Ishengero ry'abantu, ry'imipfunda, n'ukurokoka kw'abantu¶

Ishengero ry’abantu ryica canke ry’ugutera imbere ryica rishobora gutera mu minota mikeyi mu birori vy’ugusenga, mu bibuga vy’imikino, mu ngendo z’idini, mu bibanza vy’ugusangiramwo ivy’ijoro be no mu misi mikuru yo mu mabarabara igihe abantu benshi cane bajanwa mu kibanza gikingijwe canke mu nzira ipfutse. Kumenya hakiri kare ko abantu benshi bariko baragwira, gufata ingingo yo kwikingira kugira ngo urinde urubavu rwawe, no kugenda mu buryo bugororotse n’abantu benshi bariko baragenda baja ku mpera y’aho uri, ni vyo bifasha kurokoka iyo abantu benshi bariko baragwira.

Ivyo ubikore ubu¶

Nimba uri mu bantu benshi cane maze ukumva abantu bagukandagira cane ku mubiri bavuye mu mpande nyinshi:

1. Uveho ubwo nyene iyo ubonye ikimenyetso ca mbere c’uko udashobora gutera umukazo: Nimba intugu zawe n’umubiri wawe biriko biratera abantu ku mpande zose zine kandi udashobora gukoresha amaboko yawe ataco widegemvya, nturindire ko igiterane gitangura canke ko igipfukisho c’icupa kivaho. Hindukira ukore inzira yawe mu ruhande werekeza ku nkengera z’inyuma ubwo nyene imbere y’uko uburemere burenga abantu 5 kuri metero kare (10,7 feet kare).
2. Guma ku birenge vyawe uko vyogenda kwose: Gumana amavi yawe apfutse gatoyi kandi ibirenge vyawe bibe bitandukanye n’ubwaguke bw’ibitugu, ugendagenda ikirenge kimwe kiri imbere gatoyi, kugira ngo ugabanye ahantu h’uburemere bwawe. Ntukigere wipfukama kugira ngo utore telefone, inkweto canke umufuko vyaguye hasi, kuko umukazo wo mu ruhande w’imibiri iri mu bantu benshi uzokubuza gusubira guhagarara.
3. Fata inzira y’umukinyi w’inkoni kugira ngo ukinge aho uhumekera: Duza amaboko yompi imbere y’igikiriza cawe nk’umukinyi w’inkoni, upfuke amaboko yawe y’imbere mu buryo buringaniye ku mbavu zawe kandi ufate ibitugu vyawe gatoyi hanze amasentimetero 10 gushika kuri 15 (inci 4 gushika kuri 6) imbere y’umubiri wawe. Ico gice c’amagufa gikomeye kirazigama umufuko w’ahantu kugira ngo urubavu rwawe n’umubiri wawe bishobore kwaguka kugira ngo bifate umwuka.
4. Genda mu buryo bugororotse n’uruja n’uruza rw’umuyaga, ntukigere uwurwanya: Iyo umupfunda w’umuyaga unyura mu bantu benshi buzuye, ukoresha inguvu zimeze nk’iz’amazi zingana n’ibihumbi vy’ama Newton. Ntushire umugozi ukomeye canke ngo usunike inyuma umupfunda; utere intambwe ntoyi n’umuyaga kugira ngo ugume uhagaze neza, hanyuma utere intambwe mu mfuruka y’amadegre 45 werekeza ku ruhande rw’ibubamfu canke rw’iburyo mu kiringo c’uguhagarara gatoyi hagati y’imipfunda.
5. Zingama umwuka w’ikirere (oxygène) ntusemerere: Gusemerera birukana umwuka usigaye mu mahaha yawe, bikagutera kugora gusubira kwagura igifu cawe iyo uhagaze, kandi bikazana ubwoba bwandukira. Humeka buhorobuhoro kandi n’ibigirankana biciye mu zuru canke mu minwa yawe ipfutse igihe cose umukazo uruhutse mu gihe gito hagati y’ibihe vy’ugutera.
6. Niwagwa hasi, uce wizingira mu mupira w’uruyoya ushikamye ubwo nyene: Niwagwa ntushobora gusubira hejuru, ntukigere uryama ku mugongo canke ku nda aho uburemere buri ku gikiriza buzogupfukamira. Ubwo nyene ushire ku ruhande rwawe, ukwegere amavi yawe gushika mu gikiriza kugira ngo ukinge ingingo zawe zo mu nda, hanyuma ushire ibiganza vyawe ku mutwe no ku ijosi mu gihe amaboko yawe y’imbere aguma ashikamye imbere y’isura yawe n’imbavu zawe.

