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Iqhwa Elomile kanye Ne-Nitrogen Ewuketshezi Evaleleke-Indawo Yokuphefumula: Ukusinda Kwemoto Nokupholisa

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I-Solid carbon dioxide (iqhwa elomile, ku--78.5 degrees Celsius [-109.3 degrees Fahrenheit]) ne-cryogenic i-liquid nitrogen (\(\text{LN}_2\), ku -195.8 degrees Celsius [-320.4 degrees Fahrenheit]) isetshenziswa kakhulu abathengi, ukudiliva ukudla ezibhedlela, ukudiliva ukudla, ukudiliva ezibhedlela kanye nokukhulula ukudla thumela igrosa efriziwe noma amasampula ebhayoloji, dala inkungu yephathi yasetiyetha, kanye nama-dessert aqandayo. Ngoba zombili izinto ziphenduka zisuka esigabeni esijiyile zibe igesi engabonakali, nengenaphunga njengoba zifudumala, zinwebeka ngevolumu **550-fold to 845-fold for ice dry ** kanye 696-fold for liquid nitrogen, okubeka ngisho isibandisi esincane se-styrofoam seqhwa elomile noma i-nitrogen ewuketshezi ekhipha umoya, ukulethwa kwendlu yokugezela engaphansi evalekile, ukulethwa kwendlu yokugezela engaphansi evaliwe. noma ikhebhu yekheshi idala ikamelo elibulalayo elibulalayo ngokushesha esikhala esivalekile segumbi lokuphefumula. Okubi nakakhulu, amagesi amabili abulala ngezindlela ezihluke ngokuphelele zomzimba: ukwehlisa iqhwa elomile kubangela ubuthi be-hypercapnic carbon dioxide (\(\text{CO}_2\)) (obuhlala bubulala ngisho noma i-oxygen eningi isekhona), kuyilapho i-nitrogen ewuketshezi ebilayo ibangela i-normocapnic hypoxic asphyxiation (lapho isisulu sizwa khona umoya omncane noma ukuphelelwa umoya). Uma noma ubani eba nesiyezi, ephelelwa umoya, noma equlekile eduze neqhwa elomile noma i-nitrogen ewuketshezi, shayela inombolo yakho yasendaweni yezimo eziphuthumayo ngokushesha (911 e-United States nase-Canada, 112 ngaphesheya kwe-European Union, 999 e-United Kingdom) noma uthintane nencwadi yethu izinombolo eziphuthumayo. For medical resuscitation and related gas emergencies, read our guides on i-carbon dioxide, i-ice sublimation eyomile, i-nitrogen eyi-liquid, kanye nosizo lokuqala lokuphefumula, confined space asphyxiation: manholes, silos, and tanks, futhi compressed gas cylinder valve shear, rocketing tank, and cryogenic leaks.

Yenza lokhu manje

  1. If you are driving a car or van carrying dry ice or liquid nitrogen and feel sudden shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat, headache, or dizziness, roll down ALL windows immediately, switch the dashboard A/C to Fresh Outside Air (NEVER Recirculate), pull over safely, and step out of the vehicle. Even 2.3 to 9 kilograms (5 to 20 pounds) of dry ice placed inside a closed sedan cabin or SUV cargo area (or inside a trunk that vents into the cabin through the rear parcel shelf) can push cabin \(\text{CO}_2\) concentrations past the 30,000 to 50,000 parts per million (3% to 5%) danger threshold within 15 to 40 minutes if the windows are up and the climate control is set to recirculate.
  2. If you see someone lying unconscious inside a walk-in cooler, freezer, small storage room, elevator, or closed vehicle containing dry ice or a spilled cryogenic dewar, DO NOT walk in and close the door behind you. Hold your breath, prop the walk-in cooler or vehicle doors 100 percent wide open first so cross-ventilation flushes the dense gas pocket out along the floor, and only drag the victim out if you can reach them within 5 seconds from the open doorway while holding your breath. If the room is filled with a thick white cryogenic fog from a large liquid nitrogen spill or compressed \(\text{CO}_2\) line leak, wait outside for firefighters wearing Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA).
  3. Never ride inside an elevator cab alongside a liquid nitrogen dewar, a pressurized cryogenic cylinder, or a large cart of dry ice. Send the cryogenic dewar or dry ice cart up or down the elevator unaccompanied, using lobby signs or a partner on the destination floor to receive it. If the elevator stalls between floors during a power outage while you are locked inside the small \(4\text{-cubic-meter}\) (\(140\text{-cubic-foot}\)) cab with a venting liquid nitrogen tank, the boiling nitrogen will displace the cab's oxygen below the 10-percent survival threshold in minutes.
  4. Never store dry ice inside an airtight glass jar, screw-top plastic bottle, sealed metal container, or latched airtight cooler, and never store dry ice inside a working walk-in cooler or airtight chest freezer. Because 1 kilogram (2.2 pounds) of solid dry ice sublimates into 541 liters (19.1 cubic feet) of \(\text{CO}_2\) gas, sealing dry ice inside a rigid container without a gas-relief vent builds pressures exceeding 5,000 kilopascals (725 psi), causing a violent dry-ice bomb explosion that shatters hands and eyes or blows the door off a freezer.
  5. Once an unconscious dry-ice or liquid-nitrogen victim is dragged into fresh outdoor air, check for breathing and start rescue breathing and CPR immediately. Because asphyxiation from \(\text{CO}_2\) or \(\text{N}_2\) stops breathing before the heart stops beating, immediate rescue breaths (mouth-to-mouth or bag-valve-mask with 100% oxygen) rapidly flush the displaced gas out of the alveoli and frequently restore a spontaneous pulse if started within 3 to 5 minutes.
  6. Treat any cryogenic skin or eye contact (-78.5°C dry ice or -196°C liquid nitrogen) as a deep frostbite injury, warm the frozen skin in a 37°C to 39°C (98.6°F to 102.2°F) water bath and NEVER rub the frozen tissue. Never touch dry ice with bare skin (use insulated leather or cryogenic gloves) and never swallow or serve beverages or "dragon's breath" snacks containing un-evaporated liquid nitrogen or solid dry ice fragments, which freeze and perforate the esophagus and stomach on contact.

