Transformateur y'ababanyi iturika, umuriro w'igiti, canke isanduku y'ivyatsi bitoto idafunguwe¶

Mu bibanza vy’uburaro, mu bibanza vy’amagorofa, no mu mirongo y’ubudandaji, ama transformateur y’ugutanga umuriro agabanya imirongo y’amashanyarazi y’intango y’inguvu nyinshi, mu bisanzwe akora hagati ya **4.160 na 34.500 volts (4.16 kV na 34.5 kV)1-2/0volt canke 2000. 120/208-volt y’igikorwa ca kabiri cinjira mu ngo. Izo transformateur zicaye hejuru nk’ibipimo vy’icuma vy’umweru bifatanye n’ibiti vy’amazi canke hasi mu bibanza vy’icuma vy’icatsi kibisi vyirabura bizwi nka transformers zishizwe ku bipande. Iyo umuravyo, ukubura kw’ivyuma bizibira umuyagankuba imbere, ukuremerera cane kw’ivyuma bikoresha umuyaga mu ci, ugukorana n’amaguru y’igiti canke ugutera kw’imodoka bituma umurongo w’imbere mu gitereko c’umuyagankuba ugira umuriro muto, iyo nzira y’umuyagankuba y’inguvu nyinshi ica ihita ihinduka umwuka w’amavuta y’ivyuma bizibira umuriro ari imbere. Mu masegonda makeyi, umuvuduko wo mu gitereko c’imbere mu gitereko uraduga cane, ugafuha igice ca fizi y’intango n’igipfunsi kimeze nk’imbunda gitera amatwi canke ugaca igitereko c’icuma kugira ngo kirekure umuvuduko w’ubururu-umweru umuco w’urusenga uhuma amaso be n’umuvuduko w’umuriro w’umuriro 300-siel-degree-5ah-70C) amavuta y’umuyagankuba.

Ico kintu co kwica kandi kicereje kinyegeje ku bibanza vy’ivyatsi vyo mu karere no ku nzira z’amabarabara: ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi vy’ivyatsi bitotahaye vyuguruwe, vy’umugese canke vyononekaye bitewe n’igihuhusi. Imbere muri ako gasandugu k’icuma gashika mu mafyinga hariho amabarabara y’intango y’amashanyarazi menshi yerekanwa be n’amabarabara y’amashanyarazi y’inyuma atwara amavolte ibihumbi n’ibihumbi inyuma y’umuryango wo hanze amasentimetero makeyi gusa. Abana bariko barakina ubwihisho, ba nyen’inzu bariko barakata ivyatsi bibi, canke ibikoko vyo mu nzu biriko biratohoza urugi rw’ibarabara ryuguruye, birashobora gufatwa n’umuyagankuba w’umuyagankuba mwinshi ubwo nyene, bikaba bishobora kwica umuntu ata na rimwe akora ku mugozi utagira ikintu iyo baciye ku rugero rwo hasi rwo gukuraho umuyagankuba w’umuyagankuba mwinshi. Kumenya ingene wokura umuriro w’amavuta y’umuyagankuba, ingene wokwirinda intambwe n’ubushobozi bwo gukora bishobora kwica hasi hasi, ingene worinda isandugu y’amazi y’icatsi kibisi idakingiwe gushika abakozi b’amazi bashitse, n’ingene wofata **ubushobozi bwo gukingira amavuta y’ivyatsi bitoto (polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)) n’amavuta yo mu nzu yawe.