flowchart TD
    Start["Kwinjira canke guhagarara mu bantu benshi"] --> Density{"1. Woba Ushobora Kwidegemvya Utakoze Kumpande Zose?"}
    Density -->|Yes: Under 4 People per Sq Meter| Watch["Tora Inzira Zibiri zo Gusohokamwo, Irinde Intambamyi Zishobora Gusohoka n’Inzitizi Ziri ku Ngazi"]
    Density -->|No: 5+ People per Sq Meter| Boxer["2. Gufata inzira y’umukinyi w’intamba: Amaboko hejuru urema ikibanza co mu gikiriza c’amasentimetero 10 gushika kuri 15"]
    Boxer --> Surge["3. Niwigendere n’Umupfunda Kugira ngo Ugume Ugororotse: Ntukigere Upfukama Kubera Ibintu Vyaguye"]
    Surge --> Diagonal["4. Intambwe y’uburinganire ku 45 Degrees Hagati y’Imiraba Yerekeje ku Nzira y’Inyuma"]
    Diagonal --> FallCheck{"5. Woba Watakaje Ikirenge Ukagwa?"}
    FallCheck -->|No: Still Standing| Escape["Gushika ku ruzitiro rwo ku ruhande, ku ruhande rw'inzira, canke ku nzitizi y'umutekano"]
    FallCheck -->|Yes: Knocked to Ground| Fetal["Gupfukama cane ku ruhande rwawe mu kibanza c'uruyoya: Rinda igikiriza n'umutwe"]

Gutahura uburemere bw'abantu n'inguvu z'amazi¶

Abahinga mu vy’umutekano w’abantu benshi, harimwo n’abashakashatsi Bavuzwe n’Ishirahamwe ry’Ubwongereza ryitaho ubuzima n’umutekano (HSE) mu gitabu Igitabo c’umutekano w’ibintu (HSG195) be n’ishirahamwe ry’igihugu ryitaho umutekano w’umuriro (NFPA 101 Life Safety Code muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika), bashira mu migwi ingorane z’abantu benshi mu kubara umubare w’abantu (square1) amafuti kare), ahantu hangana n’aho umuntu yogera mu nzu. Igihe uburemere burenze abantu 5 kuri metero kare (10,76 feet kare), isinzi rihagarika kwigenza nk’umugwi w’abantu bigenga maze rigatangura kwumvira amategeko y’inguvu z’amazi akoresheje umukazo.

Uko uruja n’uruza rw’amazi rusenyuka rukagira imipfunda y’uguhagarara no kugenda n’uguhungabana kw’abantu benshi¶

Mu buhinga bw'abagenda n'amaguru, ukwimuka kw'abantu benshi guca mu nzira zitatu zitandukanye uko uburemere bw'abantu bugenda buragwira:

1. Laminar (smooth) flow: Ku bantu bari munsi ya 3 kuri metero kare (10,76 feet kare), abagenda n’amaguru baragenda neza bakikuje intambamyi kandi bagahindura umuvuduko wabo ku bushake. Iyo umuntu umwe ahagaze, abandi baramukikuza ata n’inguvu bamuhaye.
2. Imiraba y’uguhagarara no kugenda: Hagati y’abantu 4 na 5 kuri metero kare (10,76 feet kare), ukugenda imbere mu nzira canke mu nzira y’umugende bica bimenagurika bikagira imipfunda y’ugufatanya kw’uburebure. Abantu bari inyuma babandanya bagenda imbere imbere y’uko bamenya ko imbere y’umurongo yahagaze, bagafatanya hagati y’abantu nk’inanga.
3. Uguhungabana kw’abantu benshi (uguhungabana kw’abantu benshi): Hejuru y’abantu 6 kuri metero kare (10,76 feet kare), ikibanza c’umubiri kirazimangana burundu. Ugusunika kwose canke ugutsitara kwose, guca mu magufa akomeye no mu mitsi kuva ku mubiri umwe gushika ku wundi. Kubera ko ivyiyumviro bishika bivuye mu nzira nyinshi icarimwe, uguhungabana kwubaka gutuma haba imipfunda y’uguhungabana butunguranye kandi y’ubukazi itera imigwi y’abantu ku metero 3 gushika ku metero 5 (amafuti 10 gushika ku 16) ku ruhande ata co bashaka. Naho ata n’umwe muri abo bantu yoba ariko arahungabana canke akora ibintu vy’ubukazi, ubuhinga bwo gukora imibiri y’abantu yuzuye cane buratuma haba imipfunda y’umukazo yica.

Kubera iki gusenyuka kw'abantu benshi bishobora kwica: guhagarika impwemu n'ugusenyuka¶

Amakuru akunda gukoresha ijambo “stampede,” rikaba risobanura ko abashikiwe n’ivyago bahyonyorwa munsi y’ibirenge n’abantu benshi bariko bariruka mu gahinda k’impumyi. Ivyigwa vy’abahinga mu vy’amategeko vyerekeye ibiza bishika mu bibuga bininibinini, mu birori vy’umuziki, mu bibanza vy’ugusangiramwo ivy’ijoro be no mu bibanza vy’ugusenga kw’isi yose vyerekana ko abantu biruka cane ari gake. Ahubwo, hariho ibintu bitatu bikoreshwa n’ubuhinga bituma hafi abantu bose bapfa be n’ugukomeretswa cane mu bantu benshi cane.