Why Liquid Nitrogen Kills Without a Single Gasp of Breath (The Normocapnic Trap)

Human beings often assume that if they walk into a room or car with no oxygen, they will feel a choking sensation and run back outside. In human respiratory physiology, your brain cannot sense low oxygen (\(\text{O}_2\)) effectively; the overwhelming urge to breathe ("air hunger") is triggered by chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies and medulla responding to rising carbon dioxide (\(\text{CO}_2\)) and acidity in your blood. - When dry ice (\(\text{CO}_2\)) sublimates: You inhale concentrated \(\text{CO}_2\), so your blood \(\text{CO}_2\) spikes immediately. You feel violent panting, air hunger, pounding headache, and panic before losing consciousness above 7% to 10% \(\text{CO}_2\). - When liquid nitrogen (\(\text{LN}_2\)) boils: You inhale pure nitrogen gas (\(\text{N}_2\)) with little or no oxygen, while still exhaling your own body's \(\text{CO}_2\) completely normally on every breath. Because your blood \(\text{CO}_2\) never rises, you feel zero shortness of breath, zero choking, and zero warning. Even worse, inhaling two breaths of an atmosphere with less than 6% oxygen reverses the diffusion gradient in your lungs, stripping oxygen out of your pulmonary capillary blood and causing instantaneous blackout in 10 to 20 seconds.

Decision tree: dry ice and liquid nitrogen confined-space emergencies

flowchart TD
    Start["Cryogenic or Sublimating Gas Emergency: Dry Ice (CO2) or Liquid Nitrogen (LN2)"] --> Location{"Where is the exposure or spill occurring?"}

    Location -->|"1. INSIDE A MOVING OR PARKED VEHICLE: Transporting Dry Ice or LN2 Dewar"| CarAction["IMMEDIATE VEHICLE VENTILATION: 1. Roll ALL 4 windows completely down immediately 2. Switch HVAC to Fresh Outside Air (turn OFF Recirculation) and fan to MAX 3. Pull off the road, park, and exit the vehicle into fresh air 4. Move dry ice/dewar to open pickup bed or separate trunk with windows cracked"]

    Location -->|"2. WALK-IN COOLER, FREEZER, OR SMALL ROOM: Spilled Dewar or Stored Dry Ice"| RoomCheck{"Is a person collapsed inside the room?"}

    RoomCheck -->|"No: Spill or sublimating blocks only"| VentRoom["UNOCCUPIED SPILL PROTOCOL: 1. Do NOT enter the walk-in cooler or closed room 2. Prop the exterior door 100% open using a heavy wedge from outside 3. Turn on building exhaust fans and rope off the doorway 4. Wait 30+ minutes or verify O2 >= 19.5% and CO2 < 0.5% with gas meter"]

    RoomCheck -->|"Yes: Worker or bystander unconscious on floor"| RescueTriage{"Can you pull them out from the threshold in < 5 seconds?"}

    RescueTriage -->|"Yes: Victim is right at the open doorway"| FastDrag["I-THRESHOLD HOLD-BREATH EXTRICATION: 1. Umnyango we-Wedge uvuleke kakhulu ukuze ungakwazi ukushwibeka uvale ngemva kwakho 2. Thatha umoya ojulile emoyeni omusha, ubambe umoya, ubambe amaqakala/ukhololo wesisulu, bese uhudulela ngaphandle 3. Qala ukuphefumula kokuhlenga + CPR ngokushesha emoyeni omusha"]

    RescueTriage -->|"Cha: Ngaphakathi kwegumbi noma inkungu eminyene emhlophe"| CallSCBA["LINDELA I-SCBA FIRE RECUE: 1. UNGALOKOTHI ungene ekamelweni elinenkungu ye-nitrogen ngaphandle kwe-Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus 2. Isicabha sepropu sivuleke kakhulu ngaphandle futhi siqondise ifeni ephathekayo emnyango 3. Shayela ku-911 / 112 / 999 ukuze uthole isizinda se-Fire-Rescue SCBA"]

    Location -->|"3. ISIKHUMBA ESIQONDILE, ILISO, NOMA UKUNGENA OKUNGCONO: Ukuthinta Iqhwa Elomile noma Ukugwinya i-LN2"| CryoBurn["I-CRYOGENIC INJURY TRIAGE: 1. Isikhumba: Hlanza noma cwilisa isikhumba esiqandisiwe ku-37 C kuya ku-39 C (98.6 F kuya ku-102.2 F) emanzini afudumele (ungalihliki) 2. Uma iqhwa elomile/insimbi iqhwa esikhumbeni, thela amanzi ayisivivi phezu komgwaqo ukuze uwakhulule ngokushesha i-perforation triage; UNGAVUMI ukuhlanza"]

Izibalo zokwandisa igesi: kungani amakhilogremu angu-5 (amakhilogremu angu-11) eqhwa elomile ephendulela imoto ibe yindawo eyingozi

Abantu abaningi bathutha iqhwa elomile ngaphakathi kwendlu yabagibeli noma indawo ye-SUV yezimpahla zemoto yabo ngaphandle kokuqaphela ukuthi i-\(\text{CO}_2\) eqinile ishesha kangakanani iphenduka ibe igesi, noma ukuthi i-carbon dioxide iwubuthi bekhemikhali obusebenzayo iye esimisweni sezinzwa esimaphakathi, hhayi nje isichithi-moya esilula.

