Köpçüligiň ezilmegi, köpelmegi we diri galmagy¶

Öldüriji mähelläniň gysylmagy ýa-da köpelmegi, konsertlerde, sport stadionlarynda, dini zyýaratlarda, gijeki klublarda we köçe festiwallarynda köp adam çäklendirilen ýere ýa-da kynçylyklara sezewar bolanda birnäçe minutda ösüp biler. Köpçüligiň dykyzlygynyň ir ýokarlanýandygyny bilmek, gapyrganyňyzy goramak üçin gorag boksçysynyň pozisiýasyny kabul etmek we mähelläniň perimetre tarap diagonally hereket etmegi märekäniň köpelmeginden halas bolmagyň açarydyr.

Indi et¶

Dykyz mähelläniň içinde bolsaňyz we adamlaryň dürli tarapdan bedeniňize berk basyş edýändigini duýsaňyz:

1. ** Amatsyz basyşyň ilkinji alamatynda derrew goýuň **: Eger egniňiz we göwresiňiz dört tarapdaky adamlara garşy çişýän bolsa we eliňizi erkin hereket edip bilmeseňiz, konsertiň başlamagyna ýa-da päsgelçilikleriň arassalanmagyna garaşmaň. Dykyzlygy her inedördül metrde 5 adamdan (10,7 inedördül metr) geçmezden derrew daşarky gyralara tarap öwrüliň.
2. ** costshli çykdajylarda aýagyňyzda duruň **: Agyrlyk merkeziňizi peseltmek üçin dyzlaryňyzy birneme egilen we aýaklaryňyzy egin giňliginde bir aýak bilen birneme öňe süýşüriň. Taşlanan telefon, aýakgap ýa-da sumka almak üçin hiç wagt egilmäň, sebäbi dykyz mähelläniň içindäki bedenleriň gapdal basyşy yza çekilmegiňiziň öňüni alar.
3. ** Dem alýan ýeriňizi goramak üçin boksçynyň pozisiýasyny kabul ediň **: Iki goluňyzy boksçy ýaly döşüňiziň öňünde ýokary galdyryň, biliňizi gapyrgalaryňyza keseligine bukuň we tirsegiňizi 10-15 santimetr (4-6 dýum) göwresiňiziň öňünde birneme saklaň. Bu gaty skelet çarçuwasy, jübiňizi boşadýar, şonuň üçin gapyrganyňyz we diafragmaňyz howa almagy üçin giňelip biler.
4. ** Ösüşiň akymy bilen diagonally hereket ediň, hiç haçan garşy çykmaň **: Şok tolkuny gaplanan märekäniň içinden geçende, müňlerçe Nýuton gidrawliki güýje eýe bolýar. Tolkuna berk ýapyşmaň ýa-da yza çekilmäň; Deňagramlylygy saklamak üçin ulalmak bilen kiçijik ädimler ediň, tolkunlaryň arasynda gysga wagtlyk aralykda 45 ýa-da çep ýa-da sag perimetre tarap diagonally ädim ätiň.
5. ** Kislorody tygşytlaň we gygyrmaň **: Gykylyk öýkeniňizdäki galyndy howany kowýar, gysyş astynda döşüňizi giňeltmegi kynlaşdyrýar we ýokanç howsala döredýär. Basyş gysga wagtyň içinde gowşasa, burnuňyzdan ýa-da yzarlanan dodaklaryňyzdan haýal we bilgeşleýin dem alyň.
6. ** Eger ýykylsaňyz, derrew berk düwünçegiň topuna egreliň **: Eger ýykylsaňyz we göni yza gaýdyp bilmeseňiz, hiç wagt arkaňyza ýa-da aşgazanyňyza döşüňizdäki agyrlyk boguljak ýerde ýatmaň. Derrew gapdallaryňyza aýlaň, garyn agzalaryňyzy goramak üçin dyzlaryňyzy döşüňize berk çekiň we bilekleriňizi ýüzüňiziň we gapyrgalaryňyzyň öňünde saklap, elleriňizi kelläňize we boýnuňyza gysyň.

