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Ugusenyuka kw’Imine Munsi y’Inzu Yawe Canke Gaze ya Methane Isohoka Bukwi na bukwi mu Ruzitiro Rwawe: Gutoranya Ivyihutirwa

Igitigiri c'ivyihutirwa gitandukanye hakurikijwe igihugu. Iyi paji ikoresha 911, inomero ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika na Canada. Ibindi bihugu vyinshi bikoresha 112, 999 canke uwundi mubare. Rondera umubare w'igihugu cawe.

Kuvyuka isaha zitatu z’ijoro wumva ijwi ry’inzu yawe ry’inyuma y’ubutaka ry’uguboroga, inzugi z’inzu yawe n’iz’imbere zica zifunga bukwi na bukwi mu bipande vy’amabuye, **imivyimba y’ingazi y’amadegre 45 igasaduka mu nzu yawe yo munsi y’ubutaka, n’ibihome vy’amabuye vy’inzu yawe, n’ibihome vy’amabuye vy’inzu yawe. lawn - CANKE gufungura uruzitiro rwawe rw’igikoni mu nzu itangwa n’iriba ry’amazi ryo mu butaka ry’abantu ku giti cabo kugira ngo gusa uruzitiro rutuke n’ubukazi, rukorore imifuko y’umuyaga, maze wuzuze ikirahuri cawe co kunywamwo amata, apfutse, ameze nk’amazi y’i champagne (dissolved methane gas effervescence) - ni ikibazo gikomeye c’imibumbe n’ivy’ibisasu-gazi. Muri Amerika ya Ruguru, mu Bwongereza, mu Buraya no muri Ostraliya, amazu amamiliyoni ari hejuru cane y’amabuye y’agaciro yo mu kinjana ca 19 n’ica 20, amabuye y’agaciro, umunyu, ivyuma, amabuye y’agaciro, ivyuma n’amabuye y’agaciro (including Pennsylvania, Illinois, Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana, Colorado, Wyoming, Nova Scotia, the UK Midlands/Yorkshire/South Wales, the German Ruhr Valley, and the Hunter Valley of NSW), hamwe n’ibikoresho bikora ibipande vy’ubucukuzi bw’amakara bifise uruhome rurerure, ugucapura amavuta/gazi bikoresheje amazi (fracking) imirima, n’amariba y’amazi mabi.

Naho uguhinduka kw’ubutaka n’amazi y’iriba asa n’ingorane zitandukanye, vyose bituma ikintu kimwe nyene gica, kitaboneka mu nzu yawe mu minota mikeyi: gazi y’amazi (Methane CH4) n’umuyagankuba w’ubumara (Carbon Monoxide, Hydrogen Sulfide, or Oxygen-Depleted "Blackdamp" CO2/N2) kwimukira mu nzu yawe. Iyo inkingi y’amakara iri munsi y’ubutaka imenetse canke igisenge c’imine kigasenyuka metero 15 gushika kuri 150 (amafuti 50 gushika kuri 500) munsi y’ibarabara ryawe, ubutaka burarambura mu umuvuduko w’ugukomera uca umenagura imirongo y’ivyuma bikomeye ibikorwa vya gaze kavukire (mercaptan-odorized or odor-stripped) aho nyene binjira mu ruhome rwawe rwo munsi y’ubutaka n’imirongo ya septic na propane ihambwe. Na vyo nyene, iyo ubucukuzi bwo hafi, ubucukuzi, umuvuduko w’amazi ugabanutse, canke gupompa cane bigabanya amazi yo mu iriba ry’amazi ry’abantu ku giti cabo yinjira mu bice vy’amakara canke vy’amabuye y’agaciro, Methane itagira akamoto, itagira ibara (CH4) gutorera umuti (fizzes) biva mu mazi yawe yo mu ruzi, mu bikarabiro, mu mashine yo gumesa, no mu mwobo w’iriba ryugarijwe, bikaba vyirundanira ningoga bishika ku 5,0% gushika kuri 15,0% vy’Ikigero co Hasi c’Ibisasu (LEL) gushika aho urumuri rumwe rudahinduka ruva ku gicapo c’itara ryo mu bwogero canke ku gicapo c’ipompa y’iriba gitera igisasu c’inzu giteye akaga.

(Ku bijanye n’ugusenyuka kw’ibinogo vy’amabuye y’agaciro, raba Karst irasenyuka, gusenyuka kw’imirongo y’amamine, n’akaga k’ubusa na Imyobo y'amazi. Ku bijanye n’ibiva mu gazi bitagira akamoto, raba Gazi kavukire idafise akamoto ("mercaptan fade"): ubutaka bwo munsi y'ubutaka bwimukira mu bibanza vyo munsi y'ubutaka n'isi yose yacu inomero z'ivyihutirwa ububiko.)

