Amehawo ƒe ʋuʋu, ƒutsotsoewo, kple ƒutsotsoewo ƒe agbetsitsi¶

Amehawo ƒe ʋuʋu alo woƒe dzidziɖedzi si wua ame ate ŋu ado mo ɖa le aɖabaƒoƒo ʋɛ aɖewo ko me le kɔnsɛtwo, kamedefefewɔƒewo, mawusubɔsubɔ ƒe mɔzɔzɔwo, zãmodzakaɖeƒewo, kple ablɔdzizãwo me ne wotsɔ ame gbogbo aɖewo ƒu gbe ɖe teƒe si woxe alo aŋetu aɖe me. Amehawo ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ si le dzidzim ɖe edzi nyanya kaba, kɔdala ƒe nɔnɔme si kpɔa ame ta xɔxɔ be wòadzɔ wò akɔta, kple ʋuʋu le axadzi kple amehawo ƒe sisi ɖo ta gota gome nye nu vevi siwo ana nàtsi agbe le amehawo ƒe dzidziɖedzi me.

Wɔ esia fifia¶

Ne èle ameha gã aɖe me eye nèse le ɖokuiwò me be amewo le tetem ɖe wò ŋutilã ŋu sesĩe tso teƒe vovovowo:

1. Dzo enumake le dzesi gbãtɔ si fia be nyaƒoɖeamenu mevo o: Ne wò abɔta kple akɔta le ʋuʋum ɖe amewo ŋu le axa eneawo katã eye màte ŋu aʋuʋu wò abɔwo faa o la, mègalala be kɔnsɛt la nadze egɔme alo be aŋetu la nakɔ o. Trɔ eye nàwɔ dɔ le axadzi ɖo ta gotagome goawo enumake hafi woƒe kpekpeme nawu ame 5 le meta sq ɖeka me (afɔ 10.7 sq).
2. Nɔ wò afɔwo dzi aleke kee wòɖale o: Na wò klowo nabɔbɔ vie eye wò afɔwo naɖe wo nɔewo ɖa abe abɔta ene, nànɔ ʋuʋum eye nàtsɔ afɔ ɖeka ayi ŋgɔ vie, be nàɖiɖi wò nuheŋusẽ ƒe titina. Mègabɔbɔ gbeɖe be yeaxɔ telefon, afɔkpa, alo akplo si ge la o, elabena ame kuku siwo le ameha gã aɖe me ƒe axadzi ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu ana màgatsi tre ake o.
3. Wɔ kɔdala ƒe nɔnɔmea be nàkpɔ wò gbɔgbɔƒe ta: Kɔ abɔ eveawo ɖe dzi le wò akɔta ŋgɔ abe kɔdala ene, nàbla wò abɔta ɖe wò akɔta le tsia dzi eye nàlé wò abɔtawo ɖe go vie sentimeta 10 va ɖo 15 (inch 4 va ɖo 6) le wò akɔta ŋgɔ. Ƒumeŋuɖui sesẽ sia kpɔa teƒe aɖe si le kotoku me ta ale be wò akɔta kple wò akɔta nate ŋu akeke be ya nage ɖe eme.
4. Ʋu le axadzi kple ƒutsotsoea ƒe sisi, mègatsi tre ɖe eŋu gbeɖe o: Ne ƒutsotsoe si ʋuʋuna to ameha si yɔ fũ me la, ewɔa ŋusẽ si le abe hadrolik ene Newton akpe geɖe. Mègablae sesĩe alo atutu megbe ɖe ƒutsotsoea ŋu o; ɖe afɔ suewo kple ƒutsotsoeawo be nàda asɔ, emegbe nàɖe afɔ le axadzi le dzogoe si nye dzidzenu 45 dzi aɖo ta miame alo ɖusime le ƒutsotsoewo dome ɣeyiɣi kpui aɖe ƒe tomefafa me.
5. Dzra oxygen ɖo eye mègado ɣli o: Ɣlidodo ɖea ya si susɔ ɖe wò lãkusi me doa goe, ena wòsesẽna be nàgakeke wò akɔta ɖe enu le nutete me, eye wòhea vɔvɔ̃ si xɔa ame me vɛ. Gbugbɔ ya blewuu eye nàɖoe koŋ to wò ŋɔti alo nuyi siwo wobla me ɣesiaɣi si nyaƒoɖeamenua dzi ɖe kpɔtɔ ɣeyiɣi kpui aɖe le ƒutsotsoeawo dome.
6. Ne woɖiɖi wò ɖe anyi la, ƒo xlã wò ɖe axadzi-fugboe ƒe bɔl sesẽ aɖe me enumake: Ne èdze anyi eye mète ŋu gafɔ ɖe dzi enumake o la, mègamlɔ anyi gbadzaa ɖe wò akɔta alo ƒodo dzi le afisi kpekpeme si le wò akɔta ana wòagbɔdzɔ le gbeɖe o. Mia ɖe wò axadzi enumake, he wò klowo sesĩe va ɖo wò akɔta be nàkpɔ wò ƒodo ƒe ŋutinuwo ta, eye nàbla wò asiwo ɖe ta kple kɔ dzi esime nèle wò ŋgɔgbe abɔwo lém ɖe wò mo kple akɔtaƒuwo ŋgɔ.