1. Uguhagarika umutima¶

Kugira ngo uhumeke umwuka, imitsi yawe iri hagati y’ibibero itegerezwa kwagura urubavu rwawe hanze, igihimba cawe c’umubiri na co kigasunika hasi kikaja mu nda yawe. Iyo inguvu z’abantu benshi zigukandagira ku gikiriza, ku mugongo no ku mpande z’umubiri n’inguvu zirundanijwe zirenga 3.000 gushika ku 4.500 Newtons (zingana n’ibilo 306 gushika ku 459 canke amapawundi 675 gushika ku 1.010 y’umuzigo udahinduka), igifu cawe kiranyiganyiga igihe cose upfutse gatoyi cane.

Kubera ko imitsi y’umuntu yo guhema ishobora gusa gutanga inguvu zishika hanze zishika nk’ama Newton 250 gushika kuri 400 (ibiro 25 gushika kuri 40 canke amapawundi 55 gushika kuri 90), ntushobora gusubira inyuma kubera uburemere bw’abantu batanu canke batandatu bakwishingikirijeko. Igihe cose usohoye impwemu, amahaha yawe aragabanuka gushika aho utagishobora guhema na gato. Mu minota 4 gushika ku 6 umuntu ahagaze afise igifu gikomeye, aratakaza ubwenge kubera ubukene bw’umwuka mu bwonko, agaca aja mu nzitizi y’umutima (asphyxial cardiac arrest) mu gihe akiri ahagaze ku birenge. Mu vy’ubuvuzi, abashikiwe n’indwara y’uguhagarika umutima kenshi bagaragaza ecchymotic mask (uguhinduka kw’ibara ry’umutuku w’agahama mu maso, mw’izosi no mu gikiriza co hejuru) n’ugusohoka amaraso mu gifu (imitsi y’amaraso iturika mu maso yera) bitewe n’umuvuduko w’imitsi y’inyuma iyo igifu gipfutse.

2. Gufatanya kw'imitsi y'amaraso n'uguhungabana kw'amaraso¶

Mbere n’imbere y’uko umuntu apfuye bimwe bishitse, umukazo mwinshi uva imbere uja inyuma ku nda no ku gikiriza urafatanya umutsi wo hasi witwa vena cava, uwo mutsi munini ufise inkuta ndende usubiza amaraso atagira umwuka w’ikirere ava mu mubiri wo hasi akaja mu gice c’iburyo c’umutima. Iyo umuvuduko w’amaraso ugabanutse bukwi na bukwi, ivyo umutima usohora biragabanuka cane, umuvuduko w’amaraso uja mu bwonko na wo ugabanuka. Abashikiwe n’ico kiza barashobora gucika intege kubera guhungabana kw’umubiri n’uguhungabana kw’umubiri mu masegonda atarenga 60, ivyo bikaba bituma bacika intege maze baganyerera munsi y’ibirenge vy’abagenda n’amaguru babakikuje iyo hari ahantu hari munsi yabo.

3. Ishengero ry'abantu rigenda ritera imbere (ugusenyuka kwa domino)¶

Kubera ko abantu 7 gushika ku 9 bari ku metero kare (ibirenge 10,76), abantu ntibakiri bahagaze hejuru y’ibirenge vyabo bwite; zishigikirwa mu mfuruka ziteye igomwe n’imibiri ziyifatanye. Iyo umuntu umwe gusa atsitaye ku nzira itaringaniye, ku ntambwe, ku nzira y’imigozi canke ku cupa ryaguye hasi, mu bantu benshi barafunguka ubusa bukwi na bukwi.

Abantu bishingikirije ata guca ku ruhande kuri uwo muntu yaguye, ubwo nyene baca batakaza infashanyo yabo y’umubiri maze bagatera imbere mu busa buri hejuru yabo. Mu masegonda 5 gushika ku 10, igisenyuka c’aho hantu kirakwiragira hanze mu nziga, kigatuma haba ikirundo c’imibiri ihurikiye hamwe y’uburebure bwa metero 1,5 gushika ku 2 (amafuti 5 gushika ku 6,5) n’uburebure bw’abantu batanu gushika ku munani. Abari munsi y’ico kirundo baca bacika intege kubera uburemere bw’ibilo amajana biri hejuru yabo, mu gihe abarokotse amaguru canke igihimba c’irondoka cabo kiguma gifatanye iminota irenga 15 gushika kuri 60 bashobora gufatwa n’indwara y’ubuzima . Gukomeretswa n'indwara y'ibice.

