Isixuku sichoboza, siyakhuphuka, futhi sisinde ngokunyathelana¶

Isixuku esibulalayo sokuchoboza noma ukwanda kwabantu singakhula emizuzwini embalwa emakhonsathini, ezinkundleni zemidlalo, ohambweni lwezenkolo, kuma-nightclub, nasemikhosini yasemgwaqweni lapho abantu abaningi beboshelwe endaweni evalekile noma evinjweni. Ukubona ukuminyana kwesixuku okukhuphukayo kusenesikhathi, ukuthatha ukuma kwesibhakela esivikelayo ukuze ugade ubambo lwakho, nokunyakaza ngokuhambisana nokugeleza kwesixuku ubheke kumngcele kuyizihluthulelo zokusinda ekuqubukeni kwesixuku.

Yenza lokhu manje¶

Uma ungaphakathi kwesixuku esiminyene futhi uzwa abantu becindezela ngokuqinile umzimba wakho besuka ezindleleni eziningi:

1. Suka ngokushesha lapho kuvela uphawu lokuqala lwengcindezi engakhululekile: Uma amahlombe akho nomzimba wakho ugudla abantu nhlangothi zozine futhi ungakwazi ukuhambisa izingalo ngokukhululeka, ungalindi ukuthi kuqale ikhonsathi noma ukuthi kuphele umgoqo. Jikela futhi usebenze indlela yakho emaceleni ubheke emaphethelweni angaphandle ngokushesha ngaphambi kokuba ukuminyana kudlule abantu aba-5 ngemitha-skwele ngayinye (10.7 square feet).
2. Hlala umile ezinyaweni zakho ngazo zonke izindlela: Gcina amadolo akho egobile kancane nezinyawo zakho zihlukene ngobubanzi bamahlombe, unyakazisa ngonyawo olulodwa ukuya phambili kancane, ukuze wehlise isikhungo sakho samandla adonsela phansi. Ungalokothi ugobe ukuze ucoshe ifoni ewisiwe, isicathulo, noma isikhwama, ngoba ingcindezi yangemuva yemizimba esixukwini esiminyene izokuvimbela ukuthi uphakame.
3. Sebenzisa ukuma kwesibhakela ukuze uvikele indawo yakho yokuphefumula: Phakamisa izingalo zombili phambi kwesifuba sakho njengomshayisibhakela, usonge izingalo zakho zangaphambili zivundlile ezimbanjeni zakho futhi ubambe izindololwane zakho kancane ziphume ngamasentimitha ayi-10 kuya kwangu-15 (amayintshi angu-4 kuya kwangu-6) phambi komzimba wakho. Lolu hlaka lohlaka lwamathambo oluqinile lugcina iphakethe lesikhala ukuze i-ribcage yakho ne-diaphragm kukhule ukuze kungene umoya.
4. Hambisa idayagonali ngokugeleza kokuqhuma, ungalokothi uphikisane nakho: Uma igagasi elishisayo ligeleza esixukwini esigcwele phama, lisebenzisa izinkulungwane zama-Newtons zamandla afana ne-hydraulic. Ungaqinisi igagasi noma uhlehle emuva ngokumelene namagagasi; thatha izinyathelo ezincane ngokuhlinza ukuze ugcine ibhalansi yakho, bese unyathela nge-diagonally ku-engeli engama-degree angu-45 ukuya ku-perimeter yesokunxele noma yesokudla phakathi nokuthula okufushane phakathi kwamagagasi.
5. Yonga umoya-mpilo futhi ungamemezi: Ukuklabalasa kukhiphe umoya osalayo ngaphakathi kwamaphaphu akho, kwenza kube nzima ukunweba kabusha isifuba sakho ngaphansi kokucindezelwa, futhi kubangele ukwethuka okuthathelwanayo. Phefumula kancane futhi ngamabomu ngekhala lakho noma izindebe ezicijile noma nini lapho ingcindezi ikhululeka kancane phakathi kokuhlinza.
6. Uma uwiswa phansi, zigoqe ube yibhola le-fetal eseceleni eliqinile ngokushesha: Uma uwa futhi ungakwazi ukuphinde uphakame, ungalokothi ulale ubheke phansi ngomhlane noma ngesisu lapho isisindo esifubeni sizokuminyanisa. Jikela ohlangothini lwakho ngokushesha, donsa amadolo akho ngokuqinile ufike esifubeni sakho ukuze uvikele izitho zakho zesisu, futhi uhlanganise izandla zakho phezu kwekhanda lakho nasentanyeni ngenkathi ugcine izingalo zakho ziboshwe phambi kobuso bakho nezimbambo.