flowchart TD
    Start["Ameha Gã aɖe me Geɖe Alo Tsitretsitsi"] --> Density{"1. Ðe Àte Ŋu Aʋuʋu Faa Evɔ Màka Asi Axa Katã Ŋu Oa?"}
    Density -->|Yes: Under 4 People per Sq Meter| Watch["Di Mɔ Eve Siwo Woato Ado Le, Ƒo Asa Na Mɔxenu Siwo Meku Kple Atrakpuiwo ƒe Aŋetuwo"]
    Density -->|No: 5+ People per Sq Meter| Boxer["2. Adopt Boxer Stance: Abɔwo Yi Dzi Wɔ 10 va ɖo 15 cm Akɔta Teƒe"]
    Boxer --> Surge["3. Ʋuʋu Kple Ƒutsotsoea Be Nànɔ Tsitrenu: Mègabɔbɔ Gbeɖe Na Nusiwo Woda O"]
    Surge --> Diagonal["4. Ðo Afɔ le Axadzi le Digri 45 le Ƒutsotsoewo Dome Yi Gome Gome"]
    Diagonal --> FallCheck{"5. Ðe Nèbu Wò Afɔ eye Wòdze anyia?"}
    FallCheck -->|No: Still Standing| Escape["Miɖo Perimeter Fence, Side Aisle, alo Stage Security Barrier gbɔ"]
    FallCheck -->|Yes: Knocked to Ground| Fetal["Klɔ Wò Axadzi Kpata le Fugboe ƒe Nɔnɔme Me: Ta Akɔta Kple Ta Ta"]

--- .

Amehawo ƒe agbɔsɔsɔme ƒe dzidzenuwo kple tsi ƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi gɔmesese¶

Amehawo ƒe dedienɔnɔ ŋuti dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo, siwo dome numekula siwo United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive (HSE) ƒo nu tsoe le The Event Safety Guide (HSG195) kple National Fire Protection Association (NFPA 101 Life Safety Code le United States) me hã le, bua amehawo ƒe afɔku ɖe hatsotsowo me to ame agbɔsɔsɔme si le tsitre ɖe meta 1 sq (afɔ 10.76 sq) me, si ƒe lolome anɔ abe aƒemenukpɔmɔ̃ si wozãna ɖaa ene la xexlẽ me nudzraƒe. Ne kpekpeme to ame 5 ŋu le meta sq ɖeka me (afɔ 10.76 sq) ko la, ameha aɖe dzudzɔa nuwɔwɔ abe ame ɖekaɖeka siwo le wo ɖokui si ƒe ƒuƒoƒo ene eye wodzea wɔwɔ ɖe se siwo ku ɖe tsi ƒe ŋusẽ si wotsɔ nyaƒoɖeamenu wɔe ƒe sewo dzi gɔme.

Alesi laminar ƒe sisi gblẽna zua ƒutsotsoe siwo wotɔna eye wodzona kple amehawo ƒe tɔtɔ¶

Le afɔzɔlawo ƒe mɔ̃ɖaŋununya me la, amehawo ƒe ʋuʋu trɔna to dzɔdzɔmedziɖuɖu vovovo etɔ̃ me ne amewo ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ le dzidzim ɖe edzi:

1. Laminar (smooth) flow: Ne amewo ƒe agbɔsɔsɔme mede ame 3 le meta square ɖeka me o (10.76 square feet) la, afɔzɔlawo zɔna nyuie ƒoa xlã mɔxenuwo eye wotrɔa asi le woƒe duƒuƒu ŋu le wo ɖokui si. Ne ame ɖeka tɔ la, ame bubuwo ƒoa xlã wo evɔ wometrɔa ŋusẽa o.
2. Stop-and-go ƒutsotsoewo: Ne ame 4 va ɖo 5 le meta sq (10.76 sq) ɖeka me la, yiyi ƒe ʋuʋu to mɔdodo alo mɔ aɖe dzi gbãna zua ƒutsotsoe siwo wotsɔa nutete yia didiƒe. Ame siwo le megbe la yi edzi le zɔzɔm yi ŋgɔ hafi kpɔe be fli la ƒe ŋgɔgbe tɔ, eye wole ameha la titina mimim abe accordion ene.
3. Amehawo ƒe zitɔtɔ (amehawo ƒe anyigbaʋuʋu): Ne ame 6 wu le meta sq ɖeka me (afɔ 10.76 sq) la, teƒe ŋutɔŋutɔ nu yina keŋkeŋ. Tututu alo nukikli sue ɖesiaɖe toa ƒu sesẽ kple lãmeka me tẽ tso akɔta ɖeka yi bubu dzi. Esi wònye be seselelãmewo tsoa mɔ vovovowo dzi vana le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me ta la, nusiwo doa kplamatse ame tuameɖowo hea ƒutsotsoe siwo ʋãna kpata siwo me ŋutasẽnuwɔwɔ le siwo tsɔa amewo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo siwo didi meta 3 va ɖo 5 (afɔ 10 va ɖo 16) ƒua gbe ɖe axadzi le woƒe lɔlɔ̃nu manɔmee. Ne ame aɖeke mele vɔvɔ̃m le ameha la dome alo le nu wɔm adãtɔe o hã la, amegbetɔ ƒe ŋutilã siwo yɔ fũu ƒe dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽŋununya dzro ko la hea nyaƒoɖeamenu ƒe ƒutsotsoe siwo wua ame vɛ.

--- .

Nusita amehawo ƒe ʋuʋu wua ame: gbɔgbɔtsixe tsia ame ƒo kple ame ƒe anyidzedze¶

Nyadzɔdzɔwo zãa nya "stampede" enuenu, si fia be ameha aɖe si le du dzi le vɔvɔ̃ ŋkumaʋumaʋu me la tu afɔ amesiwo ŋu wowɔ nuvevii la ƒe afɔ te. Ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe ƒe numekuku siwo wowɔ le bɔlƒoƒe gãwo, kɔnsɛtwo, zãmodzakaɖeƒewo, kple mɔzɔzɔ ƒe afɔkuwo ŋu le xexeame katã ɖee fia be duƒuƒu ƒe duƒuƒu mebɔ o. Ke boŋ mɔ̃ etɔ̃ siwo wozãna tsɔ wua amewo katã kloe eye woxɔa abi vevie le ameha siwo me tɔwo sɔ gbɔ ɖo me.