flowchart TD
    Start["Entering or Standing in a Dense Crowd"] --> Density{"1. Can You Move Freely Without Touching All Sides?"}
    Density -->|Yes: Under 4 People per Sq Meter| Watch["Locate Two Exits, Avoid Dead-End Barriers and Stairwell Bottlenecks"]
    Density -->|No: 5+ People per Sq Meter| Boxer["2. Adopt Boxer Stance: Arms Up Creating 10 to 15 cm Chest Space"]
    Boxer --> Surge["3. Move With the Wave to Stay Upright: Never Bend Down for Dropped Items"]
    Surge --> Diagonal["4. Step Diagonally at 45 Degrees Between Waves Toward Outer Perimeter"]
    Diagonal --> FallCheck{"5. Did You Lose Your Footing and Fall?"}
    FallCheck -->|No: Still Standing| Escape["Reach Perimeter Fence, Side Aisle, or Stage Security Barrier"]
    FallCheck -->|Yes: Knocked to Ground| Fetal["Curl Tightly on Your Side in Fetal Position: Protect Chest and Head"]

Understanding crowd density thresholds and fluid dynamics¶

Crowd safety scientists, including researchers Referenced by the United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive (HSE) in The Event Safety Guide (HSG195) and the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA 101 Life Safety Code in the United States), classify crowd risk by counting the number of people standing within 1 square meter (10.76 square feet), an area roughly the size of a standard home shower stall. Once density passes 5 people per square meter (10.76 square feet), a crowd stops behaving like a group of independent individuals and begins obeying the laws of pressurized fluid dynamics.

How laminar flow degrades into stop-and-go waves and crowd turbulence¶

In pedestrian engineering, crowd movement transitions through three distinct physical regimes as density increases:

1. Laminar (smooth) flow: At densities below 3 people per square meter (10.76 square feet), pedestrians walk smoothly around obstacles and adjust their speed voluntarily. If one person stops, others step around them without transferring momentum.
2. Stop-and-go waves: Between 4 and 5 people per square meter (10.76 square feet), forward movement along a corridor or tunnel breaks down into longitudinal compression waves. People behind continue walking forward before realizing the front of the line has stopped, compressing the middle of the crowd like an accordion.
3. Crowd turbulence (crowd quake): Above 6 people per square meter (10.76 square feet), physical space disappears entirely. Every tiny push or stumble is transmitted directly through solid bone and muscle from one torso to the next. Because impulses arrive from multiple directions simultaneously, constructive interference creates sudden, violent shockwaves that hurl groups of people 3 to 5 meters (10 to 16 feet) sideways against their will. Even if no one in the crowd is panicking or acting aggressively, the sheer physics of densely packed human bodies generates lethal pressure waves.

Why crowd crushes are fatal: compressive asphyxia and collapse¶

News reports frequently use the word "stampede," implying that victims are trampled underfoot by a crowd running in blind panic. Forensic investigations of major stadium, concert, nightclub, and pilgrimage disasters worldwide demonstrate that running stampedes are rare. Instead, three mechanical processes cause nearly all deaths and severe injuries in high-density crowds.

1. Compressive (traumatic) asphyxia¶

To inhale air, your intercostal muscles must expand your ribcage outward and your diaphragm must push downward into your abdominal cavity. When crowd forces press against your chest, back, and flanks with cumulative pressures exceeding 3,000 to 4,500 Newtons (equivalent to 306 to 459 kilograms or 675 to 1,010 pounds of static load), your chest is squeezed slightly smaller every time you exhale.

