I-Loess Soil Collapse, Subsurface Piping Tunnels, kanye ne-Vertical Bluff Slumping Ngemva Kwemvula Enamandla¶

Izinombolo zezimo eziphuthumayo ziyehluka ngezwe. Leli khasi lisebenzisa u-911, inombolo yase-United States naseCanada. Amanye amazwe amaningi asebenzisa u-112, 999, noma enye inombolo. Thola inombolo yezwe lakini.

Imboza cishe amaphesenti angu-10 omhlaba womhlaba, i-loess (ebizwa ngokuthi luss noma lers) iyi-porous, buff-yellow deposit of glacial silt ephephethwa ngumoya ($20\text{ kuya }50\text{ micrometers}$ ngosayizi wokusanhlamvu) emboza izifunda ezikude zase-United States, elisentshonalanga ye-Indawo esentshonalanga ye-United States,** INebraska, Missouri, Kansas, Illinois, kanye neLower Mississippi Valley Bluffs ukusuka eMemphis kuya eVicksburg naseNatchez, kanye nePalouse yaseWashington ne-Idaho), China (i-640,000-square-kilometer Loess Plateau ngaphesheya kweShaanxi, Gansu, Shanxi, kanye ne-Henan empumalanga ne-Henan), Izitsha ze-Dnieper kusukela eJalimane nase-Austria kuya e-Hungary, Romania, nase-Ukraine), Argentina (i-Pampas), kanye neNew Zealand (Canterbury/Banks Peninsula). I-Loess inendida edumile yokuma kwezwe: uma yomile, ima mpo, amawa angama-30-kuya-90-ubude (100-to-300-foot-ubude) kanye nokusikeka komgwaqo amashumi eminyaka njengamatshe aqinile, nokho amanzi asheshayo agcwala ubumba lwawo oluncane futhi alahlekelwe amandla amabhuloho awo phezulu ngamaphesenti angu-908, amaminithi. Lokhu kuzwela komswakama kubangela izimo eziphuthumayo ezintathu ezingazelelwe, ezilimazayo ze-geotechnical: (1) i-hydroconsolidation (kuwa isisekelo esibangelwa ukumanzisa), lapho ipayipi lamanzi eliphukile, i-septic drainfield engalayishiwe, noma ukuphuma kophahla oluvalekile kubangela ukuba inhlabathi engaphansi kwendlu ihlanganele phansi ngamasentimitha angu-30 kuya kwangu-150; (2) ukuguguleka kwamapayipi angaphansi komhlaba kanye nemigodi "ye-loess pseudokarst", lapho ukungena kwamanzi emvula kubaza imihubhe efihlekile ngaphansi komhlaba namamitha angu-2 kuya kwangu-15 (amafidi angu-6.5 kuya kwangu-50) ububanzi ngaphansi kotshani obungaguquki kuze kube yilapho igceke, ugandaganda, noma umgwaqo uwela emgodini kungazelelwe; kanye (3) nokugoqa i-columar bluff slab kanye nokugeleza kodaka olumanzi, lapho amalunga aqinile aqinile ngemuva kwe-bluff egundwa khona ngaphandle kwesixwayiso ngemva kwemvula noma ukuzamazama komhlaba okuthatha isikhathi eside. Uma isakhiwo siqhekeka ngamandla, i-bluff iwa, noma othile ewela emgodini wamapayipi, shayela inombolo yakini yezimo eziphuthumayo ngokushesha (911 e-United States nase-Canada, 112 ngaphesheya kwe-European Union, 999 e-United Kingdom) noma uhlole inkomba yethu izinombolo eziphuthumayo. Ukuze uthole izimo eziphuthumayo ezihlobene nokuqina komhlaba, funda imihlahlandlela yethu ku ama-sinkhole kanye nokuwa komhlabathi kungazelelwe, ukudilika komhlaba, ukudilika kodaka, nokugeleza kwemfucumfucu, inhlabathi yobumba enwebekayo iyanyakaza, ukuncipha kwesomiso, nokuqhekeka kwesisekelo, futhi ukuwa kwesikafula, umhume womsele, nokuwa kokwakhiwa.