Ivyo ubikore ubu¶

1. Imuka nibura metero 30 gushika kuri 50 (amafuti 100 gushika kuri 165) mu muyaga no mu misozi uvuye ku giti cose c’umuriro gica ibibatsi, kivuza induru, kivuza umwotsi, canke kigasha canke igisandugu c’umuyagankuba w’icatsi kibisi. Ntukigere uhagarara munsi canke utwara imodoka munsi y’umuyagankuba uri hejuru uriko uratera, usohora umwotsi wirabura, canke utonyanga. Ivyombo vy’amazi bikoreshwa n’umuyagankuba birashobora gusenyuka incuro ya kabiri canke iya gatatu iyo ibikoresho bica amazi ("reclosers") bigerageza gusubira gutanga inguvu ku murongo amasegonda makeyi inyuma y’aho igitero ca mbere giturikiye.
2. Ntukigere utera amazi canke ngo ukoreshe umuyoboro w’amazi wo mw’itongo ku giti c’amazi kigurumana, ku gihinduzi co hejuru, canke ku kabati kashizwe ku gipande c’icatsi kibisi. Amazi ajana umuyagankuba w’inguvu nyinshi asubira hejuru y’umugezi ahita ashika ku gitereko c’amazi, kandi gutera amavuta y’umuyagankuba ariko arasha n’amazi bituma **boilrls itera umuriro 15 metero (amafuti 50) mu nzira zose.
3. Twiyumvire ko umurongo wose waguye hasi, umurongo ugenda uhagarara, umurongo w’umugabo, uruzitiro rw’icuma, canke ubusitani butose buri hagati ya metero 15 (amafuti 50) n’umuyagankuba wononekaye, ufise inguvu ku bihumbi vy’ama volts. Nimba usanzwe uhagaze imbere mu karere k’akaga hafi y’umurongo waguye canke akazu k’icatsi kibisi kavuga, ntukigere wumva Shuffle canke hop kure n’ibirenge vyose bifatanye cane kugira ngo ntushire ikiraro ku bizingiti bibiri bitandukanye vy’umuriro mu butaka (ubushobozi bw’intambwe).
4. Hamagara inomero y’ivyihutirwa yo mu karere kawe n’ubutumwa bw’amashanyarazi bukora amasaha 24 ku musi uri kure cane. Hamagara 911 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika na Canada, 112 mu Bumwe bw’Uburayi bwose, 999 mu Bwongereza, canke urabe kuri telefone yacu inomero z'ivyihutirwa ububiko. Ha uwurungika aderesi y’ibarabara riri hafi cane kandi, iyo ubonetse uri kure cane biciye ku bipimo vy’amaso canke ku bipimo vy’amatelefone, inomero y’ibarabara ry’icuma canke inomero y’indangamuntu y’igicapo isizwe ku gicapo canke ku gicapo.
5. Niwabona isanduku y’umuyagankuba ifunguye, ifunguye, igira umugese, canke yononekaye n’imodoka, NTUKORE ku kabati k’icuma canke ngo ugerageze gusunika urugi ngo rukingire. Hagarara metero 10 (amafuti 33) inyuma, uhagarare umuntu akuze kugira ngo abana n’imbwa ntibakoreshe, kandi Ivyago vy’Ubuzima** (akazu k’umuriro mwinshi gafunguye).
6. Iyo igisasu ca transformer kigutera amavuta y’umwirabura canke umukungugu ku rukoba rwawe, ku nzira y’imodoka, canke mu rugo, guma kure y’aho amavuta agenda kandi ufate amavuta ya transformer y’imbere y’umwaka wa 1980 nk’imyanda ishobora kuba iteye akaga ya PCB. Ntukigere ukurikirana amavuta ya transformer mu nzu ku nkweto zawe canke ngo uyameshe mu migende y’amazi y’igihuhusi; iyo amavuta apfutse ku rukoba, uce ubwo nyene woza n’isabune n’amazi asukuye mu minota 15.

Gutahura Ibihindura Ivy’Ababanyi: Ibibindi vyo hejuru n’Ibisandugu vy’Ivyatsi Bitobito Bishizwe ku Bipande¶

flowchart TD
    A["Ivyago vy'umuhinduzi vyabonetse: Boom, Arc Flash, Amavuta Asohoka, canke Gufungura Agasanduku k'Icatsi kibisi"] --> B{"Ni Ubwoko Buhe bw’Ivyabaye Biriko Biraba?"}
    B -->|Exploding / Burning Pole or Pad Transformer| C["Kwimuka ku metero 30 gushika kuri 50 (100 gushika kuri 165 ft) Umuyaga wo hejuru no kuduga Ubwo nyene"]
    B -->|Vehicle Struck Pole or Green Pad Box| D["Gumana Imbere mu Modoka kiretse Iyo Iriko Irasha: Hamagara 911 / 112 / 999"]
    B -->|Unlocked, Ajar, or Rusted Green Pad Box| E["NTUKORE ku muryango canke ku kabati: Gumana abana n’ibikoko vyo mu nzu 10 m (33 ft) Inyuma"]
    C --> F["Ntukigere ukoresha amazi canke ibizimya umuriro vyo mu nzu ku muriro w’amavuta y’umuriro mwinshi"]
    C --> G["Suzuma ko hari amawaya yamanutse canke inzitiro zikoreshwa n'uruzitiro imbere y'uko wimuka"]
    D --> H["Iyo Ugoberewe Gusohoka Mu Modoka Iriko Irasha: Simbuka Ufise Ibirenge Vyose Hamwe, Ntukigere Ukora ku Modoka n’Isi Igihe kimwe, Uhindure 30 m"]
    E --> I["Soma inomero y'indangamuntu y'igicapo uri kure maze uhamagare umurongo w'ivyihutirwa w'imbere y'ibindi"]
    F --> J["Rindira abakozi bo mu mazi kugira ngo bashire ukwabo ahantu hacitse imbere y'uko bazimya umuriro canke bawusukura"]

1. Kubera iki amabati y'amazi "aturikira" nk'imbunda: Gucagura amafuzi n'uguca ibice vy'itangi¶

Ibintu bibiri bitandukanye bishika ku nkingi zo hejuru:

• Igikorwa co guca amafuzi y'intango (The "Shotgun Boom"): Hejuru y'umuhinduzi w'umuriro wose wo hejuru hariho igikoresho co gufata amafuzi gifise amahembe citwa uguca amafuzi yo kwirukana. Iyo umuravyo w’inzoka, ishami canke umuravyo biteye umuyagankuba urengeje urugero, igihimba c’umuriro kiri imbere kirashonga maze kigahindura umwuka igihimba c’imbere c’umuriro, kigatuma haba umuyagankuba w’umuvuduko munini utera umuyagankuba ufise raporo y’imbunda y’amadecibele 140, umuyaga w’umuriro w’umweru n’umwotsi w’umuriro w’umweru.
• Igihombo c’Itanki ry’Imbere (Arc Flash n’Umuriro w’Amavuta): Iyo habaye umurongo mugufi imbere mu ngoma y’icuma ipfutse, umurongo w’amashanyarazi ugira munsi ya litiro 50 gushika kuri 250 (amagaloni 13 gushika kuri 65) y’amavuta y’amabuye y’agaciro ku 10.000 gushika kuri 19,000. 35.000 degrees Fahrenheit), bigatuma ayo mavuta agira ibiturika ibidukikije vy’ihydrogène, acétylène na metane. Igitutu kirafuha igipfukisho c’icuma, kigakata ibipfukisho vy’ivyuma, canke kigatabura umurongo w’itangi, kigatera amavuta yaka mu bigo no mu bisenge.

2. Ama transformateur yo hejuru n'ayo hejuru n'ayo munsi y'ubutaka: Kugereranya akaga¶

Ugukira ubwo nyene mu gihe c'Igisasu c'Ihindura canke Umuriro w'Igiti¶

Iyo umuyagankuba wo mu karere uturikiye canke igiti c’ibiti gifashe umuriro ku nzira y’umusaraba, ibintu bica bitera ubwoba ni ibice vy’ivyuma n’ivyuma vy’ibara ry’agahama biva mu kirere, ibikoresho vy’umuyagankuba vy’intango bigwa, amashanyarazi atera hasi, n’umwotsi w’ubumara.

1. Gukuraho ahantu h'ugugwa n'itegeko rya "Span-Plus-One"¶

Iyo umuyagankuba canke umusaraba ugurumana uturitse biciye ku giti co hejuru canke ugafukura umuyagankuba, ugushikama kw’umurongo bituma uwo mugozi wacitse ukubita cane mu mabarabara, mu nzira z’imodoka no mu bisenge vy’amazu.

• Isubira inyuma kure y'ibiti bifatanye (Itegeko rya "Span-Plus-One"): Kubera ko umugozi w'intango utera canke igiti gisenyuka gikwegera hasi umuvuduko mu nzira yose iri hagati y'ibiti bibiri, genda nibura igiti kimwe cuzuye span kure uretse no kwimura metero 30 gushika kuri 50 t ku.50ndi umurongo (100).
• Urabe neza ivyuma bifata umuriro n’inzitiro: Iyo umugozi w’intango w’amavolte 13.800 waguye uciye ku ruzitiro rw’ivyuma, uruzitiro rw’ivyuma, canke umugozi w’icuma, uha inguvu iyo nyubakwa yose y’icuma ku metero amajana n’amajana ija hasi y’ibarabara. Ntukigere ukora ku ruzitiro canke irembo ahantu hose hafi y'umuriro ukora.
• Urinde amaso yawe umuco w’umuyagankuba: Ntukigere witegereza umuyagankuba w’umuyagankuba. Ivyuma vy’umuriro vy’umuriro mwinshi bitanga imishwarara y’umuco w’izuba (UV-B na UV-C) itera ububabare photokeratite ("arc eye" corneal flash burns) mu masegonda makeyi.

2. Guhunga Intambwe y’Ubushobozi n’Ubushobozi bwo Gukora iyo umugozi uguye hafi yawe¶

Iyo umurongo w’inguvu nyinshi ukoranye n’isi, canke iyo umuyagankuba ushizwe ku gipande ushitse ku gipande caco ca beton, umuyagankuba urakwiragira hanze uciye mw’ivu mu bizingiti vy’inguvu zihurikiye hamwe (nk’akarorero, 13.800V ku nzira y’ikosa, 10.000V ku metero 1, 6.000V ku .