1. Compressive (nublanuinya) ƒe gbɔgbɔtsixetsixe¶

Be nàgbɔ ya la, ele be wò akɔtaƒuwo nakeke wò akɔtaƒu ɖe gota eye wò akɔtaƒu natu ɖe anyime ayi wò ƒodo me. Ne amehawo ƒe ŋusẽ te ɖe wò akɔta, akɔta, kple axawo ŋu kple nyaƒoɖeamenu siwo ƒo ƒu wu Newton 3,000 va ɖo 4,500 (si sɔ kple agba si meʋãna o kilogram 306 va ɖo 459 alo pounde 675 va ɖo 1,010) la, womiãa wò akɔta vie ɣesiaɣi si nègbɔ ya.

Esi wònye be amegbetɔ ƒe gbɔgbɔtsixetsixe ƒe lãmekawo te ŋu naa ŋusẽ si ade Newton 250 va ɖo 400 (kilogram 25 va ɖo 40 alo pounde 55 va ɖo 90) si kekena yia gota ko ta la, màte ŋu atutu ame atɔ̃ alo ade siwo ƒo ɖe ŋuwò ƒe kpekpeme ɖe megbe o. Ne ègbɔ ya ɖesiaɖe la, wò lãkusiwo nɔa ʋuʋum va ɖoa eƒe sesẽme sue aɖe vaseɖe esime màgate ŋu agbɔ ya kura o. Le aɖabaƒoƒo 4 va ɖo 6 me ne ame si le tsitrenu la te akɔta vevie la, ahɔhɔ̃ me ya si mebɔ o ta eye wògena ɖe dzitodzito me esime wògakpɔtɔ le tsitrenu le woƒe afɔwo dzi. Le atikewɔwɔ me la, zi geɖe la, amesiwo ŋu compressive asphyxia gblẽ nu le la ɖea ecchymotic mask (mo, kɔ, kple akɔta ƒe tame ƒe amadede si nye aŋutiɖiɖi-dzẽ viviti) kple subconjunctival hemorrhage (ʋuka siwo me ʋu sina tona le ŋku ƒe ɣiwo me) si tsoa megbeʋuka ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu gbɔ ne wotu akɔta esime wotu glottis la fiana.

2. Vena cava ƒe nutete kple orthostatic circulatory shock¶

Hafi gbɔgbɔtsixe naƒo keŋkeŋ gɔ̃ hã la, ƒodo kple akɔta ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu sesẽ si tso ŋgɔgbe yi megbe la tea vena cava si le ete, si nye vena cava gã si ƒe gli tsɛ si trɔa ʋu si me oxygen mele o tso ametia ƒe akpa si le ete yia dzia ƒe ɖusime ʋuka me. Ne ʋukawo ƒe tɔtrɔgbɔ ɖiɖi kpata la, dzi ƒe dɔwɔwɔ dzi ɖena kpɔtɔna ŋutɔ eye ʋu ƒe sisi yi ahɔhɔ̃a me dzi ɖena kpɔtɔna. Amesiwo ŋu wowɔ nuvevii ate ŋu agbɔdzɔ le ʋuʋudedi si nye orthostatic kple bstructive shock ta le sɛkɛnd si mede 60 o me, si ana woaƒu du eye woaɖiɖi ɖe afɔzɔla siwo ƒo xlã wo ƒe afɔ te ne teƒe aɖe le wo te.

3. Amehawo ƒe mumu vivivi (domino ƒe ƒuƒoƒo) .¶

Ne ame 7 va ɖo 9 ƒe kpekpeme le meta sq ɖeka me (afɔ 10.76 sq) la, ame ɖekaɖekawo megatsi tre ɖe woawo ŋutɔ ƒe afɔwo dzi le dzogoe ene me o; wotsɔa ŋutilã siwo wozi ɖe wo dzi la nɔa wo dzi le dzogoe siwo dzi ʋuʋudedi le dzi. Ne ame ɖeka aɖe kli mɔ to mɔ si mesɔ o, atrakpui aɖe, kaƒomɔ̃ dzi, alo aŋetu aɖe si ge dzi la, teƒe aɖe ʋuna le ameha la dome zi ɖeka.

Ame siwo nɔa te ɖe ame ma si dze anyi ŋu tẽ la bu woƒe ŋutilã me kpekpeɖeŋu enumake eye woƒua du yia ŋgɔ yia ƒuƒlu si le wo tame. Le sɛkɛnd 5 va ɖo 10 me la, teƒe aɖe ƒe anyidzedze kakana yia gota le gotagome, si wɔnɛ be ame kuku siwo ƒe kɔkɔme nye meta 1.5 va ɖo 2 (afɔ 5 va ɖo 6.5) eye woƒe goglome nye ame atɔ̃ va ɖo enyi la ƒoa ƒu ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu. Amesiwo le pileup la te la xɔa gbɔgbɔtsixe tsia ame ƒo enumake le esi woƒe kpekpeme nye kilogram alafa geɖe le wo tame, gake amesiwo tsi agbe siwo ƒe afɔ alo akɔta tsi tre ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu wu miniti 15 va ɖo 60 ya ƒe agbe dea afɔku me crush injury kple compartment syndrome ƒe dɔléle.

--- .

Nɔnɔmewo ŋuti sidzedze do ŋgɔ na nudzɔdzɔa kple teƒea ƒe afɔkuwo nyanya¶

Mɔ si le dedie wu si dzi nàto atsi agbe le amehawo ƒe ʋuʋu me enye be nàde dzesi xɔtuɖaŋu ƒe mɔxenuwo kple nusiwo fia be ʋua ƒe tsɔtsɔme kaba hafi nàtsi mɔ̃ me. Ɣesiaɣi si nège ɖe bɔlƒoƒe, kɔnsɛtwɔƒe, mɔzɔƒe si le anyigba te, azãɖuƒe, alo ablɔdzi kpekpe aɖe si me amewo sɔ gbɔ ɖo me la, zã sɛkɛnd 60 nàtsɔ ada wò nutoa me kpɔ.

