ngokushesha ngase 5.0% kuya ku-15.0% Umkhawulo Wokuqhumisa Ophansi Wawo (LEL) kuze kube yilapho inhlansi eyodwa emile evela kuswishi yokukhanya yegumbi lokugezela noma ukudluliselwa komfutho wepompo kahle icuphe ukuqhuma kwendlu okuyinhlekelele.

(Ngokuba i-karst sinkhole evamile iwa, bheka I-Karst iyawa, ukuncipha kwe-shaft yezimayini kuyekwa, nobungozi be-auger-void futhi AmaSinkhole. Ukuze uthole ukuvuza kwegesi engaphansi komhlaba engenaphunga, bheka Ukuvuza kwegesi yemvelo engenaphunga ("mercaptan fade"): ukuthuthela kwenhlabathi engaphansi komhlaba ezindaweni ezingaphansi kanye nomhlaba wethu izinombolo eziphuthumayo inkomba.)

Yenza lokhu manje

  1. Uma indlu yakho iphuma, ibubula, inyakaza, noma iqhekeka (Active Mine Subsidence), NOMA uma uzwa iphunga legesi / uzwa ompompi bakho bamanzi bekhafula futhi befaka amabhamuza egesi: KHIPHA WONKE UMUNTU NGAPHANDLE NGOKUSHESHA ngaphandle kokuthinta inkinobho kagesi.
  2. UNGAphenyi noma iyiphi inkinobho yokukhanya, UNGAKHISHI izinto ezisetshenziswayo zikagesi, UNGASEBENZISI isiphephetha-moya esikhipha umoya endlini yangasese, futhi UNGASISEBENZISI isivuli somnyango wegalaji.
  3. Uma izicabha zivaleleke kumafreyimu amarakhi (a classic hallmark of ground-tilt subsidence), khahlela isikrini sefasitela eliphansi bese uphuma ngefasitela (keep a hammer or pry bar accessible on each floor if you live in a known subsidence zone).
  4. Uma umpompi wakho wangasese womthombo wamanzi ukhafula umoya, ukhwehlela, noma utshiza njengesoda yekilabhu (Methane Effervescence): Vala BONKE Ompompi BAMANZI NGOKUSHESHA futhi ukhiphe umoya egumbini ngokuvula amafasitela.
  5. Lonke ilitha lamanzi omthombo agcwele i-methane afafazwe eshaweni eshisayo, i-aerator yasekhishini, umshini wokuwasha izitsha, noma imicu yomshini wokuwasha kufika kuma-milligrams angu-28 ilitha ngalinye (28 ppm) yeMethane evutha umlilo (CH4) ngqo emoyeni walelo gumbi.
  6. UNGALOKOTHI uthathe ishawa elishisayo elinomnyango ovaliwe, ugijime umshini wokuwasha, noma ushaye umentshisi/ukukhanya eduze kukampompi okhipha amanzi, futhi UNGALINGE ugibele emgodini kakhonkolo ongaphansi komhlaba noma endlini yepompo (confined well pits trap exsolved methane at explosive 5%-15% LEL concentrations and displace breathable oxygen below 19.5%).
  7. Uma ungaphandle ngokuphephile okungenani amamitha angu-30 (amafidi angu-100) ukusuka endlini: Shayela ku-911 (noma 112 / 999) KANYE Nolayini Wezimo Eziphuthumayo ongu-24/7 we-Natural Gas Utility yakho.
  8. Tshela i-911 dispatcher: "Sinendawo esebenzayo yemayini engaphansi komhlaba egqekeza isisekelo / iminyango yethu iyagxumela [NOMA igesi ye-methane eqhumayo ephuma empompini wethu wamanzi wangasese] [Street Address]. Sicela uthumele Umnyango Wezomlilo one-4-Gas Combustible LEL & Carbon Monoxide Meters futhi ucele I-Gas Utility Emergency Crew ukuthi ihlole isevisi yethu engaphansi komhlaba ukuze ikwazi ukugunda."
  9. Uma isisekelo sendlu yakho sishintsha ngokuqhubekayo: Yenza I-Gas Utility ivale imitha yakho yegesi yangaphandle (or turn the quarter-turn propane tank valve OFF if safe outside) ngaphambi kokuthi kuqhume ipayipi eligqitshiwe.
  10. Phakathi nomcimbi we-Subsidence Yegumbi-neNsika" ye-"Sag / Trough", indawo ephansi ihlala ngamamitha angu-0.3 kuya ku-1.5 (1 kuya ku-5 ft)* esikhathini esingu-24 amahora kuya emavikini ambalwa. Amapayipi egesi emvelo aqinile angaphansi komhlaba, izintambo zokuhlinzeka amanzi, kanye nezinhlangothi zendle ezixhuma indlu yakho eguquguqukayo endaweni eyinhloko yomgwaqo emile zidonswa njenge-taffy enwetshiwe kuze kube yilapho egunda igesi engaphansi komhlaba kanye nesiteshi eduze komsele wamapayipi uqonde egumbini lakho elingaphansi.
  11. Shayela Izwe lakho / Izwe Lemayini Likazwelonke Elilahliwe (AML) Uhlelo Lwezimo Eziphuthumayo KANYE Nomshwalense wakho Wemali Engaphansi Kwezimayini (MSI) Faka imali emahoreni angama-24.
  12. Ngaphansi komthetho we-Federal Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) e-United States, UK Coal Authority, kanye Ne-Subsidence Advisory NSW e-Australia, amaqembu kahulumeni asebenza ezimayini eziphuthumayo anegunya elisemthethweni lokuhlanganisa izinsimbi zokumba izimo eziphuthumayo phakathi kwamahora angu-24 kuya kwangu-72 (at zero cost to the homeowner) ukumpompa izinkulungwane zama-cubic metres kakhonkolo we-fly-ash grout phansi kwemigodi endaweni ebhidlikayo yemayini engaphansi kwendlu yakho ukuze kuboshwe ukuwa ngaphambi kokuba indlu yakho ichithwe.