1. Izinga le-Sublimation kanye nokubala kwevolumu ye-cabin

  • Isilinganiso sokunweba: Ikhilogremu eyodwa (\(2.2\text{ pounds}\)) yeqhwa elomile eliqinile linevolumu ecishe ibe ngu-\(0.64\text{ litres}\), kodwa uma lifinyelela ku-\(\text{CO}_2\) gas ku-\(20°C\) (\(68°F\)) kanye nomfutho womoya, inweba ku-cubic 1 litre 54. \(\text{CO}_2\) gas (isilinganiso sokunweba esicishe sibe ngu- 845-to-1 ngevolumu).
  • Izinga le-sublimation emotweni efudumele: Ngaphakathi kwe-cooler ye-styrofoam evamile noma isikhwama sephepha esibekwe kukhabethe lemoto elingu-\(22°C\) (\(72°F\)), iqhwa elomile lishintshashintsha cishe cishe ku-1% kuya ku-3% ngehora lapho uhlezi unganyakazi, futhi kufika ku-5% kuya ku-10% ngehora lapho kuvezwe umoya ofudumele ogelezayo, ophukile noma omile. ama-pellets noma amabhlogo okupakisha u-ayisikhilimu).
  • Ikhabhinethi Yabagibeli engu-3,000-Liter: I-compact ejwayelekile noma i-midsize sedan inevolumu yomoya wangaphakathi elinganiselwa ku-*2,800 kuya ku-3,200 wamalitha (100 kuya ku-113 cubic feet)**.
  • Ukuze ukhuphule ukugxilisa kwe-\(\text{CO}_2\) kuleyo ndlu yemoto engu-3,000-litre kusuka emoyeni ovamile wangaphandle (\(0.04\%\text{ noma }400\text{ ppm}\)) kuya ku-OSHA Ngokushesha Ingozi Empilweni Noma Ezempilo (IDLH) yomkhawulo ongu-4% (40,000 litre22 kuphela we-ppm) \(\umbhalo{CO}_2\) igesi*.
  • **Amalitha angu-120 egesi engu-\(\text{CO}_2\) akhiqizwa ukufakwa kancane kancane kwamagremu angu-220 (0.48 pounds / 7.7 ounces) weqhwa elomile **
  • Uma umshayeli ebeka ibhokisi lamakhilogremu angu-10 (amakhilogremu angu-22) lama-pellets eqhwa elomile noma amabhulokhi ngaphakathi kwemoto namafasitela evaliwe futhi ideshibhodi isibandisi somoya sisethwe ukuze sithi "MAX A/C / Recirculate", amaphesenti angu-2.2 nje alelo qhwa elomile elidlula emaminithini angu-20 ukuya kwangu-30 liphusha ikhabethe lidlule u-4% $\text, kuyilapho i-sublimating 4% $\text{CO.1_0 iphusha ikhabethe lidlule 9% kuya ku-10% \(\text{CO}_2\), ukugxila okubangela ukudlidliza, ukukoma, nokufa emizuzwini (njengoba kwenzekile ekufeni kwabantu okubhaliwe okubandakanya abashayeli bokulethwa kwe-ice-cream namalungu omndeni alala noma ashayela ezimotweni ezineqhwa elomile).

2. Kungani i-trunk storage isangena endlini yabagibeli

Abashayeli abaningi bacabanga ukuthi ukubeka iqhwa elomile ngaphakathi kwe-trunk evaliwe (i-boot) ye-4-door sedan ihlukanisa ngokuphelele igesi kubagibeli ezihlalweni zangaphambili nangemuva. Onjiniyela bezimoto ze-aerodynamics baklama izimoto zabagibeli ngendlela yokuthi umoya ohlanzekile ungene ngezikhala ezingaphambili ze-cowl, ugeleze phakathi kwendlu yabagibeli, udlule ngezindawo zokungena ezingemuva zephakeji ungene esiqwini, bese uphuma ngamavalvu enjoloba e-flapper afihlwe ngemuva kobhampa ongemuva. Uma imoto ipakiwe, ingenzi lutho, noma ishayela nge-HVAC ku-Recirculate, ukwehlisa u-\(\text{CO}_2\) kucindezela i-trunk futhi isakazekele phambili ngezihlalo zangemuva ezigoqekayo zibuyela emuva ngqo endlini yabagibeli.

Ukuqhathaniswa kwe-Dry Ice (\(\text{CO}_2\)) vs Liquid Nitrogen (\(\text{LN}_2\)) vs Carbon Monoxide (\(\text{CO}\))

Igesi / Cryogen Ukubilisa / I-Sublimation Temp & I-Expansion Ratio I-Vapor Density vs Air (\(1.00\)) I-Physiological Mechanism of Death Izimpawu Zakuqala Kubantu I-Lethal Threshold
1. Iqhwa Elomile / I-Carbon Dioxide (\(\text{CO}_2\)) I-sublimates kokuthi \(-78.5°C\) (\(-109.3°F\)); inweba \(845\times\) ngevolumu (\(541\umbhalo{ L/kg}\)) \(1.52\times\) isindayo kunomoya (osinki ukuya phansi, izinyawo, nemigodi) Ubuthi be-Hypercapnic kanye ne-acidosis yokuphefumula (ubuthi ebuchosheni ku-\(\ge 5\%\) ngisho noma i-\(\text{O}_2\) isengu-\(19\%\)) Ukuhefuzela/ukulamba komoya, ukushaya kwenhliziyo okusheshayo, ukujuluka, ikhanda elibuhlungu, isiyezi, ukwethuka 4% (\(40,000\text{ ppm}\)) IDLH; 7% kuya ku-10% kubangela ukukoma nokufa emizuzwini emi-5 kuya kweyi-15
2. I-Liquid Nitrogen (\(\text{LN}_2\) / \(\text{N}_2\)) Amathumba ku- \(-195.8°C\) (\(-320.4°F\)); inweba \(696\times\) ngevolumu (\(696\umbhalo{ L/L}\)) Igesi ebandayo \(1.25\times\) isinda kunomoya (iyazika ekuqaleni); i-\(\text{N}_2\) efudumele ingu-\(0.97\times\) air I-Normocapnic hypoxic asphyxiation (ikhipha umoya-mpilo kuyilapho i-\(\text{CO}_2\) ikhishwa ngokuvamile) Izimpawu zokuxwayisa ze-ZERO (akukho ukulamba komoya noma ukuminyanisa); euphoria engazelelwe noma ukuwa ngokushesha ekuphefumuleni okungu-2 I-ambient \(\text{O}_2 < \mathbf{19.5\%}\) ayinawo umoya-mpilo; \(\text{O}_2 < \mathbf{6\%\text{ to }10\%}\) kubangela ikhoma emizuzwaneni engu-15
3. I-Carbon monoxide (\(\text{CO}\) - Injini/I-Heater Exhaust) Igesi ekamelweni lokushisa (ikhiqizwe ukushiswa kukaphethiloli okungaphelele) \(0.97\times\) air (ixutshwa ngokulinganayo kulo lonke igumbi/ikhabethe) Ibophezela i-hemoglobin ne-\(200\times\) affinity ye-\(\text{O}_2\) (carboxyhemoglobin) + ivimba i-cytochrome oxidase Ikhanda elibuhlungu langaphambili elibuhlungu, isicanucanu, ukukhathala okunjengomkhuhlane, ukudideka (kuthinta abantu abaningi/izilwane ezifuywayo ngesikhathi esisodwa) \(1,200\umbhalo{ppm}\) IDLH; \(>3,000\text{ ppm}\) fatal emaminithini angu-15 kuya kwangu-30