Xɔtuɖaŋu ƒe mɔ̃ siwo me afɔku le ŋutɔ siwo wòle be woaƒo asa na¶

• Front-of-stage festival barriers without sector pens: Open-field general admission areas afisi fans akpe ewo ate ŋu aƒoe ɖe ŋgɔ atraɖii aɖo ta stage barrier ɖeka si woƒo xlãe gbɔ la ɖea mɔ na ŋusẽ siwo tso field la ƒe megbe be woaƒo ƒu ɖe ŋgɔgbe tututu. Egbegbe teƒe siwo le dedie wu zãa amehawo ƒe nuŋlɔti siwo woma ɖe akpa vovovowo me (abe mɔxenu siwo ƒe nɔnɔme nye D eve siwo ŋu wolé ŋku ɖo le UK HSE ƒe wɔnawo ƒe mɔfiamewo te ene) siwo ma amehawo ɖe xɔ siwo sa ɖe aga me eye woƒe axadzi sitsoƒemɔwo keke.
• Mɔdodo siwo le anyime kple mɔ xaxɛwo: Mɔdodo siwo le anyigba te, bɔlƒoƒe ƒe ʋuʋudediwo, kple ablɔ siwo le togbɛwo dzi doa ŋusẽ nuheŋusẽ. Ne ameha aɖe ƒo ƒu esime wole zɔzɔm le to si ƒe kɔkɔme nye dzidzenu 5 va ɖo 10 gɔ̃ hã dzi la, nukikli ɖeka si le ete la hea ame kuku siwo le gegem tso dziƒo ƒe ahomya si womate ŋu atɔ te o vɛ.
• Afɔɖeɖe siwo womede dzesii o kple kɔkɔme ƒe tɔtrɔ kpata: Mɔdodo ɖeka si didi sentimeta 15 (inch 6) alo afɔɖeɖe etɔ̃ ƒe tɔtrɔ si woɣla ɖe xɔdɔme si me akaɖi mele o me gɔ̃ hã va zua mɔzɔzɔ ƒe ka si wua ame ne amewo yɔ fũ ale gbegbe be womate ŋu akpɔ woƒe afɔwo o.
• Akɔtaxɔ siwo me ame kukuwo le, ʋɔtru siwo ʋuna ɖe eme, kple agbo siwo wotu: Mègaɖe mɔ gbeɖe be woatutu wò ayi ʋɔtru si me wodo go ɖo, dzogoe aɖe si le gli sesẽ eve dome, alo ɖe agbo si wotu si me woado le afisi nyaƒoɖeamenu mate ŋu akaka le o ŋu gbeɖe o.
• Two-way-directional bidirectional choke points: Tɔdzisasrãwo, mɔ xaxɛwo, alo azãɖuɖu ƒe afɔtoƒe siwo me ameha si ge ɖe eme la do go ŋkume kple ameha si dona le eme la ate ŋu ati kpo tso ame 3 le meta square ɖeka me va ɖo ame 8 le meta square ɖeka me le ɣeyiɣi si mede miniti eve o me elabena tɔsisi eveawo dometɔ aɖeke mate ŋu ayi ŋgɔ o.

Sidzenuwo ƒe nuxlɔ̃amedzesiwo kaba be ame aɖe le ame ƒom¶

Dzo le teƒea enumake eye nàʋu ayi teƒe si woʋu ɖi ne ède dzesi nuxlɔ̃amedzesi siwo gbɔna la dometɔ aɖe:

1. Afɔ ƒe dzedzeme bu: Màgate ŋu akpɔ anyigba alo wò ŋutɔ wò afɔkpa o elabena ŋutilãwo le tetem ɖe wò akɔta kple ata ŋu ɣesiaɣi.
2. Ʋuʋu le lɔlɔ̃nu faa nu: Wò akɔta ʋuʋuna le miame, ɖusime, alo yi ŋgɔ le ɖekawɔwɔ me kple ame siwo ƒo xlã wò ne èle agbagba dzem be yeatsi tre ɖe teƒe ɖeka gɔ̃ hã.
3. Dzoxɔxɔ ƒe dzidziɖedzi kple dzoxɔxɔ: Ya si le ta ƒe kɔkɔme la senɛ le eɖokui me zi ɖeka be dzoxɔxɔ si tso Celsius 5 va ɖo 10 (Fahrenheit 9 va ɖo 18), fa miamiamia, eye ya nyui meganɔa eme o, eye ɣeaɖewoɣi la, tsidzadza si woate ŋu akpɔ si dona tso amehawo dome le yame ƒe fafa me kpena ɖe eŋu.
4. Zi ɖoɖoezizi alo nuteɖeamedzi si nu metsi o: To vovo na sinima siwo me woɖea ɣlidodo sesẽwo fiana le la, zi geɖe la, ameha si ɖoa nutete si wua gbɔ la nɔa anyi kpoo le mɔ dziŋɔ aɖe nu le teƒea elabena amewo ƒe lãkusi ƒe gbeɖiɖi mesɔ gbɔ be woado ɣli o, eye wotsɔa hũɖeɖe si nu metsi o kple yaƒoƒo kpuiwo ɖoa eteƒe.
5. Afɔkpawo kple awuwo ƒe bu le afɔ te: Èsena le ɖokuiwò me be nu falɛfalɛwo abe afɔkpa, akplo, kple jaketi siwo bu ene ƒo ƒu ɖe afɔtoƒe si le wò afɔkpodzi te.

--- .