flowchart TD
    Start["Ukungena noma Ukuma Esixukwini Esiminyene"] --> Density{"1. Ungakwazi Ukuhamba Ngokukhululeka Ngaphandle Kokuthinta Zonke Izinhlangothi?"}
    Density -->|Yes: Under 4 People per Sq Meter| Watch["Thola Ukuphuma Okubili, Gwema Izithiyo Ezise-Dead-End kanye ne-Stairwell Bottlenecks"]
    Density -->|No: 5+ People per Sq Meter| Boxer["2. I-Adopt Boxer Stance: Izingalo Phezulu Idala 10 kuya ku-15 cm Isikhala Sesifuba"]
    Boxer --> Surge["3. Hambisa Ngegagasi Ukuze Uhlale Uqondile: Ungalokothi Ugobe Ukuze Uthole Izinto Eziwisiwe"]
    Surge --> Diagonal["4. Isinyathelo Nge-Diagonally kuma-Degree angu-45 Phakathi Kwamagagasi Ubheke Kumjikelezo Wangaphandle"]
    Diagonal --> FallCheck{"5. Ingabe Ulahlekelwe Unyawo Lwakho Nokuwa?"}
    FallCheck -->|No: Still Standing| Escape["Finyelela kuthango lwe-Perimeter, i-Side Aisle, noma i-Stage Security Barrier"]
    FallCheck -->|Yes: Knocked to Ground| Fetal["Curl Ngokuqinile Ehlangothini Lakho Esimeni Sengane: Vikela Isifuba Nekhanda"]

Ukuqonda imingcele yokuminyana kwabantu kanye nokuguquguquka koketshezi¶

Ososayensi bokuphepha kwesixuku, okuhlanganisa nabacwaningi Okubhekiselwe kubo yi-United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive (HSE) kokuthi The Event Safety Guide (HSG195) kanye ne-National Fire Protection Association (NFPA 101 Life Safety Code in the United States), bahlukanisa ubungozi besixuku ngokubala inani labantu abami phakathi kwemitha-skwele elingu-1 (10.76 square feet), indawo ecishe ilingane nesitebele esivamile. Uma ukuminyana sekudlule abantu aba-5 ngemitha-skwele ngayinye (amafidi-skwele angu-10.76), isixuku siyayeka ukuziphatha njengeqembu labantu abazimele bese siqala ukuthobela imithetho ye-pressurized fluid dynamics.

Ukugeleza kwe-laminar kwehla kanjani kube amagagasi okuma nokuhamba kanye nesiyaluyalu sesixuku¶

Kubunjiniyela babahamba ngezinyawo, ukunyakaza kwezixuku kushintsha ngezindlela ezintathu ezihlukene zomzimba njengoba ukuminyana kuyanda:

1. Ukugeleza kwe-Laminar (okubushelelezi): Lapho kuminyene ngaphansi kwabantu abangu-3 ngemitha-skwele ngayinye (amafidi-skwele angu-10.76), abahamba ngezinyawo bahamba kahle bezungeza izithiyo futhi balungise isivinini sabo ngokuzithandela. Uma umuntu oyedwa ema, abanye bayamzungeza ngaphandle kokudlulisa umfutho.
2. Amagagasi oma bese uhamba: Phakathi kwabantu abangu-4 nabangu-5 ngemitha-skwele ngayinye (amafidi-skwele angu-10.76), ukuya phambili emhubheni noma emhubheni kuphuka abe amagagasi okucindezela ama-longitudinal. Abantu abangemuva bayaqhubeka nokuya phambili ngaphambi kokubona ukuthi ingaphambili lolayini limile, becindezela phakathi nesixuku njenge-accordion.
3. Isiyaluyalu sesixuku (ukuzamazama kwesixuku): Abantu abangaphezu kuka-6 ngemitha-skwele ngayinye (amafidi-skwele angu-10.76), indawo ebonakalayo inyamalala ngokuphelele. Konke ukusunduza okuncane noma ukukhubeka kudluliselwa ngokuqondile ngethambo eliqinile nemisipha ukusuka komunye umlenze kuya komunye. Ngenxa yokuthi ama-impulses afika esuka eziqondisweni eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa, ukuphazamiseka okwakhayo kudala amagagasi othusayo azumayo, anodlame ajikijela amaqembu abantu amamitha angu-3 ukuya kwangu-5 (amafidi ayi-10 kuye kwayi-16) emaceleni ngokumelene nentando yawo. Ngisho noma kungekho muntu esixukwini owethukayo noma owenza izinto ezinolaka, i-physics egcwele yemizimba yabantu eminyene ikhiqiza amaza okucindezela abulalayo.