Indlela yokuthutha iqhwa elomile ne-nitrogen ewuketshezi ngokuphepha emotweni

Noma nini lapho kufanele uthuthe iqhwa elomile noma i-nitrogen dewar ewuketshezi ngomgwaqo, landela le mithetho eqinile yokuphepha kwegesi ecindezelwe nezinto eziyingozi (eqondaniswe ne-DOT PHMSA, Compressed Gas Association [CGA] Pamphlet P-12, kanye ne-UK HSE / BCGA CP30):

  1. Okukhethwa kukho okungcono kakhulu kwemoto: Ukuthutha iqhwa elomile noma i-nitrogen ewuketshezi ngaphakathi kombhede ovulekile weloli noma ngaphakathi kweveni yezimpahla efakwe i-partition yensimbi engangeni moya ehlukanisa indawo yezimpahla nekhebhu yomshayeli futhi efakwe umshini wokungenisa umoya ozungezayo ophahleni.
  2. Uma kufanele usebenzise imoto yomgibeli, i-SUV, noma i-minivan:
  3. Ungalokothi uthuthe i-nitrogen dewar ewuketshezi ngaphakathi kwekhabhinethi yemoto yabagibeli uma kukhona imoto yempahla etholakalayo; uma uphoqeleka esimeni esiphuthumayo, vikela i-dewar iqonde ngamabhande/amabhande ukuze ingakwazi ukugoqa bese ilahla i-nitrogen ewuketshezi kukhaphethi waphansi ngesikhathi sokubhuleka kanzima.
  4. Gcina okungenani amafasitela amabili (elilodwa elingaphambili, elinye eliphambene ngemuva) egoqwe phansi okungenani amasentimitha angu-5 (amayintshi angu-2) kulo lonke uhambo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imvula noma isimo sezulu sibanda.
  5. Setha isilawuli sezulu semoto sithi OKUSHA NGAPHANDLE (khubaza inkinobho ethi Recirculate) bese usetha isiphephetha-moya sibe Simaphakathi noma Phezulu ukuze umoya opholile ongaphandle uguquguquke ngokuqhubekayo ukusuka ngaphambili ukuya emuva.
  6. Ungalokothi uhlale ngaphakathi kwemoto emile, enganyakazi equkethe iqhwa elomile noma i-nitrogen ewuketshezi, ngisho imizuzu emi-5 ngenkathi ulindile endaweni yokupaka.
  7. Lapho ufika endaweni oya kuyo: Vula yonke iminyango yemoto futhi uvumele i-trunk/indawo yempahla ukuba iphume umoya imizuzwana engama-60 ngaphambi kokuba uncikise ikhanda lakho emthonjeni ojulile wempahla ukuze ukhiphe isipholile esisindayo.

Ama-coolers angena ngaphakathi, amafriji angaphansi, kanye nokuchitheka kwe-cryogenic kwaselabhorethri

Iziqandisi zezindawo zokudlela ezihamba phakathi, izikhiye zenyama yezitolo ezinkulu, amagumbi abandayo asesibhedlela, kanye nezitsha zokuvutshelwa kwesitolo sotshwala amabhokisi avalelwe avalwa komoya angangeni moya. Lapho ugesi unqamuka esitolo sokudla noma segrosa, abaphathi bavame ukuthenga amakhilogremu angu-50 kuya kwangu-200 (amakhilogremu angu-110 kuya kwangu-440) eqhwa elomile futhi bawapakishe emashalofini angaphakathi kwendawo epholile evalekile ukuze bangadli.

1. I-Walk-In Cooler Death Trap

  • I-cooler ejwayelekile engu-\(2.4\text{-by-}3.0\text{-by-}2.4\text{-meter}\) (\(8\text{-by-}10\text{-by-}8\text{-foot}\)) i-walk-in cooler inevolumu yangaphakathi engu- 17,280 litres (640 cubic feet) futhi inezifeni* ezisusa umoya omusha* umoya ovaliwe ngaphakathi kwebhokisi).
  • Ukubeka amakhilogremu angu-25 (amakhilogremu angu-55) eqhwa elomile ngaphakathi kwalelo gumbi elipholile elivalekile lokungena ebusuku kukhiqiza 13,500 amalitha we-\(\text{CO}_2\) gas ehlanzekile, okuphendulela indawo epholile engamamitha angu-1.5 (amafidi angu-5) epholile okungena kuyo kube **50% kuya ku-70% \(\text{CO}_2\) gas{CO}_2$.
  • Ngakusasa ekuseni, isisebenzi sivula umnyango osindayo wokungena, singene ngaphakathi ukuze sithathe ithreyi lokudla, sivumele umnyango olayishwe entwasahlobo uchofoze uvale ngemva kwawo, sihogele imimoya emibili engu-50% \(\text{CO}_2\), bese siwela phansi, lapho ukugxiliswa kwe-\(\text{CO}_2\) kuphakeme kakhulu, kufa phakathi nemizuzu engu-3 ngaphandle uma othile ongaphandle ekubona.