Because human respiratory muscles can only generate about 250 to 400 Newtons (25 to 40 kilograms or 55 to 90 pounds) of outward expansion force, you cannot push back against the weight of five or six people leaning against you. With each breath out, your lungs ratchet down to a smaller volume until you can no longer inhale at all. Within 4 to 6 minutes of severe chest compression, a standing person loses consciousness from cerebral hypoxia and goes into asphyxial cardiac arrest while still upright on their feet. Clinically, victims of compressive asphyxia often exhibit ecchymotic mask (dark purplish-red discoloration of the face, neck, and upper chest) and subconjunctival hemorrhage (burst blood vessels in the whites of the eyes) caused by backward venous pressure when the chest is squeezed while the glottis is closed.

2. Vena cava compression and orthostatic circulatory shock¶

Even before complete suffocation occurs, intense front-to-back pressure on the abdomen and thorax compresses the inferior vena cava, the large thin-walled vein that returns deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium of the heart. When venous return drops abruptly, cardiac output plummets and blood pressure to the brain falls. Victims can faint from orthostatic and obstructive shock in less than 60 seconds, causing them to go limp and slide down under the feet of surrounding pedestrians if there is any space below them.

3. Progressive crowd collapse (the domino pileup)¶

At densities of 7 to 9 people per square meter (10.76 square feet), individuals are no longer standing squarely over their own feet; they are propped up at steep angles by the bodies pressed against them. If a single person trips over an uneven curb, a step, a cable ramp, or a dropped bottle, a sudden void opens in the crowd.

The people leaning directly against that fallen person instantly lose their physical support and pitch forward into the void on top of them. Within 5 to 10 seconds, a localized collapse propagates outward in a circle, creating an intertwined pileup of bodies 1.5 to 2 meters (5 to 6.5 feet) high and five to eight people deep. Those at the bottom of the pileup suffer immediate compressive asphyxia from the weight of hundreds of kilograms above them, while survivors whose legs or pelvis remain pinned for more than 15 to 60 minutes develop life-threatening crush injury and compartment syndrome.

Pre-event situational awareness and venue hazard recognition¶

The safest way to survive a crowd crush is to recognize structural bottlenecks and early density indicators before you become trapped. Whenever you enter a stadium, concert arena, underground transit station, festival ground, or dense street gathering, take 60 seconds to evaluate your environment.

High-risk architectural traps to avoid¶

• Front-of-stage festival barriers without sector pens: Open-field general admission areas where tens of thousands of fans can push continuously forward toward a single curved stage barrier allow forces from the back of the field to accumulate at the very front. Safer modern venues use segmented crowd pens (such as double-D barriers checked under UK HSE event guidelines) that divide the crowd into isolated compartments with wide lateral escape corridors.
• Downward-sloping ramps and narrow tunnels: Underpasses, stadium vomitories, and sloped streets amplify gravitational force. If a crowd surges while walking down a gradient of even 5 to 10 degrees, a single stumble at the bottom triggers an unstoppable avalanche of falling bodies from above.
• Unmarked steps and sudden elevation changes: Even a single 15-centimeter (6-inch) curb or three-step transition hidden inside a dimly lit corridor becomes a lethal tripwire when people are packed so tightly that they cannot look down at their feet.
• Dead-end alcoves, inward-opening doors, and locked gates: Never allow yourself to be pushed into a recessed doorway, a corner between two solid walls, or against a closed exit gate where pressure has nowhere to dissipate.
• Two-way bidirectional choke points: Bridges, narrow alleys, or festival walkways where an entering crowd collides head-on with an exiting crowd can jump from 3 people per square meter to 8 people per square meter in less than two minutes because neither stream can advance.