Kungani I-Well-Water Methane ENGAKHO INKOMA KAHLE - Futhi Liqhuma Kanjani Ithangi Lokucindezela Lomthombo Ongaphansi

  • Ukuhogela kwe-Zero "Rotten-Egg" i-Mercaptan: Igesi yemvelo esetshenziswayo inuka njengamaqanda abolile kuphela ngoba insiza ijova ikhemikhali mercaptan (tert-butylthiol) esangweni lomuzi. I-Methane yemvelo yemvelo (CH4 - "I-Coalbed Methane" noma "I-Shale Gas") egeleza emthonjeni wamanzi wangasese ephuma kumthungo wamalahle angaphansi komhlaba noma ukuphuka kwe-shale AKUNANKO, ABANGAMBALALA, futhi AKUNANDI ngo-100. (Ngisho noma amanzi omthombo wakho enuka kancane njengesibabule ephuma kumagciwane anciphisa i-sulfate angenabungozi, mina **ngeke wena ngokwakho).
  • I-Well-Pump Pressure Spark Spark: Ezinkulungwaneni zamakhaya asemaphandleni nasezindaweni zasemadolobheni, i-fiberglass eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma insimbi I-Well Water Pressure Tank ihlezi endaweni engaphansi noma ekhabetheni elisetshenziswayo elinomshini 30/50 psi noma 40/60 psi Ukushintsha Kwengcindezi Kagesi (Square D Pumptrol) efakwe phezu kwetiyi yepayipi. Ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho iphampu ikhahlela noma ivala, insimbi ethintwayo ngaphakathi kwaleyo swishi encane yepulasitiki empunga iphonsa i-arc kagesi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka engu-240-volt. Uma igesi ye-methane iphumele ngaphandle kwebhokisi lomthombo noma yavuza ethangini lesinye eligcwele amanzi yangena emoyeni ongaphansi kuka-*5.0% kuya ku-15.0% wokugxiliswa ngevolumu (100% LEL)**, lokho kuchofoza okujwayelekile kokushintsha kwepompo kuqhumisa yonke indawo engaphansi.

Isihlahla sesinqumo: Ukucutshungulwa kwezimo eziphuthumayo zokuncishiswa kwemayini engaphansi komhlaba ngokumelene nokucwiliswa kwamanzi omthombo we-methane

flowchart TD
    Start["Isimo Esiphuthumayo Esingaphansi Kwendawo Yendawo: Ukuqhekeka/Ukutsheka Kwendlu (Indawo engaphansi) NOMA Ukufafaza Kwesimpompi/Igesi yokuFizi"] --> HazardType{"Iluphi Uphawu Lwesimo Esiphuthumayo Onalo Njengamanje?"}

    HazardType -->|"1. UKUBAMBISANA KWESAKHIWO (Ukubhodla-bhudla, Ukugqekeza kweminyango, Ukuqhekeka Kodonga Lwezitebhisi, I-Yard Sinkhole)"| CheckActive{"Ingabe Imifantu Iyanwebeka, Iphansi Elitshekile, Noma Iphunga Legesi Likhona Manje?"}

    CheckActive -->|"YEBO: I-Active Movement noma Ingozi Yegesi"| EvacHouse["Isinyathelo 1A: Khipha Wonke Umuntu Ngaphandle Ngokushesha (Sebenzisa IWindows uma Iminyango Igcwele); UNGAWUTHITHI Ukushintsha Kokukhanya"]
    EvacHouse --> Call911Sub["Isinyathelo 2A: Shayela ku-911 (Ukuhlolwa Kwemitha Ye-Fire 4-Gas) + I-Gas Utility ukuze Uhlukanise I-Street Underground Gas Lateral"]

    CheckActive -->|"CHA: Ukuzinza Kancane Ngaphandle Kokugoqa Ngokushesha"| CallAML["Isinyathelo 3A: Shayela Isifunda Somhlaba Olahliwe Wamayini (AML) Inombolo Ephuthumayo Yezimo Eziphuthumayo + Isikhwama Somshwalense Womshwalense Wamayini (MSI) Phakathi Kwamahora angu-24"]
    Call911Sub --> CallAML

    HazardType -->|"2. UKUHLUZIWA KWAMANZI EMTHOMBI / UKUPHAPHAZA (Amabhamuza Asebenza Ubisi, Ama-Air Burps From Tap)"| ShutTaps["Isinyathelo 1B: Vala Bonke Ompompi Bamanzi Bangaphakathi, Amashawa, Namawasha Ngokushesha; Vula iWindows ukuze uvule umoya"]

    ShutTaps --> NoSparks["Isinyathelo 2B: UNGAFANI Ukushintsha Komgodi Ovalekile noma Flip Basement; Shayela ku-911 uma I-alamu ye-LEL Izwakala noma Ukunqwabelana Kwegesi Enzima"]

    NoSparks --> ReportReg["Isinyathelo sesi-3B: Bika Ukufuduka Kwegesi Elahlekile Ku-State Oil/Gas/Mining Regulator (DEP/ODNR/AER) ukuze Kufakwe umoya Wekhanda Eliphuthumayo kanye Nokuhlola Okuyisisekelo kwe-Isotopic"]

Isigaba 1: Ukuqaphela izinhlobo ezimbili zemigodi engaphansi komhlaba (Pit / Sinkhole vs. Sag / Trough)

Akuwona wonke amabhomu angaphansi komhlaba adilika abukeka njenge-crater yama-movie emangalisayo. Onjiniyela bezimayini nezazi zokwakheka komhlaba bahlukanisa ikamelo nensika yamalahle alahliwe, i-gypsum, ubumba, nemayini kasawoti ibe izindlela ezimbili ezihlukene zokuhluleka kwemishini, kuye ngokuthi ukusebenza kwemayini kujule kangakanani ngaphansi kwesisekelo sekhaya lakho:

Ukuqhathanisa Ubunjiniyela: Umgodi (Sinkhole) I-Subsidence vs. Sag (Trough) Ukuzithoba