• Kubera iki kugenda bikwica (Step Potential): Iyo ufashe intambwe isanzwe y’amametero 0,8 (2,5-foot) mu gihe uriko urahunga, ikirenge cawe co imbere gishobora guhagarara kw’ivu rifise inguvu z’amavolte 4.000 mu gihe ikirenge cawe c’inyuma gihagaze ku mavolte 6.000. Iyo itandukaniro ry’amavolte 2.000 irasa hejuru y’ukuguru kumwe, ica mu gitereko cawe no mu gitereko cawe, ikamanuka ku rundi kuguru, igatuma umutima uhagarara ubwo nyene.
• Ivy'Ibirenge Bibiri canke Bunny Hop:
  1. Fyonda ibirenge vyose n’amaguru vyose bifatanye neza kugira ngo inkweto zompi zigume ku bushobozi bumwe nyabwo bw’umuriro.
  2. Shuffle inyuma canke hanze mu guterera ikirenge kimwe gusa amasentimetero makeyi (2 gushika kuri 3 inches) ku gihe utaduze ibirenge vyawe, canke utere hejuru ibirenge vyose bifatanye neza kugira ngo ibirenge vyose bikore hasi mu kanya nk’ako gukubita urugohe.
  3. Ntukigere ukora ku kintu na kimwe (imodoka, uruzitiro, igiti, igiti, canke umuntu) n’ibiganza vyawe mu gihe uriko urazunguruka (Touch Potential). Bandanya gushika metero 15 gushika kuri 30 (amafuti 50 gushika kuri 100) utagira ikosa.

3. Ico wokora iyo umuriro wa transformateur canke umurongo waguye biguteye umutego mu nzu yawe¶

1. Guma mu nzu iyo wire iri hanze ku gahinga kawe canke ku nzira y’imodoka kandi inzu yawe ITARI mu muriro: Uratekanye cane imbere mu nzu yawe kuruta kujabuka urugo rufise inguvu. Gumana kure y’amadirisho arabana n’ivyo guhindura umuriro.
2. NTUKORE ku gipande c'umuyagankuba w'inzu yawe iyo umuyagankuba wo hejuru uriko uratera umuriro, unywa umwotsi, canke ukubitwa n'umurongo w'umuyagankuba waguye: Umuyagankuba w'umuyagankuba (7,200V gushika kuri 13,800V) winjira mu muyagankuba wa 120/240V ushobora gutuma umuyagankuba wo mu nzu ubwawo ucika. Hagarara kure y’igipande c’amazi, imiyoboro y’amazi, n’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none bishizwemwo.
3. Nimba igisasu ca transformer caturitse igisenge cawe canke siding yawe, genda usohoke ku ruhande rw’inzu RUTERANYE: Sohoka uciye mu muryango canke mw’idirisha riri kure cane y’amawaya yo hejuru yaguye n’umuriro wa transformer uturitse umaze gupima hasi kugira ngo ubone imirongo yamanutse.

Ibinyabiziga bihuye n'ibikoresho bihindura umuriro canke amabati y'amazi¶

Imodoka zinyerera ku nzira zitose, ku nzira zigoramye zifise urubura canke ku nzira zigoramye z’aho abantu bahagarara, akenshi zica ku bitandara vy’amazi canke zigatera zigororotse zija mu masandugu y’amashanyarazi afise ivyatsi bitotahaye. Ivyo bihe vyose bifata abari mu modoka mu mutego w’umuyagankuba w’amavolte 7.200 gushika kuri 34.500.

+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|       TRAPPED IN A VEHICLE ON A GREEN TRANSFORMER BOX OR POLE           |
|                                                                         |
|  1. STAY INSIDE THE CAR: Your rubber tires do NOT insulate you against  |
|     high voltage, but while inside the metal cabin (Faraday cage),      |
|     you are at the SAME voltage potential and current will not cross    |
|     your body.                                                          |
|  2. DO NOT TOUCH METAL DOOR FRAMES AND THE GROUND AT THE SAME TIME.     |
|  3. ROLL DOWN WINDOW slightly and shout to bystanders:                  |
|     "STAY BACK 30 METERS. THE CAR AND GROUND ARE LIVE. CALL 911."       |
|  4. ONLY EXIT IF THE CAR OR TRANSFORMER OIL CATCHES FIRE:               |
|     - Open door wide without touching exterior metal body.              |
|     - Stand on the door sill, cross arms over chest.                    |
|     - JUMP CLEAR with BOTH FEET TOGETHER so you are completely airborne |
|       before touching the ground.                                       |
|     - SHUFFLE OR HOP (feet together) 30 meters (100 feet) away.         |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Iyo imodoka imenaguye akazu k’ibara ry’icatsi kibisi gashizwe ku gipande c’icatsi kibisi, igipande c’icuma canke igipande co munsi y’imodoka kiraca mu bipfunsi vy’umuyagankuba vy’intango vy’umuyagankuba mwinshi biri imbere mu kabati mu gihe bimenagura itangi ry’amavuta ryo mu mutima.

• Nimba ata muriro canke umwotsi: Guma wicaye mu modoka ufise ibiganza mu biganza, hamagara inomero y’ivyihutirwa yo mu karere kawe (911 / 112 / 999). N’abazimya umuriro ntibashobora kugukura mu modoka gushika iyo sosiyete iciye amashanyarazi.
• Iyo umwotsi w’umwirabura canke imbeya zivuye mu gasandugu k’icatsi kibisi kamenetse kari munsi y’igipfukisho cawe: Utegerezwa guheba imodoka imbere y’uko itangi ry’amavuta y’amabuye y’agaciro rimenagurika rifata mu nzu. Kurikiza Jump-and-Shuffle Protocol iri hejuru: ntukigere usohoka ikirenge kimwe ku kindi, ntukigere ufata urugi rw’imodoka mu gihe ikirenge cawe gikora ku nzira, kandi usimbuke neza ufise ibirenge vyose bifatanye imbere y’uko usimbuka metero 30 (amafuti 100) uja hejuru y’umuyaga.