Early sensory warning signs of an impending crush¶

Leave the area immediately and move to open space if you notice any of the following warning signs:

1. Loss of foot visibility: You can no longer see the ground or your own shoes because bodies are pressed continuously against your chest and thighs.
2. Involuntary swaying: Your torso sways left, right, or forward in unison with the people around you even when you are trying to stand still.
3. Thermal spike and steam: The air at head height suddenly feels 5 to 10 degrees Celsius (9 to 18 degrees Fahrenheit) hotter, stiflingly humid, and depleted of fresh air, sometimes accompanied by visible condensation rising off the crowd in cool weather.
4. Silence or muffled distress: Contrary to movie depictions of loud screaming, a crowd reaching lethal compression often grows eerily quiet at the epicenter because people do not have enough lung volume to shout, replaced by muffled groans and short gasps for air.
5. Shoes and clothing disappearing underfoot: You feel soft objects such as lost sneakers, bags, and jackets accumulating on the pavement beneath your soles.

Köpçüligiň köpelmegi bilen ädimme-ädim diri galmak usullary¶

Her inedördül metrde (10,76 inedördül metr) 6 ýa-da has köp adama ýetýän mähelläniň içinde gabawa düşendigiňize gaty giç düşünseňiz, howa ýoluňyzy goramak we çykalgaňyzy goramak üçin bu biomehaniki diri galmak usullaryny ýerine ýetiriň.

1. Boksçynyň pozisiýasyna gulplaň we aýagyňyzy gysyň¶

Köpçüligiň ezilmeginde esasy mehaniki maksadyňyz, daşarky güýçleri sternumdan we aşaky gapyrgalardan uzaklaşdyrmakdyr.

• Iki eliňizi derrew ýakanyňyzyň we eňegiňiziň öňüne getiriň.
• Barmaklaryňyzy gulplaň ýa-da ýumruklaryňyzy berk ýapyň we tirsegiňizi birneme öňe we daşa tutup, döşüňiziň öňünde gaty üçburç bamper emele getiriň.
• Bir aýagyňyzy 15-20 santimetr (6-8 dýuým) beýlekisinden öňe goýuň, dyzlaryňyz birneme açylýar. Bu ýeňil atletika, öňüňizden, arkaňyzdan ýa-da gapdallaryňyzdan itekleriňizi bir-biriňize gysmazdan siňdirmäge mümkinçilik berýär.
• Aýakgabyňyzyň dantelleri bar bolsa we baglanmadyk bolsa, olary baglaň; aýakgap daňmak ýa-da taşlanan zady almak üçin hiç haçan egilmäň.

2. Okeanyň ýarylýan tokyndan gaçmak ýaly diagonally hereket ediň¶

Swimüzüjiniň çalt okeanyň ýarylýan akymyna garşy göni kenara ýüzüp bilmeýşi ýaly, pyýada köçede ýa-da sahna çykýan 500 adama göni yza çekilip bilinmez.

• ** Yza gaýdyp gelmek üçin garaşyň **: Köpçülikleýin tolkunlar 5-15 sekunt dowam edýän ritmiki sikllerde hereket edýärler, tolkun bir päsgelçilikden yza gaýdyp ýa-da dargap barýarka gysga 3-5 sekunt dynç alyş tapgyryny dowam etdirýärler.
• ** Düwürtik wagtynda 45 dereje gyrada ädim ädiň **: Tolkun hereket edýärkä, ünsüňiziň 100 göterimini tolkun ugruna kiçijik, üýtgeşik ädimler ätmäge gönükdiriň, şonuň üçin aýaklaryňyz köpçülik merkeziňiziň aşagynda galar. Tolkun dessine saklanýar, iň ýakyn gyrasyna, gapdal geçelgesine ýa-da açyk perimetre diagonally ädim ätýär.
• ** Akkordeon boşluklaryny ulanyň **: Her gezek tolkun yza çekilende, 20-30 santimetr (8-12 dýuým) kiçijik boşluklar eginleriň arasynda wagtlaýyn açylýar. Köpçüligiň daşarky araçägine ýetýänçäňiz şol boşluklara bir ädim süýşüriň.