Yenza lokhu manje¶

Khipha noma yisiphi isakhiwo enhlabathini engcolile ngokushesha uma iminyango namafasitela evaleka kungazelelwe, imifantu yesitebhisi ewudiagonal ikhuphukela ezindongeni zezitini/zodonga olomile, noma uzwe umsindo omkhulu uvela ngemva kwemvula enamandla noma ukuvuza kwamapayipi amanzi: Lapho ukungcola okugoqekayo ngaphansi kwesisekelo kugcwala (hydroconsolidation), ikona elilodwa lamasentimitha angu-6 kuya kwangu-2 lingehla i-0 centimeter yesakhiwo amayintshi) ngamahora. Lesi sakhiwo esihlukanisayo sishela aqinile amapayipi esevisi yegesi yemvelo khona kanye ekungeneni kodonga lwesisekelo. Vala i-valve yemitha yegesi enkulu yangaphandle ngesikrufu uma uhogela igesi noma uzwa ukuhiliza, vala ivalvu yamanzi eyinhloko (ipayipi lamanzi eliphukile ngokuvamile yilona elincibilikisa inhlabathi ngaphansi kwendlu), bese ukhipha wonke umuntu.
Ungalinge uhambe noma ugunda phezu "kwezindawo zesoso," imigqa yemigodi emincane eyisiyingi, noma indawo evulekayo eshaya umlozi/eginqikayo egqumeni le-loess ("Loess Piping Sinkholes"): Okubukeka njengomgodi wesilwane ongamasentimitha angu-30 (amayintshi angu-12) noma idiphu engashoni otshanini endaweni evulekile ehlala iphansi umhume wamapayipi ongaphansi komhlaba ongamamitha angu-3 kuya kwayi-10 ukujula namamitha angu-5 (amafidi angu-16) ububanzi** oqoshwe ukugeleza kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Ibhuloho elincanyana le-turf eboshelwe yizimpande ezomile elizulazula ophahleni lomhume libhidlika ngokushesha ngaphansi kwesisindo somuntu, ukugibela umshini wokugunda utshani, noma imfuyo.
Uma othile ewela emgodini wamapayipi odoti ophukile noma umgodi wokucwila, UNGALOKOTHI uye phezulu unqenqema lwembobo ukuze ubheke phansi noma umkhiphe ngesandla: Ngoba imigodi yamapayipi angenalutho inwebeka ngaphandle komhlaba njengefaneli ebheke phansi (umgodi wensimbi), indawo ezungezile engamamitha angu-2 kuya kwangu-4 (6.5 kuya ku-19 wamafidi angu-6.5 kuya kwangu-13) ophahleni olungasekelwe phezulu luwuphahla olungasekelwe phezulu. Shayela ku-911 / 112 / 999 ngokushesha ukuze uthole Ithimba Lokuhlenga I-Fire-Rescue Technical / Ithimba Lokuhlenga Ngezintambo Ezivaliwe, gcina bonke ababukele emuva okungenani amamitha angu-6 (amafidi angu-20), futhi udlule kuphela intambo yokutakula ukude ngenkathi ulele phansi ezitebhisini noma amashidi eplywood abambelele endaweni ekhuphukayo eqinile.
Hlala kude nesisekelo KANYE nonqenqema oluphezulu lwama-loess bluff aqondile kanye nemigodi ejulile "yomgwaqo oshonile" phakathi namahora angu-72 ngemva kwemvula enamandla, ukuncibilika kweqhwa okusheshayo, noma imijikelezo yokuncibilika kweqhwa: I-Loess inokuhlanganisa okungokwemvelo okuqondile kwekholomu (izindiza zokuhlukanisa eziqondile ezidalwe izimpande zezitshalo zasendulo kanye nokuphelelwa amandla). Lapho amanzi emvula engena empophomeni eqondile eqhekeka amamitha angu-1 kuye kwayi-4 (amafidi angu-3.3 ukuya kwangu-13) ngemva konqenqema olungaphezulu lwe-bluff, umfutho wamanzi we-hydrostatic uphusha ikholomu eqondile engamathani angama-500 noma i-sleb ye-silt ngaphandle, iyiwise umgwaqo noma indlu esisekelweni ngaphansi kwamasekhondi angu-3.
Uma uzwa ukuqhekeka, ukuqhuma, noma ubona uthuli/amahlule ehla ebusweni obuvundlile obuqondile, gijima KAMVA noma uqonde ngqo kude nozwane (okungenani izikhathi ezingu-1.5 kuya kwezingu-2 ubude be-bluff): Uma i-laes eside iwa futhi liphihlika ngenxa yokuthinteka, vala umbobo omile noma ucwilise uketshezi olumanzi ngokushesha. i-mudflow lobe eshanela kude kude nesisekelo sewa.
Vala futhi uchezukise yonke imithombo yamanzi agxilile okungenani amamitha angu-3 kuya ku-5 (amafidi ayi-10 kuye kwangu-16) ukusuka ezisekelweni naseziqongweni eziluhlaza ngokushesha: Uma ipayipi lophahla lichichima, ipayipi lokubhukuda liyaphuma, ipayipi lasengadini lishiywe ligijima, noma i-sump pump iphuma eduze kwendlu eyakhiwe phezu kodaka, misa amanzi ageleze ukusuka phansi futhi welule ipayipi ngokushesha bese welula. i-bluff slope emapayipini avaliwe.

Kungani Ukumba Umgede, Inqaba, noma Umsele Ongagudluki Ungene Ebhange Elilomile Elimile Loess Kuvamise Ukubulala

Ngenxa yokuthi inhlaka eyomile ingaqoshwa kalula nge-pocketknife noma ifosholo kodwa ime iqonde njengetshe lesanti, izingane zivame ukumba "imihume" noma izinqaba zibe izikebhe zemigwaqo namabhange emfudlana e-Iowa, Nebraska, Mississippi, Europe, naseChina, kuyilapho izisebenzi zesevisi zimba imisele yamapayipi amile engagudluki ngaphandle kwamabhokisi emisele. Lesi isicupho esibulalayo: i-loess inamandla okudonsa acishe abe nguziro ezindizeni zayo ezicashile ezime mpo ezicashile. Ukudlidliza okuvela kuthrafikhi, ukomiswa kancane kobuso obungaphandle, noma ukugeleza komswakamo okuvela ngemuva kubangela ikholomu eqondile yamathani angu-5 ukuthi igunde buthule isuka ogwini ngaphandle kwesixwayiso. Ngenxa yokuthi udaka lwenhlabathi inesisindo esingu-1,400 kuya ku-1,700 kilograms cubic meter ngayinye (90 kuya ku-106 pounds per cubic foot)* futhi ipakisha entweni engenawo umoya, impushana ecolekile uma inomthelela, noma ubani ongcwatshwe ngaphansi kwebhange elidilikayo noma umsele uyaminza phakathi nemizuzu emi-2 kuya kwemi-4.

Isihlahla sesinqumo: ukuwa kwesisekelo se-loess, i-sinkhole yamapayipi, kanye nokuzama ukwehluleka kwe-bluff¶

flowchart TD
    Start["I-Loess Geotechnical Emergency: Ukuwa phansi Ngokungazelelwe, Ukuqhekeka Kwesisekelo, noma Ukwehluleka Kwe-Bluff"] --> HazardType{"1. Iyiphi ingozi yokulahlekelwa eyenzekayo njengamanje?"}

    HazardType -->|"1. UKWAKHIWA KWEHYDROCONSOLIDATION: Ukugxumeka kweminyango, Ukuqhekeka Kodonga Oludayagonal, noma Ukutshekiswa Kwaphansi"| BuildingAction["IHYDROCONSOLIDATION & GAS-SHEAR PROTOCOL: 1. Khipha Bonke Abahlali Abangaphandle Kude Nezindonga Zamatshe/Oshimula 2. Vala Ivaluvu Yamanzi Yangaphandle Eyinhloko Ngokushesha (Yeka Ukuncibilika Kwenhlabathi) 3. Bheka Iphunga Legesi Yemvelo/Ukuhixiza; Vala Imitha Yegesi Yangaphandle Uma Ivuza 4. Ungaphindi Ungene Kuze Kuhlolwe Unjiniyela Wesakhiwo/we-Geotechnical"]