Iterabwoba ry’ababanyi bacereje: Amasandugu y’ivyatsi vy’ibara ry’agahama atafunguwe, afunguwe canke yononekaye¶

Tambuka hafi mu gisagara cose co mu gisagara, mu rugo rw’amazu, mu kigo c’ishure, canke mu kibanza c’ubudandaji maze uzoca ku bibanza vy’ivyuma vy’icatsi kibisi vyinshi vyicaye ku bipande vya beton. Abanyagihugu benshi barihenda biyumvira ko ayo masandugu ari ibibanza vy’amatelefone canke amateleviziyo y’imirongo n’amateleviziyo y’amashanyarazi make.

1. Uko womenya umuhinduzi w’icatsi kibisi w’umuriro mwinshi uvuye ku gitereko c’amatelefone c’umuriro muto¶

2. Ni igiki kiri imbere mu kabati k’ivyatsi bitoto kafunguwe¶

Iyo urugi rw’imbere rw’umuyagankuba w’inzu rwugurutse, nta ngabo y’imbere ya kabiri iri mu migero myinshi ya kera y’inzira imwe:

• Ku ruhande rw’ibubamfu (Ikibanza ca mbere): Ivyuma vy’imipira Ibikoko vy’uguca umuzigo vy’umuriro munini bitwara 7.200 gushika ku 19.900 volts bishirwa mu bikoresho vy’umuriro mwinshi, iruhande y’imigozi yo gutera hasi n’ibimenyetso vy’amakosa. Iyo inkweto y’inkokora isadutse, yononekaye n’umuyaga w’ikirere (ozone), canke ikwezwe gatoyi, umuyagankuba urashobora guca mu kirere mu masentimetero menshi ukaja mu kuboko kw’umwana canke ku gikoresho c’icuma ataco ukora ku mubiri.
• Ku ruhande rw'iburyo (Ikibanza ca kabiri): Iremereye, kenshi itagira ikintu, idafise ivyuma vy'umuringa canke vy'aluminium n'ibikoresho vy'ivyuma bikoreshwa n'inguvu ku 120/240 volts (canke 277/480 volts mu bice vy'ubudandaji) bishobora gutanga a0+00. ikosa ry'ubu. Umwana ashitse imbere kugira ngo atore umupira canke igikinisho, canke imbwa ifata izuru ryayo imbere kugira ngo inyure urusenga rw’imbeba, akora ku bikoresho bifise inguvu ata co bimaze bituma umuntu ahita akubitwa n’umuyagankuba canke akagira igisasu c’umuyagankuba.

3. Intambwe ku yindi iyo ubonye isandugu y’icatsi kibisi idafunguwe, ifunguye canke igira umugese¶

1. Hagarara nibura metero 3 gushika kuri 10 (amafuti 10 gushika kuri 33). Ntugende ugere ku kabati kugira ngo wihweze imbere, ntugerageze gusunika urugi rw’icuma ruzunguruka rwugarijwe n’ukuboko canke ikirenge, kandi nturutere n’inkoni. Iyo umugozi wo mu mutima canke igipfukisho c’urugi vyahindutse ku rugi, ivyuma vyose vy’icatsi kibisi bishobora guhabwa inguvu ku nkomezi z’umuriro w’intango.
2. Suzuma ko ata mavuta asohoka canke ko hari imyobo y’umugese ku ntango: Ivyo gutera ivyatsi n’umunyu wo mu nzira kenshi bitera imyobo y’umugese biciye mu mfuruka zo hasi z’ama transformateur ya kera y’icatsi kibisi, bikaba bituma amavuta y’ivyuma asohoka ku gipande ca beton. Iyo amavuta yo mu mutima agabanutse munsi y’ibizingiti vy’umuriro mwinshi biri imbere mu gitereko c’inyuma, iyo transformateur iba iri mu kaga ko gushuha cane, gutera umugozi imbere, no guturika.
3. Shiraho umurinzi w’umuntu akuze maze ukoreshe inzitizi z’amaso z’igihe gito kure: Nimba urugi rw’ibarabara rwuguruye cane hafi y’aho abantu bagenda, ahantu bakinira, canke aho bisi ihagarara, shira ibikoresho vy’imiduga vy’umutuku, ibikoresho vyo gutereramwo imyanda, canke intebe z’ivyatsi mu nziga yagutse **Metero 5 gushika kuri 10 (metero 16 gushika kuri 33) umuntu ashobora gufungura ikinyabiziga. arashika.
4. Koresha inyandiko nyayo yo gutanga amakuru y’ivyihutirwa iri musi: Ntukigere utanga raporo y’agasanduku k’ibara ry’icatsi kibisi kafunguye biciye ku rupapuro rwo ku rubuga rwo kuri interineti canke imeyili y’abaguzi idakoreshwa mu vyihutirwa. Hamagara inomero ya telefone y’amasaha 24 y’Ivyihutirwa / Downed Line y’ishirahamwe ry’amashanyarazi (kandi 911/112/999 iyo urugi rwuguruye cane mu kibanza ca bose aho abana bari):