3. Gapdal çykyşlar petiklenen bolsa, dik gaçmagy gözläň¶

Eger dar seýilgähde, ýerasty stansiýada ýa-da iki tarapy hem berk diwarlar bilen möhürlenen goragly howluda galan bolsaňyz:

• Ses we yşyklandyryş diňleri, beton ekýänler, duralgaly ulaglar, berk stollar, skaf platformalary ýa-da pes diwar ýaly ýokary çykyp, ýokary çykyp boljak berk gurluşlary gözläň.
• Hiç haçan köpelýän mähelläniň we berk kerpiç diwaryň, aýna dükanynyň ýa-da demir gulpynyň arasynda tekizlenmegine ýol bermäň. Eger diwara iteklenýän bolsaňyz, diwaryň üstünde bir çukura tarap işläň ýa-da gapdal göwresiň gysylmagy has pes bolan bel beýikliginden ýokary galdyryň.

4. Özara ýaşamak: ýakyn goňşularyňyzy durnuklaşdyryň¶

Dykyz mähelläniň içinde siziň diri galmagyňyz egniňize degýän adamlar bilen mehaniki taýdan baglanyşyklydyr. Öňüňizdäki ýa-da ýanyňyzdaky adam ýere gaçsa, bedeni boşluk we sekuntyň içinde sizi çekjek päsgelçilik döredýär.

• Gysgaça, size garşy basylan adamlar bilen arkaýyn gürleşiň: * "Bile dik duruň", * * "Indi ýaraglan", * * "Öňe gitmäň" * ýa-da * "stepuwaş-ýuwaşdan ädim ätiň." *
• Nextanyňyzda kimdir biri büdrese ýa-da huşsuz bolup başlasa, tirsegiňizi goltugynyň aşagyna gysyň ýa-da aýaklarynda dik durmak üçin derrew ýokarky egninden gysyň.
• Bir bökdençligiň arkasyndaky adamlar öň tarapyň petiklenendigini ýa-da adamlaryň ýykylandygyny görüp bilmeýändikleri üçin öňe tarap öňe gidýän bolsalar, töweregiňizdäki adamlary bir ýere jemläp, * "iteklemegi bes ediň, yza gaýdyň" * ýokary göterilen platformalarda howpsuzlyk kameralaryna we görüjilere wizual duýduryş bermek üçin bir eliňizi ýokary galdyryň.

Çagalary, uly ýaşlylary we maýyplar üçin oturgyç ulanyjylaryny goramak¶

Gowşak adamlar ýokary dykyzlykly şertlerde deňsiz-taýsyz howp bilen ýüzbe-ýüz bolýarlar we mähelläniň gysylmagyndan öň işjeň pozisiýany talap edýärler.

1. ** Çagalar we bäbekler **:
   • Çaga gezelençini ýa-da pramany her inedördül metrde (10,76 inedördül metr) 3 adamdan köp bolan mähellä iteklemäň; gezelençler aňsatlyk bilen ezilýär ýa-da gysylýar we pyýada hereketini bökdeýär. Diňe pes dykyzlykly ýerlerde öňden gurlan çaga göterijisini ulanyň we adamlar ýakyn basyp başlasa derrew çykyň.
   • Dykyzlygy her inedördül metrde 4 adama ýetmezden ozal ýaş çagalary egniňize göteriň, şonuň üçin kelleleri we döşleri gysyş zonasynyň üstünde galar.
   • Jübi telefon belgiňizi haýsydyr bir uly stadiona, festiwala ýa-da parada girmezden ozal biliňizdäki hemişelik suw geçirmeýän bellikde halkara jaň kody bilen ýazyň we märekäniň arasynda biri-biriňizi görmek üçin toparyňyzy neon ýa-da ýokary görünýän şlýapalar bilen geýiň.
2. ** Tigirli oturgyç ulanyjylary we hereket gurallary bolan adamlar **:
   • Gurluşyk garawullary tarapyndan umumy kabul edilýän ýerlerden fiziki taýdan bölünen we ýörite howpsuzlyk dolandyryjylary bilen işleýän kesgitlenen ýokary derejeli elýeterli platformalaryň içinde galyň.
   • Eger märekäniň köpelmegi açyk köçä ýa-da meýdança ýakynlaşsa, giň beton gurluşyk sütüni, park edilen gyssagly ulag ýa-da esasy pyýada akymynyň kanalynda däl-de, açyk dükanyň girelgesinde uly, gozgalmaýan buferiň arkasynda maýyplar oturgyjyny ýerleşdiriň.