    HazardType -->|"2. SUBSURFACE PIPING TUNNEL NOMA PSEUDOKARST SINKHOLE: Imbobo Yegceke, Indawo Engenalutho, noma Umuntu Owele Ngaphakathi"| PipingCheck{"Ingabe umuntu noma imoto ivaleleke ngaphakathi kushafu owile?"}

    PipingCheck -->|"Yebo: Umuntu Uwele Emgodini Wamapayipi"| ShaftRescue["I-BELL-PIT EXTRICATION PROTOCOL: 1. Shayela ku-911 / 112 / 999 ukuze uthole I-Technical Rope & Trench Rescue Ngokushesha 2. UNGALOKOTHI Uhambe Uyofika E-Rim (I-Overhanging Bell Roof Izongena Kumuntu Oyisisulu) 3. Gcina Bonke Ababukele > 6 m (20 ft) Babuye; Lay Ladders/Plywood Kuphela Ukusuka Ekukhuphukeni Kohlangothi 4. Intambo Eboshelwe Ezansi/Ukubophela Ukusuka Ekumeni Okuphephile"]

    PipingCheck -->|"Cha: I-Open Hole noma i-Gurgling Vortex Itholwe Egcekeni/Umgwaqo"| CordonHole["IPHROTHOKHODI YE-PIPI CORDON: 1. Biyela Irediyasi engu-10 m (33 ft) Kuwo Wonke Ulayini Wokucindezeleka 2. Ungalokothi Uzame Ukugcwalisa Imbobo Yepayipi Esebenzayo Ngokungcola Okuxekethile noma Amanzi 3. Thola futhi Uvale Noma Iyiphi Imfucumfucu Yesiphepho Evuzayo, I-Culvert, noma Ipayipi Le-Septic Elifunzayo"]

    HazardType -->|"3. VERTICAL LOESS BLUFF SLAB GOLLAPSE NOMA I-MUDFLOW: Cracking Cliff Face noma Parallel Top Fissures"| BluffWhere{"Ingabe ungaphezulu konqenqema lwe-bluff noma ngaphansi kozwane?"}

    BluffWhere -->|"Phezulu kwe-Bluff Near Edge"| RetreatInland["I-TOP-EDGE SLAB RETREAT: 1. Hambisa Ngokushesha Phakathi Nezwe Okungenani ku-15 m (50 ft) Ngemva Kwe-Farest Parallel Tension Crack 2. Ungalokothi Ushaye Izimoto noma Ukhiphe Ama-Gutters Ophahleni Eduze ne-Bluff Rim"]

    BluffWhere -->|"Ezansi Base of Bluff"| SprintOut["I-BASE SLAB-FALL EVASION: 1. Sprint Straight Out Away From Cliff Base (Okungenani 1.5x kuya ku-2x Bluff Height) noma 90 Degrees Laterally 2. Buka I-Secondary Fluidized Mudflow Lobe Ngokulandela Ukuwa Kokuqala Kwebhulokhi"]

I-microstructure ye-loess eshaywa ngumoya: kungani amawa omile ephenduka udaka oludilikayo¶

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi kungani ukulahlekelwa kuziphatha ngendlela engafani nanoma iyiphi enye inhlabathi eMhlabeni, onjiniyela be-geotechnical babheka i-aeolian (efakwe emoyeni) i-microstructure yayo* ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu se-electron yokuskena.

1. I-Open Honeycomb Skeleton kanye ne-Clay/Carbonate Bridges¶

Ngesikhathi se-Pleistocene glacial, imimoya enamandla yekatabatic evunguza emathafeni angaphandle eqhwa yathatha i-angular quartz kanye ne-feldspar izinhlamvu ze-silt ($0.02\text{kuya }0.05\text{ millimeters}$ ngaphesheya, ukufana kwe-talcum kwawabeka ku-0 imitha kufulawa ongu-2) 650 izinyawo) ukuwohloka komoya owugqinsi wezigodi ezinkulu zemifula (imifula iMissouri, Mississippi, Yellow, Rhine, kanye neDanube). - I-Porosity Ephakeme (amaphesenti angama-45 kuya kwangu-55 isikhala esingenalutho esingenalutho): Ngenxa yokuthi izinhlamvu ze-silt ezifakwe umoya zazihlala kahle ziphuma emoyeni eduze kweziqu zotshani kunokuba zihlanganiswe ngaphansi kwamanzi, i-virgin loess inesakhiwo esivulekile, esivulekile, esifana nekhekheba lezinyosi. Eqinisweni, ukuminyana kwenqwaba eyomile kuphansi kakhulu (1.2 kuya ku-1.4 amagremu ku-cubic centimeter ngayinye) kangangokuthi cishe ingxenye yevolumu ye-loess eyomile iyizimbotshana zomoya ezingenalutho ezinkulu kunezinhlamvu ze-silt ngokwazo (macropores kanye namashubhu ezimpande aqondile). - Yini ebambe ikhekheba lezinyosi elomile phezulu: Izinhlamvu ze-angular quartz zesilika empeleni azithintani ziqinile. Esikhundleni salokho, ahlukaniswa futhi ashiselwe ezindaweni zawo zokuxhumana yi-menisci encane ye-montmorillonite/illite clay* kanye nemvula ye-calcium carbonate (caliche), eqiniswa umfutho ophakeme we-pore-water ongemuhle (ukumunca umatric) lapho womile. - Kungani i-Loess ima iqonde lapho yomile, kodwa yehluleke endaweni eyehlelayo engama-degree angu-45: Ngenxa yokuthi amanzi emvula ageleza ehla ngamashubhu ezimpande ezime mpo agugule ubuso obushelelekayo ngokuwashwa kwamashidi, okusika umgwaqo ulahlekile endaweni yemithambeka engama-degree angu-45 kubangela ukuguguleka kwemisele esheshayo. Ngokuphambene, ukusika okomile odongeni okuseduze-okuqondile ($75°\text{ kuya ku-}90°$) kunciphisa indawo engaphezulu echayeke emvuleni, okuvumela amawa aqondile ukuthi ame amashumi eminyaka kuze kube yilapho amanzi engena ngemuva noma ngaphansi.