Afɔɖeɖe ɖesiaɖe ƒe agbetsitsi ƒe mɔnuwo le amehawo ƒe dzidziɖedzi me¶

Ne èkpɔe be yetsi megbe akpa be yetsi ameha aɖe si ƒe xexlẽme ɖoa ame 6 alo esi wu nenema le meta sq ɖeka me (afɔ 10.76 sq) la, wɔ agbetsitsi ƒe mɔnu siawo siwo me wozãa nugbagbeviwo le tsɔ kpɔa wò yaƒoƒomɔ̃a ta eye nàwɔ dɔ le mɔ si dzi nàto ado le eme la me.

1. Do kɔdala ƒe nɔnɔmea me eye nàʋuʋu wò afɔ¶

Mɔ̃ɖaŋununya ƒe taɖodzinu vevitɔ si nèzãna le amehawo ƒe ʋuʋu me enye be nàna gotagome ŋusẽwo naganɔ wò akɔta kple akɔta ƒe akpa si le ete o.

• He asi eveawo yi dzi le wò kɔmeƒuwo kple asike ŋgɔ enumake.
• Do wò asibidɛwo ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu alo nàbla wò asibidɛwo sesĩe, eye nàlé wò abɔtawo ɖe ŋgɔ kple gota vie be nàwɔ dzogoe etɔ̃ ƒe ʋuƒo sesẽ aɖe le wò akɔta ŋgɔ.
• Ðo afɔ ɖeka sentimeta 15 va ɖo 20 (sentimeta 6 va ɖo 8) do ŋgɔ na evelia, eye nàʋu wò klowo vie. Kamedefefe ƒe nɔnɔme sia nana nèxɔa nusiwo wotsɔna ƒoa woe tso ŋgɔgbe, megbe, alo axawo dzi evɔ wò afɔkpodziwo metsoa wo nɔewo o.
• Ne ka le wò afɔkpawo ŋu eye womebla wo o la, ke gblẽ wo ɖi womablae o; mèbɔbɔ gbeɖe be yeabla afɔkpa ƒe ka alo axɔ nusi ge dze anyi o.

2. Ʋuʋu le axadzi abe alesi nèsi le atsiaƒu ƒe rip current nu ene¶

Abe alesi tsiƒula mate ŋu aƒu tsi tẽ atrɔ ayi ƒuta le atsiaƒu ƒe tsi si le ƒoƒom sesĩe ta o ene la, afɔzɔla mate ŋu aƒoe tẽe ɖe megbe le ame 500 siwo le tsia dzi le ablɔdzi alo ɖo ta fefewɔƒe aɖe ŋu o.

• Lala na rebound lull: Amehawo ƒe ʋuʋudediwo ʋãna le ɣeyiɣi ƒe didime ƒe tsatsam siwo xɔa sɛkɛnd 5 va ɖo 15, eye emegbe sɛkɛnd 3 va ɖo 5 ƒe ɖiɖiɖeme ƒe akpa kpui aɖe ne ƒutsotsoea le gbugbɔm tso mɔxenu aɖe dzi alo le kakam.
• Afɔ ɖe axadzi le dzidzenu 45 me le ɖiɖiɖemeɣia: Ne ƒutsotsoea le zɔzɔm la, tsɔ wò susu ƒe alafa memama 100 ɖo afɔɖeɖe suesuesue siwo le ʋuʋum le ƒutsotsoea ƒe mɔ nu ale be wò afɔwo nanɔ wò titina te tẽ. Zi alesi ƒutsotsoea tɔ vie ko la, afɔ afɔ ɖe axadzi, axadzimɔ si te ɖe eŋu wu, alo gota gome si le ʋuʋu ɖi gbɔ.
• Zã accordion ƒe dometsotsowo: Ɣesiaɣi si ƒutsotsoe aɖe le megbe yim la, dometsotso suesuesue siwo didi sentimeta 20 va ɖo 30 (inch 8 va ɖo 12) ʋuna le abɔta dome ɣeyiɣi kpui aɖe. Tsɔe ƒu gbe ɖe axadzi yi do mawo me afɔɖeɖe ɖeka ɖesiaɖe vaseɖe esime nàɖo ameha la ƒe gotagome liƒo dzi.

3. Di sisi le tsitrenu ne woxe mɔ siwo dzi woato ado le axadzi¶

Ne ètsi mɔ xaxɛ aɖe, anyigba te ʋudzeƒe, alo xɔxɔnu si ŋu wotu ʋɔtru ɖo si me wotsɔ gli sesẽwo xe akpa eveawo nu la:

• Di xɔ kɔkɔ sesẽ siwo dzi nàte ŋu ali ayi dzi ahaɖo wo dzi, abe gbeɖiɖi kple akaɖi ƒe xɔ kɔkɔwo, kɔkrit-gbledeƒewo, ʋu siwo wotɔ, kplɔ̃ sesẽwo, xɔtaxɔwo, alo gli siwo le bɔbɔe ene.
• Mègaɖe mɔ gbeɖe be woatsɔ wò abla ɖe ameha si le dzidzim ɖe edzi kple gli si wotsɔ anyikpe tu, fiase si wotsɔ ahuhɔ̃e wɔe, alo gayibɔgbo si wotu si mebɔbɔ o dome gbeɖe o. Ne wotu wò ɖe gli ŋu la, wɔ dɔ to gli la dzi ɖo ta xɔdɔme aɖe gbɔ alo lia yi dzi ɖe ʋuƒo si wodo ɖe dzi wu akɔta ƒe kɔkɔme afisi akɔta ƒe axadzi ƒe tete le bɔbɔe wu.

4. Mia nɔewo ƒe agbetsitsi: na wò aƒelika siwo te ɖe ŋuwò la nali ke¶

Le ameha gã aɖe me la, wò agbetsitsi do ƒome kple ame siwo ka asi wò abɔta. Ne ame si le ŋgɔwò tẽ alo le axawò la dze anyigba la, woƒe ŋutilã wɔa teƒe aɖe si le ƒuƒlu kple mɔxenu si adze anyi si ahe wò ayi anyime le sɛkɛnd ʋɛ aɖewo ko me.