Isici se-Subsidence 1. Umgodi / Ushimula I-Sinkhole Subsidence (Shallow Mines) 2. I-Sag / Trough Subsidence (Deeper Room-and-Pillar or Longwall Mines)
Ukujula Kwamayini Okujwayelekile Ngaphansi Kwendlu Yakho Akujulile kakhulu (< 15 to 30 meters / 50 to 100 feet ngaphansi), noma ngokuqondile phezu kwembobo emile engafanele i-shaft yomoya yokungenisa umoya noma ingosi yemithambeka. Kuphakathi kuya Ekujuleni (30 to 180+ meters / 100 to 600+ feet ngaphansi) lapho idwala eliwugqinsi lidlula ezinsikeni zamalahle eziningi.
Ihluleka Kanjani Ngaphansi Komhlaba Uphahla lwe-shale/sandstone ngqo ngaphezu kwegumbi elilodwa elimbiwe (entry) noma i-shaft ene-timbered iyabola futhi ibe nemihume phezulu kushimula omile kuze kube yilapho inhlabathi engaphezulu ixhuma esikhaleni. Emashumini eminyaka ezikhukhula zamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kanye ne-acid-mine oxidation, izinsika zamalahle eziningi ezingaphansi komhlaba zichotshozwa (pillar failure) noma shaya phansi ngodaka oluthambile olumanzi (floor heave), okubangela indawo ebanzi yedwala eliyisikwele ukuba lehlele phansi njenge-hammock.
Indlela Ebukeka Ngayo Egcekeni Nasesitaladini Sakho Kungazelelwe, imbobo eyisiyingi emaceleni noma eyisilinda (2 to 8 meters / 6 to 25 feet ububanzi futhi 1 to 6 meters / 3 to 20 feet ukujula) ukuvela ngobusuku obubodwa, ngokuvamile ngemva kwemvula enkulu yasentwasahlobo noma ukuvuza okukhulu kwamanzi. Ukucindezeleka okubanzi, okuthambile okumise okwesoso (60 to 300 meters / 200 to 1,000 feet ububanzi) ukumisa 0.3 kuya ku-1.2 amamitha (1 kuya ku-4 amafidi) mpo; kuthinta 3 kuya ku-15 izindlu ezingomakhelwane kanyekanye eduze nomgwaqo.
Izimpawu Eziyisixwayiso Ngaphakathi Kwekhaya Lakho Ukwehla kwesisekelo sendawo uma umgodi uvuleka ngaphansi kompheme noma ekhoneni legaraji; ama-sub-slab voids avuliwe; ukunyamalala kungazelelwe kwamanzi okudonsa egcekeni emgodini. **1. Iminyango kanye neWindows Suddenly Stick noma Ngeke Ibambe ** (frames racked into parallelograms); 2. I-Diagonal 45-Degree "Isitebhisi-Isinyathelo" Imifantu ku-veneer yezitini kanye nezindonga ezingaphansi kokhonkolo; 3. Imisindo Ephumayo/Ehlabayo njengezinzipho ezimile; 4. Izitezi ezitshekile (marbles or water bottles roll across the kitchen floor); 5. Oshimula Abatshekisayo besuka ophahleni.
Ingozi Efihliwe Yegesi Engaphansi Nokusebenza I-Lethal Mine Gas Venting: Vula imigodi/imigodi yezimayini ingakhipha umoya-mpilo ophelile "Blackdamp" (CO2 + N2 nge < 10% O2), inobuthi I-Carbon Monoxide ("Whitedamp") kusuka kuthungelwa amalahle angaphansi komhlaba, noma Methane ("Firedamp"). Ungalokothi ulunguze phansi noma ugibele emgodini wokucwila wemayini. I-Tensile & Compressive Utility Pipe Shear: Izindlu ezisemngceleni ongaphandle womkhombe ziyahlukaniswa (tensile zone, ehlwitha amapayipi egesi namanzi agqitshiwe), kuyilapho izindlu ezimaphakathi nesoso zimpintshana ndawonye (compressive zone, ukubopha phansi phansi phezulu nokuchoboza amapayipi endle).

Isigaba sesi-2: Ungasho Kanjani Ukuncibilika Kwamayini ekuzinzeni komhlabathi okuvamile noma ubumba olunwetshiwe (And why standard homeowners insurance denies both)

Lapho udonga lwakho lwangaphansi luqhekeka, usonkontileka olungisa isisekelo esizimele angase azame ukukuthengisa u-$25,000 ezinsikeni zensimbi, kuyilapho isilungisi sakho se-Homeowners Insurance esivamile siphika isimangalo sakho ngaphansi kokuthi "I-Earth Movement Exclusion."

1. Izinkomba Ezi-3 Zokuxilonga Ezifakazela Ukuthotshwa Kwemayini Engaphansi (Akukona Ukuzinza Okuvamile)

  1. Isivinini kanye Nokuvumelanisa Kwezakhiwo Eziningi: Ukuzinza kwesisekelo okuvamile noma ukushwabana kobumba okwandayo kwenzeka imilimitha ngemilimitha phakathi neminyaka futhi ngokuvamile kuthinta ikhona elilodwa elingakhanyi kahle lendlu eyodwa. Ukuncipha kwezimayini kukhula ngokushesha phakathi nezinsuku kuya emavikini futhi kanyekanye ku-warps imigwaqo emigwaqweni, imigwaqo eseceleni, izigxobo zezinsiza, kanye nezisekelo zomakhelwane bakho eduze kwe-arc elandelanayo eqhubekayo (the "subsidence wave front").
  2. I-Tension Kanye Kanye + Ukutsheka: Uma isitezi sakho esingaphansi sinokuqhekeka okubanzi kuno 6 amamilimitha (0.25 amayintshi) okunwebeka kuya phezulu odongeni (tensile pull) noma uma izinga lombazi elingamamitha angu-1.2 (amafidi angu-4) libonisa ukuthi isisekelo sakho sitshekele ngaphezu kuka-1% (1 centimeter per meter / 1/8 inch per foot) ngaphandle kokushona kwelanga phakathi nenyanga, ukugoqa kwesikhala esingaphansi komhlaba okusolisayo.
  3. Bheka Ikheli Lakho Ebalazweni Elisemthethweni Lemayini Engaphansi Kahulumeni Kahulumeni Namuhla:
  4. E-United States: Vula i-inthanethi yesifunda sakho I-GIS Mine Map Atlas (e.g., Pennsylvania DEP MSI Risk Map, Illinois ISGS Coal Mine Viewer, Ohio ODNR Abandoned Underground Mine Locator, West Virginia WVGES, Colorado CGS).
  5. E-United Kingdom: Sesha ikhodi yakho yeposi kokuthi Isibukeli Semephu Yezigunyazo Zamalahle (which maps over 170,000 known coal mine shafts across England, Scotland, and Wales).
  6. E-Australia: Bheka Iphothali Ye-NSW Yokwelulekwa Ngaphansi (Hunter Valley / Newcastle / Wollongong / Lithgow districts).