Kungani ukuchotshozwa kwesixuku kubulala: i-asphyxia ecindezelayo kanye nokuwa¶

Imibiko yezindaba ivamise ukusebenzisa igama elithi “stampede,” okusho ukuthi izisulu zinyathelwa ngezinyawo yisixuku esigijima ngenxa yokwethuka. Uphenyo lwezobunhloli lwezinkundla ezinkulu zenkundla, ikhonsathi, iklabhu yasebusuku, nezinhlekelele zokuhambela izindawo zokukhulekela emhlabeni wonke lubonisa ukuthi ukuhamba kwezitembu kuyivelakancane. Esikhundleni salokho, izinqubo ezintathu zemishini zibangela cishe konke ukufa nokulimala kanzima ezixukwini eziminyanisa kakhulu.

1. I-asphyxia ecindezelayo (ehlukumezayo).¶

Ukuze uhogele umoya, imisipha yakho ye-intercostal kufanele inwebise i-ribcage yakho ngaphandle futhi i-diaphragm yakho kufanele iphushele phansi emgodini wakho wesisu. Lapho isixuku sicindezela esifubeni sakho, emhlane, nasemaceleni anengcindezi enqwabelene engaphezu kuka-3,000 kuya ku-4,500 ama-Newtons (okulingana namakhilogremu angu-306 kuya kwangu-459 noma amakhilogremu angu-675 kuya kwangu-1,010 omthwalo omile), isifuba sakho siyampintsha sibe sincane kancane njalo uma ukhipha umoya.

Ngenxa yokuthi imisipha yokuphefumula yomuntu ingakwazi ukukhiqiza kuphela ama-Newtons angaba ngu-250 kuya kwangu-400 (amakhilogremu angu-25 kuya kwangu-40 noma amakhilogremu angu-55 kuya kwangu-90) wamandla okunweba angaphandle, awukwazi ukuhlehla ngokumelene nesisindo sabantu abahlanu noma abayisithupha abancike kuwe. Lapho ukhipha umoya ngamunye, amaphaphu akho ehlela ehle abe yivolumu encane uze ungasakwazi nhlobo ukuhogela. Phakathi nemizuzu emi-4 kuya kwengu-6 yokucindezelwa okukhulu kwesifuba, umuntu omile ulahlekelwa ukwazi ngenxa ye-cerebral hypoxia bese ebanjwa yi-asphyxial cardiac arrest esamile ezinyaweni zakhe. Ngokomtholampilo, izisulu ze-asphyxia ecindezelayo zivame ukuveza i-ecchymotic mask (ukushintsha umbala obomvu obumnyama kobuso, intamo, nesifuba esingaphezulu) kanye nokopha kwe-subconjunctival (ukuqhuma kwemithambo yegazi kwabamhlophe bamehlo) okubangelwa umfutho we-venous obuyela emuva lapho isifuba simpintsha ngenkathi i-glottis ivaliwe.

2. Ukucindezelwa kwe-Vena cava kanye nokushaqeka kwe-orthostatic circulatory¶

Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba kuvele ukuminza ngokuphelele, ukucindezela okukhulu okusuka ngaphambili kuya emuva esiswini nasesifubeni kucindezela i-vena cava engaphansi, umthambo omkhulu onodonga oluncane olubuyisela igazi elingenawo umoya-mpilo lisuka phansi emzimbeni liyise engxenyeni engakwesokudla yenhliziyo. Lapho ukubuya kwe-venous kwehla kungazelelwe, ukuphuma kwenhliziyo kuyehla kanye nomfutho wegazi oya ebuchosheni wehla. Izisulu zingaquleka ngenxa yokushaqeka kwe-orthostatic kanye nokuvimbelayo ngaphansi kwamasekhondi angu-60, okubangele ukuthi zixhuge futhi zishelele phansi ngaphansi kwezinyawo zabahamba ngezinyawo abazungezile uma kukhona isikhala ngaphansi kwazo.

3. Ukuwa kwesixuku okuqhubekayo (inqwaba ye-domino)¶

Lapho kuminyene khona abantu abangu-7 kuya kwabayi-9 ngemitha-skwele (10.76 square feet), abantu abasakwazi ukuma baqonde phezu kwezinyawo zabo; asekelwe ema-engeli aphakeme yimizimba ecindezelekile kuwo. Uma umuntu oyedwa ekhubeka phezu konqenqema olungalingani, isitebhisi, irempu yekhebula, noma ibhodlela eliwisiwe, kuvuleka isikhala esixukwini.

Abantu abancike ngqo kulowo muntu owile bavele balahlekelwe ukwesekwa ngokomzimba bese bephumela esikhaleni esiphezu kwabo. Phakathi kwamasekhondi angu-5 kuya kwangu-10, ukuwohloka kwendawo kusakazekela ngaphandle kuyindilinga, kudala inqwaba yemizimba ehlanganisiwe engamamitha angu-1.5 ukuya kwangu-2 (amafidi amahlanu kuya kwangu-6.5) ukuphakama kanye nabantu abayisihlanu kuya kwabayisishiyagalombili ukushona. Labo abaphansi kwenqwaba bahlushwa i-asphyxia ecindezelayo ngokushesha ngenxa yesisindo esingamakhulu amakhilogremu ngaphezu kwabo, kuyilapho abasindile imilenze yabo noma i-pelvis yabo ihlala iphiniwe isikhathi esingaphezu kwemizuzu engu-15 kuya kwengu-60 baba nokuphila okusongelayo. ukuchoboza ukulimala kanye ne-compartment syndrome.