Ivyo ubikore ubu

  1. Nimba inzu yawe iriko iratera, iriko iraboroga, iriko irahengamira canke iriko irasaduka (Active Mine Subsidence), CANKE niwaba wumva umunuko wa gaze / wumva amapompi yawe y’amazi atukira n’ibibumbano vya gaze: MUVURE ABARI BOSE HANZE UBWO nyene ataco mukoze ku nkuru n’imwe y’umuyagankuba.
  2. NTUHINDUKIRE umuriro uwo ari wo wose, NTUKURE ibikoresho, NTUKORESHE umuyaga wo mu bwogero, kandi NTUKORESHE igifunguruzo c'umuryango w'igaraje.
  3. Iyo inzugi zipfutse zifunze mu bipande vy’ibipande (a classic hallmark of ground-tilt subsidence), kubita hanze igikingira idirisha ryo hasi maze uduge hanze uciye mw’idirisha (keep a hammer or pry bar accessible on each floor if you live in a known subsidence zone).
  4. Nimba uruzitiro rwawe rw’amazi rw’iriba ruriko ruraturira umuyaga, rukorora, canke ruriko ruravuza nk’isoda y’umupira (Methane Effervescence): MUZIME AMAPOPI YOSE Y'AMAZI UBWO nyene maze mushire umwuka mu cumba mu gufungura amadirisho.
  5. Litiro yose y’amazi y’iriba yuzuye metane afumbishijwe biciye mu mutwe w’igikarabiro gishushe, mu gikoni, mu gikoresho co kwoza ibikoresho canke mu mashini yo gumesa bishika kuri miligarama 28 kuri litiro (28 ppm) ya Metane ishobora kwaka (CH4) agororotse mu kirere c’ico cumba.
  6. NTUKIGEZE ufata ubwogero bushushe bufise urugi rwugarijwe, ukoreshe imashini yo gumesa, canke ngo ukubite ikibiriti/umuriro hafi y’uruzitiro rw’iriba ry’amazi, kandi NTUKIGEZE uduga mu mwobo w’iriba ry’amabuye riri munsi y’ubutaka canke mu nzu y’ipompa (confined well pits trap exsolved methane at explosive 5%-15% LEL concentrations and displace breathable oxygen below 19.5%).
  7. Igihe umaze gushika hanze ata nkomanzi nibura ku metero 30 (amafuti 100) uvuye ku nzu: Hamagara 911 (canke 112 / 999) N’umurongo w’ivyihutirwa w’Ishirahamwe ryawe ry’Ivyuma vy’Igihugu 24/7.
  8. Bwira uwurungika 911: "Turafise ugusenyuka kw’imine yo munsi y’ubutaka gusenyuka umushinge wacu / inzugi zica zifunga [CANKE gazi ya methane iturika isohoka mu binogo vy’amazi yacu bwite] ku [Street Address]. Turagusavye wohereze Igisata c'Umuriro gifise ibipimo 4 vy'umuriro LEL & Carbon Monoxide maze usabe abakozi b'ivyihutirwa bo mu gisata c'umuyagankuba gusuzuma ko hariho ivy'ugucapura."
  9. Nimba umushinge w’inzu yawe uriko urahinduka: Nusabe ishirahamwe ry’amazi rizimye igipimo ca gazi yawe co hanze (or turn the quarter-turn propane tank valve OFF if safe outside) imbere y’uko umuyoboro wahambwe utera.
  10. Mu gihe c'igihe c'Icumba n'Inkingi "Sag / Trough" Subsidence**, ubutaka burahagarara metero 0,3 gushika kuri 1,5 (amafuti 1 gushika kuri 5) mu kiringo c'amasaha 24 gushika ku ndwi nyinshi. Amatiyo y’amazi akomeye yo munsi y’ubutaka, imirongo y’amazi, n’imirongo y’amazi y’imyanda ihuza inzu yawe yo kwimukiramwo n’ibarabara ry’imbere rihagaze, birakwegwa nk’ibipande vy’amabuye gushika bivuye munsi y’ubutaka maze bikajana gaze ku nzira y’imiyoboro igororotse mu nzu yawe yo munsi y’ubutaka.
  11. Hamagara Leta yawe / Igihugu cawe c'Igihugu c'Imine Yahebwe (AML) Porogarama y'Ivyihutirwa N'Ubwishingizi bwawe bwo Gusenyuka kw'Imine (MSI) Ikigega mu masaha 24.
  12. Mu gihe c'Itegeko ry'Ubucukuzi ry'Igihugu Itegeko ry'Ukugenzura no Gusubizaho Ubucukuzi bwo ku Butaka (SMCRA) muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, UK Coal Authority, na Subsidence Advisory NSW muri Ostraliya, imigwi ya Leta y’abahinga mu vy’amamine y’ivyihutirwa irafise ububasha butegekanijwe n’amategeko bwo gukoranya ibikoresho vy’ivyihuta vy’amamine mu masaha 24 gushika kuri 72 (at zero cost to the homeowner) gupompa ibihumbi vy’ibilometero cube vy’ivu ry’ibiguruka ry’amabuye y’agaciro mu binogo vy’amabuye y’agaciro mu mfuruka y’imina iriko irasenyuka iri munsi y’inzu yawe kugira ngo uhagarike gusenyuka imbere y’uko inzu yawe isenyuka.

Kubera iki Methane y'amazi y'iriba ATA MUNUKO - N'ingene itangi ry'amazi y'iriba ryo munsi y'ubutaka riturika

  • Zero "Rotten-Egg" Mercaptan Smell: Gaz kavukire y'imiyoboro y'amazi ihumura nk'amagi aboze gusa kubera ko amazi atera umuti mercaptan (tert-butylthiol) kw’irembo ry’igisagara. Methane y'ubutaka (CH4 - "Coalbed Methane" canke "Shale Gas") ivyuka biva mw'iriba ry'amazi ry'abantu ku giti cabo bivuye mu nzira y'amakara yo munsi y'ubutaka canke mu mfuruka y'amabuye y'agaciro ni 100% ATA MUNUKO, ATA BARA, kandi ATA BURONGOZI. (N'aho amazi y'iriba ryawe yoba anuka gatoyi nk'ikibiriti kiva ku bimera bitagira akamaro bita sulfate me**lltha-re you ubwavyo.)
  • Igikoresho co guhindura umuvuduko w’amazi: Mu mazu ibihumbi n’ibihumbi yo mu misozi no mu gisagara, igikoresho co guhindura umuvuduko w’amazi c’ubururu canke c’icuma Igikoresho co guhindura umuvuduko w’amazi y’iriba cicara mu nzu yo hasi canke mu kabati k’ibikoresho vy’amazi gifise igikoresho co guhindura umuvuduko w’amazi 30/50 psi canke 40/60 psi (Square D Pumptrol) ishizwe ku tee y’imiyoboro. Igihe cose iyo pompe ifunguye canke izimye, ivyuma bifatanya muri ako gace gatoyi k’umuyagankuba k’ibara ry’umuhondo biratera umuyagankuba w’ubururu bukeye bw’amavolte 240. Iyo gaze ya metane yasohotse mu gipfukisho c’iriba canke ivuye mu gitereko c’amazi c’umuhogo ikaja mu kirere co munsi y’ubutaka ku 5,0% gushika kuri 15,0% vy’uburemere (100% LEL), iyo nzira y’ugukanda kw’ipompa-switch iraturitsa inzu yose yo munsi y’ubutaka.