2. Kanjani Umshwalense Wombuso Nomthetho Wemali Engaphansi Kwezimayini (MSI) Iyasebenza

  • ** Umshwalense Ojwayelekile Wabanikazi Bezindlu (HO-3) akufaki u-100% wokunyakaza komhlaba kanye nokuncipha kwemayini.**
  • Kodwa-ke, ezifundazweni ezinezimayini zamalahle nasemazweni, ohulumeni basebenza ngokusemthethweni, abangenzi nzuzo Umshwalense Wemali Engaphansi Kwezimayini (MSI) Izimali:
  • Amazwe okufakwa okuzenzakalelayo (Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, West Virginia): Ngokomthetho wezwe, Umshwalense Wemali Engaphansi Kwamayini ($50,000 to $750,000 ekufakweni kwesakhiwo) ifakwa ngokuzenzakalelayo kuwo wonke umshwalense wabanikazi bezindlu zokuhlala ezifundeni zamalahle ezinamamephu ngaphandle uma usayine ukuyekwa okubhaliwe.
  • Izimali Zombuso Zokukhetha ukungena (Pennsylvania DEP MSI Fund, Ohio Mine Subsidence Insurance Underwriting Association, Colorado, Wyoming): Kuthengwe ngokuqondile ku-inthanethi noma nge-ejenti yakho yomshwalense nge-\(30 kuya ku-\)150 ngonyaka* (covering up to $500,000 in repairs).
  • Isibopho Esiqinile Sokusebenza Kwemayini Yamalahle / I-Longwall Esebenzayo (Federal SMCRA 30 CFR § 817.121, UK Coal Mining Subsidence Act 1991, Subsidence Advisory NSW): Uma ikhaya lakho lonakaliswa izimayini zamalahle ezisebenzayo ezingaphansi komhlaba (noma uma uhlala e-UK noma e-NSW lapho amabhodi asemthethweni amboza kokubili komonakalo ongokomlando kanye nosebenzayo emayini yamalahle), umsebenzi wezimayini noma iziphathimandla zikahulumeni zinesibopho esiqinile ngokomthetho sokulungisa noma ukuthenga umuzi wakho ngenani eligcwele lemakethe, kanye nokukhokhela ukuthuthwa kwehhotela kwesikhashana.

Isigaba 3: Igesi yeMethane engazelelwe (CH4) ukuphuma emthonjeni wakho wamanzi wangasese ("I-Stray Gas Migration")

Uma uhlala endaweni enemithungo yamalahle, i-black organic shale (such as the Marcellus, Utica, Barnett, Bakken, Permian, Montney, or Surat basins), noma eduze ukumba uwoyela/igesi, i-hydraulic fracturing (fracking), ukukhishwa kwe-methane yamalahle, noma izinkundla zokugcina igesi ezingaphansi komhlaba, ushintsho olungazelelwe ekubukekeni kwamanzi omthombo wakho noma umsindo yisixwayiso esiphuthumayo sokuthi I-Stray Gas Migration.

1. Izimpawu Ezi-4 Eziyisixwayiso Zegesi Ye-Methane Emanzini Akho Angasese Womthombo

  1. "I-Faucet Sputtering / Coughing / Burping Air": Uma uvula ikhishi noma umpompi wokugezela into yokuqala ekuseni, umpompi ukhafula ngobudlova, ukhwehlele, futhi uqhumisa amaphakethe kagesi ngaphambi kokuba amanzi ageleze kancane.
  2. "I-Champagne / I-Club-Soda Effervescence" Engilazini: Uma ugcwalisa ingilazi ecacile ngamanzi kampompi abandayo, amanzi abukeka amhlophe qhwa ngezigidi zamabhamuza amancane akhuphuka esuka phansi aye phezulu njenge-champagne ecwebezelayo noma i-Alka-Seltzer (kanti umoya ongeyona ingozi ovela empompini ophuma phezulu ngaphandle kwesendi esiphuma phezulu usuka phezulu usuka phansi usuka phansi usuka phansi usuka phansi usuka phansi usuka phezulu usuka phezulu usuka phezulu usuka phezulu usuka phezulu usuka phezulu uya phezulu).
  3. Ukubhodla noma "Ukubilisa" Kuzwakala Ngaphakathi Kwebhokisi Lomthombo: Ukuhamba eduze kwekepisi lakho elingaphandle lomthombo (sanitary well seal), ungezwa ukubhamuza, ukuhayiza, noma imisindo ebhodlayo eqhubekayo inyusa ipayipi lomthombo.
  4. Izidumbu Ezingazelelwe, Amanzi Amnyama, Noma Ukubola Kweqanda Elibolile / I-Iron Bacterial Blooms: Njengoba amabhamuza e-methane afudukayo enyukela phezulu ngokuphuka kwe-aquifer angene emthonjeni wakho, isiyaluyalu sivusa udaka lwe-manganese/insimbi emnyama, kanye ne-methane-oxidizing kanye ne-sulfate-ehlisa i-sulfate, amagciwane afunza amanzi akho.