Inyandiko y'Ibikorwa vy'Ivyihutirwa: "Ndiko ndatanga raporo y'akaga k'ubuzima: igikoresho c'amashanyarazi gifise ivyuma vy'amashanyarazi gifise ibihimba vy'imbere vyerekanwa. Kiri imbere y'[Aderesi y'Ibarabara / Ibarabara ry'Umusaraba]. Inomero y'Indangamuntu y'Ibarabara iri imbere y'agasanduku k'icatsi kibisi ni [Read zonumberl]. Abana n'abagenda n'amaguru bagenda baciye kuri iyi nzira y'abagenda, ndabinginze murungike umunyavyago canke abakozi bo mu murongo ubwo nyene kugira ngo bacunge kandi bashire amabarabara, kandi murungike abapolisi bo mu karere kugira ngo bahagarare iyo abakozi banyu bari hanze iminota irenga 20."

Umwotsi w'ubumara, amavuta y'amabuye y'agaciro, n'ukwanduzwa kwa PCB¶

Iyo umuyagankuba uri hejuru canke uri ku gipfukisho uvunitse canke uturitse, amazi asohoka be n’umwotsi mwirabura mwinshi uva mu gipfukisho bisaba ko umuntu yiyubara cane ku bijanye n’ibikoresho bishobora gutera akaga.

1. Ivyo biri imbere mu mavuta y’ihindura: Amavuta y’amabuye y’agaciro, silicone, na PCBs¶

Ama transformateur y’ubuhinga bwa none yakozwe inyuma y’umwaka wa 1980 yuzuye amavuta y’amabuye y’agaciro yitwa paraffine canke naphthenic atunganijwe cane, amazi y’umuriro mwinshi, canke amazi y’imbuto z’imboga ashobora gusenyuka. Naho amavuta y’amabuye y’agaciro aturika atagiramwo PCB rwose, atuma haba ibicu vyinshi vy’ibinyabuzima bifise akamoto keza (PAHs), monoxide de carbone, aldehydes acrides be n’umukungugu bitera ububabare bukomeye bw’amahaha n’indwara y’amahaha iyo umuntu ahumekewe.

Ariko rero, kuva mu 1929 gushika mu mpera z’imyaka ya 1970 (vyabujijwe muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika na EPA hakurikijwe itegeko ry’ugucungera ibintu bitera ubumara mu 1979, no mu Buraya bwose no mu Bwongereza gushika mu myaka ya 1980), amajana y’ibihumbi vy’ibikoresho bihindura umuriro n’ibikoresho bihindura umuriro vyuzuye Pochny /Askarel ( amazina nka Aroclor, Pyranol, Inerteen, na Chlorextol) canke amavuta y’amabuye y’agaciro yandujwe n’ibinyabuzima bita PCB mu gihe co gukora.

• Kubera iki ama PCB ya kera aracariho ku bitanda vy’ababanyi n’ubu: Naho amashirahamwe y’amazi yakuyeho ama transformateur menshi y’ivyuma ("Askarel") mu myaka mirongo iheze, ibihumbi vy’ama transformateur y’ivyuma vya kera n’ibice vyo mu misozi vyakozwe imbere y’umwaka wa 1980 biracari mu bikorwa canke birimwo amabuye y’agaciro yanduye kuri PCB) Ivyo bikoresho).
• Ikibazo c’umuriro wa Dioxin na Furan: Iyo amavuta y’ibihindura umuriro arimwo PCBs n’ama benzene afise klorine aturika mu muriro w’umuyagankuba canke w’ibiti ku bushuhe bwa degre 300 gushika kuri 900 (degre 570 gushika kuri 1.650 za Fahrenheit), igice c’amavuta y’umuyagankuba gihindura PCB (PCDFs) n’ibindi bihimba vy’umubiri bifise ubumara bwinshi (PCDDs)**, ivyo bikaba biri mu bihimba vy’ubumara bikomeye cane bihoraho bizwi.