2. Izindlela Ezintathu Zokuhluleka Okuyinhlekelele Lapho Umanzisa¶

Amanzi asheshayo agcwala ukulahlekelwa okomile, okungahlangene kudlule umkhawulo wawo womswakamo obalulekile (ngokujwayelekile lapho izinga lokugcwala likhuphuka lisuka kumaphesenti angama-30 lidlule kumaphesenti angama-65 kuye kwangama-85), kusebenze izindlela ezintathu ezihlukene zokwehluleka: 1. I-Hydroconsolidation (Goqa Ukuhlaliswa Ngaphansi Komthwalo): Amanzi ancibilikisa usawoti we-carbonate encibilikayo futhi athambisa/athambise amabhuloho obumba angabonakali abambe izinhlamvu zesilika. Ngaphansi kwesisindo esikhona esibheke phansi sesisekelo sesakhiwo (noma ngisho nangaphansi kwesisindo senhlabathi engaphezulu ngokwayo, ebizwa ngokuthi self-weight collapsible loess uma ishubile kunamamitha angu-10 kuya kwangu-15), amabhuloho obumba agunda ngesikhathi esisodwa. Izinhlamvu ze-silt zilahlela endaweni evulekile, futhi umthamo ophansi uyancipha uqonde ngamaphesenti angu-5 ukuya kwangu-15, wehlise isisekelo sendlu, ukunqanyulwa kwebhuloho lomgwaqo onguthelawayeka, noma umugqa womsele ngamasentimitha angu-30 ukuya kwangu-150 (ifidi elingu-1 ukuya kwangu-5) ngaphandle kwanoma iyiphi inhlabathi eshiya isayithi. 2. I-Subsurface Piping kanye Ne-Pseudokarst Tunneling (Ukuguguleka Kwangaphakathi): Ngenxa yokuthi i-loes iqukethe izigidi zemigodi yempande eqondile, imigodi yamagundane, kanye nokuqhekeka kwe-deiccation, amanzi emvula ashona phezulu ashona phansi ngokushesha aze ashaye ungqimba lomhlabathi ominyene kancane (paleosol) noma ungqimba lwedwala. Amanzi abe esejika emaceleni futhi ageleza ngokuvundlile ngaphansi komhlaba eya ngasemhosheni oseduze noma uzwane olusegqumeni. Ngenxa yokuthi izinhlamvu ezichichimayo zine ukuhlangana okuziro (udaka oluhlakazekayo), amanzi angaphansi komhlaba aconsayo akhukhula uhlamvu olusanhlamvu kalula, ebaza ipayipi elikhulayo elingaphansi komhlaba (umhubhe wokuphelelwa umoya) okhula ube umhume ongaphansi ongamamitha angu-5 ubude kuyilapho utshani obomile nezimpande phezulu kubhidlike ngokuphelele isinqe**. 3. I-Vertical Columnar Toppling and Flowslides: Lapho amanzi egcwalisa i-desiccation eqondile iqhekekile amamitha angu-2 ngemuva kobuso bewa eliqondile eliqondile, umfutho wamanzi we-hydrostatic uphushela ngaphandle ngokumelene nekholomu ehlukanisiwe kuyilapho egcwala futhi encibilikisa isisekelo (uzwane) wekholomu. Lonke i-sleb eqondile engamamitha angu-20 ubude igibela phambili noma isikekele phansi, iphihlize umthelela futhi incibilike ibe udaka olugeleza ngesivinini esikhulu.

Ukuqhathaniswa kwezimo eziphuthumayo ezintathu ze-loess geotechnical¶

Uhlobo Lwengozi Loess	I-Primary Water Trigger	Izimpawu Zokuqala Zesexwayiso Ezibonakalayo Nezwakalayo	Ingozi Eyisisekelo Yesakhiwo / Yomuntu	Isenzo Esiphuthumayo Esisheshayo
1. I-Hydroconsolidation (Ukugoqa Kwesisekelo Sokumanzisa)	Amanzi avuzayo angaphansi komhlaba/ipayipi lendle; amagatha ophahleni avimbekile; ukuchelela utshani obusha; i-drainfield ye-septic	Iminyango/amafasitela anamathela ngokuzumayo; 45-degree ukuqhekeka kwezinyathelo zezitebhisi esitini/kudonga olomile; izitezi ezitshekile; umhlabathi ogxilile uyaqhekeka nxazonke zendlu	Amapayipi egesi yemvelo agundiwe (ingozi yokuqhuma); ukubhidlika kodonga/uphahla lwesakhiwo; amapayipi amanzi aphukile asheshisa ukucwila	Phuma esakhiweni; vala ivalvu yamanzi enkulu kanye nemitha yegesi yangaphandle; ungalokothi ukhiphe imifantu ngaphandle kokulungisa umthombo wamanzi nokusekela.
2. Amapayipi angaphansi komhlaba kanye nama-Pseudokarst Sinkholes	Ukuduma kwezulu okunamandla okugeleza emifantwini eqondile, izimbobo zamagundane, noma imisele engalayishiwe emithambekeni	Uchungechunge lwezimbobo ezincane noma amadiphu esosa ("ama-depressions anobuhlalu") aqondaniswe phansi negquma; umsindo wokugeleza kwamanzi ngaphansi kwezinyawo; intwasahlobo enodaka endaweni eyehlelayo ezinzwaneni	Ukudilika kophahla olungaphansi komhlaba okumise okwensimbi: Umuntu, ingane, noma ugandaganda iwela ku-3 kuya ku-15 m ku-undercut, shaft ewayo eqondile.	Hlala u-$>6\umbhalo{ m}$ ($20\text{ ft}$) usuke kurimu; shayela u-911/112 umsele/ukuhlenga ngentambo; ungalokothi uhambe uye onqenqemeni lwembobo noma uthele amanzi emgodini.
3. I-Vertical Bluff Columnar Slab Fall & Flowslide	Imvula ende, ukuncibilika kweqhwa kwentwasahlobo okusheshayo, ukuncibilika kweqhwa okuqandisiwe, noma ukuzamazama komhlaba kuma-low loess bluffs	I-parallel tension crack ivula $1\text{ ukuya }5\text{ m}$ ngemuva konqenqema lwe-bluff; isibazi esisha esimile esiphuzi sikasilika; amagade awela phansi	Ngokuphazima kweso 500-tons 500-ton vertical block blocking amakhaya/imigwaqo ebhidlizayo, noma ukulahleka okungazelelwe kwevulandi elingasemuva enqenqemeni yewa	Ezisekelo: Phuma uye ebangeni elingu-$>1.5\izikhathi\umbhalo{ ukuya }ku-2\times$ bluff height. Phezulu: Retreat $>15\text{ m}$ ($50\text{ ft}$) phakathi nezwe ngemuva kwayo yonke imifantu.