2. I-United States Geological Survey (USGS) & I-Interior Department Action Thresholds ye-Methane Encibilikisiwe emanzini Amanzi

I-Methane encibilikisiwe (CH4) Ukugxila Emanzini Amanzi (mg/L noma ppm) I-Wellhead Airspace % LEL Ukufunda I-USGS / State DEP Hazard Classification esemthethweni Isenzo Esidingekayo Esiphuthumayo Nobunjiniyela
< 10 mg/L (< 10 ppm) < 10% LEL (< 0.5% CH4 emoyeni) Izinga Eliphephile / Lokuqapha: Ngaphansi komkhawulo wokuncibilika lapho amaphakethe egesi ayingozi enqwabelana emoyeni ovamile wegumbi. Iphephile ukusetshenziswa kwasekhaya okuvamile; phinda uhlole njalo ngonyaka (or establish a pre-drilling baseline before any gas well is drilled within 1.5 km / 1 mile).
10 to 28 mg/L (10 to 28 ppm) 10% to 25% LEL (0.5% to 1.25% CH4 emoyeni) ISEXWAYISO / IZINGA LESENZO (Mitigation Required): Isondela ekugcwaleni komkhathi (28 mg/L kwe 20 °C). Igesi ikhipha amabhamuza emanzini lapho ingcindezi yehla kubompompi nama-showerheads. Isenzo Esisheshayo: Faka umoya amagumbi awusizo, Amakamelo okugeza, nezindawo zokuwasha noma nini lapho amanzi ephuma; faka i-Vented Sanitary Wellhead Cap enwebeka okungenani 1.8 kuya ku-3 wamamitha (amafidi angu-6 ukuya kwangu-10) ngaphezu komhlaba enesikrini esibamba ilangabi, kanye nesistimu yendwangu ye-Aeration / Degassing Shroud** ngaphambi kwethangi lokucindezela.
> 28 mg/L (> 28 ppm - I-Supersaturated / Isigaba Samahhala Segesi) > 25% to 100% LEL (> 1.25% to 5.0%+ CH4 emoyeni) INGOZI YOKUQHUBEKA OKUSHESHAYO (Evacuate / Shut Down Well Pump): Igesi ye-methane yesigaba samahhala ikhuphuka ikhuphuke ngqo emthonjeni ingene kumapayipi amanzi asendlini (turning faucets into gas jets). VALA KAHLE IPUMP BREAKER (Ngaphandle Noma Kuphela Uma Imitha Ye-LEL Ifundeka Ngokuphephile), misa KONKE UKUSETSHENZISWA KWAMANZI, PHUMA UMA KUHLOLWA IGASI NGAPHAKATHI, UFONELE KU-911 + ISIHLOKO SESIZWE SAmafutha/IGASI/ZIMZIMI MASHESHA.

UNGALOKOTHI Usebenze I-inthanethi 'Bamba I-Lighter to the Kitchen Faucet' Iqhinga Ngaphakathi

Amavidiyo asakazwayo avame ukubonisa abanikazi bezindlu bephethe okokukhanyisa kwe-BBQ kuze kufike kumpompi wokucwilisa wasekhishini ukuze babone ukuthi ilangabi eliyimitha eli-1 (unyawo olu-3) eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka/eliwolintshi liyaphuma yini empompini. UNGALINGE uzame ukuthungela igesi ephuma kumpompi wasendlini. - Okokuqala, uma i-methane isivele ingena ekhishini lakho noma egumbini lezinsiza ihora eledlule, kungenzeka ukuthi umoya ozungeze ikhanda lakho usungaphakathi kwe-5.0% kuya ku-15.0% Iziqhumane (100% LEL), futhi ngokuchofoza lokho kukhanya kuzoqhumisa igumbi lonke. - Okwesibili, uma ilangabi likhanya libuyela epayipini eligcwaliswe umoya noma livuleke isikhwama somthombo, lingasakazekela phansi emthonjeni womthombo noma ithangi lokucindezela futhi lihlukanise ithangi. Shiya konke ukuhlolwa kwegesi ngokuqinile ku-Umnyango Wezomlilo kanye Nabahloli Besifunda Bezemvelo/Amafutha Negesi usebenzisa i-catalytic/infrared ephephe kakhulu 4-Gas LEL Meters.

Isigaba sesi-4: Ukufakazela kanjani ukuthi i-methane iqhamuke ekumbiweni/kuqhekeka okuseduze uma iqhathaniswa namalahle emvelo/igesi yamaxhaphozi (Isotopic Fingerprinting)

Lapho i-methane ibonakala kungazelelwe emthonjeni wamanzi ozimele phakathi kwamamitha angu-300 kuya ku-1,500 (amafidi angu-1,000 kuya kwangu-5,000)* womthombo kawoyela/igesi osanda kumbiwa, i-hydraulic fracturing pad, noma imayini yamalahle esebenzayo, inkampani yamandla izohlale ithi igesi ngokwemvelo yenzeka ayishoni kakhulu "ibiogenic exhaphozini lelo mgodi.