• Dze dze kple ame siwo wozi ɖe dziwò le dziɖeɖi me le nya kpui siwo me nya etɔ̃ le me: "Minɔ tsitrenu ɖekae," "Abɔwo yi dzi fifia," "Mègatu yi ŋgɔ o," alo "Miɖe afɔ blewuu."
• Ne ame aɖe si le axawò kli nu alo dze alɔ̃dɔdɔ gɔme la, tsɔ wò abɔta bla woƒe abɔta alo lé woƒe abɔta si le etame enumake be wòanɔ tsitre ɖe woƒe afɔwo dzi.
• Ne ame siwo le aŋetu aɖe ƒe megbe le ŋgɔ yim le esi womete ŋu kpɔe be ŋgɔgbea xe alo be amewo dze anyi o ta la, wɔ ɖoɖo ɖe ame siwo ƒo xlã wò ŋu be woadzi ha ɖekae be, "Dzudzɔ tutu, trɔ yi megbe" esime nèle asi ɖeka dom ɖe dzi tẽe be yeatsɔ akpɔ nuteɖeamedzi ƒe dzesi na dedienɔnɔ ƒe fotoɖemɔ̃wo kple nukpɔla siwo le nuƒolanɔƒe kɔkɔwo.

--- .

Ðeviwo, ame tsitsiwo, kple bunɔkeke zãlawo takpɔkpɔ¶

Ame siwo ŋu nu gblẽ le la dzea ŋgɔ afɔku si mesɔ o le nuto siwo me amewo sɔ gbɔ ɖo me eye wòhiãna be woaɖo wo nɔƒe do ŋgɔ hafi ameha aɖe naƒoe ɖe enu.

1. Ðeviwo kple vidzĩwo:
   • Mègatutu vidzĩkeke alo vidzĩkeke ɖe ameha si wu ame 3 le meta sq ɖeka me gbeɖe o; wogbãa kekefɔkpawo alo wogbãna bɔbɔe eye woxea mɔ na afɔzɔlawo ƒe ʋuʋu. Zã vidzĩwo tsɔtsɔ yi ŋgɔe le teƒe siwo amewo mesɔ gbɔ ɖo o ko, eye nàdo go enumake ne amewo te tete ɖe eŋu.
   • Kɔ ɖevi suewo ɖe wò abɔta hafi woƒe kpekpeme naɖo ame 4 le meta square ɖeka me ale be woƒe ta kple akɔta nanɔ anyi ɖe nutete ƒe teƒea tame.
   • Ŋlɔ wò asitelefon xexlẽdzesi kple dukɔwo dome kaƒoƒo ƒe dzeside si tsi mate ŋu age ɖo ɖaa o me ɖe viwòa ƒe abɔta hafi nàge ɖe bɔlƒoƒe gã ɖesiaɖe, azãɖuɖu, alo aʋawɔnuwo ɖeɖefia me, eye nàdo neon alo awu siwo woate ŋu akpɔ nyuie siwo sɔ ɖe wo nɔewo nu wò ƒuƒoƒoa ale be miate ŋu akpɔ mia nɔewo le amehawo dome.
2. Bunɔkeke zãlawo kple amesiwo si kpekpeɖeŋunu siwo wotsɔna zɔa mɔe le:
   • Nɔ nukpɔƒe siwo woɖo ɖi siwo wodo ɖe dzi siwo dzi woate ŋu age ɖo, siwo wotsɔ xɔtuɖaŋuwo ma ŋutɔŋutɔ tso teƒe siwo amewo katã gena ɖo la me eye dedienɔnɔdzikpɔla siwo tsɔ wo ɖokui na be woawɔ dɔ le wo me.
   • Ne amehawo ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ aɖe gogo ablɔ alo ablɔ si le ʋuʋu ɖi la, da bunɔkeke ɖe megbe na nu gã aɖe si womate ŋu aʋuʋu o abe xɔ ƒe sɔti gbadza si wotsɔ kɔkrit wɔ, ʋu si wotɔ ɖe nudzɔdzɔ kpatawo me, alo ɖe fiase aɖe ƒe mɔnu si le ʋuʋu ɖi me tsɔ wu be nàdae ɖe afɔtoƒe gã si sina toa eme la me.

--- .

Sisi megbe ƒe vovototodedeameme kple atikewɔwɔ ƒe ŋuɖoɖo¶

Ne ènya do le afisi wogbãa nu le yi ɖe xɔdɔme si le ʋuʋu ɖi, fefewɔƒea ƒe do, alo ablɔ aɖe dzi ko la, wɔ afɔɖeɖe enumake be nànɔ adzɔge tso afɔku evelia gbɔ eye nàkpe ɖe amesiwo ŋu afɔku le vevie ŋu.

1. Klɔ dodo le eme ƒe akɔtaɖonua me enumake¶

Mègatɔ be yeagbɔ ya, alé ŋku ɖe wò telefon ŋu, alo akpla asi kɔ na xɔ̃wòwo le ʋɔtrua, mɔ̃a ƒe nu, alo mɔxenu ƒe agbo si me nèsi le la godo tututu o. Ne ètɔ le meta 10 (afɔ 33) me tso dodoƒe aɖe gbɔ la, ewɔa amegbetɔ ƒe tɔdzisasrã si xea mɔ na ame alafa geɖe siwo gakpɔtɔ le agbagba dzem be yewoasi le megbewò. Zɔ meta 30 va ɖo 50 (afɔ 100 va ɖo 165) ya teti tso aŋetu la gbɔ yi teƒe gbadza aɖe hafi nàtɔ.