Igiti c'ingingo: Gutoranya vyihutirwa ivy'ugusenyuka kw'imine yo munsi y'ubutaka n'amazi y'iriba rya metane

flowchart TD
    Start["Ivyihutirwa vyo munsi y’ubutaka: Gusaduka kw’inzu/guhengamira (gusenyuka) CANKE Gusesagura/Gazi y’iriba"] --> HazardType{"Ni Ikihe Kimenyetso c’Ivyihutirwa Uriko Urabona Ubu?"}

    HazardType -->|"1. UKUSHOBOKA KW’IMIBAZO (Gutera imbere, Inzugi zirafunga, Imisatsi y’uruhome rw’ingazi, Ikinogo co mu rugo)"| CheckActive{"Mbega Imivyimba Iriko Iragwira, Hasi Iriko Irahungabana, Canke Iminuko ya Gazi Iriho Ubu nyene?"}

    CheckActive -->|"EGO: Ukwinyiganza canke Ingorane za Gazi"| EvacHouse["Intambwe ya 1A: Ubwo nyene Uve Hanze Abantu Bose (Koresha Amadirisho Iyo Inzugi Zipfutse); NTUKORE ku bikoresho vy'amatara"]
    EvacHouse --> Call911Sub["Intambwe ya 2A: Hamagara 911 (Igisata c'umuriro 4-Gaz Meter Check) + Gaz Utility kugira ngo ushireho Gaz irambuye iri munsi y'ubutaka"]

    CheckActive -->|"OYA: Gutera buhoro buhoro ata gusenyuka ubwo nyene"| CallAML["Intambwe ya 3A: Hamagara Leta yahevye amamine (AML) ku murongo w’ivyihutirwa + ikigega c’ubwishingizi bw’amamine (MSI) mu masaha 24"]
    Call911Sub --> CallAML

    HazardType -->|"2. AMAZI Y’IRIBA ARAFURA / ARAVUGA (Ibibumbano vy’amata, Ivyuka vy’umuyaga biva mu ruzitiro)"| ShutTaps["Intambwe ya 1B: Uzime Ubwo nyene Amapompi yose y’Amazi Yo mu Nzu, Amashashi, n’Amazi; Gufungura amadirisho kugira ngo ushiremwo umwuka"]

    ShutTaps --> NoSparks["Intambwe ya 2B: NTUJINJE mu mwobo w’iriba ryugarijwe canke mu bikoresho vyo guhindura amabarabara vyo munsi y’ubutaka; Hamagara 911 iyo LEL Alarm ivuga canke gaz iremereye yirundanirije"]

    NoSparks --> ReportReg["Intambwe ya 3B: Raporo y'Ukwimuka kwa Gazi Itariho ku Mugenzuzi wa Leta w'Amavuta/Gazi/Ubucukuzi (DEP/ODNR/AER) kugira ngo hakorwe ivyihutirwa vyo gusohora umwuka mu iriba no kugerageza isotope z'intango"]

Icigwa ca 1: Kumenya ubwoko bubiri bw’ugusenyuka kw’amamine yo munsi y’ubutaka (Pit / Sinkhole vs. Sag / Trough)

Si amamine yose asenyuka yo munsi y’ubutaka asa n’ikinogo c’amasinema giteye ubwoba. Abahinga mu vy’ubucukuzi n’abahinga mu vy’ubutaka bashira mu migwi amakara y’ivyumba n’inkingi, gypsum, ibumba, n’umunyu mu uburyo bubiri butandukanye bwo gusenyuka kw’amabuye y’agaciro, bivanye n’ingene ibikorwa vy’ubucukuzi biri munsi y’umushinge w’inzu yawe:

Igereranyo ry’ubuhinga: Icobo (Sinkhole) Gusenyuka n'ugusenyuka (Trough) Gusenyuka

Ikiranga Ugusenyuka 1. Icobo / Umuyoboro w'umwotsi Ugusenyuka (Shallow Mines) 2. Gusenyuka / Gusenyuka kw'Ikinogo (Deeper Room-and-Pillar or Longwall Mines)
Uburebure bw'Imine Busanzwe Buri munsi y'Inzu Yawe Igitutu cane (< 15 to 30 meters / 50 to 100 feet munsi y’ubutaka), canke hejuru y’uruzitiro ruhagaze rudapfutse neza umurongo w’umuyaga w’imine canke urugi rwo guterera. Ibiringaniye gushika mu bikomeye (30 to 180+ meters / 100 to 600+ feet munsi y’ubutaka) aho umuzigo w’urutare rwinshi cane uca ku nkingi nyinshi z’amakara.
Uko Binanirwa Mu Butaka Igisenge c’amabuye y’agaciro/amabuye y’agaciro kiri hejuru y’icumba kimwe cacukuwemwo amabuye y’agaciro (entry) canke ivyuma vy’ibiti birabora maze bikaja hejuru mu mfuruka y’umwotsi ihagaze gushika ubutaka bwo hejuru bupfutse mu mfuruka. Mu myaka mirongo y’amazi yo mu butaka aseseka be n’uguhinduka kw’imitsi y’amabuye y’agaciro, inkingi nyinshi z’amakara zo munsi y’ubutaka ziramenagura (pillar failure) canke gutera ibipfunsi hasi mu bibanza vy’ibumba vyoroshe (floor heave), bikaba bituma ahantu hanini h’urutare rwo hejuru rwo gutera hasi nk’igitanda co gutera.
Ivyo bisa mu rugo rwawe & mu nzira Ikinogo gitunguranye, gifise uruhande ruteye igomwe canke nk'uruzitiro (2 to 8 meters / 6 to 25 feet ubwaguke na 1 to 6 meters / 3 to 20 feet deep) bigaragara mw’ijoro rimwe, kenshi inyuma y’imvura nyinshi y’impeshi canke amazi menshi avuye. Ikibazo cagutse, gifise ishusho y'isahani (60 to 300 meters / 200 to 1,000 feet ubwaguke) bushika metero 0,3 gushika kuri 1,2 (amafuti 1 gushika kuri 4) buhagaze; igira ingaruka ku amazu 3 gushika ku 15 y’ababanyi icarimwe ku nzira.
Ibimenyetso vy'imburi imbere mu nzu yawe Itonyanga ry’umushinge ry’aho hantu iyo ico kinogo kigutse munsi y’ibaraza canke imfuruka y’igaraje; ubusa bw’ibipande vy’amabuye vyerekanwa; kuzimangana bukwi na bukwi kw’amazi y’imigende yo mu rugo akaja mu mwobo. 1. Inzugi n’amadirisho birafata bukwi na bukwi canke ntibizofunga (frames racked into parallelograms); 2. Ivyatsi vy'Intambwe 45 vy'Intambwe mu mpome z'amatafari n'inkuta zo munsi y'ubutaka zikozwe mu mabuye ya beton; 3. Amajwi yo gutera/gutera nk’uko imisumari y’uruhome rwumye itera; 4. Ivyumba vy'imbere biteye igomwe (marbles or water bottles roll across the kitchen floor); 5. Ivyuma vy’Umwotsi bihengamira bikwegera kure y’umurongo w’igisenge.
Ikibazo c'amazi n'amazi y'amazi yo munsi y'ubutaka Ivyuma vy'imine vyica: Ivyumba vy'imine vyuguruye birashobora gusohora umwuka w'umwuka w'ikirere "Blackdamp" (CO2 + N2 na < 10% O2), ubumara Umwaka w'ikirere ("Whitedamp") biva mu binogo vy’amakara biri munsi y’ubutaka bipfutse umwotsi, canke Methane ("Firedamp"). Ntukigere wihweza hasi canke ngo uduge mu mwobo w’imine. Igikoresho co gukomera n'ugukomera: Inzu ziri ku ruhande rw'inyuma rw'umugende zirakwegwa (tensile zone, bagaca imiyoboro ya gazi n’amazi yahambwe), mu gihe amazu ari hagati y’ico gitereko apfutse hamwe (compressive zone, gupfuka hasi mu nzu yo munsi y’ubutaka gushika hejuru no gumenagura imiyoboro y’amazi y’imyanda y’ivyuma).