Nansi indlela ama-ejensi wezemvelo (such as Pennsylvania DEP, Ohio ODNR, Colorado ECMC, and the Alberta Energy Regulator) fakazela ngokwesayensi ukuthi igesi yavelaphi - nokuthi kungani Ukuhlolwa Kwamanzi Okuyisisekelo Kwangaphambi Kokubhoboza kubalulekile: 1. I-Thermogenic vs. Biogenic Carbon & Hydrogen Stable Isotope Fingerprinting (delta-13C-CH4 futhi delta-D-CH4): - Ukungashoni Biogenic ("Swamp/Drift") I-Methane ekhiqizwe amagciwane emibhedeni yamalahle ecwebezelayo noma engashoni "ilula" ("Swamp/Drift")delta-13C ngokuvamile -60 to -90 per mil) futhi iqukethe cishe 100% iMethane ehlanzekile (C1) ngama-hydrocarbon ayiziro asindayo kakhulu. - Deep Thermogenic ("Shale / Fracking / Pipeline") Igesi ephekwe ngaphansi kokushisa okuphezulu nokucindezela izinkulungwane zamamitha ngaphansi komhlaba (migrating upward through a poorly cemented surface casing annulus) ngokwezwi nezwi "heavy" (delta-13C ngokuvamile -25 to -50 per mil) futhi iqukethe isilinganiso esihlukile se-Ethane (C2H6I-Propane (C3H8), kanye noButane (C4H10)* ukufanisa isiginesha yokukhiqiza yomthombo oseduze wegesi. 2. Ukuqagelwa Okusemthethweni Kwezindawo Ezibophezelekile (Pre-Drilling Baseline Rule): - Ngaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni kawoyela negesi (njenge-*Pennsylvania Act 13 58 Pa.C.S. § 3218**, Ohio, West Virginia, kanye neColorado imithetho), uma osebenza ngowoyela/igesi ebhoboza ngaphakathi 300 kuya ku-760 wamamitha (1,000 kuya ku-2,500 amafidi) emanzini akho futhi umthombo wakho ungcoliswe i-methane, usawoti we-brine (chlorides, barium, strontium), noma inhlabathi phakathi 6 kuya kweziyi-12 izinyanga zokumba/ukuqhekeka, umsebenzisi ucatshangwa ukuthi unesibopho esingokomthetho sokuhlinzeka ngamanzi ashintshwayo ngokushesha (ithangi lenyathi yamanzi alethiweyo + ukwelapha unomphela noma umthombo omusha) NGAPHANDLE kokuthi benze ukuhlolwa kwamanzi okuyisisekelo okuzimele okuqinisekisiwe okufakazela ukuthi i-methane ibivele ikhona. Njalo vumela ukuhlolwa kwesisekelo sangaphambi kokumba kwamahhala ngelebhu evela eceleni egunyazwe uhulumeni (NELAP accredited) futhi ugcine i-PDF yelebhu esayiniwe unomphela.

Izinombolo zezimo eziphuthumayo zesifunda kanye nezinqubomgomo ze-ejensi

Izwe / Isifunda Izingcingo Ezishisayo Zokutholwa Kwezimayini Nezimo Eziphuthumayo I-Stray Gas / Well Methane Contamination Reporting Umshwalense Osemthethweni Wezimayini Nezinxephezelo
I-United States 911 (Igesi esheshayo/ukubhidlika) + Ihhovisi Likahulumeni Lokubuyiselwa Nokuphoqelela Kwezimayini Zendawo (Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement)OSMRE) + Imigqa Yezimo Eziphuthumayo ye-AML:
- **I-Pennsylvania DEP Mine Subsidence Emergence **: 1-800-541-2050
- I-Illinois DNR Emergency AML: 1-217-782-6791
- Isimo Esiphuthumayo sase-Ohio ODNR AML: 1-614-265-6633
- West Virginia DEP AML: 1-800-654-5954		 State Oil & Gas / Environmental Spill Line (isb., PA DEP: 1-800-541-2050; I-Ohio ODNR 24/7: 1-844-640-6446; I-Colorado ECMC: 1-303-894-2100; Ikhomishini Yezitimela YaseTexas: 1-844-773-0305). Umshwalense weState Mine Subsidence (MSI) Izimali (PA 1-800-922-1678, IL, IN, KY, OH, WV, CO, WY) + SMCRA 30 CFR § 817.121 Isibopho Esiqinile Semayini Esisebenzayo.
Canada 911 + Izingozi Zezimayini Zesifundazwe (isb., Izimayini Ezilahliwe zase-Ontario: 1-888-415-9845; Nova Scotia DNRR; I-Alberta Energy Regulator AER 24/7: 1-800-222-6514) I-Alberta Energy Regulator (AER) I-Coalbed Methane / Umugqa Wesikhalazo Wamanzi: 1-800-222-6514 + BC Energy Regulator (BCER): 1-800-663-3456. Amalungelo Omhlaba Wezifundazwe namabhodi Esinxephezelo Sokubuyiselwa Kwezimayini.
United Kingdom 999 (Ingozi esheshayo) + Isiphathimandla Samalahle 24/7 Surface Hazard & Subsidence Emergency Line: 0800 288 4242 (eNgilandi, eScotland, naseWales) I-Ejensi Yezemvelo (0800 80 70 60) + Umphathi Wezempilo Nokuphepha (HSE) Abahloli Bezimayini + Isimo Esiphuthumayo Sikazwelonke Segesi (0800 111 999). Umthetho Wokuncishiswa Kwezimayini Zamalahle 1991: Ngaphansi komthetho wase-UK, Isiphathimandla Samalahle sinikeza u-100% wokuzinzisa kwamahhala kwezimo eziphuthumayo, indawo yokuhlala yesikhashana, nesinxephezelo esigcwele sokulungisa isakhiwo sanoma iyiphi impahla eyonakaliswe izimayini zamalahle ezingokomlando noma ezisebenzayo kulo lonke elase-Great Britain.
I-European Union 112 + Iziphathimandla Zezimayini Zesifunda (BRGM ​​/ GEODERIS e-France; Bezirksregierung Arnsberg Bergbau e-Ruhr Valley yaseJalimane) I-National Geological & Mining Directorates (DREAL e-France, Bergamt e-Germany, WUG e-Poland). Izimali Zokulimala Kwezimayini Ezisemthethweni (isb., IsiJalimane RAG Stiftung Bergschaden nesiFulentshi Fonds de Garantie des Assurances Obligatoires FGAO Izimayini).
I-Australia ne-New Zealand 000 / 111 + I-Subsidence Advisory NSW 24/7 Inombolo Ephuthumayo Yezimo Eziphuthumayo: 1800 248 083 (1800 MINE SUB) + Ukuphepha Kwezinsiza Nezempilo e-Queensland (RSHQ): 1300 362 128 NSW Environment Line: 131 555 + Igesi yaseQueensland Coal Seam (CSG) I-Bore Make-Good Hotline: 13 74 68 (Water Act 2000 Bore Assessment). UMthetho Wesinxephezelo Sokuncishiswa Kwezimayini Zamalahle wezi-2017 (NSW): Uhlinzeka ngokulungiswa okusemthethweni okungenaphutha kokulungiswa kwendawo ephephile kanye nesinxephezelo esiphelele sesakhiwo kubo bonke abanikazi bezindlu ezifundeni zamalahle ze-NSW.
I-India ne-Asia-Pacific 112 + I-Directorate General of Mines Safety (DGMS, Dhanbad) + Amalahle eNdiya (BCCL Jharia / ECL Raniganj Amaseli angaphansi) Ibhodi Lamanzi Asemhlabathini Emaphakathi (CGWB) + Ibhodi Lokulawula Ukungcoliswa Kwesifunda. I-Jharia & Raniganj Master Plan Rehabilitation and Resettlement (JRDA) Isinxephezelo.