2. Uko wosoma ivyerekeye PCB ya transformateur uri kure cane¶

Ntukigere wegera umuyagankuba uvuza canke wononekaye kugira ngo usuzume ikimenyetso c’izina ryawo c’icuma. Ariko rero, kuva ku metero 15 gushika ku 30 (amafuti 50 gushika ku 100) ukoresheje amataratara canke kamera ya telefone ngendanwa, rondera Non-PCB Decal y’ico kigo:

• Igishushanyo c'ubururu, icatsi kibisi, canke c'umweru "KITARI PCB": Kuva mu myaka ya 1980, amashirahamwe menshi yo muri Amerika y'Uburaruko no kw'isi yose ashirako igishushanyo c'ubururu canke icatsi kibisi** (canke igishushanyo NON-PCB / < 1 ppm PCB / NO PCBs) ku ruhande canke ku ruhande rw’ibibindi vy’ama transformateur biri hejuru vyemejwe n’uruganda canke vyageragejwe mu laboratwari ko ata PCB birimwo.
• Nta Sticker canke Pre-1980 Rusted Dark Grey Can / Pole Capacitor: Iyo umuhinduzi w’umuyagankuba wa kera, wahinduwe n’ibihe vyinshi canke banki y’umuyagankuba ifise nta n’ikimenyetso kitari PCB, bompi abajejwe umuriro n’abajejwe ivy’ibidukikije bafata amavuta yose yamenetse do P- 50 ppm) gushika umuhinga mu bijanye n’ibidukikije w’ishirahamwe ry’amashanyarazi agerageje igipimo.

3. Uburyo bwo gukuraho ubuhumane no gusukura inzu inyuma yo gutera amavuta¶

Iyo umuyagankuba wo mu karere ucitse maze ugatera amavuta agaragara, amber canke yirabura ku modoka yawe, ku ruhande rw’inyuma, ku gahinga, ku murima canke ku ruhu:

1. Ugukuraho ubumara bw'urukoba n'amaso:
   • Ubwo nyene ushireko imyambaro yanduye, uyishire mu gafuko k’impuzu, hanyuma woze urukoba rwanduye n’amazi asusurutse n’isabune y’amasahani yoroshe mu minota 15. Ntukigere ukoresha amavuta ya kerosene, peteroli canke ibintu bitera urukoba, ivyo bikaba vyihuta gufata PCB mu ruhu.
   • Uwoze amaso n’amazi asukuye yo mu ruzi mu minota 15 iyo igihu cinjiye mu maso.
2. Ubuhungiro-mu-kibanza co kurwanya umwotsi w'umuriro w'ihindura:
   • Zana abo mu muryango n’ibikoko vyo mu nzu mu nzu, ufunge amadirisho n’ibikoresho vyo gukingira umuriro, kandi uzime ama ventilateur yo hagati ya HVAC n’ibikoresho vyo gukingira umuyaga wo mu madirisha kugira ngo umwotsi wuzuye furan ntukwegere imbere.
3. Ntukigere utera amavuta ya Transformer mu nzira y'imodoka canke ngo uyakoreko wewe nyene:
   • Ntuwoze amavuta ya transformateur yamenetse ku modoka yawe canke ku nzira y’imodoka ukoresheje umuyoboro; gukora ivyo bikwiragiza amavuta n’ibintu bishobora kuba PCB mu butaka no mu migende y’amazi y’igihuhusi.
   • Mu mategeko ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n’ay’igihugu agenga ibidukikije (nk’akarorero US EPA 40 CFR 761 Subpart G n’amategeko agenga imyanda iteye akaga yo mu Bwongereza/Ubumwe bw’Uburayi), ishirahamwe ry’amashanyarazi rifise inshingano 100 kw’ijana mu vy’amategeko no mu vy’amahera yo gufata ivyerekanwa, gucukura ubutaka, no gukuraho ubuhumane. Gusaba ko umukozi w’ivy’ubuzima bw’amazi yimba ubutaka burimwo amavuta, gusukura amabarabara n’ibinyabiziga vyashikiwe n’ingorane, no gutanga icete canditse co muri laboratwari c’isesengura rya PCB.
4. Ivyamwa vyo mw'itongo bishizwe mu mavuta ya transformer canke umukungugu:
   • Ntumese kandi urye ibifungurwa bifise umukungugu w’amavuta ya transformateur canke umukungugu w’umwirabura. Ivyimburwa biri hejuru y’ubutaka ubishire mu mufuko kandi ubijugunye kandi ubikoreshe ikigeragezo c’akamaro canke usubirizeho amasentimetero 15 yo hejuru y’ubutaka bwo mw’itongo.

Gukingira ibikoresho vyo mu nzu yawe n'amashanyarazi mu gihe habaye ikosa ry'umuyagankuba¶

Imbere y’uko fizi y’intango y’umuhinduzi w’ihindura ry’umuriro ipfuye, umuriro muto hagati y’imirongo y’intango n’iy’inyuma canke umurongo w’umuyagankuba utagira aho uhengamiye ("Open Neutral") ushobora kohereza ivyuma vy’umuriro bikomeye mu nzu yose igaburirwa n’ico gikoresho.