Icigwa ca 2: Uko womenya Ugusenyuka kw'Imine uhereye ku butaka busanzwe canke ibumba ryagutse (And why standard homeowners insurance denies both)

Iyo uruhome rwawe rwo munsi y'ubutaka rusadutse, umuhinga mu bijanye no gusanura umushinge ashobora kugerageza kukugurisha amadolari 25.000 y'ivyuma, mu gihe umukozi wawe w'ubwishingizi bw'abafise inzu ahakana ivyo usaba hakurikijwe "Ugukuraho ukwinyiganza kw'isi."

1. Ibimenyetso 3 vyerekana ko amamine yo munsi y’ubutaka ashobora gusenyuka (atari ugusenyuka gusanzwe)

  1. Umuvuduko n’Imibumbe myinshi: Gushinga imishinge mu buryo busanzwe canke ugusenyuka kw’ibumba ryinshi bishika milimetero ku milimetero mu myaka kandi akenshi bitera imfuruka imwe y’inzu imwe idasohoka neza amazi. Ugusenyuka kw’imine kuratera imbere ningoga mu misi canke mu ndwi kandi icarimwe kuragora imirongo y’ibarabara, inzira z’abantu, amabati y’amazi, n’imishinge y’ababanyi bawe bari hafi ku nzira y’umurongo ukomeza (the "subsidence wave front").
  2. Igihe kimwe + Guhengamira: Nimba igipande co hasi mu nzu yawe gifise umuhengeri urenga milimetero 6 (0.25 inches) wagutse uja hejuru y’uruhome (tensile pull) canke nimba urugero rw’umubaji rw’amametero 1,2 (amaguru 4) rwerekana ko umushinge wawe wahengamiye birenze 1% (1 centimeter per meter / 1/8 inch per foot) kuva mu nzira mu kwezi kumwe, gukeka ko ubusa bwo munsi y’ubutaka bwasenyutse.
  3. Suzuma Aderesi yawe ku ikarita yemewe ya Leta y'imina yo munsi y'ubutaka uno musi:
  4. Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika: Fungurira kuri internet ya leta yawe Atlas y'ikarata y'amamine ya GIS (e.g., Pennsylvania DEP MSI Risk Map, Illinois ISGS Coal Mine Viewer, Ohio ODNR Abandoned Underground Mine Locator, West Virginia WVGES, Colorado CGS).
  5. Mu Bwongereza: Rondera kode yawe y'iposita ku Igikoresho co kuraba ikarita y'ubuyobozi bw'amakara (which maps over 170,000 known coal mine shafts across England, Scotland, and Wales).
  6. Muri Australiya: Suzuma Urubuga rwa NSW rw'impanuro ku bijanye n'ugusenyuka kw'amazi (Hunter Valley / Newcastle / Wollongong / Lithgow districts).

2. Uko Leta n’Itegeko Bitanga Ubwishingizi bw’Iminone (MSI) Ibikorwa

  • Ubwishingizi bw'abafise inzu (HO-3) ntibirimwo 100% vy’uguhinduka kw’isi n’ugusenyuka kw’amamine.
  • Ariko rero, mu bihugu no mu bihugu bicukura amakara, intwaro zikoresha Ubwishingizi bwo gusenyuka kw’amamine (MSI) Amafaranga:
  • Ibihugu vy'Ukwinjira vyikora (Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, West Virginia): Kubera itegeko rya leta, Ubwishingizi bw’Iminone ($50,000 to $750,000 mu gukingira imibumbe) bihita bishirwa mu nzira y’ubwishingizi bw’abafise inzu zo kubamwo mu ntara z’amakara zigaragara ku ikarita kiretse washize umukono ku rwandiko rwo kurekura.
  • Ukwinjira mu mafaranga ya Leta (Pennsylvania DEP MSI Fund, Ohio Mine Subsidence Insurance Underwriting Association, Colorado, Wyoming): Uguriye kuri internet canke biciye ku mukozi wawe w’ubwishingizi ku giciro gusa c’amadolari 30 gushika ku madolari 150 ku mwaka** (covering up to $500,000 in repairs).
  • Umukozi w'Ikinogo c'Amakara / Uwukoresha Uruhome Rurerure (Federal SMCRA 30 CFR § 817.121, UK Coal Mining Subsidence Act 1991, Subsidence Advisory NSW): Iyo inzu yawe yononekaye kubera ubucukuzi bw'amakara bukora mu buvumo (canke iyo uba mu Bwongereza canke NSW aho amashirahamwe agenga ivy'amategeko apfuka vyose ivyononekaye mu mateka n'ivyo mu bucukuzi bw'amakara bikora ubwavyo), **uwujejwe ubucukuzi canke ubuyobozi bwa Leta burafise inshingano 100% n'itegeko ryo gusanura canke kugura inzu yawe y'igihe gito.

Icigwa ca 3: Gazi ya Metane itunguranye (CH4) gusohoka mw'iriba ryawe ry'amazi ry'ibanga ("Ukwimuka kwa gazi y'ibinyoma")

Nimba uba ahantu hari amakara, amabuye y’agaciro yirabura (such as the Marcellus, Utica, Barnett, Bakken, Permian, Montney, or Surat basins), canke hafi ugucukura amavuta/gazi, gucapura amazi (fracking), gukura methane mu makara, canke amatongo yo kubikamwo gazi yo munsi y’ubutaka, guhinduka bukwi na bukwi mu buryo amazi y’iriba ryawe asa canke ijwi ryayo ni imburi yihutirwa y’Ukwimuka kwa gazi y’ibinyoma.