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa

Ingabe amanzi okuphuza ancibilikise iMethane (CH4) kuyo inobuthi esiswini sami, noma ingabe ingozi iwukuqhuma kanye nokuqunjelwa?

Ngokwe-U.S. Geological Survey (`USGS`), I-Ejensi Yezinto Ezinobuthi Nerejista Yezifo (`ATSDR`), kanye ne-Health Canada, **igesi ye-methane encibilikisiwe (`CH4`) yona ngokwayo ayinabo ubuthi bekhemikhali lapho igwinywa emanzini okuphuza** - ngokungafani ne-benzene, i-arsenic, noma i-lead, i-methane emsulwa iphuma esiswini njenge-carbonation emanzini anosoda. **Ingozi esongela ukuphila ye-methane emanzini asemthonjeni ingokoqobo ngo-100%:** **(1) Ukuqhuma Nomlilo Okhanyayo** lapho ukungcola kwe-methane encibilikisiwe kuphuma amashawa, izindlu zangasese, osinki, nemishini yokuwasha emakamelweni avalelwe futhi ifinyelela **ku-5.0% kuya ku-15.0% Umkhawulo Ongaphansi Wokuqhuma Kweziqhumane (`LEL`)**, kanye **(2) I-Confined-Space Asphyxiation** lapho ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-methane kukhipha umoya-mpilo ophefumulayo ngaphakathi kwemigodi yemithombo, izindawo zokukhasa, noma amakhabethe asetshenziswayo amancane. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi igesi ethuthayo ivamise ukuhamba eduze **namanzi anosawoti anosawoti (`high chlorides, bromides, barium, strontium`i-arsenic, noma trace petroleum hydrocarbons (`BTEX`)**, akufanele neze uphuze amanzi omthombo acwebile kuze kube yilapho iphaneli yekhwalithi yamanzi yaselabhorethri ikhipha ukungcola okuhambisana namakhemikhali.

Onjiniyela bawulungisa kanjani unomphela umthombo wamanzi wangasese onegesi ye-methane (10 to 28+ mg/L) ngakho indlu yami ayikwazi ukuqhuma?

Ukulungisa umthombo wamanzi okhiqiza i-methane kudinga **uhlelo lobunjiniyela olunezigaba ezimbili** olufakwe umshini wokumba umthombo onelayisensi kanye nochwepheshe wokuhlanza amanzi: **(1) Emthonjeni Wangaphandle (`Vented Sanitary Seal`):** Faka esikhundleni isivalo somthombo oyisicaba esivamile nge- **Vented Sanitary Well Seal** efakwe ishejuli eqondile **50-millimeter (2-intshi)-40 PVC/ipayipi lensimbi elinwebeka okungenani amamitha angu-1.8 kuya kwangu-3 (amafidi angu-6 kuya kwangu-10) ngaphezu komhlaba** (`and above winter snowdrifts`), efakwe isikrini se-U-bend bug/flame-arrestor ukuze igesi yamahhala ikhuphukele emigodini yomthombo ngokungenabungozi esibhakabhakeni esivulekile ngaphandle esikhundleni sokuphusha ipayipi lakho lamanzi elingaphansi komhlaba lingene egumbini elingaphansi; kanye **(2) Ngaphambi Kwethangi Lokucindezela Kwangaphakathi (`Open-Atmosphere Aeration / Spray Degasser System`):** Ngaphambi kokuthi amanzi omthombo angene emapayipini endlu yakho, afafazwa ngaphakathi kwethangi lokukhipha umoya elivaliwe **elingena umoya (`equipped with a blower fan vented through the roof and an automatic methane LEL shutoff sensor`)**, ekhipha u-99% we-methane encibilikisiwe emanzini futhi iwaphephulele ngaphandle ngaphambi kokuba iphampu yesibili ekhuthazayo ithumele amanzi aphephile, angenayo igesi kompompi bakho.

Uma umuzi wami uhlezi phezu kwemayini yamalahle edilikayo engasasetshenziswanga njengamanje, uhulumeni ukumisa kanjani ukubhidlika?

Lapho ubika isimo esiphuthumayo esisebenzayo sokudilizwa kwemayini esilahliwe endaweni yesifunda sakho **Elahliwe Imayini (`AML`) Uhlelo Lwezimo Eziphuthumayo** (noma **i-UK Coal Authority / Subsidence Advisory NSW**), onjiniyela be-geotechnical basebenzisa umshini wokumba ojikelezayo egcekeni lakho kanye nendlela yokungena ukuze bambe igridi **150-millimeter (6-intshi) yamabhore** iqonde phansi **30 kuya ku-100 amamitha (amamitha angu-100 kuya ku-100* amafidi* angu-33 ngaphansi komhlaba)`verified using down-hole borehole video cameras and sonar`). Abese empompa amakhulu noma izinkulungwane zamathani **we-grout kakhonkolo we-low-slump, i-fly-ash slurry, netshe elichotshoziwe** phansi emigodini ukuze kwakhiwe izinsika ezinkulu ezingaphansi komhlaba **izinsika zokuvikela ukhonkolo ("amakholomu e-grout")** ngokuqondile ngaphansi komkhondo wendlu yakho, esekela unomphela uphahla lwedwala ukuze lungaphinde lwehle futhi.