Ukuqaphela kanye nokusinda Imigudu Yepayipi Yendawo Engaphansi ("Loess Pseudokarst")¶

Iningi labantu licabanga ukuthi ama-sinkholes ayenzeka kuphela eFlorida noma eKentucky lapho idwala le-limestone lincibilika khona (karst). Ezifundeni ze-loess (entshonalanga ye-Iowa, Nebraska, Mississippi, Washington State, the Danube basin, kanye ne-Chinese Loess Plateau, lapho zibizwa ngokuthi loess sinkholes noma luoshuidong), amapayipi ama-pseudokarst adala ama-sinkholes ajule, futhi angazinzi kakhulu, enhlabathini enodaka ehlanzekile.

1. Ungawubona kanjani umhubhe wamapayipi ocashile ongaphansi komhlaba egcekeni lakho noma emadlelweni akho¶

Hamba indawo yakho ukusuka phansi komthambeka uye phezulu (kusukela ebangeni eliphephile) bese ubheka imikhondo emithathu ecacile yendawo: 1. "Umgexo Onobuhlalu" Wokucindezeleka Okuqondile: Ngenxa yokuthi umhubhe wamapayipi ongaphansi komhlaba ulandela umzila wokudonsa amanzi owodwa ongaphansi komhlaba owehlela emfuleni noma ekusikeni komgwaqo, uphahla lomhubhe luyangena ngezikhathi ezithile endleleni yawo. Uma ubona izimbobo ezimbili, ezintathu, noma ezine eziyindilinga ezincane noma izimbobo ezimise okwendishi ezingajulile zihlelwe ngomugqa oqondile noma ogobile oqonda onqenqemeni lomthambeko, kunomhume oqhubekayo, ongenalutho ongaphansi komhlaba ozihlanganisa zonke ngokuqondile ngaphansi kotshani obubonakala buqinile phakathi kwezimbobo. Ungalokothi uhambe phakathi kwezimbobo ezimbili eziqondile. 2. Iphrofayili ye-Overhang ye-"Bell-Pit": Lapho umhume wamapayipi e-loess uqala ukugqobhoza phezulu, imbobo ekwi-turf ingase ibe amasentimitha angu-30 ukuya kwangu-60 kuphela ububanzi**, ehlanganiswe ndawonye izimpande zotshani obumathiwe, kuyilapho imitha elingu-1 (amafidi angu-3.3) ngaphansi kotshani, umgodi ungene ogwadule olungu-3 kuya ku-60 amamitha ngaphandle izinyawo) ububanzi**. 3. I-Outflow Spring / Silt Fan at the Toe: Hamba phansi komhosha, osikwe umgwaqo, noma udonga olubambayo amamitha angu-20 kuya kwangu-100 wehle umqansi. Uma uthola umhubhe osanda kwakhiwa omise okwe-arch okhafula amanzi anodaka aphuzi-nsundu anodaka noma inqwaba emise okwefeni yodaka oluphuzi olugeziwe phansi kosebe ngemva kwemvula, umhubhe wamapayipi osebenzayo uphumela egqumeni ngokuqondile ngaphezu kwawo.

2. Kungani UNGAZE uzame ukulungisa imbobo yamapayipi ngokulahla ukungcola phezulu¶

Lapho abanikazi bezindlu bethola umgodi wokucwilisa oyimitha elingu-1 egcekeni le-loess, umuzwa wabo wemvelo wokuqala uwukulahla inhlabathi engaphezulu ngeloli noma amatshe emgodini bese uwunisela. - Kungani lokhu kwehluleka futhi kwandise umhume: Umzila wamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ongaphansi komphini wamapayipi (ngokuvamile ongamamitha ama-3 ukuya kwangu-8 ukushona) usavulekile. Ukulahla ukungcola okuxekethile phezulu ngaphandle kokumba nokuvala indawo yokukhipha ipayipi evundlile ejulile kuvele kugeze ukungcola okusha phansi emhubheni ongaphansi komhlaba phakathi nesiphepho semvula esilandelayo, kuyilapho amanzi engeziwe encibilikisa izindonga zegumbi lensimbi futhi aphinda kabili ubukhulu bomgodi wokucwilisa. - Ukulungiswa Okufanelekile Kobunjiniyela: Usonkontileka we-geotechnical kufanele ageze phansi phansi kwepayipi ngesikhathi sezulu esomile, afake isihlungi esihlanekezelwe se-geotextile/sand esihlanekezelwe (esivumela amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ukuthi aphume ngaphandle kokuvumela izinhlamvu zesilika ezingama-micrometer angu-20 ukuba zigeze), futhi zihlanganise ubumba olunomswakama olungamasentimitha angu-6 ku-intshi engu-6-intshi encane yokugcwalisa umswakama. okuqukethwe.

Ukusinda I-Hydroconsolidation ezindlini nezakhiwo ekulahlekeni okugoqekayo¶

Emadolobheni nasemadolobhaneni akhiwe phezu kwediphozithi ye-loess ewugqinsi (njenge-Omaha, Council Bluffs, Sioux City, Kansas City, St. Joseph, Memphis, Vicksburg, Spokane/Pullman, Lanzhou, Xi'an, Belgrade, and Bucharest), i-hydroconsolidation idala amakhulu ezigidi zamaRandi ngomonakalo ongazelelwe wesakhiwo njalo ngonyaka.