2. Ƒo ka na dɔwɔƒe siwo kpɔa nudzɔdzɔ kpatawo gbɔ eye nàgblɔ ame gbogbo aɖewo siwo ku la ƒe nutete¶

Ƒo ka na wò nutoa me xexlẽdzesi kpata (911 le United States kple Canada, 112 le Europa Dukɔwo ƒe Habɔbɔ bliboa me, 999 le United Kingdom, alo kpɔ míaƒe... xexlẽdzesi siwo wozãna kpata nyatakakadzraɖoƒe). Ƒo nu eme nakɔ eye nàzã nya vevi siwo sɔ pɛpɛpɛ le dɔdaƒewo ale be amedɔdɔwo naɖo atikewɔƒe siwo me ame gbogbo aɖewo gblẽ nu le tsɔ wu be woaɖo kpovitɔ siwo kpɔa amehawo dzi edziedzi:

• Gblɔ teƒe sue si tututu wòle: "Míele Agbo B ƒe North Tunnel ƒe dodoƒe le [Teƒea ƒe Ŋkɔ], ke menye mɔ gã la dzi o."
• Ðe mɔ̃a me: "Amehawo ƒe ʋuʋu kple ƒuƒoƒo si le dɔ dzi le afima. Ame gbogbo aɖewo tsia mɔ̃ me, womete ŋu le gbɔgbɔm o, eye wole dzidɔ lém le gbɔgbɔtsixetsixe ta."
• Bia be woatɔ te wɔnaa enumake: Bia kpovitɔwo kple teƒea ƒe dedienɔnɔdzikpɔlawo be woatɔ te haƒoƒo alo kamedefefewɔƒea, atɔ aƒe bliboa ƒe akaɖiwo, eye woaɖe gbeƒã gbeƒãɖeɖe aɖe si afia mɔ ameha la ƒe megbetɔwo be woaɖe afɔ ɖe megbe blewuu.

3. Wɔ CPR kple xɔnamegbɔgbɔwo hena dzitodzito ƒe ʋuʋu¶

Amesiwo ŋu wowɔ nuvevii siwo wohe mawɔmawɔe eye woƒe dzi megasẽna o tso amehawo ƒe ʋuʋu me la le fu kpem le hypoxic (asphyxial) cardiac arrest, ke menye elektrik dzi ƒe ʋuʋu kpata ɖeɖeko o. Oxygen vɔ le woƒe ʋu kple lãkusiwo me keŋkeŋ.

• Kpɔ alesi wòwɔa nui kple gbɔgbɔ si sɔ la ɖa be megawu sɛkɛnd 10 o (ŋe aɖaba ƒu gbɔgbɔtsixetsixe alo gbɔgbɔtsixetsixe ɣeaɖewoɣi dzi, si nye dzi ƒe dɔmawɔmawɔ nyuie ƒe dzesiwo).
• Dze egɔme CPR ƒe dɔwɔwɔ enumake le anyigba sesẽ si le gbadzaa dzi: tutu sesĩe kple kabakaba le akɔta titina le aɖabaƒoƒo ɖeka me zi gbɔ zi 100 va ɖo 120 eye wòagoglo sentimeta 5 va ɖo 6 (inch 2 va ɖo 2.4) na ame tsitsiwo.
• De xɔnamegbɔgbɔwo eme ne wona hehee: Le tsitretsitsi ŋuti mɔfiame siwo tso Amerika Dzi Habɔbɔ (United States), Europa Gbɔgbɔyɔyɔ Aɖaŋuɖoha, kple Gbɔgbɔyɔyɔ ƒe Aɖaŋuɖoha UK (United Kingdom) nu la, amesiwo ŋu wolé gbɔgbɔtsixetsixe (abe tsinyenye alo amehawo ƒe ʋuʋu ene) ɖea vi ŋutɔ tso nutete 30 siwo wotsɔ ƒoe va ɖo xɔnamegbɔgbɔ 2 ƒe tsatsam be woagayɔ oxygen ɖe lãkusiawo me la me. Ne mèxɔ hehe o alo mète ŋu le gbɔgbɔm o la, tsɔ asi ɖeɖeko ƒe akɔta mimi atraɖii madzudzɔmadzudzɔe vaseɖe esime kpekpeɖeŋunalawo naxɔ dɔa.
• Ne amesi ŋu wowɔ nuvevii ƒe manyamanya gake wòle gbɔgbɔm nyuie la, ƒo wo ɖe woƒe axadzi va ɖo afisi woahaya le be woƒe yaƒoƒomɔ̃ nagage ɖe ʋuʋudedi me o eye nàlé ŋku ɖe woƒe gbɔgbɔ ŋu ɣesiaɣi.

4. Lé ŋku ɖe amesiwo tsi agbe ŋu be woakpɔ crush syndrome kple ememe nuveviwɔame hã¶

Ne wò ŋutɔ alo wò zɔhɛ aɖe miezɔ le amehawo ƒe ʋuʋu gbɔ le wò ŋutɔ wò afɔwo dzi gɔ̃ hã la, di kɔdzi ƒe dodokpɔ enumake ne èkpɔ dzesi siwo gbɔna dometɔ aɖe:

• Afɔ kple afɔ ƒe tete ɣeyiɣi didi (aɖabaƒoƒo 15 kple edzivɔ): Ne wotsɔ wò afɔwo, akɔta, alo akɔta ƒo ɖe ŋutilã te wu miniti 15 la, lãmeka me lãmenugbagbevi siwo gblẽ la ɖea potassium, myoglobin, kple lactic acid ɖe ʋukawo me ne nyaƒoɖeamenu dzi ɖe kpɔtɔ ko. Nɔnɔme sia si woyɔna be rhabdomyolysis kple crush syndrome ate ŋu ahe dzitodzito si me ʋu sina tona kpata alo ayiku ƒe dɔmawɔmawɔ nyuie vɛ gaƒoƒo geɖe le xɔname megbe (kpɔ míaƒe... crush injury kple compartment syndrome ƒe mɔfiame).
• Gbɔgbɔtsixe, ʋu ƒe kɔdzi, alo akɔtave sesẽ: Akɔta ƒe tete sesẽ ate ŋu ana akɔta nagbã zi geɖe, akɔta nagbã (pneumothorax), aklã nagbã (aɖuɖɔtoe siwo vuvu), alo dzi nagbã.
• Mo ƒe teƒe dzĩ siwo fia nyuie (petechiae), ŋku siwo me ʋu le dodom le, alo ŋku ƒe tɔtrɔ: Ʋuka suesuesue siwo gbagbã le mo, kɔ, kple ŋkuwo dzi ɖee fia be wò tame ʋuka me ʋusɔgbɔdɔ sesẽ aɖe tso gbɔgbɔtsixetsixe si gblẽa nu le ame ŋu ta eye wòhiã be nàlé ŋku ɖe ahɔhɔ̃mekawo kple gbɔgbɔtsixe ŋu bliboe.
• Ƒodo ƒe vevesese sesẽ alo taɖuame: Ƒodo ƒe tete kpata ate ŋu agbã dɔgbo alo aklã, si ana ʋu nado le ememe si woɣla.

--- .

Kpekpeɖeŋunana gbãtɔ ƒe hehexɔxɔ si wokafu¶

Esi wònye be agbetsitsi le amehawo ƒe ʋuʋu me nɔ te ɖe dzitodzito si me gbɔgbɔtsixe tsia dzodzodzoe ƒe dzesidede kabakaba kple gbɔgbɔyɔyɔ enumake dzi ta la, bu eŋu kpɔ be yeawɔ CPR kple kpekpeɖeŋunadɔ gbãtɔ si ŋu woɖo kpee, si wowɔna kple asi to miaƒe dukɔa ƒe Atitsoga Dzĩ Habɔbɔ alo Ɣleti Dzĩ Habɔbɔ, St John Ambulance (le United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, kple Canada), Amerika Dzi Habɔbɔ (le United States), alo atikewɔwɔ kpata ƒe hehenaƒe si ŋu woda asi ɖo le nutoa me dzi.

--- .

Nya siwo wobiaa amewo enuenu¶

--- .

Wolé ŋku ɖe dzɔtsoƒewo ŋu¶

• United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive (HSE, United Kingdom): Nudzɔdzɔwo ƒe Dedienɔnɔ Ŋuti Mɔfiame: Mɔfiame na Lãmesẽ, Dedienɔnɔ Kple Nyonyo le Hadzidzi Kple Nudzɔdzɔ Siwo Sɔ Kple Wo Nɔewo Me (HSG195 / The Purple Guide) kple Amehawo Dzi Kpɔkpɔ Dedie (HSG154) le afɔzɔlawo ƒe sisi ƒe agbɔsɔsɔme, mɔxenuwo ƒe ɖoɖowɔwɔ, kple amehawo ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ ƒe dzidzenuwo ŋu.
• Kamedefefewɔƒewo ƒe Dedienɔnɔ Dɔwɔƒe (SGSA, United Kingdom): Mɔfiame si ku ɖe Dedienɔnɔ ŋu le Kamedefefewɔƒewo (The Green Guide) le tsitretsitsi ƒe akpata ƒe ŋutetewo, akɔntabubu siwo ku ɖe ʋuʋudedi ƒe dodo ŋu, kple mɔxexe ɖe amehawo ƒe mumu vivivi nu ŋu.
• Dukɔa ƒe Dzo Takpɔha (NFPA, United States): NFPA 101: Agbe ƒe Dedienɔnɔ Se kple NFPA 102: Dzidzenu na Grandstands, Folding and Telescopic Seating, Tents, and Membrane Structures le agba si me tɔwo tsɔna kple mɔnu siwo dzi woato ado le eme ƒe kekeme ŋu.
• Xexeame ƒe Lãmesẽ Habɔbɔ (WHO, Dukɔwo Dome): Dukɔa ƒe Lãmesẽnyawo Gbɔkpɔha na Amehawo ƒe Kpekpewo: Nu Vevi Siwo Ŋu Woabu le dzadzraɖo ɖe ame gbogbo siwo ku ŋu, dɔvɔ̃ŋutinunya si woatsɔ agbã amehawo, kple atikewɔwɔ kpata ƒe vovototodedeameme le wɔna gãwo me ŋu.
• Amerika Dzi Habɔbɔ (AHA, United States) kple Europa Gbugbɔgadzɔ ƒe Aɖaŋuɖoha (ERC, Europa): Mɔfiamewo na Dzitodzito me Gbugbɔgadzɔ kple Dzitodzitowo ƒe Beléle Kpata le dzitodzito si me gbɔgbɔtsixe tsia tre ɖo kple gbɔgbɔyɔyɔ si me nuveviwɔame le dzi kpɔkpɔ ŋu.
• Dukɔa ƒe Dɔwɔƒe si Kpɔa Nudzɔdzɔ Kpatawo Gbɔ (FEMA, United States): Nudzɔdzɔ Tɔxɛwo ƒe Ðoɖowɔwɔ ɖe Nudzɔdzɔ Kpatawo Ŋu na Dukɔa ƒe Dedienɔnɔ Dɔwɔƒewo le aŋetuwo dzi ɖeɖe kpɔtɔ kple amehawo dzi kpɔkpɔ ŋu.

--- .

Mɔfiame siwo do ƒome kplii¶

• Crush injury kple compartment syndrome ƒe kpekpeɖeŋunadɔ gbãtɔ
• CPR kple AED ƒe afɔɖeɖe ɖesiaɖe ƒe mɔfiame
• Tudala veviedonula kple dutoƒo teƒe dzi dzedze ƒe agbetsitsi
• Dukɔmeviwo ƒe zitɔtɔ, tsitretsiɖeŋu, kple aɖatsimɔ̃ ƒe dedienɔnɔ
• Xexlẽdzesi siwo woxɔna kpata le dukɔwo nu