Kungani i-Carbon monoxide yethu yangaphansi (CO) umtshina noma i-alamu ye-Radon spike phakathi nesonto lokucindezela okuphansi kwe-barometric phezu kwemayini yamalahle endala?

Izimayini zamalahle ezilahliwe zisebenza njengamaphaphu amakhulu angaphansi komhlaba (`"Mine Breathing"`). Uma isistimu yesimo sezulu enengcindezi ephansi ejulile (ingaphambili lesiphepho)** ihamba phezu kwedolobha lakho, ukucindezela komkhathi wangaphandle kwehla kakhulu. Ukusabela, izigidi zama-cubic metres zomoya omile ezivaleleke ngaphakathi kwezikhala zemayini ezingaphansi komhlaba ziyanwebeka futhi ziphushele **phezulu** phakathi kokuqhekeka kwamadwala, imigodi yezimayini engavaliwe, kanye nemifantu engaphansi engaphansi/imigodi ye-sump ezindlini ezihlezi ngaphezu kwemayini. Lowo moya wasemayini okhuphukayo uthwala izingozi ezintathu ezingabonakali: **(1) "Blackdamp" (`Stythe`)** - umoya ophelelwa umoya-mpilo (`often only 8% to 14% oxygen`) esindayo ngeCarbon Dioxide (`CO2`) kanye neNitrojeni egcwala phansi ephansi futhi kuminyanise izilwane ezifuywayo noma abantu abadala emizuzwini embalwa; **(2) I-Carbon Monoxide (`CO` - "Whitedamp")** uma i-seam yamalahle engaphansi komhlaba i-oxidizing kancane noma ishunqa; kanye **(3) Elevated Radon-222 Gas**. Lonke ikhaya elakhiwe phezu kwemephu esebenza ngaphansi kwemayini engaphansi komhlaba kufanele libe nakho kokubili **plug-in IGesi Evuthayo (`LEL`+ I-Carbon monoxide (`CO`) i-alamu** kanye ne- **i-sub-slab esebenzayo ye-radon/i-soil-gas depressurization fan** evala i-slab engaphansi.

Ngingabona kanjani uma ukuzamazama komhlaba okuzumayo kanye ne-boom endlini yami bekuwukuzamazama komhlaba, ukuqhuma kwenkwali, ukuzamazama kwe-fracking/umjovo, noma ukuwa kophahla lwemayini?

Bheka **USGS Imephu Yakamuva Yokuzamazama Komhlaba** (`or British Geological Survey / Geoscience Australia / EMSC`) kungakapheli imizuzu eyi-10 ngemuva kokuqhuma. Ukuzamazama komhlaba okungokwemvelo kanye **nokuzamazama komhlaba okubangelwa umjovo wamanzi angcolile** kwenzeka **amakhilomitha angu-3 ukuya kwangu-15 (amamayela angu-2 kuya kwangu-9) ukujula** edwaleni elingaphansi elicwebezelayo kanye nerejista kuwo wonke ama-seismograph esifunda. Ngokuphambene, ukubhidlika kophahla lwamalahle angaphansi komhlaba olulahliwe noma lwemayini ye-limestone ("iqhubu lemayini")** kwenzeka kuphela **15 kuya ku-150 amamitha (amafidi angama-50 kuye kwangama-500) ngaphansi kotshani**: kukhiqiza **izwi elilodwa noma i-boom** ebukhali, eyenziwe yasendaweni (`often magnitude 0.5 to 2.0`) ngizwe kakhulu ngomgwaqo owodwa noma emibili, elandelwa ngokushesha ukuwohloka kwendawo yaphansi noma ukuqhekeka kwesisekelo phezu kwegumbi elibhidlikile.

Iziqondiso ezihlobene

Imithombo neziqondiso ezisemthethweni

  • I-United States Geological Survey (USGS) & U.S. Department of the U.S. Department of the Interior Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSMRE): Methane in Private Water Wells: Action Thresholds (10 mg/L Isexwayiso kanye 28 mg/L Immediate Hazard Thresholds) kanye Ne-SMCRA Abandoned Stage LandsationML
  • Umnyango Wokuvikela Imvelo WasePennsylvania (PA DEP) kanye Nomnyango Wezemvelo Wase-Ohio (ODNR): Amazinga Obunjiniyela Womshwalense Wezimayini Zamalahle (MSI), I-Stray Gas Migration Investigation Protocols, kanye Nokuhlolwa Kwekhwalithi Yamanzi Okuyisisekelo Kokumba Ngaphambi Kokuqala ngaphansi kuka-58 Pa.C.S. § 3218.
  • Iziphathimandla zamalahle (Uhulumeni wase-United Kingdom): UMthetho Wokuncishiswa Kwezimayini Zamalahle 1991 - 24/7 Ukusabela Kwengozi Engaphezulu, Igesi Yezimayini ("Blackdamp" & Methane) Ukuncishiswa, kanye Nesinxephezelo Sesakhiwo Somthetho.
  • I-Subsidence Advisory NSW (Uhulumeni WaseNew South Wales, e-Australia): Umthetho Wesinxephezelo Sendawo Yezimayini Yamalahle 2017 - Izinqubo Eziphuthumayo Zokwenza Ukuphepha kanye Nokuhlolwa Kwesakhiwo Sendawo Yokuhlala.
  • Izikhungo Zokulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo (CDC) & I-Ejensi Yokubhaliswa Kwezinto Ezinobuthi Nezifo (ATSDR, United States): Ukuphepha Kwamanzi Okuyimfihlo Eseduze Nokuthuthukiswa Okungajwayelekile Kawoyela Negesi kanye Nemisebenzi Yezimayini Engaphansi Komhlaba.