Ukuqwashisa ngezimo zangaphambi komcimbi kanye nokuqashelwa kwengozi yendawo¶

Indlela ephephe kunazo zonke yokusinda ekucindezelekeni kwesixuku ukubona izingqinamba zesakhiwo kanye nezinkomba zokuminyana kwangaphambi kwesikhathi ngaphambi kokuba uvaleleke. Noma nini lapho ungena enkundleni yezemidlalo, inkundla yekhonsathi, isiteshi sezokuthutha esingaphansi komhlaba, inkundla yefestivali, noma imibuthano yomgwaqo eminyene, thatha imizuzwana engu-60 ukuhlola indawo yakho.

Izingibe zezakhiwo ezinobungozi obukhulu okufanele zigwenywe¶

• Izithiyo zefestivali zangaphambili ngaphandle kwepeni lomkhakha: Izindawo zokungeniswa ezivulekile ezivulekile lapho abalandeli abangamashumi ezinkulungwane bengaphushela phambili ngokuqhubekayo bebheke emgodleni wesiteji owodwa ogobile ovumela amandla asuka ngemuva kwenkundla ukuthi anqwabelene ngaphambili. Izindawo zesimanje eziphephile zisebenzisa amapeni esixuku ahlukaniswe amasegimenti (njengezithiyo eziphindwe kabili ezihlolwe ngaphansi kwemihlahlandlela yomcimbi wase-UK HSE) ahlukanisa isixuku sibe amakhomishini angawodwa anamaphasishi abanzi angemuva.
• Imigwaqo eyehlela phansi kanye nemihubhe emincane: Imigwaqo yangaphansi, indawo yokuphalaza yenkundla, nezitaladi ezitshekile zikhulisa amandla adonsela phansi. Uma isixuku sikhuphuka ngenkathi sihamba phansi ngegradiyenti ngisho nangu-5 kuya ku-10 degrees, ukukhubeka okukodwa phansi kubangela i-avalanche engenakuvinjwa yemizimba ewayo evela phezulu.
• Izinyathelo ezingaphawuliwe kanye noshintsho lokuphakama kungazelelwe: Ngisho nonqenqema olulodwa lwamasentimitha angu-15 (amayintshi angu-6) noma ukuguquka okunezinyathelo ezintathu okufihlwe ngaphakathi kwephaseji elikhanya kalufifi kuba i-triplewire eyingozi lapho abantu bepakishwe baqine kangangokuthi abakwazi ukubheka phansi ezinyaweni zabo.
• Ama-alcofa afile, iminyango evula ngaphakathi, namasango ahluthulelwe: Ungalokothi uvumele ukuthi uphushelwe emnyango onesivalo, ekhoneni eliphakathi kwezindonga ezimbili eziqinile, noma esangweni lokuphuma elivaliwe lapho ingcindezi ingenandawo yokushabalala.
• Izindawo zokuminca zezindlela ezimbili: Amabhuloho, izindledlana eziwumngcingo, noma izindlela zokuhamba zefestivali lapho isixuku esingenayo sishayisana khona nesixuku esiphumayo singagxuma sisuka kubantu abangu-3 ngemitha-skwele siye kubantu abayisi-8 ngemizuzu engaphansi kwemibili ngenxa yokuthi akukho mfudlana ongaqhubekela phambili.

Izimpawu eziyisixwayiso zangaphambi kwesikhathi zokuchotshozwa okuzayo¶

Shiya indawo ngokushesha futhi uye endaweni evulekile uma ubona noma yiziphi izimpawu ezilandelayo eziyisixwayiso:

1. Ukulahlekelwa ukubonakala kwezinyawo: Ngeke usakwazi ukubona phansi noma izicathulo zakho ngoba imizimba icindezelekile ngokuqhubekayo esifubeni nasemathangeni.
2. Ukuzulazula okungenasisekelo: Umzimba wakho unyakaza kwesokunxele, kwesokudla, noma phambili kanye nabantu abaseduze kwakho ngisho nalapho uzama ukuma unganyakazi.
3. I-Thermal spike nesimusi: Umoya ophakeme ekhanda uzwa ngokuzumayo u-5 ukuya ku-10 degrees Celsius (9 kuya ku-18 degrees Fahrenheit) ushisa, uswakeme ngendlela eqinisayo, futhi uphelelwa umoya, ngezinye izikhathi uhambisana nokufiphala okubonakalayo okukhuphuka esixukwini esimweni sezulu esipholile.
4. Ukuthula noma ukucindezeleka okunganyakazisi: Ngokuphambene nokuboniswa kwemuvi yokuklabalasa okukhulu, isixuku esifinyelela ukucindezela okubulalayo ngokuvamile sithula ngendlela esabekayo endaweni yesigameko ngenxa yokuthi abantu abanalo ivolumu eyanele yamaphaphu ukuze bamemeze, okuthathelwe indawo ukububula okuvalekile kanye nokuhefuzela okufushane.
5. Izicathulo nezingubo zishabalala ngaphansi kwezinyawo: Uzwa izinto ezithambile njengamateku alahlekile, izikhwama, namabhantshi anqwabelana endaweni egandayiwe ngaphansi kwamathe akho.