2. Iphrothokholi Yokuphepha Eyisibopho Yokusebenzisa Iqhwa Elomile kuma-Walk-In Coolers noma Iziqandisi:

  1. Beka INGOZI enkulu, ebonakala phezulu - I-ICE EYOMILE (\(\text{CO}_2\)) I-ASPHYXIATION HAZARD - UNGANGENA NGAPHANDLE KOKUPHOLISA OKUPHEZULU uphawu oluqoshwe ngokuqondile esibambo somnyango ongaphandle kanye ne-latch yanoma iyiphi indawo epholile engena ngaphakathi noma igumbi elineqhwa elomile.
  2. Ungalokothi ufake indawo epholile engena endlini ebambe iqhwa eyomile ngobusuku obubodwa kuze kube yilapho usuvule umnyango omkhulu ngamaphesenti angu-100 ububanzi obunoweji esindayo futhi uvuthele umoya omusha ngaphakathi ngesiphephetha-moya sebhokisi okungenani imizuzu engu-15 ukuya kwangu-20.
  3. Ungalokothi uvumele umnyango olayishwe intwasahlobo we-cooler-in ukuthi uvale ngenkathi ungaphakathi uma noma yiliphi iqhwa elomile, i-nitrogen ewuketshezi, noma amasilinda omthombo we- \(\text{CO}_2\)$ kabhiya/i-soda agcinwe ngaphakathi kwebhokisi.
  4. Hlola ingaphakathi elikhazimulayo le-Emergency Door Release Plunger ngaphambi kokusebenzisa noma iyiphi indawo epholile yokungena ukuze uphushe i-latch ivuleke ngaphakathi ngisho nasebumnyameni obuphelele.

Kungani 'Amabhomu Eqhwa Eyomile' Nezipholile Ezivaliwe Ziqhuma Njengamabhomu Esandla

Ngenxa yokuthi iqhwa elomile lihlala linyakaza njalo noma nini lapho elizungezile lishisa ngaphezu kuka-\(-78.5°C\) (\(-109.3°F\)), libeka iqhwa elomile ngaphakathi noma yisiphi isiqukathi esivalekile, esingavalekile kubangela ukuqhuma kwengcindezi yokushintsha kwesigaba (BLEVE - Uketshezi Olubilayo / Ukuqhuma Okuqinile Kokunwebeka Kwevapor). - Amabhodlela e-soda yepulasitiki nezimbiza zengilazi: Ukufaka iqhwa elomile ebhodleleni le-screw-top 2-litre polyethylene terephthalate (PET) noma ibhodlela lengilazi lomashi kwakha ama-kilopascal angu-1,000 kuya ku-2,000 (150 kuya ku-300 psi) ngemizuzu, ligqabhuka ngokushaqeka kwamagagasi angaphezu kuka-160 nokuwohloka komunwe. ubumpumputhe be-glass shrapnel. - Ama-coolers we-rotomolded rotomolded camping cooler (isitayela se-Yeti/RTIC): Ama-cooler e-Premium heavy-wall camping anama-gaskets ezivalo zerabha zebanga lesiqandisi kanye nama-T-latches erabha esindayo. Uma uxhuma i-cooler ene-rotomolded uvale ngokuqinile ngaphezu kwamakhilogremu angu-10 (amakhilogremu angu-22) eqhwa elomile ngaphandle kokukhulula ipulaki yokukhipha amanzi kancane noma ukushiya ama-latches angaxhumekile, ukucindezela kwegesi yangaphakathi kungakwazi ukugoba isivalo futhi kuqhumise isivalo esinzima sibheke phezulu ebusweni bakho lapho usivula. Njalo shiya ipulaki yokudonsa amanzi ixege kancane noma shiya izivalo zesivalo zingaxhumekile lapho ugcina iqhwa elomile endaweni epholile enegesi.

Usizo lokuqala lokushiswa kwe-cryogenic, ukunamathela kwesikhumba, kanye nokungeniswa kwe-nitrogen eyiketshezi