Imbere y'ibikorwa, ubumenyi n'ukwemera ingorane zo mu kibanza¶

Uburyo bwiza bwo kurokoka iyo abantu benshi bagutera ni ukumenya ibigutera ingorane n’ibimenyetso vy’uburemere bw’abantu imbere y’uko ufatwa n’umutego. Igihe cose winjiye mu kibuga c’umupira w’amaguru, mu kibanza c’indirimbo, mu kibanza c’abantu bagenda munsi y’ubutaka, mu kibanza c’ibirori canke mu makoraniro y’abantu benshi, fata amasegonda 60 kugira ngo usuzume aho uba.

Imitego y’ubwubatsi ishobora gutera ingorane nyinshi yo kwirinda¶

• Inzitizi z’imbere y’ikibuga ata makaramu y’imice: Ibibanza vy’ukwinjira muri rusangi vy’ikibuga aho abafana ibihumbi mirongo bashobora gusunika ubudasiba imbere baja ku nzitizi imwe y’ikibuga igoramye bituma inguvu zivuye inyuma y’ikibuga zirundanira imbere cane. Ibibanza vy’ubuhinga bwa none bifise umutekano mwinshi bikoresha ibibanza vy’abantu benshi (nk’inzitizi zifise amabara abiri D zisuzumwa hakurikijwe amabwirizwa y’ivy’ubuzima bw’Ubwongereza) zigabanya abantu benshi mu bice vyihariye bifise inzira zagutse zo guhunga.
• Imirongo y’amabarabara imanuka n’imigende mikeyi: Amabarabara yo munsi y’ubutaka, amabarabara y’ibibuga, n’ibarabara ry’amaguru biratuma inguvu zikwegera hasi zikomera. Iyo abantu benshi bateye imbere mu gihe bariko baramanuka mu nzira y’amabuye mbere y’amadegre 5 canke 10, gutsitara rimwe gusa hasi biratuma haba urubura rudashobora guhagarara rw’imivyimba igwa iva hejuru.
• Intambwe zitagira ikimenyetso n’uguhinduka kw’uburebure bukwi na bukwi: N’inzira imwe gusa y’amasentimetero 15 canke inzira y’intambwe zitatu yihishije imbere mu nzira y’umuco mutoyi, bica bihinduka umugozi w’urugendo wica iyo abantu bapfutse cane ku buryo badashobora kuraba hasi ku birenge vyabo.
• Ivyumba vy’imbere bipfuye, inzugi zifunguka imbere, n’amarembo yugarijwe: Ntukigere wemera ko bagusunikira mu muryango wipfutse, mu mfuruka iri hagati y’inkuta zibiri zikomeye, canke ngo bagusunikire ku rembo ry’ugusohoka ryugarijwe aho umukazo ata ho ushobora gukwiragira.
• Two-way bidirectional choke points: Ibiraro, amabarabara makeyi, canke inzira z’imisi mikuru aho abantu benshi binjira bahura n’abantu bariko barasohoka, bishobora gusimbuka biva ku bantu 3 kuri metero kare bishika ku bantu 8 kuri metero kare mu minota itarenga ibiri kuko nta n’umwe muri bo ashobora gutera imbere.

Ibimenyetso vy'imburi y'imbere y'igihe vy'ugukundana¶

Uve aho hantu ubwo nyene maze ugende mu kibanza kigutse niwabona ikimenyetso na kimwe muri ibi bikurikira:

1. Gutakaza ukuboneka kw’ibirenge: Ntushobora kubona hasi canke inkweto zawe bwite kuko imibiri iguma ifatanye n’igikiriza n’amatako yawe.
2. Guzunguruka ataco ushaka: Umubiri wawe urazunguruka ibubamfu, iburyo canke imbere mu bumwe n’abantu bagukikuje mbere n’igihe uriko uragerageza guhagarara.
3. Ubushuhe n’umwotsi: Umuyaga uri ku burebure bw’umutwe wumva bukwi na bukwi ubushuhe bwa degre 5 gushika kuri 10 (degre 9 gushika kuri 18 Fahrenheit) bushushe cane, bufise ubukonje buteye ubwoba, kandi bukaba bufise umwuka mwiza, rimwe na rimwe buherekezwa n’ikirere kiboneka kiduga kiva ku bantu benshi.
4. Uguceceka canke umubabaro upfutse: Mu buryo butandukanye n’uko amasinema yerekana ugusemerera n’ijwi rirenga, abantu benshi bashika ku ntumbero y’urupfu akenshi baraceceka cane aho igitero cabereye kubera ko abantu badafise ijwi ry’amahaha rihagije ryo gusemerera, bagasubirizwa n’uguboroga gupfutse n’uguhema gutoyi kugira ngo baronke umwuka.
5. Inkweto n’impuzu zizimangana munsi y’ibirenge: Urumva ibintu vyoroshe nk’inkweto zo gukina, imifuko, n’amajakete vyazimiye vyirundanira ku nzira y’amaguru munsi y’ibirenge vyawe.