Izindlela zokusinda zesinyathelo ngesinyathelo ngesikhathi sokukhuphuka kwesixuku¶

Uma uqaphela sekwephuze kakhulu ukuthi uvaleleke phakathi kwesixuku esifinyelela abantu abangu-6 noma ngaphezulu ngemitha-skwele ngayinye (amafidi-skwele angu-10.76), sebenzisa lezi zindlela zokusinda ze-biomechanical ukuze uvikele indlela yakho yokuphefumula futhi usebenze indlela yakho yokuphuma.

1. Khiya ukuma kwebhokisi bese ugxamalaza unyawo lwakho¶

Umgomo wakho oyinhloko wokuchoboza isixuku uwukugcina amandla angaphandle ephuma ku-sternum nezimbambo ezingezansi.

• Phakamisa izandla zombili phambi kwama-collarbones kanye nesilevu ngokushesha.
• Hlanganisa iminwe yakho noma uqinise izibhakela zakho ngokuqinile, futhi ubambe izindololwane zakho kancane uye phambili nangaphandle ukuze wenze ibhampa engunxantathu eqinile phambi kwesifuba sakho.
• Misa unyawo olulodwa ngamasentimitha angu-15 ukuya kwangu-20 (amayintshi angu-6 kuya kwangu-8) ngaphambi kolunye, amadolo akho avuleke kancane. Lesi simo sokusubatha sikuvumela ukuthi ubambe ukusunduza ukusuka ngaphambili, emuva, noma emaceleni ngaphandle kokuthi izithende zakho zigundane.
• Uma izicathulo zakho zinezintambo futhi zifika zingaboshiwe, zishiye zingaboshiwe; ungalokothi uqosheme ukuze ubophe intambo yezicathulo noma ukhiphe into ewisiwe.

2. Hamba ngokudayagonali njengokubalekela i-ocean rip current¶

Njengoba nje umbhukudi engakwazi ukubhukuda aqonde emuva ogwini ngokumelene nomsinga we-ocean rip current, nomuntu ohamba ngezinyawo akakwazi ukusunduza aqonde emuva kubantu abangu-500 abehla ngomgwaqo noma bebheke esiteji.

• Linda ukuthuleka okuphindelelayo: Amaza othusayo esixuku ahamba ngemijikelezo enesigqi ethatha amasekhondi angu-5 ukuya kwangu-15, alandelwe yisigaba sokuphumula esifushane samasekhondi angu-3 kuya kwangu-5 njengoba igagasi liphindela emuva lisuka kumgoqo noma lihlakazeka.
• Nyathela ubheke eceleni kumadigri angu-45 ngesikhathi sokuzola: Ngenkathi igagasi lihamba, gxila kumaphesenti angu-100 wokugxila kwakho ekuthatheni izinyathelo ezincane, ezishovayo eziqondiswe kumagagasi ukuze izinyawo zakho zihlale ngqo ngaphansi kwesikhungo sakho sobuningi. Ngokuphazima kweso igagasi lima isikhashana, nyathela ngokudayagonali uye ngaseceleni konqenqema oluseduze, indawo engemuva, noma umjikelezo ovulekile.
• Sebenzisa izikhala ze-accordion: Ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho igagasi lihlehla, amagebe amancane angama-20-to-30-centimeter (8-to-12-inch) avuleka okwesikhashana phakathi kwamahlombe. Shelelelela emaceleni kulezo zikhala isinyathelo esisodwa ngesikhathi uze ufike emngceleni ongaphandle wesixuku.

3. Funa ukubalekela okume mpo uma ukuphuma kwezinhlangothi kuvinjiwe¶

Uma uvaleleke emhumeni omncane, esiteshini esingaphansi komhlaba, noma egcekeni elibiyelwe lapho izinhlangothi zombili zivalwe ngezindonga eziqinile:

• Bheka izakhiwo eziqinile eziphakeme ongakwazi ukukhuphukela kuzo, njengemibhoshongo yomsindo neyokukhanyisa, izitsha zokutshala zikakhonkolo, izimoto ezipakiwe, amatafula aqinile, izinkundla zezikafula, noma amaleji odonga aphansi.
• Ungalokothi uvumele ukuthi uphiniwe uphansi phakathi kwesixuku esikhuphukayo kanye nodonga lwezitini oluqinile, ngaphambili kwesitolo sengilazi, noma isango lensimbi elikhiyiwe. Uma uphushelwa odongeni, sebenzisa indlela yakho odongeni ubheke endaweni eyi-alcove noma ukhuphukele endaweni ephakeme ngaphezu kobude okhalo lapho ukucindezela kwe-torso engemuva kuphansi.