1. Ibimenyetso 4 vy'imburi vy'umuriro wa metane mu mazi y'iriba ryawe bwite

  1. "Gukorora / Gukorora / Guturika Umuyaga": Iyo ufunguye uruzitiro rw'igikoni canke rw'ubwogero ikintu ca mbere mu gitondo, uruzitiro ruca amacandwe y'ubukazi, rukorora, rugatera imifuko ya gaze imbere y'uko amazi atemba ataco akora.
  2. "Champagne / Club-Soda Effervescence" mu kirahuri: Iyo wuzuje ikirahuri gitomoye amazi akanye yo mu ruzi, amazi asa n'ay'umweru nk'amata afise amamiliyoni y'utuvungukira dutoduto duduga tuva hasi tukaja hejuru nk'umuyaga w'umuriro canke Alka-Seltzer** (mu gihe umuyaga utagira akamaro uva hejuru ata gutera ivyatsi biguma biva hasi bishika hejuru).
  3. Ijwi ry'ugutontomera canke "ry'uguteka" Imbere mu Gipfukisho c'Iriba: Kugenda hafi y'igipfukisho c'iriba ryawe ryo hanze (sanitary well seal), urashobora kwumva amajwi y’ibibumbano, y’ibibumbano canke y’ibibumbano abandanya aduga hejuru y’umuyoboro w’iriba.
  4. Ibisigazwa vy’amazi bitunguranye, amazi y’umwirabura, canke amagi aboze / imigera y’icuma: Uko ibibumbano vya metane bigenda biduga biduga bica mu bice vy’amazi bikaja mw’iriba ryawe, iyo nzira y’umuvurungano iravyura manganese yirabura/icuma, n’amazi atera methane kandi agabanura sulfate ku migera yawe, turlimy canke sulfate. ivy’ikibiriti.

2. Ishirahamwe ry’ubushakashatsi ku vyerekeye ubutaka ryo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (USGS) & Igisata c'Igihugu c'Igihugu c'Igihugu c'Igihugu c'Igihugu c'Igihugu c'Igihugu c'Igihugu c'Igihugu c'Igihugu c'Igihugu

Metane yanyuze (CH4) Ukwibanda ku Mazi y’Iriba (mg/L canke ppm) Ikirere c'umutwe w'iriba % LEL Gusoma Ubuhinga buzwi bwa USGS / Leta DEP mu gushikiriza ingorane Ibikorwa vyihutirwa n'ubuhinga bisabwa
< 10 mg/L (< 10 ppm) < 10% LEL (< 0.5% CH4 mu kirere) Urugero rwo gukingira / rwo kugenzura: Munsi y’urugero rw’ugusenyuka aho imifuko ya gazi iteye akaga yirundanira mu kirere gisanzwe co mu cumba. Itekanye ku gukoresha mu rugo mu buryo busanzwe; gusubira gupima buri mwaka (or establish a pre-drilling baseline before any gas well is drilled within 1.5 km / 1 mile).
10 to 28 mg/L (10 to 28 ppm) 10% to 25% LEL (0.5% to 1.25% CH4 mu kirere) IMBURIZO / URUGERO RW'IBIKORWA (Mitigation Required): Kwegera ukuzura kw'ikirere (28 mg/L kuri 20 °C). Gazi irasohoka mu mazi iyo umukazo ugabanutse ku mavomero no ku mitwe y’amazi yo gukaraba. Ico wokora vuba: Gutera umwuka mu vyumba vy’amazi, mu vyumba vyo kwogeramwo, no mu bibanza vyo gumesuriramwo igihe cose amazi agenda; shiraho hanze igipfukisho c’iriba ry’isuku gifise umwuka gishika nibura metero 1,8 gushika kuri 3 (amafuti 6 gushika kuri 10) hejuru y’ubutaka gifise igikingira urubeya, wongereko Igipfukisho co gupfuka umwuka / gukuraho umwuka co mu nzu imbere y’itangi ry’umuvuduko.
> 28 mg/L (> 28 ppm - Igice c'umuriro wuzuye / w'ubuntu) > 25% to 100% LEL (> 1.25% to 5.0%+ CH4 mu kirere) AKAGA KO GUTURIKA UBWO nyene (Evacuate / Shut Down Well Pump): Gaz ya methane y’inzira y’ubuntu iriko iraduga igenda iduga mw’iriba ikaja mu miyoboro y’amazi yo mu nzu (turning faucets into gas jets). **ZIMA IPOMPE Y’IRIBA (Iva Hanze Canke Gusa Iyo LEL Meter Isoma ko Atekanye), HAGANIKA AMAZI YOSE, MUVUKE NIBA GAZI IBONEKA MU RUGU, HAMAGARE 911 + STATE OIL/GAS/MINING INSPECTOR IMDI.MEDI.ME

NTUKIGERE Ukora Ubuhendanyi bwo kuri Internet 'Ufate Itara ku Ruzitiro rw'Igikoni' mu Nzu

Amasanamu akunda gukwiragira yerekana bene inzu bafise igikoresho co gucana BBQ gushika ku ruzitiro rw’amazi rwo mu gikoni ruriko ruratera amazi kugira ngo barabe nimba urubeya rw’ubururu/umutuku rufise uburebure bwa metero 1 (amafuti 3) rusohoka mu ruzitiro. NTUZOKWIGEZE ugerageza gucana gaze iva mu ruzitiro rwo mu nzu. - Ica mbere, nimba methane imaze isaha iheze isohoka mu gikoni cawe canke mu cumba c’amazi, umuyaga ukikuje umutwe wawe ushobora kuba umaze kuba uri mu 5.0% gushika kuri 15.0% Explosive Range (100% LEL), kandi ukanda kuri iyo lighter bizotera ivyumba vyose. - Ubwa kabiri, iyo urubeya rusubiye mu muyoboro wuzuye umuyaga canke mu gipfukisho c’iriba ryuguruye, rurashobora gukwiragira rukaja mu mutwe w’iriba canke mu gitereko c’amazi maze rugaca rufukura ico gitereko. Ivyo gupima gazi vyose bireke Igisata c’Umuriro n’Abagenzuzi ba Leta b’Ibidukikije/Amavuta na Gazi bakoresheje Ibipimo vya LEL 4-Gas bifise umutekano w’imbere.