1. Isikhumba esicryogenic nokuthinta amehlo (-78.5°C Iqhwa Elomile noma -196°C Liquid Nitrogen)

  • Kungani i-nitrogen ewuketshezi igxaza esikhumbeni (I-Leidenfrost Effect), futhi kungani izingubo ezimanzi ziyinhlekelele: Lapho amaconsi ambalwa ka-\(-196°C\) (\(-320°F\)) i-nitrogen enguketshezi echaphazeka esikhumbeni esingenalutho, esifudumele, esomile, amaconsi oketshezi abilisa ngaso leso sikhathi ekuthinteni umhwamuko we-nitrogen, enze umhwamuko owuketshezi. (umphumela we-Leidenfrost) ovikela isikhumba isekhondi elingu-1 ukuya kwangu-2 njengoba amaconsi egeleza ngokungenabungozi. Kodwa-ke, uma i-nitrogen ewuketshezi isakazeka ezingutsheni zikakotini, ezicathulweni zekhanvasi, amabhande wokubuka, noma ngaphakathi kwekhafu yegilavu ​​yokuphepha, indwangu imunca futhi ibambe i-nitrogen ewuketshezi ibhekise esikhumbeni imizuzwana eyi-10 kuye kwengama-60, iqhwaze isikhumba, amafutha angaphansi kwesikhumba, kanye nemisipha eqinile ethanjeni.
  • Isinyathelo ngesinyathelo Cryogenic Burn First Aid:
  • Uma i-nitrogen ewuketshezi icwile kugilavu, isokisi, noma umkhono: Khipha ingubo exegayo ngokushesha uma ingakaqandi esikhumbeni. Uma ingubo noma ucezu lweqhwa elomile/insimbi ebandayo luqine luqine esikhumbeni, UNGAKUdonsi noma lukuklebhule lome, uluklebhule lususe yonke i-epidermis eqandisiwe. Kunalokho, thela amanzi kampompi afudumele (\(37°C\text{ to }39°C\) [\(98.6°F\text{ to }102.2°F\)]) phezu kwento ebambekile kuze kuncibilike i-ice bond futhi ikhishwe kahle.
  • Fakamisa kabusha isikhumba esiqandisiwe ngokushesha ngo-\(37°C\umbhalo{kuya ku-}39°C\) (\(98.6°F\text{ ukuya ku-}102.2°F\)) okugeza ngamanzi okugeza imizuzu engu-15 ukuya kwangu-30 kuze kube yilapho isikhumba esiphaphathekile, esiqinile, esinenhlo siphenduka pink/sibabomvu futhi siphenduleke. Ungalokothi usebenzise amanzi ashisayo angaphezu kuka-\(42°C\) (\(108°F\)), ungalokothi usebenzise ukushisa okomile okukhazimulayo (njenge-heater yesikhala), futhi ungalokothi usihlikihle noma usibhuqe isikhumba esiqandisiwe (ukuhlikihla kugaya amakristalu eqhwa angaphakathi ngokumelene nolwelwesi lwamaseli).
  • Goqa ngokukhululekile nge-gauze eyomile oyinyumba (ubeka amaphedi e-gauze phakathi kweminwe ethintekile noma izinzwani), ungawakhiphi amabhamuza acwebile, nikeza ibuprofen ngomlomo uma uqaphela, futhi ufune usizo lwezokwelapha.
  • Uma i-nitrogen ewuketshezi iphumela emehlweni: Geza iso elivulekile ngokushesha ngamanzi ayisivivi noma usawoti oyinyumba imizuzu engu-15, vala amehlo womabili ngokukhululeka ngesichibi esiyinyumba ngaphandle kokucindezela, futhi uthole ukunakekelwa kwamehlo okuphuthumayo.

2. I-Culinary "Dragon's Breath" / I-Liquid Nitrogen Cocktail Ingestion (Gastric Barotrauma)

Amabha, imibukiso, kanye nezitolo ezintsha zika-ayisikhilimu ngezinye izikhathi zisebenzisa i-nitrogen ewuketshezi noma iqhwa elomile eliqinile ukuze zenze ama-cocktails abhemayo noma ama-cereal puff ("Dragon's Breath"). Kokubili i-US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) kanye nezikhungo zokuphepha kokudla emhlabeni wonke zixwayisa ngokuthi yonke i-nitrogen ewuketshezi neqhwa elomile eliqinile kufanele kuhwamuke ngamaphesenti angu-100 noma kunciphe NGAPHAMBI kokuba ukudla noma isiphuzo kunikezwe umthengi. - Kwenzekani uma umuntu egwinya ngisho namamililitha angu-5 kuya kwayi-10 (ithisipuni elingu-1 kuya ku-2) le-nitrogen ewuketshezi noma isiqephu seqhwa elomile: 1. Ibangela ukuqina okugcwele ngokushesha kwe-cryogenic necrosis yomlomo, pharynx, esophagus, nodonga lwesisu. 2. Ngaphakathi kwesisu esifudumele esingu-\(37°C\) (\(98.6°F\)), amamililitha angu-10 e-nitrogen ewuketshezi abilisa ngokushesha abe amalitha angu-7 (1.85 amalitha) egesi ye-nitrogen enomfutho ngokushesha kunokuba i-sphincter yommizo ingakwazi ukuyikhipha. Isisu sikhukhumala njengebhaluni futhi siyaqhuma (i-gastric barotrauma / ukubhobozwa kwesisu), ilahle igesi ne-asidi yesisu ku-peritoneal cavity (tension pneumoperitoneum), ephushela phezulu ku-diaphragm futhi ibangele ukuboshwa kokuphefumula nenhliziyo. - I-Immediate First Aid: Shayela ku-911/112/999 ngokushesha ukuze uthole ezokuthutha eziphuthumayo zokuhlinzwa. Ungalokothi ubangele ukuhlanza futhi ungaphoqeleli isiguli ukuba siphuze amanzi amaningi esiswini esinebhobho; gcina isiguli sihlezi siqondile ukuze kube lula ukuphefumula kuze kufike abezimo eziphuthumayo.

Ungalahlwa Kanjani Iqhwa Elisele Elisele Ngokuphepha Ekhaya

Ungalokothi ulahle iqhwa elomile elisele phansi komsele wasekhishini, ukulahlwa kukadoti, noma isitsha sendlu yangasese, okuqinile kuka-\(-78.5°C\) (\(-109.3°F\)) kuzomisa amanzi amile ku-PVC noma ku-cast-iron P-trap okuqinile futhi kuqhekeze amapayipi amanzi nesitsha sobumba. Ungalokothi ulahle iqhwa elomile emgqonyeni kadoti wasendlini ovaliwe noma endaweni yokulahla lapho izingane noma izilwane ezifuywayo zingalithinta. Esikhundleni salokho, beka isiqukathi esivulekile seqhwa elomile elisele ngaphandle endaweni enomoya omuhle, enomthunzi lapho izingane nezilwane ezifuywayo zingafinyeleli khona (njengompheme obiyelwe ongemuva noma indlela yokungena evulekile) futhi usivumele ukuthi sithobeke ngokwemvelo emkhathini ongaphandle amahora angu-24.