4. Ukusinda nobabili: zinzisa omakhelwane bakho abaseduze¶

Esixukwini esiminyene, ukusinda kwakho kuxhumene nabantu abathinta amahlombe akho. Uma umuntu ophambi kwakho noma eceleni kwakho ewela phansi, umzimba wakhe udala igebe kanye nesithiyo sokukhubeka esizokudonsela phansi ngemizuzwana.

• Khuluma ngokuzola ngamabinzana amafushane, amagama amathathu nabantu abacindezelwe ngokumelene nawe: "Hlalani niqondile ndawonye," "Zihlomele phezulu manje," "Ungaqhubeki uye phambili," noma "Iya kwesokunxele kancane."
• Uma othile oseduze kwakho ekhubeka noma eqala ukuquleka, faka indololwane yakho ngaphansi kwekhwapha noma ubambe ihlombe lakhe elingenhla ngokushesha ukuze umgcine emile ezinyaweni zakhe.
• Uma abantu abangemuva kwebhodlela bephushela phambili ngoba bengaboni ukuthi ingaphambili livimbekile noma abantu bawile, hlela abantu abaseduze kwakho ukuthi bacule ngazwi linye, "Yeka ukusunduza, buyela emuva" kuyilapho uphakamisa isandla esisodwa siqonde phezulu ukuze ubonise ukucindezeleka kumakhamera okuphepha nezibonisi ezinkundleni eziphakeme.

Ukuvikela izingane, abadala abadala, nabasebenzisa izihlalo zabakhubazekile¶

Abantu abasengcupheni babhekana nengozi engalingani ezindaweni eziminyana kakhulu futhi badinga ukuma okuqinile ngaphambi kokuminyanisa isixuku.

1. Izingane nezinsana:
   • Ungalokothi uphushe isilawuli sezingane noma i-pram esixukwini esingaphezu kwabantu abangu-3 nge-square meter ngayinye (10.76 square feet); izinqola zichotshozwa kalula noma zigobe futhi zivimbe ukunyakaza kwabahamba ngezinyawo. Sebenzisa inkampani yenethiwekhi yezingane ebekwe ngaphambili kuphela ezindaweni ezingaminyana kakhulu, futhi uphume ngokushesha uma abantu beqala ukucindezela vala.
   • Phakamisa izingane ezincane emahlombe akho ngaphambi kokuthi ukuminyana kufinyelele kubantu abangu-4 ngemitha yesikwele ukuze ikhanda nesifuba sazo kuhlale ngaphezu kwendawo yokuminyanisa.
   • Bhala inombolo yakho yocingo lweselula ngekhodi yokudayela yamazwe ngamazwe kumaka angangeni manzi unomphela engalweni yengane yakho ngaphambi kokungena kunoma iyiphi inkundla enkulu, ifestiveli, noma umbukiso, futhi ugqokise iqembu lakho izigqoko ze-neon noma ezibonakala kakhulu ukuze nibonane esixukwini.
2. Abasebenzisi besihlalo esinamasondo nabantu abanezinsiza zokuhamba:
   • Hlala ngaphakathi kwezingxenyekazi ezikhethiwe zokubuka ezifinyeleleka kalula ezihlukaniswe ngokoqobo nezindawo zokuma ezivamile zokungenwa yizinsimbi zokuqapha ezihlelekile futhi ezinabasebenzi abazinikele bezokuphepha.
   • Uma isixuku esikhulu sisondela emgwaqweni ovulekile noma i-plaza, beka isihlalo sabakhubazekile ngemva kwe-buffer enkulu, enganyakazi njengensika yebhilidi elibanzi, imoto yezimo eziphuthumayo emile, noma ngaphakathi kwendawo yokungena esitolo evulekile esikhundleni sesiteshi esikhulu sabahamba ngezinyawo.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-post-scape kanye nempendulo yezokwelapha¶

Uma usugqashukile endaweni ewuphahlazekayo ungene ephasishi elivulekile, umgodi wesiteji, noma umgwaqo, thatha isinyathelo esisheshayo ukuze ugweme izingozi zesibili futhi usize abalimele ababucayi.