Intambwe ku yindi ubuhinga bwo kurokoka mu gihe c'uruja n'uruza rw'abantu¶

Niwabona ucerewe cane ko ufunzwe mu bantu benshi bashika ku bantu 6 canke barenga kuri metero kare (10,76 feet kare), shira mu ngiro ubu buhinga bwo kurokoka bukoresheje ubuhinga bwa biomecanique kugira ngo ukinge inzira yawe y’impwemu kandi ukore inzira yo gusohokamwo.

1. Funga mu nzira y'umukinyi w'inkoni maze uterere ikirenge cawe¶

Intumbero yawe nyamukuru y’ubuhinga mu gutera imbere kw’abantu benshi ni ukugumiza inguvu zo hanze kure y’igifu cawe n’imbavu zo hasi.

• Zana ibiganza vyose bibiri hejuru imbere y’amagufa y’urutugu n’ikibuno cawe ubwo nyene.
• Ushire intoke zawe canke ushire ibipfunsi vyawe bikomeye, hanyuma ufate ibitugu vyawe gatoyi imbere no hanze kugira ngo ukore igipfukisho gikomeye c’inkomoko itatu imbere y’igikiriza cawe.
• Hagarara ikirenge kimwe imbere y’ikindi ku masentimetero 15 gushika ku 20, amavi yawe akaguma yuguruye gatoyi. Ukwo guhagarara kw’umupira w’amaguru kuratuma ushobora gufata ibintu bigusunika biva imbere, inyuma canke mu mpande ata birenge vyawe bifatanya.
• Nimba inkweto zawe zifise imigozi zigaza zitaboshe, zireke zitaboshe; ntukigere wikubita hasi kugira ngo ubohe umugozi w’inkweto canke ngo utore ikintu caguye.

2. Nimugende mu buryo bugororotse nk’uguhunga umuyaga w’ikiyaga¶

Nka kurya nyene uwuroga adashobora kwoga agororotse agasubira ku nkombe ahanganye n’umuyaga w’ikiyaga wihuta cane, ni ko n’umuntu agenda n’amaguru adashobora gusunika agororotse asubira inyuma ahanganye n’abantu 500 bariko baramanuka mw’ibarabara canke baja ku kibuga.

• Rindira igihe co gusubira inyuma: Imiraba y’abantu benshi igenda mu nzira zijanye n’ururirimbo zimara amasegonda 5 gushika kuri 15, hanyuma hakaza igihe gito co kwiruhutsa c’amasegonda 3 gushika kuri 5 uko umupfunda usubira inyuma uva ku nzitizi canke ugenda ugenda.
• Intambwe mu ruhande ku 45 degrees mu gihe c’uguhagarara: Mu gihe umupfunda uriko uragenda, ushire umutima ku 100 kw’ijana ku gutera intambwe ntoyi, zitera intambwe mu nzira y’umupfunda kugira ngo ibirenge vyawe bigume munsi y’aho umupfunda uri hagati. Igihe umupfunda uhagaze, genda mu buryo bugororotse uja ku ruhande rwo hafi, ku nzira yo mu ruhande, canke ku ruhande rwuguruye.
• Koresha ibihengeri vy’inanga: Igihe cose umupfunda usubiye inyuma, utuhengeri dutoduto tw’amasentimetero 20 gushika kuri 30 (inci 8 gushika kuri 12) turafunguka mu kanya gatoyi hagati y’ibitugu. Niwinyereze mu ruhande muri ivyo bihengeri intambwe imwe ku yindi gushika ushitse ku rugabano rw’inyuma rw’abantu benshi.

3. Rondera ubuhungiro buhagaze nimba amasohoka yo mu ruhande yazibiwe¶

Nimba ufunzwe mu nzira ndende, mu kibanza co munsi y’ubutaka, canke mu rugo ruzitiye aho impande zompi zikingijwe n’inkuta zikomeye:

• Rondera ibibanza bikomeye vy’amabuye hejuru ushobora kuduga no kubidugako, nk’iminara y’amajwi n’amatara, ibikoresho vyo gutera beton, imodoka zihagaze, ameza akomeye, ibibanza vyo guterako amabuye canke ibitandara vy’uruhome biri hasi.
• Ntukigere wemera ko uhagarara hagati y’abantu benshi bariko baratera imbere n’uruhome rw’amatafari rudashobora gusenyuka, imbere y’iduka ry’ibirahuri canke irembo ry’icuma ryugarijwe. Iyo usunikiwe ku ruhome, kora inzira yawe ukurikije uruhome werekeza ku mfuruka canke uduge ku ruhande ruduze hejuru y’uburebure bw’amafyigo aho ugufatanya kw’umubiri mu ruhande kuri hasi.