Gaçmakdan soňky üçburçluk we lukmançylyk çäresi¶

Ezilen zonadan açyk koridora, sahna çukuryna ýa-da köçä çykanyňyzdan soň, ikinji derejeli howplardan saplanmak we agyr ýitgi çekmek üçin gyssagly çäre görüň.

1. Çykyş perronyny derrew arassalaň¶

Do not stop to catch your breath, check your phone, or hug friends right outside the doorway, tunnel mouth, or barrier gate where you escaped. Stopping within 10 meters (33 feet) of an exit creates a human dam that blocks the hundreds of people still trying to escape behind you. Walk at least 30 to 50 meters (100 to 165 feet) away from the bottleneck into a wide open space before stopping.

2. Call emergency services and report a mass-casualty crowd crush¶

Call your local emergency number (911 in the United States and Canada, 112 across the European Union, 999 in the United Kingdom, or see our gyssagly kömek belgileri directory). Speak clearly and use exact clinical keywords so dispatchers deploy mass-casualty medical units rather than routine crowd-control police:

• State the exact sub-location: "We are at the North Tunnel exit of Gate B at [Venue Name], not the main entrance."
• Describe the mechanism: "There is an active crowd crush and pileup. Dozens of people are trapped, unable to breathe, and going into cardiac arrest from asphyxia."
• Request immediate stoppage of the event: Ask police and venue security to halt the music or sporting match, turn on full house lights, and broadcast an announcement instructing the back of the crowd to step backward slowly.

3. Perform CPR with rescue breaths for asphyxial cardiac arrest¶

Victims pulled unresponsive and pulseless from a crowd crush are suffering from hypoxic (asphyxial) cardiac arrest, not sudden electrical heart arrhythmias alone. Their blood and tissues are completely depleted of oxygen.

• Check responsiveness and normal breathing for no more than 10 seconds (ignore occasional gasping or agonal breaths, which are signs of cardiac arrest).
• Start CPR immediately on a firm, flat surface: push hard and fast in the center of the chest at a rate of 100 to 120 compressions per minute and a depth of 5 to 6 centimeters (2 to 2.4 inches) for adults.
• Include rescue breaths if trained: According to resuscitation guidelines from the American Heart Association (United States), the European Resuscitation Council, and the Resuscitation Council UK (United Kingdom), victims of asphyxial arrest (such as drowning or crowd crush) benefit critically from the 30 compressions to 2 rescue breaths cycle to replenish oxygen in the lungs. If you are untrained or unable to give breaths, perform continuous hands-only chest compressions without interruption until paramedics take over.
• If a victim is unconscious but breathing normally, roll them onto their side into the recovery position to keep their airway clear of vomit and monitor their breathing continuously.

4. Monitor survivors for crush syndrome and internal trauma¶

Even if you or a companion walked away from a crowd crush on your own feet, seek immediate hospital evaluation if you experience any of the following symptoms:

• Prolonged limb compression (over 15 minutes): If your legs, hips, or torso were pinned under bodies for more than 15 minutes, damaged muscle cells release potassium, myoglobin, and lactic acid into the bloodstream once pressure is relieved. This condition, known as rhabdomyolysis and crush syndrome, can trigger sudden hyperkalemic cardiac arrest or acute kidney failure hours after rescue (see our crush injury and compartment syndrome guide).
• Shortness of breath, coughing up blood, or sharp chest pain: Severe thoracic compression can cause multiple rib fractures, a collapsed lung (pneumothorax), pulmonary contusions (bruised lungs), or cardiac contusion.
• Facial pinpoint red spots (petechiae), bloodshot eyes, or visual changes: Tiny burst capillaries across the face, neck, and eyes indicate that your upper body experienced severe venous hypertension from traumatic asphyxia and requires a full neurological and respiratory check.
• Severe abdominal pain or dizziness: Blunt compression of the abdomen can rupture the spleen or liver, leading to concealed internal bleeding.