1. Sula iphinifa lokuphuma ngokushesha¶

Ungayeki ukuze ubambe umoya, uhlole ifoni yakho, noma ugone abangani khona kanye ngaphandle komnyango, emlonyeni wethaneli, noma isango lokuvimbela lapho ubalekele khona. Ukuma phakathi kwamamitha angu-10 (33 amafidi) ophumayo kudala idamu lomuntu elivimba amakhulu abantu abasazama ukubaleka ngemva kwakho. Hamba okungenani amamitha angama-30 kuye kwangama-50 (amafidi ayi-100 kuye kwayi-165) ukusuka ebhodleleni uye endaweni evulekile ngaphambi kokuma.

2. Shayela abezimo eziphuthumayo futhi ubike isixuku sabantu abalimala kakhulu¶

Shayela inombolo yakho yasendaweni yezimo eziphuthumayo (911 e-United States nase-Canada, 112 ngaphesheya kwe-European Union, 999 e-United Kingdom, noma ubone izinombolo eziphuthumayo umkhombandlela). Khuluma ngokucacile futhi usebenzise amagama angukhiye womtholampilo ukuze abathumeli bathumele izikhungo zezokwelapha ezilimale kakhulu kunokuba amaphoyisa alawula izixuku avamile:

• Yisho ngqo indawo encane: "Sisendleleni ephumayo eNyakatho Yemhubhe eSangweni B kokuthi [Igama Lendawo], hhayi emnyango omkhulu."
• Chaza indlela yokwenza: "Kukhona isixuku esimatasa esichoboza futhi sinqwabelane. Inqwaba yabantu ivaleleke, ayikwazi ukuphefumula, futhi ibanjwe inhliziyo ngenxa ye-asphyxia."
• Cela ukumiswa ngokushesha komcimbi: Cela amaphoyisa nabezokuphepha bendawo ukuthi bamise umculo noma umdlalo wezemidlalo, bakhanyise amalambu agcwele endlini, bese besakaza isimemezelo esiyala isixuku esingemuva ukuthi sihlehle kancane.

3. Yenza i-CPR ngokuphefumula kokuhlenga ukuboshwa kwenhliziyo ye-asphyxial¶

Izisulu ezidonswe zingasabeli futhi zingenawo umoya wokuchoboza isixuku zihlushwa hypoxic (asphyxial) ukuboshwa kwenhliziyo, hhayi ama-arrhythmias enhliziyo kagesi angazelelwe kuphela. Igazi nezicubu zabo ziphelelwa umoya-mpilo ngokuphelele.

• Hlola ukusabela nokuphefumula okuvamile imizuzwana engaphezu kweyi-10 (unganaki ukuhefuzela noma ukuphefumula kwe-agonal, okuyizimpawu zokuboshwa kwenhliziyo).
• Qala CPR ngokushesha endaweni eqinile, eyisicaba: phusha ngamandla futhi ngokushesha phakathi kwesifuba ngezinga lokucindezelwa okungu-100 kuya ku-120 ngomzuzu nokujula okungamasentimitha angu-5 kuya kwangu-6 (amayintshi angu-2 kuya kwangu-2.4) kubantu abadala.
• Bandakanya ukuphefumula kokuhlenga uma uqeqeshiwe: Ngokweziqondiso zokuvuselela eziphuma ku-American Heart Association (United States), i-European Resuscitation Council, kanye ne-Resuscitation Council UK (United Kingdom), izisulu zokuboshwa ngenxa ye-asphyxial (njengokuminza noma ukucindezelwa kwesixuku) zizuza kakhulu ekucindezelweni okungu-30 ukuya kumjikelezo wokuphefumula okungu-2 ukuze ugcwalise umoya-mpilo emaphashini. Uma ungaqeqeshiwe noma ungakwazi ukuphefumula, yenza ukuminyanisa isifuba ngokuqhubekayo ngezandla kuphela ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kuze kube yilapho abezimo eziphuthumayo bethatha izintambo.
• Uma isisulu siqulekile kodwa siphefumula ngokujwayelekile, mgingqe ohlangothini lwaso endaweni yokululama ukuze ugcine indlela yaso yokuphefumula ingenawo ukuhlanza futhi uqaphe ukuphefumula kwaso ngokuqhubekayo.

4. Gada abasindile ngenxa ye-crush syndrome kanye nokuhlukumezeka kwangaphakathi¶

Ngisho noma wena noma umngane wakho nihambe nisuka esixukwini nizinyathele ngezinyawo zenu, funa ukuhlolwa ngokushesha esibhedlela uma uba nanoma yiziphi izimpawu ezilandelayo:

• Ukucindezelwa kwemilenze isikhathi eside (ngaphezu kwemizuzu engu-15): Uma imilenze yakho, izinqulu, noma umzimba wakho bekuboshwe ngaphansi kwemizimba isikhathi esingaphezu kwamaminithi angu-15, amangqamuzana emisipha awonakele akhulula i-potassium, i-myoglobin, ne-lactic acid emgudwini wegazi uma ukucindezela sekuphelile. Lesi simo, esaziwa nge-rhabdomyolysis kanye ne-crush syndrome, singabangela ukuboshwa kwenhliziyo okungazelelwe noma ukwehluleka kwezinso ezinzima amahora ngemva kokuhlengwa (bona ukuqondisa ukulimala kanye ne-compartment syndrome).
• Ukuphefumula kanzima, ukukhwehlela igazi, noma ubuhlungu besifuba obubukhali: Ukucindezelwa kanzima kwesifuba kungabangela ukuphuka kwezimbambo eziningi, ukugoqeka kwephaphu (i-pneumothorax), ukuqubuka kwamaphaphu (amaphaphu alimele), noma ukungqubuzana kwenhliziyo.
• Ubuso obukhomba amachashaza abomvu (i-petechiae), amehlo anombala obomvu wegazi, noma izinguquko ezibonakalayo: Ama-capillaries amancane ebusweni, entanyeni, nasemehlweni abonisa ukuthi umzimba wakho ongenhla ube nomfutho wegazi ophakeme we-venous ngenxa ye-traumatic asphyxia futhi kudinga ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwemizwa nokuphefumula.
• Ubuhlungu obukhulu besisu noma isiyezi: Ukucindezelwa buthuntu kwesisu kungaqhuma ubende noma isibindi, okuholela ekopheni okufihliwe kwangaphakathi.

Ukuqeqeshwa okunconyiwe kosizo lokuqala¶

Ngenxa yokuthi ukusinda esixukwini esichotshozwayo kuncike ekubonweni ngokushesha kokuboshwa kwenhliziyo ye-asphyxial kanye nokuvuselelwa ngokushesha, cabanga ukuthatha izifundo eziqinisekisiwe, ze-CPR kanye nosizo lokuqala ngokusebenzisa umphakathi wakho kazwelonke we-Red Cross noma i-Red Crescent, i-St John Ambulance (e-United Kingdom, e-Australia, eNew Zealand, nase-Canada), i-American Heart Association (e-United States), noma ihlinzeka ngokuqeqeshwa kwezokwelapha kwendawo.

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa¶

Imithombo ihloliwe¶

• I-United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive (HSE, United Kingdom): Umhlahlandlela Wokuphepha Komcimbi: Umhlahlandlela Wezempilo, Ukuphepha Nenhlalakahle Emculweni Nezehlakalo Ezifanayo (HSG195 / The Purple Guide) kanye Nokuphatha Izixuku Ngokuphepha (HSG154) kumazinga okugeleza kwabahamba ngezinyawo, idizayini yezivimbi, kanye nemingcele yokuminyana kwesixuku.
• I-Sports Grounds Safety Authority (SGSA, United Kingdom): Umhlahlandlela Wokuphepha Ezinkundleni Zezemidlalo (I-Green Guide) mayelana nomthamo wamathala amile, izibalo zokuphuma kokuhlanza, kanye nokuvimbela ukuwa kwesixuku okuqhubekayo.
• Inhlangano Kazwelonke Yokuvikela Umlilo (i-NFPA, United States): NFPA 101: Ikhodi Yokuphepha Kokuphila kanye ne-NFPA 102: Okujwayelekile Kwama-Grandstand, Ukugoqa kanye Nezihlalo Ze-Telescopic, Amatende, Nezakhiwo Ze-Membrane ezicini zomthwalo ongaphakathi nezindlela zobubanzi bokuphuma.
• Inhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba (WHO, International): Impilo Yomphakathi Yemibuthano Yenqwaba: Okucatshangelwayo Okubalulekile mayelana nokulungela ukushona kwabantu abaningi, isifo esiwumshayabhuqe sesixuku, kanye nokuhlolwa kwezimo eziphuthumayo ezenzakalweni ezinkulu.
• I-American Heart Association (AHA, United States) kanye ne-European Resuscitation Council (ERC, Europe): Izinkombandlela Zokuvuselela I-Cardiopulmonary and Emergency Cardiovascular Care ekulawuleni ukuboshwa kwenhliziyo ye-asphyxial kanye nokuvuselela okubuhlungu.
• I-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA, United States): Imicimbi Ekhethekile Yokuhlelwa Kwezimo Eziphuthumayo Yezinkampani Zokuphepha Komphakathi ekunciphiseni ibhodlela kanye nokuphathwa kwesixuku.

Iziqondiso ezihlobene¶

• Ukulimala kwe-Crush kanye ne-compartment syndrome usizo lokuqala
• I-CPR ne-AED igayidi yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo
• Ukusinda kokuhlasela kokudubula okusebenzayo nendawo yomphakathi
• Izibhelu zomphakathi, imibhikisho, nokuphepha ngesisi esikhalisa unyembezi
• Izinombolo zesimo esiphuthumayo ngezwe