1. Imizuzu emi-5 Ukucwaningwa Kwamapayipi Kwasekhaya Nemisele Yezisekelo Ezilahlekile¶

Ngaphezulu kwamaphesenti angu-70 wokuwa kwesisekelo sendawo yokuhlala akubangwa isimo sezulu semvelo kuphela, kodwa isingeniso samanzi omuntu agxilile phakathi kwamamitha angu-3 (amafidi angu-10) we-perimeter yesisekelo: - Hlola #1 (Ukuhlola Ukuvuza Kwemitha Yamanzi): Vala wonke umpompi, umshini wokuwasha izitsha, nendlu yangasese engaphakathi kwendlu yakho bese ubheka inkomba encane engunxantathu noma emise okwenkanyezi isikhombi sokuvuza kokugeleza okuphansi kokudayela imitha yakho yamanzi. Uma ukudayela kujikeleza ngenkathi wonke amanzi angaphakathi evaliwe, ipayipi lesevisi elingaphansi komhlaba livuza amanzi ngokuqondile endaweni egoqekayo ngaphansi kwe-slab yakho noma indawo engaphansi. Vala i-valve enkulu yonqenqema oluseceleni komgwaqo ngokushesha. - Hlola #2 (Ama-Downspouts Nogutter): Uphahla olunamamitha-skwele angu-185 (2,000 square feet) wendawo luqoqa amalitha angu-4,700 (1,250 amalitha) amanzi ngesikhathi sokuduma kwezulu okukodwa okungamamilimitha angu-25 (1-intshi). Uma indololwane eyodwa ye-downspout iwe futhi ilahla lawo malitha angu-4,700 enhlabathini ekhoneni elilodwa lendlu, igcwala ikholomu ejulile engamamitha angu-5 idlule umkhawulo wayo wokuwa ngobusuku obubodwa. Wonke amapayipi enhlabathini engcolile kufanele achithekele kumapayipi e-PVC aqinile, angenazimbobo athwala amanzi okungenani amamitha angu-3 kuya ku-5 (amafidi angu-10 ukuya kwangu-16)* ukusuka endlini aye kuthango lomgwaqo ogandayiwe noma indle yesiphepho. - Hlola #3 (Reverse Foundation Grading): Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, inhlabathi eseduze kwendlu ihlala kancane, idale umkhombe owehlela ubheke odongeni olungaphansi kunokuba uqhele kulo. Gcina ubuncane obuncane 5 ukuya ku-10% womthambeko omuhle (amasentimitha angu-15 okokwehla ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-3 [amayintshi angu-6 ngaphezu kwamafidi angu-10]) olinganiswe nomhlabathi ominyene ongangeneki kancane kude nazo zonke izindonga zesisekelo, futhi ungalinge utshale imibhede yezimbali ebamba amanzi kakhulu noma usebenzise amakhanda okufafaza utshani okuzenzakalelayo phakathi kwamamitha angu-2 ngamamitha angu-6.5) - Hlola #4 (Amasistimu e-Septic kanye namachibi okubhukuda): Ungalokothi ufake inkambu ye-septic leach engalayishiwe, umthombo owomile, umgodi wokungena kwamanzi emvula, noma ichibi lokubhukuda elivuzayo elikhuphukayo noma elingaphakathi kwamamitha angu-15 (amafidi angu-50) webhilidi noma onqenqemeni lwe-bluff endaweni egoqokayo.

Ingozi Yokuqhuma Kwegesi Yemvelo Ngesikhathi Sokulungiswa Okusheshayo Kokulahlekelwa

Uma ukuhlanganiswa kwe-hydroconsolidation kubangela ukuthi isisekelo sendlu noma i-driveway yangaphandle yehle ngamasentimitha angu-5 ukuya kwangu-20 (amayintshi angu-2 ukuya kwangu-8) ngokuhlobene negceke elizungezile, noma iyiphi insimbi eqinile noma ithusi ipayipi legesi yemvelo elidlula odongeni olungaphansi kukakhonkolo noma elingcwatshwe ngaphansi kwesitebhisi esilungisiwe lilawulwa izinkulungwane zamakhilogremu of force she guillotiar. Ezehlakalweni eziningi ezibhalwe phansi kulo lonke elase-U.S. Midwest naseYurophu, igesi engaphansi komhlaba igxuma ngaphandle kodonga lwesisekelo, ivumela igesi yemvelo enomfutho ukuthi ihambe eduze kwama-macropores avulekile enhlabathi eyomile phakathi kwezindonga ezingaphansi kanye nemifantu yaphansi, okhele ukuqhuma kwendlu eyinhlekelele lapho isithando somlilo noma isifudumezi samanzi sichofoza. Njalo faka izikhuphukeli zegesi yensimbi engagqwali eziguquguqukayo, eziboshelwe noma eziboshwe nge-polyethylene ezinamajoyinti ajikayo enhlabathini engcolile, futhi uvale imitha yegesi yangaphandle ngokushesha uma kwenzeka ukumiswa kwesisekelo kungazelelwe.

Ungayihlukanisa Kanjani I-Vertical Loess Bluff Ekungcoleni Okuvamile Ensimini

Uma uhamba ngezinyawo, ushayela, noma uthenga indawo eduze komqansa futhi ufuna ukwazi ukuthi umhlabathi uyagoqeka yini ngokushaywa ngumoya loess: 1. Umbala Nokuma: Ukulahlekelwa okuveziwe kufana i-buff-tan, ensundu ngokuphuzi, noma okumpunga-phuzi, ayinazo ngokuphelele izendlalelo zamatshe avundlile noma amatshe omfula ayindilinga, futhi ngokwemvelo yakhela klzzwxh:0086 2. **Ukuhlola "Ufulawa" Koklikihla Ngeminwe:* Ncinza inhlabathi eyomile phakathi kwesithupha sakho nomunwe wangaphambili. Ngokungafani nenhlabathi eyisihlabathi (ezwakala incithakalo futhiiklwebha isikhumba sakho) noma ubumba oluqinile (oludinga ukuba isando siphuke lapho somile bese luphenduka ubumba olunamathelayo, oluyipulasitiki oluyimodeli uma lumanzi), udaka olomile luchotshozwa ngokucindezela komunwe okuqinile lube *impushana esilika-bushelelezi, ethambile ezwakala ncamashi njengofulawa wokubhaka owomile noma uphonsa impushana ye-talcum kancane emnweni wakho (uviniga) kumashubhu ayo empande ye-calcium-carbonate.