Izinombolo zezimo eziphuthumayo zesifunda kanye nezinqubomgomo ze-ejensi

  • I-United States: Shayela u-911* ngokushesha ukuze uthole noma yikuphi ukugoqa kwendawo evalekile, ubuthi bemoto \(\text{CO}_2\), noma ukungenisa i-cryogenic, futhi utshele umthumeli ngokuqondile ukuthi carbon dioxide (iqhwa elomile) noma i-liquid nitrogen asphyxiation ihilelekile ukuze izicishamlilo zilethe imonitha engu-4-gas / \(\text{CO}_2\). Ngemibuzo yokuchayeka engafaki ukuphila engozini, shayela ku-Poison Control kokuthi 1-800-222-1222. Imikhawulo yendawo yokusebenza ilawulwa yi-**OSHA (29 CFR 1910.1000: \(\text{CO}_2\) 8-hour PEL = 5,000 ppm; I-NIOSH STEL = 30,000 ppm; IDLH = 40,000 ppm [4%]; ubuncane be-oksijeni ephephile5%) = 1.
  • Canada: Shayela u-911* ukuze uthole usizo oluphuthumayo, noma 1-844-POISON-X (1-844-764-7669) ezindaweni ezinobuthi. Ukuthuthwa kweqhwa elomile ne-nitrogen ewuketshezi kulawulwa ngaphansi kokuthi I-Transport Canada TDG (Ukuthuthwa Kwezimpahla Eziyingozi: UN1845 I-Carbon Dioxide, Okuqinile; UN1977 Nitrogen, Uketshezi Oluqandisiwe).
  • United Kingdom: Shayela ku-999* noma 112. Ilawulwa Isiphathi Sezempilo Nokuphepha (HSE) (EH40 Imikhawulo Yokuchayeka Endaweni Yomsebenzi: \(\text{CO}_2\) 8-hr LTEL = 5,000 ppm, 15-min STEL = 15,000 ppm) kanye NeBritish Compressed Gases Association (BC6Bulk Gases Association BC6 Bulk2)* I-Nitrojeni, CP30 Yokusetshenziswa Ngokuphephile Kwe-Liquid Nitrogen Dewars, kanye ne-GN11 Yemikhathi Ye-Oxygen Encishisiwe).
  • I-European Union: Shayela u-112* kuwo wonke amazwe angamalungu e-EU. Ibuswa I-European Industrial Gases Association (EIGA) izindinganiso zokuphepha (EIGA Doc 44: Izingozi Zamagesi Angangeni Nokuphelelwa Umoya Oxygen kanye Ne-EIGA Doc 67: Ukuphatha Ngokuphephile Iziqukathi Ze-Carbon Dioxide Neqhwa Elomile).
  • I-Australia ne-New Zealand: Shayela u-000* e-Australia (Ulwazi Lobuthi 13 11 26) noma 111 eNew Zealand (Isikhungo Sikazwelonke Sobuthi 0800 764 766). Ilawulwa yi-Safe Work Australia kanye ne-AS 5034 (Ukufakwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamagesi angenayo okukhipha isiphuzo nama-cellars).

Imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa

Ingabe i-alamu evamile yasendlini ye-carbon monoxide (CO) uma iqhwa elomile ligcwalisa igumbi nge-carbon dioxide (CO2)?

Cha. Umtshina we-carbon monoxide ($\text{CO}$) kanye nemonitha ye-carbon dioxide ($\text{CO}_2$) amathuluzi amabili ahluke ngokuphelele anokuzwela okuphambene. Ama-alamu ajwayelekile asendlini nasemsebenzini angu-$\text{CO}$ asebenzisa iseli likaphethiloli ele-electrochemical elisabela kuphela ku-carbon monoxide ($\text{CO}$, ekushisweni kukaphethiloli noma isikhutha). Ngisho noma iqhwa elomile elishisa phansi ligcwalisa igumbi noma indawo epholile yokungena nge-10% (100,000 ppm) ebulalayo yokuhlushwa kwe-carbon dioxide ($\text{CO}_2$) noma i-nitrogen ewuketshezi ebilayo yehlisa izinga le-oxygen libe ngu-5%, umtshina ojwayelekile we-carbon monoxide uzofunda u-0 ppm futhi awusoze ukhale i-alamu. Izindawo zokudlela, izindawo ezidayisa utshwala, namalebhu kufanele kufake amamonitha anikezelwe we-infrared $\text{CO}_2$ nama-alamu okuncipha we-electrochemical Oxygen ($\text{O}_2$) afakwe kukho kokubili ukuphakama kokuphefumula kanye namasentimitha angu-30 (amayintshi angu-12) ngaphezu kwephansi.

Kungani u-8% we-carbon dioxide (CO2) ubulala ngemizuzu ngisho noma igumbi lisaqukethe umoya-mpilo ongu-19%?

Ngokungafani ne-nitrogen, i-helium, noma i-argon, okungamagesi angasebenzi ngokomzimba abangela ukulimala kuphela lapho ecindezela iphesenti le-oxygen libe ngaphansi kuka-16% kuya ku-19.5%, i-carbon dioxide ($\text{CO}_2$) iwumkhiqizo osebenzayo we-metabolic umzimba wakho okufanele uwukhiphe ngokuqhubekayo emaphashini akho ukuze ugcine igazi lakho pH liku-$7.40$. Uma umoya owuphefumulayo usuvele uqukethe u-5% kuya ku-8% $\text{CO}_2$, i-concentration gradient kuyo yonke i-alveoli iyahlehla: amaphaphu akho awasakwazi ukukhipha u-$\text{CO}_2$, futhi uhogele u-$\text{CO}_2$ uncibilika egazini ukuze kwakhe i-carbonic acid ($\text{H}_2\text{CO}). Phakathi nemizuzu, i-pH yegazi le-arterial yehla ngaphansi kokungu-$7.0$ (**i-acidosis ejulile yokuphefumula okunamandla**), okubangela ukuvaleka kobuchopho, umfutho ophakeme we-intracranial, i-cardiac arrhythmias, i-coma, nokuboshwa kokuphefumula, ngisho noma umoya wegumbi usaqukethe umoya-mpilo ongu-19%.