• Menya "Open Neutral" iri imbere mu nzu yawe: Iyo igice c'amatara yawe kihindutse kikayangana nk'igipfunsi mu gihe ikindi gice gihinduka kikayangana nk'umutuku, iyo wire neutral yaraturitse, irungika 180 gushika kuri 210 volts mu gice c'amatara yawe ya 120V. Mu masegonda 60, izo nzira zirashobora guteka ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none be n’ivyuma vy’ifuru canke zigacana umuriro ku bikoresho vy’amashanyarazi.
• Suzuma mbere igipande c’umuvuduko uri ku metero 1 (amafuti 3): Nimba isandugu y’igipande c’icuma iriko iravuga cane, iriko iratera umuriro, canke iriko irafuha umwotsi, guma kure y’igipande maze uveyo.
• Nimba igipande gicereje kandi gikanye, hindura Main Breaker OFF: Hagarara ku ruhande rumwe rw’umuryango w’igipande wugarijwe, urabe kure, hanyuma uhindure Main Breaker ku OFF n’ukuboko kumwe, hanyuma ukureho amafirigo, amafiriji, n’ibikoresho vy’umuyaga kugira ngo ntube ushobora kwonona inrush surge iyo amashanyarazi apfuye. Raba Gutera umuhondo, gusenyuka kw'umuriro, n'uburinzi bw'umuriro w'ibikoresho na Uruzitiro rw'akarere rwasenyutse n'umuriro.
• Suzuma ivyumba vy’ibikingira amazi y’umuriro: Ivyuma vy’amazi vy’ipulasitike birashobora gushikirwa n’ingorane Ubushuhe bwa Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) mu gihe c’ikosa ry’umuhinduzi; n’ugenzure mu cumba cose ko ata n’akamoto k’impuzu zaturitse.

Ibibazo bikunda kubazwa¶

Amasoko yasuzumwe¶

• Ikigo kijejwe umutekano n'ubuzima ku kazi (OSHA, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika): Itegeko ry'uguhingura, gutanga no gukwiragiza amashanyarazi (29 CFR 1910.269) na Igice ca V (29 CFR 1926.950) ku ntambwe ntoyi zo kwegera zifise umuriro munini, ingorane z’umuriro w’umuriro, ubushobozi bwo gutera intambwe no gukorako, be n’ibisabwa vyo gufunga ibikoresho bishizwe ku bipande.
• Ikigo ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kijejwe gukingira ibidukikije (EPA): Ibibujijwe gukora, gutunganya, gukwiragiza mu bucuruzi, no kubikoresha (40 CFR Part 761), harimwo n’Igice ca G (Itegeko ryo Gusukura Ivyimburwa vya PCB) n’impanuro zijanye n’akaga k’umuriro w’ibinyabuzima bita dioxin/furan.
• Itegeko ry'Igihugu ryerekeye Umutekano w'Amashanyarazi (NESC / IEEE C2) n'Ishirahamwe ry'Igihugu ry'Abahinguzi b'Amashanyarazi (NEMA, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika): *NEMA C57.12.28 / C57.12.29 Ivyagezwe vy'Ubutungane bw'Ibikoresho Bishizwe ku Bipande, umutekano w'ibipande vy'ibipande, umutekano w'ibipande vy'ibipande. Ouch" gushirako ikimenyetso c'akaga k'umuriro mwinshi).
• Ishirahamwe ry’Igihugu ry’Ukurinda Umuriro (NFPA, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika) & Ishirahamwe ry’Ubuzima n’Umutekano (HSE, Ubwongereza): Impanuro zo guzimya umuriro w’amashanyarazi, ingorane z’umuriro w’amazi y’amashanyarazi akoreshwa n’amashanyarazi menshi, n’amategeko yo kwitandukanya n’abandi (HSE GS6 / HSG47).
• Ikigo kijejwe ivy’ibintu bitera ubumara n’ingwara (ATSDR / CDC, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika): Ingingo ngenderwako z’ubuvuzi ku bikoresho vy’ubumara (PCBs) n’imirongo ngenderwako y’ugukuraho ubumara bw’urukoba/uguhumeka inyuma y’aho ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi bimenetse.

Inyobora zifitaniye isano¶

• Imirongo y'amashanyarazi yacitse n'umuyagankuba w'imodoka
• Igisasu c'umuco w'umuriro, ibikoresho vy'uguhindura umuriro mwinshi, n'uguturika kw'ibarabara
• Imyobo y'umwotsi, ibisasu vy'amashanyarazi biri munsi y'ubutaka, n'uguturika kw'imiyoboro y'umwotsi
• Inguvu z'umuriro zikorana n'abagenda ku maguru (inguvu z'umuriro zitagira aho zigarukira) ku matara yo mu nzira, imyobo, n'inkingi z'amashanyarazi
• Gutera umuhondo, gusenyuka kw'umuriro, n'uburinzi bw'umuriro w'ibikoresho
• Uruzitiro rw'akarere rwasenyutse n'umuriro
• Ubutabazi bwa mbere buterwa n'umuyagankuba
• Inomero z'ivyihutirwa