Icigwa ca 4: Uko twokwemeza ko methane yava mu gucukura/gucukura hafi y’aho n’amakara/gazi y’ibishanga (Isotopic Fingerprinting)

Iyo methane ibonetse bukwi na bukwi mw'iriba ry'amazi ry'umuntu ku giti ciwe riri hagati ya metero 300 na 1.500 (amafuti 1.000 na 5.000)** y'iriba rishasha ry'amavuta/gazi, ahantu hakoreshwa amazi, canke icumbi ry'amakara rikora, ishirahamwe ry'inguvu rizokwama rivuga ko rikoresha gazi. gaz y'igisaka/y'amazi"** yama iri mw'iriba ryawe.

Ehe ingene ibisata vya Leta bijejwe ibidukikije (such as Pennsylvania DEP, Ohio ODNR, Colorado ECMC, and the Alberta Energy Regulator) kwemeza mu buryo bwa siyansi aho iyo gazi yava - n'igituma Igerageza ry'Amazi y'Intango Imbere y'Icukura ari ikintu gihambaye cane: 1. Igishushanyo c'intoke c'isotope zidahinduka ziterwa n'ubushuhe n'iz'ibinyabuzima (delta-13C-CH4 na delta-D-CH4): - Methane Biogenic ("Swamp/Drift") iterwa n'imigera mu bitanda vy'amakara canke mu bitanda vy'amakara bitari vyinshi ni "umuco" (delta-13C mu bisanzwe -60 to -90 per mil) kandi igizwe n’ibintu hafi 100% vy’umuyagankuba (C1) n’ivyuma vy’amazi biremerera kuruta zero. - Gazi Itera ubushuhe ("Shale / Fracking / Pipeline") itetswe mu bushuhe bwinshi n'umuvuduko w'ibihumbi vy'ibilometero munsi y'ubutaka (migrating upward through a poorly cemented surface casing annulus) ni isotope "iremereye" (delta-13C mu bisanzwe -25 to -50 per mil) kandi irimwo igipimo kidasanzwe c’Etani (C2H6), Poropane (C3H8), na Butane (C4H10) bihuye n’umukono nyawo w’ibikorwa vy’iriba rya gazi riri hafi. 2. Itegeko ry'Ivyiyumviro vy'Ibice vy'Uburenganzira (Pre-Drilling Baseline Rule): - Mu mategeko ya leta yerekeye amavuta na gazi (nk’itegeko rya Pennsylvania 13 58 Pa.C.S. § 3218, amategeko ya Ohio, West Virginia, na Colorado), iyo uwukora amavuta/gazi yimba mu metero 300 gushika kuri 760 (amafuti 1.000 gushika kuri 2.500) y’iriba ryawe ry’amazi maze iriba ryawe rikanduzwa n’umunyu wa metane, umunyu w’umunyu (chlorides, barium, strontium), canke ibisigazwa vy’amazi mu mezi 6 gushika kuri 12 y’ugucukura/gucukura, **uwubikora abonwa ko afise uburenganzira bwo gutanga amazi yo gusubirira ku buntu (itangi ry’amazi ry’inzovu ryashikirijwe + gusukura ubudasiba canke iriba rishasha) KIRETSE bakoze igerageza ryemewe ry’imbere y’ugucukura amazi. Igihe cose wemere ku buntu gupima imbere y'ugucukura n'ikigo c'ubushakashatsi c'uwundi muntu cemejwe na Leta (NELAP accredited) kandi uzigame PDF y’uruzitiro rw’ububiko rwashizweko umukono ibihe bidahera.

Inomero z'ivyihutirwa zo mu karere n'amategeko y'ibigo

Igihugu / Akarere Ivyihutirwa vyo gusenyuka kw'amamine n'imirongo y'ubutumwa Raporo y'ubwandu bwa gazi / iriba rya metane Ubwishingizi butegekanijwe n'amategeko n'indishi
Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika 911 (Gazi/ugusenyuka ubwo nyene) + Ibiro vya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika bijejwe gusubizaho ubucukuzi bwo ku butaka no gushitsa amategeko (OSMRE) + Imirongo y'Ivyihutirwa ya AML ya Leta:
- Ivyihutirwa vy'ugusenyuka kw'imina: 1-800-541-2050
- Illinois DNR Ivyihutirwa AML: 1-217-782-6791
- Ivyihutirwa vya AML muri Ohio: 1-614-265-6633
- Igihugu ca Virginie y'uburengero: 1-800-654-5954		 Umurongo w'amavuta na gazi ya Leta / ibidukikije (nk'akarorero, PA DEP: 1-800-541-2050; Ohio ODNR 24/7: 1-844-640-6446; ECMC ya Kolorado: 1-303-894-2100; Ishirahamwe ry'Ibarabara ry'Igariyamoshi ryo muri Texas: 1-844-773-0305). Ubwishingizi bwa Leta bwo gusenyuka kw'amamine (MSI) Amafaranga (PA 1-800-922-1678, IL, MU, KY, OH, WV, CO, WY) + SMCRA 30 CFR § 817.121 Imine Ikora Uburenganzira Bukomeye.
Kanada 911 + Ivyago vy'amamine yo mu ntara (nk'akarorero, amamine yahebwe muri Ontario: 1-888-415-9845; Igihugu ca Ekose nshasha DNRR; Umugenzuzi w'inguvu wo muri Alberta AER 24/7: 1-800-222-6514) Umugenzuzi w'inguvu wo muri Alberta (AER) Umurongo w'Ikirego c'Iriba ry'Amazi / Methane y'Amakara: 1-800-222-6514 + Umugenzuzi w'inguvu za BC (BCER: 1-800-663-3456. Inama z’Intara zijejwe uburenganzira bwo ku butaka n’ugusubizaho amamine.
Ubwami bw'Ubwongereza 999 (Ikibazo gica gishika) + Ikigo kijejwe amakara 24/7 Umurongo w'ivyihutirwa vy'akaga n'ugusenyuka kw'isi: 0800 288 4242 (Ubwongereza, Ekose, na Pays de Galles) Ikigo kijejwe ibidukikije (0800 80 70 60) + Umuyobozi w'ubuzima n'umutekano (HSE) Igenzura ry'amamine + Igihugu c'Ivyihutirwa vya Gazi (0800 111 999). Itegeko ry’uguhagarika ubucukuzi bw’amakara ryo mu 1991: Hakurikijwe itegeko ry’Ubwongereza, Ikigo kijejwe amakara gitanga 100% y’ubuntu bwo guhagarara neza mu gihe c’ivyago, uburaro bw’igihe gito, n’indishi yuzuye yo gusanura imibumbe ku mutungo wose wononekaye kubera ubucukuzi bw’amakara bwa kera canke bukora mu Bwongereza bwose.
Ubumwe bw'Uburayi 112 + Ikigo c’akarere kijejwe ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro (BRGM / GEODERIS mu Bufaransa; Ikigo c’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro mu kiyaya ca Ruhr mu Budagi) Ibiro vy’igihugu vy’ubuhinga bw’ubutaka n’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro (DREAL mu Bufaransa, Bergamt mu Budagi, WUG mu Polonye). Ikigega c'ivyago vy'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro (nk'akarorero, ikidagi RAG Stiftung Bergschaden n'igifaransa Ikigega c'ingwati y'ivy'ubwishingizi bw'amabuye y'agaciro FGAO Imine).
Ostraliya na Nouvelle-Zélande 000 / 111 + Impanuro ku bijanye n'ugusenyuka kw'amazi NSW 24/7 Umurongo w'Ivyihutirwa: 1800 248 083 (1800 MINE SUB) + Itunga ry'Umutekano n'Ubuzima Queensland (RSHQ: 1300 362 128 Umurongo w'ibidukikije wo muri NSW: 131 555 + Gazi y'amakara yo muri Queensland (CSG) Bore Gukora-Neza Umurongo w'Igihugu: 13 74 68 (Water Act 2000 Bore Assessment). Itegeko ry’Indishi y’Iminogo y’Amakara 2017 (NSW): Ritanga indishi yuzuye y’imibumbe ku bafise inzu bose mu turere tw’amakara twa NSW.
Ubuhinde na Aziya-Pasifike 112 + Ubuyobozi bukuru bw'umutekano w'amamine (DGMS, Dhanbad) + Ubuhindi bw'amakara (BCCL Jharia / ECL Raniganj Utugingo ngengabuzima tw'ugusenyuka) Inama y'Amazi yo mu Butaka (CGWB) + Inama y’Igihugu ijejwe kugenzura ubuhumane. Jharia & Raniganj umugambi mukuru wo gusanasana no kwimurira abantu (JRDA) Ingurane.