4. Gukirana: guhagarika ababanyi bawe bo hafi¶

Mu bantu benshi cane, ukurokoka kwawe kurafitaniye isano n’abantu bakora ku bitugu vyawe. Iyo umuntu ari imbere yawe canke iruhande yawe ata guca ku ruhande aguye hasi, umubiri wiwe uratuma haba ubusa be n’intambamyi yo gutsitara izogukwegera hasi mu masegonda makeyi.

• Vugana utuje mu majambo make, y'amajambo atatu n'abantu baguhagaritse umutima: "Guma ugororotse hamwe," "Mushire amaboko hejuru ubu," "Ntusunike imbere," canke "Intambwe y'ibubamfu buhoro buhoro."
• Iyo umuntu ari iruhande yawe atsitaye canke agatangura gusinzira, ushire urutugu rwawe munsi y’ikirenge ciwe canke uce ufata urutugu rwiwe rwo hejuru ubwo nyene kugira ngo agume ahagaze ku birenge vyiwe.
• Nimba abantu bari inyuma y'icupa bariko barasunika imbere kubera ko badashobora kubona ko imbere hazibiye canke ko abantu baguye, ushireho abantu bakukikuje kugira ngo baririmbe hamwe, "Hagarika gusunika, subira inyuma" mu gihe uduza ukuboko kumwe ugororotse hejuru kugira ngo ubone ikimenyetso c'umubabaro ku ma kamera y'umutekano n'abagenzuzi ku bibanza vy'imbere.

Gukingira abana, abakuze n'abakoresha intebe y'ibimuga¶

Abantu bashobora gushikirwa n’ingorane barashikirwa n’akaga kadasanzwe mu bibanza vy’abantu benshi kandi bisaba ko umuntu ahagarara neza imbere y’uko abantu benshi batera.

1. Abana n'inzoya:
   • Ntukigere usunika akagare k’abana canke akagare k’abana mu bantu benshi barenga 3 kuri metero kare (10,76 feet kare); amagare y’abana arajanjagurwa canke agatembagazwa bitagoranye maze akabuza abagenda n’amaguru kugenda. Koresha igikoresho co gutwara abana bato gishizwe imbere gusa mu bibanza bitari vyinshi, hanyuma usohoke ubwo nyene iyo abantu batanguye gukanda hafi.
   • Tera abana bato ku bitugu vyawe imbere y’uko uburemere bushika ku bantu 4 kuri metero kare kugira ngo umutwe wabo n’igikiriza cabo bigume hejuru y’aho bafatanya.
   • Wandike inomero yawe ya telefone ngendanwa ifise kode yo guhamagara mpuzamakungu mu kimenyetso kidahera kidashobora guterwa n’amazi ku kuboko kw’umwana wawe imbere y’uko winjira mu kibuga kinini ico ari co cose, mu misi mikuru canke mu rugendo, hanyuma wambare umugwi wawe inkofero zihuye n’iz’umuco w’izuba canke ziboneka cane kugira ngo mushobore kubonana hagati y’abantu benshi.
2. Abakoresha intebe y'ibimuga n'abantu bafise ibikoresho vyo kwiruka:
   • Gumana imbere mu bibanza vy’ibarabara vy’abantu bose bitandukanijwe n’ibibanza vy’abantu bose bihagararako n’ibihome vy’abacungera umutekano kandi bikoreshwa n’abacungezi b’umutekano bitanga.
   • Iyo abantu benshi begereye ibarabara canke ikibanza kigutse, nushire intebe y’ibimuga inyuma y’ikintu kinini kandi kidashobora kwinyiganza nk’inkingi yagutse y’inyubako ya beton, imodoka y’ivyihutirwa ihagaze, canke imbere mu bwinjiriro bw’iduka ryuguruye aho gushiramwo mu muhora mukuru w’abagenda n’amaguru.

Inyuma yo guhunga n'inyishu y'ubuvuzi¶

Uhejeje kuva mu karere k’ugumenagurika ukaja mu nzira yuguruye, mu mwobo w’ibarabara canke mu nzira, nuce ugira ico ukoze ubwo nyene kugira ngo ntushikirwe n’ingorane zikurikira kandi ufashe abakomeretse cane.

1. Kuraho igitambaro co gusohokamwo ubwo nyene¶

Ntuhagarare ngo ufate impwemu, ngo usuzume telefone yawe canke ngo uhobere abagenzi hanze nyene y’umuryango, akanwa k’umugende canke irembo ry’inzitiro aho wacitse. Guhagarara mu metero 10 (amafuti 33) y’aho usohokera bituma haba urugomero rw’abantu ruzibira abantu amajana n’amajana bakiriko baragerageza guhunga inyuma yawe. Tambura nibura metero 30 gushika kuri 50 (amafuti 100 gushika kuri 165) uvuye ku nzira y’icupa uja mu kibanza cagutse kigutse imbere y’uko uhagarara.