Izinombolo zezimo eziphuthumayo zesifunda kanye nezinqubomgomo ze-ejensi¶

I-United States: Shayela u-911* ngokushesha nganoma imuphi umsele/i-bluff yokungcwaba, umuntu ovaleleke emgodini wokucwilisa amapayipi, noma ulayini wegesi ochetshiwe. Shayela u-811* ngaphambi kwanoma yikuphi ukumba. Ukuze uthole ukuhlolwa kwengozi ye-geological kumabhande e-loess ayisisekelo ase-U.S., thintana ne-United States Geological Survey (USGS), Iowa Geological Survey / Iowa DOT (Western Iowa Loess Hills), Nebraska Conservation and Survey Division, Missouri Geological Survey (MoDNal Environmental OfficeMMississippi Department) I-Geology) yezindinganiso zokuzinza ze-Vicksburg/Natchez bluff.
I-China (Isifunda sase-Loess Plateau: i-Shaanxi, i-Gansu, i-Shanxi, i-Henan, i-Ningxia): Shayela u-119* (I-Fire & Technical Rescue), 110 (Amaphoyisa), noma 120 (I-Ambulensi Yezokwelapha). Bika ukuqhekeka kokuqina, indawo yokuhlala emhumeni (yaodong) ukugeleza komswakamo ophahleni, noma ama-sinkhole amapayipi ethala ngokushesha kubaqaphi basendaweni bendawo bendawo yezingozi kanye ne-Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) Geological Hazard Early Warning Center*.
I-European Union ne-United Kingdom: Shayela ku-112* kuzo zonke izifunda ezingamalungu e-EU (noma 999 e-UK, lapho amadiphozithi ama-brinearth/loess amancane enzeka e-Kent, Essex, nase-Sussex). Emabhandeni aminyene e-Danube nase-Rhine loess (Germany, Austria, Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria), ukuvikelwa komphakathi kukamasipala nezinhlolovo zejiyoloji (BGR e-Germany, GeoSphere Austria, SZTFH e-Hungary) phatha i-bluff slumping kanye ne-historic sunken-lane (Hohlwesenge.Kellasgas) noma i-cellarpse
I-New Zealand (Canterbury / Banks Peninsula / Otago Loess Hills): Shayela u-111* ukuze uthole usizo oluphuthumayo, futhi ubike ukuguguleka komhubhe noma ukuntengantenga kwamawa ku Indawo yaseCanterbury (ECan) / Christchurch City Council Geotechnical Teams kanye ne EQC / Toka Tū Ake.

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa¶

Kungani umhlabathi ovuthuzekile opheshulwa umoya ungama eweni eliqondile elingamamitha angu-30 (amafidi angu-100) uma womile, kodwa uwele odakeni oluwuketshezi lapho uba manzi?¶

Lapho umoya ubeka okusanhlamvu okuhle kwe-quartz silt phakathi ne-Ice Age, izinhlamvu ze-angular zahlala endaweni evulekile, evulekile yekhekheba lezinyosi lapho cishe amaphesenti angu-50 omthamo wenhlabathi engenalutho. Lezo zinhlamvu zihlukaniswa kuphela ngama-microscopic spot-welds wobumba olomile nosawoti we-calcium carbonate ezindaweni zabo zokuthintana. Uma nje inhlabathi yomile, lawo mabhuloho amancane amaminerali ayinikeza amandla amangalisayo aqonde mpo. Ngesikhathi amanzi esuthisa inhlabathi, nokho, amanzi ancibilikisa usawoti we-carbonate futhi athambise amabhuloho obumba abe okokuthambisa okushelelayo, okubangela uhlaka lwamathambo oju oluvulekile ukuba luwele ngokushesha lube ludaka oluminyene, olungahlangene.

Kuyini "i-hydroconsolidation," futhi ipayipi lamanzi eliphukile noma udoti ovalekile ungonakalisa kanjani indlu eyakhelwe phezu kwemfucumfucu ngobusuku obubodwa?¶

I-Hydroconsolidation (indawo edilikayo ebangelwa ukumanziswa) kwenzeka lapho amanzi egcwala udaka olomile, olungahlangene ngaphansi kwesisekelo esindayo sesakhiwo. Ngenxa yokuthi ingxenye yomthamo we-loess eyomile iqukethe izimbotshana zomoya ovulekile eziphakanyiswe amabhuloho obumba ancibilika emanzini, ukucwilisa inhlabathi ngaphansi kwekhona elilodwa lendlu kubangela ukuthi izinhlamvu ze-silt ziwele kulezo zikhala ezingenalutho ngaphansi kwesisindo sesakhiwo. Ngaphandle kwekhilogremu elilodwa lokungcola okugezwayo, indawo engaphansi ekhoneni elimanzi ingacwila iqonde phezulu ngamasentimitha angu-15 kuya kwangu-100 (amayintshi angu-6 kuya kwangu-40) ngamahora, izindonga zamatshe eziqhekeka zibe ngama-engeli angu-45-degree, ukuvala izicabha, nokugunda kugqitshwe igesi yemvelo namapayipi endle.

Iyini "i-loess piping sinkhole" (pseudokarst), futhi kungani unqenqema oluzungeze umgodi luyingozi kangaka?¶

Uma imvula enamandla yehla emifantwini eqondile noma emigodini yamagundane egqumeni le-loess, ishaya ungqimba oluminyene ngaphansi komhlaba bese igeleza iqonde phansi egqumeni, ikhukhule izinhlayiya zesilika ezingahlangene ukuze zibaze umhubhe omkhulu ongaphansi komhlaba ("ipayipi"). Njengoba uphahla lwalowomhubhe ongaphansi komhlaba lukhuphukela phezulu, lwakha ikamelo elingaphansi komhlaba elimise okwensimbi (umgodi wensimbi) ongamamitha angu-3 kuya kwangu-8 ububanzi ngaphansi komhlaba elibhodloza otshanini phezulu njengomgodi omncane wamasentimitha angu-30 kuya kwangu-60. Ngenxa yokuthi indawo ezungezile yotshani obungamamitha angu-2 ukuya kwangu-4 ezungeze lokho kuvuleka okuncane kuwuphahla olungasekelwe, olungenalutho phezu kwegumbi eliyisinsimbi, ukuhamba ukhuphukele onqenqemeni ukuze ulunguze ngaphakathi kubangela ukuba yonke i-turf overhang idilike phezu kwakho.