Ibibazo bikunda kubazwa

Mbega amazi yo kunywa yashonze Methane (CH4) muri vyo biratera ubumara mu nda yanje, canke akaga ni uguturika gusa n’ugucika intege?

Dukurikije ivyo ikigo kijejwe ivy’ubutaka co muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (`USGS`), Ikigo kijejwe ivy’ibintu bitera ubumara n’ingwara (`ATSDR`), n’Ubuzima bwo muri Kanada, **gazi ya metane iyunguruye (`CH4`) ubwayo nta bumara bw’imiti igira iyo umuntu amize mu mazi yo kunywa** - bitandukanye na benzene, arsenic, canke lead, methane isukuye ica mu nda nk’uko carbonate iri mu mazi ya soda. **Ikibazo co gutera ubuzima ca methane mu mazi y’iriba ni 100% y’umubiri:** **(1) Guturika n’umuriro w’umuriro** iyo methane ivuye mu binogo vyo kwogeramwo, mu bwiherero, mu bikarabiro, no mu mashini yo gumesa ikaja mu vyumba vyugaye maze igashika ku **5.0% gushika kuri 15.`LEL`)**, na **(2) Confined-Space Asphyxiation** iyo ivyuma vyinshi vy’umuyagankuba bikuraho umwuka w’ikirere ushobora guhumeka imbere mu binogo vy’amariba, mu bibanza vyo gukwegakwega, canke mu bibanza bitobito vyo gukoresha. Ariko rero, kubera ko gazi y’ibinyoma yimuka kenshi igenda iruhande y’amazi y’umunyu y’umunyu (`high chlorides, bromides, barium, strontium`), arsenic, canke ivyuma biva muri peteroli (`BTEX`)**, ntukwiye kwigera unywera amazi y’iriba apfutse gushika umugwi w’amazi wo muri laboratwari ushizeho ibintu bihumanya amazi.

Ni gute abahinga basanura ubudasiba iriba ry’amazi ry’abantu ku giti cabo rifise gaze ya metane (10 to 28+ mg/L) none inzu yanje ntishobora guturika?

Gusanasana iriba ry’amazi ritanga metane bisaba **ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’inzira zibiri** bushizweho n’umuhinga mu vy’ugucukura iriba n’ugusukura amazi afise uruhusha: **(1) Ku Mutwe w’Iriba ryo Hanze (`Vented Sanitary Seal`):** Subirizaho igipfukisho c’iriba gisanzwe gisanzwe **Ikidodo c’iriba ry’isuku ry’umuyaga** gifise umuyoboro w’umuyaga w’imilimetero 50 (2-inch) schedule-40 PVC/icuma uhagaze nibura ku metero 1,8 gushika kuri 3 (amafuti 6 gushika ku 10) hejuru y’ubutaka** (`and above winter snowdrifts`), hejuru hariho igikingira U-bend bug/flame-arrestor screen ku buryo gazi y’ubuntu iduga hejuru y’iriba isohoka ata co ikora mu kirere co hanze kigutse aho gusunika umuyoboro wawe w’amazi wo munsi y’ubutaka mu nzu yo munsi y’ubutaka; na **(2) Imbere y’Itangi ry’Inguvu ryo mu Nzu (`Open-Atmosphere Aeration / Spray Degasser System`):** Imbere y’uko amazi y’iriba yinjira mu miyoboro y’inzu yawe, arafumbishwa imbere mu gitereko c’amazi gipfutse **gifise umwuka (`equipped with a blower fan vented through the roof and an automatic methane LEL shutoff sensor`)**, ikura 99% vy’ivyo bihimba vy’umubiri biva mu mazi ikayifuha hanze imbere y’uko ipompo ya kabiri y’ugutera imbere yohereza amazi meza, atagira gazi mu mavomero yawe.

Nimba inzu yanje yicaye hejuru y’icumbi ry’amakara ry’ivyumba n’inkingi ryahebwe ririko rirasenyuka ubu, none leta yohagarika gute iryo senyuka?

Iyo umenyesheje ivyihutirwa vy'ugusenyuka kw'amamine yahebwe ku **Igihugu c'amamine yahebwe (`AML`) Porogarama y’Ivyihutirwa** (canke **Ikigo c’Ubwongereza kijejwe amakara / Impanuro ku bijanye n’ugusenyuka kw’isi NSW**), abahinga mu vy’ubuhinga bw’isi bakoresha igikoresho co gucukura gizunguruka mu rugo rwawe no mu nzira y’imodoka kugira ngo bacukure uruzitiro rw’ibinogo vy’amabuye y’agaciro **150-milimetero (6-inch)** bigororotse hasi **30 gushika kuri 100 metero)300. ivyumba vya mine (`verified using down-hole borehole video cameras and sonar`). Baca bapompa amatoni amajana canke ibihumbi y’amabuye y’agaciro gatoyi, amabuye y’agaciro gatoyi, n’amabuye yajanjaguwe** mu binogo kugira ngo bubake amabuye manini manini yo munsi y’ubutaka **inkingi z’amabuye y’agaciro (“inkingi z’amabuye y’agaciro”)** zishobora gushika munsi y’ibirenge vy’inzu yawe n’ugutonyanga kandi.