Recommended first aid training¶

Because survival in a crowd crush depends on rapid recognition of asphyxial cardiac arrest and immediate resuscitation, consider taking a certified, hands-on CPR and first aid course through your national Red Cross or Red Crescent society, St John Ambulance (in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada), the American Heart Association (in the United States), or a local accredited emergency medical training provider.

Freygy-ýygydan berilýän soraglar¶

Çeşmeler barlandy¶

• ** Beýik Britaniýanyň Saglyk we Howpsuzlyk Executiveerine ýetiriji guramasy (HSE, Beýik Britaniýa) **: * Çäräniň howpsuzlygy boýunça gollanma: Aýdym-saz we şuňa meňzeş wakalarda saglyk, howpsuzlyk we abadançylyk boýunça gollanma (HSG195 / Gyrmyzy gollanma) * we * Köpçüligi howpsuz dolandyrmak (HSG154) * pyýada akymynyň tizligi, päsgelçilik dizaýny we köpçüligiň dykyzlygy çäkleri.
• ** Sport meýdançalarynyň howpsuzlygy edarasy (SGSA, Beýik Britaniýa) **: * Sport meýdançalarynda howpsuzlyk boýunça gollanma (Greenaşyl gollanma) * duran eýwan kuwwaty, gusmak çykyş hasaplamalary we köpçüligiň ýykylmagynyň öňüni almak.
• ** Fireangyndan goramak boýunça milli birleşme (NFPA, Amerikanyň Birleşen Ştatlary) **: * NFPA 101: Durmuş howpsuzlygy kody * we * NFPA 102: Oturylýan ýük faktorlary we egress giňlikleriniň serişdeleri boýunça stendler, bukulýan we teleskopiki oturgyçlar, çadyrlar we membrana gurluşlary üçin standart.
• ** Bütindünýä saglygy goraýyş guramasy (BSGG, Halkara) **: * Köpçülikleýin ýygnanyşyklar üçin jemgyýetçilik saglygy: Köpçülikleýin heläkçilige taýýarlyk, köpçülikleýin epidemiologiýa we uly çärelere gyssagly lukmançylyk kömegi barada esasy pikirler.
• ** Amerikan ýürek birleşigi (AHA, Amerikanyň Birleşen Ştatlary) we Europeanewropanyň Reanimasiýa Geňeşi (ERC, Europeewropa) **: asfiksi ýürek tutgaýlaryny we trawmatiki reanimasiýany dolandyrmak boýunça ýürek-öýken reanimasiýasy we gyssagly ýürek-damar bejergisi boýunça görkezmeler.
• ** Adatdan daşary ýagdaýlary dolandyrmak boýunça federal agentlik (FEMA, ABŞ) **: * Jemgyýetçilik howpsuzlygy edaralary üçin gyssagly çäreleri meýilleşdirmek * päsgelçilikleri azaltmak we mähelläni dolandyrmak boýunça.

Degişli gollanmalar¶

• Injuryaralanmak we bölüm sindromy ilkinji kömek
• CPR we AED ädimme-ädim gollanma
• Işjeň atyjy we köpçülikleýin meýdança hüjüm etmek
• Gra civildan tolgunyşyklary, protestler we göz ýaşardyjy gaz howpsuzlygy
• Countryurt boýunça gyssagly kömek belgileri