Ngingakwazi yini ukugqoka i-cartridge respirator noma imaski yothuli engu-N95 ukuze ngihlenge umuntu owele endaweni epholile engena egcwele iqhwa elomile noma i-nitrogen ewuketshezi?

Ungalokothi ufake isikhala esintula umoya-mpilo noma esiphezulu--$\text{CO}_2$ ugqoke imaski engu-N95, i-half-face organic-vapor respirator, noma imaski yegesi. Ama-respirators ahlanza umoya kuphela ahlunga izinhlayiya noma alandele umhwamuko wamakhemikhali emoyeni osendaweni; awanikezi umoya-mpilo futhi awakwazi ukukhuhla u-50,000 ppm we-$\text{CO}_2$. Ukufaka i-nitrogen-displaced noma i-$\text{CO}_2$-egcwele izikhukhula epholile ugqoke imaski yokuhlunga kuzokubulala ngendlela efanayo ncamashi nokuphefumula okubili njengokungena ngobuso obungenalutho. Ingcindezi ephozithivu kuphela **I-Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)** enethangi layo lomoya elicindezelwe noma isiphefumulo sendiza esihlinzekiwe esinikeza umoya owuphefumulayo.

Ingabe ifu elimhlophe lenkungu ngaphezu kwe-nitrogen ewuketshezi noma iqhwa elomile igesi langempela ngokwalo?

Inkungu emhlophe ebonakalayo egingqika endishini yeqhwa elomile noma ukuchitheka kwe-nitrogen ewuketshezi akuyona igesi engu-$\text{CO}_2$ noma engu-$\text{N}_2$, kokubili i-carbon dioxide negesi ye-nitrogen amaphesenti angu-100 angabonakali futhi awanambala. Ifu elimhlophe limane liwumswakama ovamile womhwamuko wamanzi osemoyeni osegumbini oye wajiya waba amaconsi amanzi angabonakali (amafu) ngemva kokubanda igesi ebandayo engabonakali. Okubalulekile, njengoba igesi ye-$\text{CO}_2$ noma $\text{N}_2$ ifudumala idlule endaweni yamazolo yegumbi, **inkungu emhlophe inyamalala ngokuphelele kuyilapho igesi ephefumulayo engabonakali isavaleleke ekamelweni noma emotweni**. Ungalokothi ucabange ukuthi indawo iphephile ukuthi ungaphefumula ngoba nje inkungu emhlophe ebonakalayo isusiwe.

Iluphi usizo lokuqala okufanele ngilunikeze umuntu osanda kuphefumula i-CO2 egxilile epholile eqhweni elomile futhi oshaywa umoya ngekhanda elishaya ngamandla?

Hambisa umuntu ngokushesha emoyeni omusha wangaphandle kude nemoto noma isakhiwo, futhi umenze ahlale aqonde endaweni enethezekile. Ngenxa yokuthi ukuhogela i-$\text{CO}_2$ kubangela ukugqugquzelwa okukhulu kwesikhungo sokuphefumula sobuchopho, umuntu uzophefumula ngokushesha nangokujulile imizuzu emi-5 kuya kweyi-15 njengoba amaphaphu akhe ekhipha okungaphezu kwe- $\text{CO}_2$ encibilikisiwe futhi abuyisele i-pH yegazi evamile. Baqinisekise, khulula ukhololo oluqinile, nikeza umoya-mpilo owengeziwe uma utholakala, bese ushayela ku-911 / 112/999 uma behlangabezane nanoma yikuphi ukulahlekelwa isikhashana, ubuhlungu besifuba, ukudideka okungapheli, noma ukuphazamiseka kokubona. Ukuthatha izandla ku-CPR kanye nesifundo sosizo lokuqala esivela kwa-Red Cross, i-St John Ambulance, noma umhlinzeki wendawo kukulungiselela ukuba uphendule ezimweni eziphuthumayo ze-asphyxial.

Iziqondiso ezihlobene

Imithombo neziqondiso ezisemthethweni

  • I-Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) kanye ne-National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH): Isexwayiso Sengozi: Ukuvimbela Ukufa Okuvela Ku-Carbon Dioxide (Dry Ice) kanye Nokuphefumula Kwe-Nitrogen Ewuketshezi Ezikhaleni Ezivaliwe, Izipholile Ezingena Ngaphakathi, Nezimoto Zokulethwa.
  • I-Compressed Gas Association (CGA) kanye ne-European Industrial Gases Association (EIGA): I-CGA Pamphlet P-12 (Ukuphathwa Okuphephile Kwe-Cryogenic Liquids), i-CGA G-6.1 (I-Carbon Dioxide / I-Dry Ice Safety), kanye ne-EIGA Doc 44 (Izingozi Zamagesi Angenayo Nokuncipha Komoya-mpilo).
  • I-United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive (HSE) kanye ne-British Compressed Gases Association (BCGA): BCGA Code of Practice CP30 (Ukusetshenziswa Okuphephile Kwe-Liquid Nitrogen Dewars kufika ku-500 Litres) kanye ne-GN11 (I-Oxygen Atmospheres Eyehlisiwe Kumaseli Namakhaza).
  • I-United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA): Isexwayiso Sokuphepha Ekungezeni I-Nitrogen Ewuketshezi kanye Neqhwa Elomile Ekudleni Neziphuzo endaweni Yokuthengisa (Gastric Barotrauma and Cryogenic Perforation).
  • Izikhungo Zokulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo (CDC / MMWR): Imibiko Yekesi Ye-Epidemiological Yokudakwa Kwe-Carbon Dioxide Ebulalayo Ngesikhathi Sokuthutha Kwezimoto Nokugcinwa Kweqhwa Elomile.