2. Hamagara abajejwe ivy'ubutabazi maze umenyeshe abantu benshi bapfuye¶

Hamagara inomero y’ivyihutirwa yo mu karere kawe (911 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika no muri Kanada, 112 mu bihugu vyose vy’Ubumwe bw’Uburaya, 999 mu Bwongereza, canke urabe urubuga rwacu inomero z'ivyihutirwa ububiko). Vuga neza kandi ukoreshe amajambo y’ingenzi nyayo yo mu buvuzi kugira ngo abarungika abantu bakoreshe ubuvuzi bw’abantu benshi aho gukoresha abapolisi bagenzura abantu benshi:

• Vuga ahantu nyaho: "Turi ku nzira y'amaja mu buraruko y'irembo B ku [Izina ry'aho hantu], si ku bwinjiriro bukuru."
• Sigura uburyo bigenda: "Hariho abantu benshi bariko baramenagura no kwirundanya. Abantu amajana n'amajana barafunzwe, ntibashobora guhema, kandi bagahagarara umutima kubera asphyxie."
• Saba ko uwo muhango uhagarara ubwo nyene: Saba abapolisi n’abajejwe umutekano wo mu kibanza guhagarika umuziki canke umukino w’imikino, bashire amatara mu nzu yuzuye, hanyuma bamenyeshe itangazo ritegeka inyuma y’abantu gusubira inyuma buhorobuhoro.

3. Gukora CPR n'impwemu zo gukiza umutima¶

Abakozweko n’ivyago bakwezwe n’abantu benshi batagira ico bavuga kandi batagira umutima, bariko baragwazwa n’indwara y’umutima hypoxic (asphyxial) cardiac arrest, atari indwara y’umutima y’umuyagankuba gusa. Amaraso yabo n’imitsi yabo birabura umwuka w’ikirere.

• Suzuma ukuntu umuntu yishura n’ukuntu ahema mu buryo busanzwe mu masegonda atarenga 10 (ntiwirengagize guhema rimwe na rimwe canke guhema bitera ububabare, ivyo bikaba ari ibimenyetso vy’uko umutima uhagaze).
• Gutangura CPR ubwo nyene ku kintu gikomeye kandi gisanzwe: usunike cane kandi wihuta hagati mu gikiriza ku rugero rwo gufatanya 100 gushika ku 120 ku munota no ku burebure bwa santimetero 5 gushika ku 6 (2 gushika ku 2,4 inches) ku bantu bakuze.
• Mushiremwo impwemu zo gukiza iyo mwamenyerejwe: Dushingiye ku ngingo ngenderwako z’ugusubiza ubuzima zivuye mu kigo c’umutima co muri Amerika (Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika), Inama y’Uburaya y’Ivy’Ugukiza, n’Inama y’Ivy’Ugukiza y’Ubwongereza (Ubwongereza), abashikiwe n’ingorane zo gufatwa n’indwara y’umutima (nk’ukurohama canke gukubitwa n’abantu benshi) bararonka inyungu nyinshi mu gufatwa n’indwara y’umutima. kugira ngo umuntu asubire kwuzuza umwuka w’ikirere (oxygène) mu mahaha. Nimba utamenyerejwe canke udashobora gutanga impwemu, nukore ibikorwa vy’ugufatanya amaboko gusa mu gikiriza ataco biguciramwo gushika abaganga bafashe ingingo.
• Iyo umuntu yagirizwa ata co azi ariko ariko arahumeka neza, umuzungurutse ku ruhande rwiwe mu kibanza co gukira kugira ngo inzira y’impwemu yiwe ntihagire ivyuka kandi ukomeze gukurikirana ingene ahema.

4. Gukurikirana abarokotse ku ndwara y'ugusenyuka n'ihungabana ryo mu mutima¶

Naho wewe canke uwo mufatanije woba waravuye mu bantu benshi bariko barakujanjagura ku birenge vyawe, nurondere ubwo nyene gusuzumwa n’ibitaro nimba ubonye kimwe muri ibi bimenyetso bikurikira:

• Gufatanya amaguru n’amaboko igihe kirekire (iminota irenga 15): Iyo amaguru yawe, amafyigo yawe canke umubiri wawe vyari bifatanye munsi y’imibiri mu minota irenga 15, utugingo ngengabuzima tw’imitsi twononekaye turarekura potassium, myoglobine, n’aside lactic mu maraso iyo umuvuduko umaze guhera. Ico kibazo, kizwi kw’izina rya rhabdomyolyse na crush syndrome, gishobora gutuma umutima uhagarara bukwi na bukwi canke amafyigo akabura amasaha makeyi inyuma y’aho umuntu arokoye (raba ivyacu vya gukomeretswa n'ubuyobozi bw'indwara y'ibice).
• Guhumeka nabi, gukorora amaraso, canke ububabare bukomeye mu gikiriza: Gufatanya cane mu gikiriza bishobora gutuma umuntu avunika imbavu nyinshi, amahaha agasenyuka (pneumothorax), amahaha akomereka (amahaha akomeretse), canke umutima ukavunika.
• Ibara ry’umutuku ry’ibara ry’agahama (petechiae), amaso apfutse amaraso, canke amahinduka mu maso: Utugingo ngengabuzima dutoduto duturitse mu maso, mw’izosi no mu maso vyerekana ko umubiri wawe wo hejuru washikiwe n’umuvuduko w’amaraso mwinshi cane bivuye ku guhungabana kw’imitsi kandi bisaba ko umuntu asuzumwa neza mu vy’imitsi no mu guhema.
• Ububabare bukomeye mu nda canke gusinzira: Gufata inda ataco uvuze birashobora guca umutsi canke igitigu, bikaba bituma umuntu ava amaraso yihishije imbere mu mubiri.

Amahugurwa y'ubutabazi bwa mbere akenewe¶

Kubera ko kurokoka mu gihe c’abantu benshi bivana no kwemera ningoga ko umutima wahagaze no guca uvyura ubuzima, niwiyumvire gufata inyigisho yemewe, y’amaboko n’ubutabazi bwa mbere biciye ku kigo cawe c’igihugu c’Umusaraba Mutukura canke c’Ukwezi Gutukura, St John Ambulance (mu Bwongereza, Ostraliya, Nouvelle-Zélande, na Canada), umuhinga mu vy’ubuvuzi vyihutirwa.

Ibibazo bikunda kubazwa¶

Amasoko yasuzumwe¶

• Ikigo c'Ubwongereza kijejwe ubuzima n'umutekano (HSE, Ubwongereza): Igitabo c'umutekano w'ibintu: Igitabo c'ubuzima, umutekano n'imibereho myiza ku muziki n'ibindi birori bisa n'ivyo (HSG195 / Igitabo c'umutuku) na Gucungera abantu benshi mu mutekano (HSG154) ku nzira y'abagenda n'amaguru, abagenda n'amaguru n’imbuga.
• Ikigo kijejwe umutekano w’ibibuga vy’imikino (SGSA, Ubwongereza): Inyigisho y’umutekano ku bibuga vy’imikino (Inyigisho y’ivyatsi bitotahaye) ku bushobozi bwo guhagarara ku materasi, imibare y’aho umuntu ashobora gusohoka, no kwirinda gusenyuka kw’abantu benshi.
• Ishirahamwe ry’Igihugu ry’Ukurinda Umuriro (NFPA, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika): NFPA 101: Itegeko ryerekeye umutekano w’ubuzima na NFPA 102: Itegeko ryerekeye ibibanza vy’imyidagaduro, ivyicaro vy’abantu bishobora gupfungwa n’ivy’amatelesikopu, amahema, n’ibibanza vy’imipira ku bijanye n’umuzigo w’abari muri yo n’uburyo bwo gusohoka.
• Ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ryitaho ubuzima (OMS, mpuzamakungu): Ubuzima bwa bose ku makoraniro menshi: Ivyiyumviro nyamukuru ku bijanye no kwitegurira abantu benshi, ubuhinga bwo kumenya indwara ziterwa n’abantu benshi, no gutoranya abaganga vyihutirwa mu birori bininibinini.
• Ishirahamwe ry’umutima ryo muri Amerika (AHA, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika) n’Inama y’Uburayi y’Ugusubiza Umutima (ERC, Europe): Amabwirizwa y’Ugusubiza Umutima n’Amahaha n’Ukwitwararika Umutima n’Imitsi vyihutirwa ku bijanye no gucungera umutima uhagaze n’ugusubiza Umutima bivuye ku bibazo.
• Ikigo ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kijejwe gucungera ibihe vy’ivyihutirwa (FEMA, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika): Itegeko ry’ibintu bidasanzwe ku bigo vy’umutekano wa bose ku bijanye no kugabanya ingorane n’ugucungera abantu benshi.

Inyobora zifitaniye isano¶

• Igikomerekezo co gujanjagurwa n'indwara y'ubutabazi bwambere
• CPR na AED intambwe ku yindi
• Umurasa akora cane n'igitero co mu kibanza ca bose kurokoka
• Imigumuko y'abanyagihugu, imyiyerekano, n'umutekano w'amarira
• Inomero z'ivyihutirwa hakurikijwe igihugu