Ni kubera iki inzu yacu yo munsi y’ubutaka yagira umwuka w’ikirere (CO) detector canke Radon alarm spike mu ndwi y’umuvuduko muto w’amazi hejuru y’icumbi ry’amakara rya kera?

Ivyo binogo vy’amakara vyahebwe biri munsi y’ubutaka bikora nk’amahaha maninimanini yo munsi y’ubutaka (`"Mine Breathing"`). Iyo **umuvuduko mutoyi w’ikirere (imbere y’igihuhusi)** ugenda hejuru y’igisagara cawe, umuvuduko w’ikirere wo hanze uragabanuka cane. Mu kwishura, amamiliyoni y’amametero kibe y’umuyaga uhagaze ufunzwe imbere mu binogo vy’imine yo munsi y’ubutaka iragwira maze igasunika **hejuru** biciye mu binogo vy’amabuye, mu binogo vy’imine bitapfutse, no mu binogo vy’amazi vyumye vyo hasi mu nzu yo munsi y’ubutaka/ibinogo vy’amazi. Uwo muyaga w'imine uriko uraduga ufise ingorane zitatu zitaboneka: **(1) "Blackdamp" (`Stythe`)** - umuyaga ufise umwuka mwiza (`often only 8% to 14% oxygen`) iremereye n’umuyaga w’ikirere (`CO2`) na Nitrogène iteranira hasi mu nzu yo munsi y’ubutaka maze igatuma ibikoko vyo mu nzu canke abantu bakuze bipfuka impwemu mu minota mikeyi; **(2) Umwuka w'ikirere (`CO` - "Whitedamp")** iyo umurongo w'amakara wa kera wo munsi y'ubutaka uriko urahinduka buhoro buhoro canke uriko urafuha; na **(3) Gazi ya Radon-222 irengeye**. Inzu yose yubatswe hejuru y’ibikorwa vy’amamine yo munsi y’ubutaka, ikwiye kuba ifise **Gaz Combustible (`LEL`) + Umwuka w'ikirere (`CO`) inkengeri** n’**igikoresho gikora co gukuraho umuvuduko wa radon/gazi y’ubutaka** gikingira igipande co munsi y’ubutaka.

Nomenya gute ko uguhungabana kw’isi n’ugutera imbere kw’inzu yanje kwari umutingito, uguturika kw’amabuye y’agaciro, uguhungabana kw’amabuye y’agaciro, canke ugusenyuka kw’igisenge c’imine?

Suzuma **Ikarita y'Imitingito ya USGS** (`or British Geological Survey / Geoscience Australia / EMSC`) mu minota 10 y’aho ivyuma biteye. Ivyinyugunyugu vy’ibidukikije n’**ivyinyugunyugu biterwa n’amazi mabi** bishika **ibilometero 3 gushika ku 15 (ibilometero 2 gushika ku 9) mu burebure** mu rutare rwo munsi y’ubutaka rw’amabuye y’agaciro kandi bica mu bipimo vy’imitingito vy’akarere vyinshi. Mu buryo butandukanye n’ubwo, **ugusenyuka kw’igisenge c’imina y’amakara canke y’amabuye y’agaciro yo munsi y’ubutaka ("igisenge c’imina y’amabuye y’agaciro")** kuba gusa **metero 15 gushika ku 150 (amafuti 50 gushika ku 500) munsi y’ivyatsi**: bitera ijwi ry’agahomerabunwa, ry’aho hantu **ugutera ijwi rimwe canke ijwi ry’agahomerabunwa** (`often magnitude 0.5 to 2.0`) yumvikana cane n’ibarabara rimwe canke abiri gusa, ubwo nyene akurikirwa n’ugusenyuka kw’ivu canke ugusaduka kw’umushinge hejuru y’icumba cari carasenyutse.

Inyobora zifitaniye isano

Amasoko n'ubuyobozi buzwi

  • Ikigo ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kijejwe ubushakashatsi ku butaka (USGS) & Igisata ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kijejwe gusubizaho ubucukuzi bwo ku butaka (OSMRE): Methane mu mariba y’amazi y’abantu ku giti cabo: Ivyiyumviro vyo gukora (10 mg/L Imburi na 28 mg/L Ivyiyumviro vy’akaga gashobora gutera vuba) * EMCRAne LandSd) na Amabwirizwa yo Guhagarika Igihugu.
  • Igisata ca Pennsylvania kijejwe gukingira ibidukikije (PA DEP) & Igisata ca Ohio kijejwe ubutunzi bw’ibidukikije (ODNR): Ivyiyumviro vy’ubuhinga vy’ubwishingizi bw’ugusenyuka kw’imine y’amakara (MSI), Amasezerano y’itohoza ry’ukwimuka kw’amazi, n’Igerageza ry’Ubuzima bw’Amazi imbere y’Icukurwa Pa5C. Igice ca 3218.
  • Ikigo kijejwe amakara (Leta y'Ubwongereza): Itegeko ry'uguhagarika ubucukuzi bw'amakara 1991 - 24/7 Gusubiza ingorane zo ku butaka, Gugabanya Gazi y'Imine ("Blackdamp" & Methane), n'Indishi y'Imibumbe itegekanijwe n'Itegeko.
  • Impanuro ku bijanye n’ugusenyuka kw’amabuye NSW (Guverinoma ya New South Wales, Australiya): Itegeko ry’Indishi ku Gusenyuka kw’Iminogo y’Amakara 2017 - Amategeko y’Ivyihutirwa vyo Gukingira Amazi n’Ivy’Imiterere y’Imiterere y’Ivyuma.
  • Ibigo bijejwe kugenzura no kwirinda indwara (CDC) & Ikigo kijejwe kwandika ibintu bitera ubumara n’ingwara (ATSDR, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika): Umutekano w’amazi y’amariba y’abantu ku giti cabo hafi y’aho amavuta na gazi bitamenyerewe n’ibikorwa vyo gucukura amabuye y’agaciro mu butaka.