Kungani imigwaqo nemizila esemagqumeni e-loess ngokuvamile ibukeka njengemihosha enezindonga ezijulile, eziqondile ("imizila eshonelwe"), futhi iyingozi nini?¶

Emakhulwini eminyaka, izigi, amasondo ezinqola, nezimoto zasemapulazini zichoboza udaka oluxegayo emizileni yaseShayina, e-Iowa, eMississippi, naseYurophu (lapho zibizwa khona ngokuthi *Hohlwege* eJalimane/Austria noma *wąwozy lessowe* ePoland), okuvumela umoya nemvula ukuthi kugeze uthuli oluphazamisekile kuze kube yilapho umgwaqo ucwila phakathi kwamamitha angu-5 kuya kwangu-25 ukusuka phansi okuqondile (amamitha angu-16 kuya kwangu-25). Nakuba imizila eyomile eshonile izinzile, ukuhamba noma ukushayela emzileni ojulile ovundlile obiyelwe ngodonga phakathi noma kwesokudla ngemva kwemvula enamandla, ukuncibilika kwentwasahlobo ngokushesha, noma ukuzamazama komhlaba kuyabulala: amanzi angena emifantwini yokuqhekeka okume mpo phezulu kwezindonga abangela ama-multi-tons mpo ama-slabs ukuthi awele phansi emhosheni omncane onegumbi elinguziro ukuze agweme.

Kungani amakhodi okwakha ezindaweni ze-loess enqabela ukusika igquma libe endaweni esezingeni elingu-45-degree?¶

Emhlabathini ojwayelekile wobumba noma owubhuqu, onjiniyela basika usebe lomgwaqo nge-engeli ethambile engu-30-to-45-degree ukuze kuvinjelwe ukudilika kwenhlabathi. Ezindaweni eziwugqinsi, nokho, ukusika umthambeka osobala wama-degree angu-45 kuveza ubuso obugcwele bodaka oluhlakazekayo kumathonsi emvula awayo kanye nokugeleza kweshidi, okugubha ngokushesha imihubhe eyingozi engamamitha angu-5 kanye nemigudu yamapayipi egqumeni. Esikhundleni salokho, onjiniyela be-geotechnical e-Iowa, Mississippi, nase-China basika ama-loess bluff bawafaka **amabhentshi anyathele aqondile noma asondele mpo ($75°\text{ kuya ku-}80°$) amabhentshi (amathala)** ahlukaniswe imisele yokukhipha amanzi egandayiwe, enemigqa evundlile ngemuva kwebhentshi ngalinye ukuze amanzi emvula angalokothi awele phansi abheke phansi.

Iluphi usizo lokuqala oludingekayo uma othile engcwatshwa yibhange eliwile noma umsele?¶

Udaka olomile noma oluswakeme olumanzi luyahlukana lube impushana ecolekile, efana nofulawa enomthelela obambene ngokuqinile esifubeni futhi igcwalise ikhala, umlomo, noqhoqhoqho, okubangela ukuhogela ngokushesha phakathi kwemizuzu emi-2 kuya kwemi-4. Shayela ku-911 / 112 / 999 ngokushesha, qinisekisa ukuthi akukho slab yesibili emile elenga endaweni edilikayo ngaphambi kokungena, mba ikhanda lohlukunyezwa kanye **lonke udonga lwesifuba** mahhala usebenzisa izandla namabhakede (ungalinge ungaboni amafosholo ensimbi eduze kwekhanda), ushanele usilika ophuzi ocolekile uphume emlonyeni nasemakhaleni uma bekhulula umoya ngokushesha. Ukuthatha usizo lokuqala oluqinisekisiwe kanye nesifundo se-CPR esivela kwa-Red Cross, i-St John Ambulance, noma umhlinzeki wendawo kukulungiselela ukwenza ukuvuselela okusindisa ukuphila.

Iziqondiso ezihlobene¶

Imithombo neziqondiso ezisemthethweni¶

I-United States Geological Survey (USGS) kanye ne-Iowa Geological Survey: Geotechnical Properties, Hydroconsolidation Collapse, and Slope Stability of Midcontinent Loess Deposits (Western Iowa Loess Hills and Lower Mississippi Valley Bluffs).
I-United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) kanye ne-U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Isifunda sase-USACE Vicksburg): Ukuklama Nokwakha Emhlabathini Ogoqayo Olahliwe: Ukumanzisa Ngaphambi Ko, Ukuthikamezeka Kokugeleza Kwemfucumfucu, kanye Nepayipi Lomhlaba Elingaphansi / Ukuvimbela Ukuguguleka Kwangaphakathi.
I-Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China (MNR) kanye ne-China Geological Survey (CGS): Loess Plateau Geohazard Monitoring, Cave-Dwelling (Yaodong) Saturation Collapse Prevention, kanye ne-Loess Sinkhole / Flowslide Early Warning Protocols.
I-Environment Canterbury (ECan) ne-GNS Science (New Zealand): Tunnel-Gully (Loess Piping) Erosion Mechanics kanye ne-Hillside Stormwater Management ku-Banks Peninsula kanye ne-South Island Loess Slopes.
Ukulawulwa Kokuphepha Nezempilo Emsebenzini (OSHA, United States, 29 CFR 1926 Subpart P): Amazinga Okuphepha Okwemba Nokugxusha: Ukufakwa Kusigaba Kwe-Collapsible Silt/Loess Njengohlobo Olungaqinile lwe-B/C Inhlabathi kanye Nokudubula Kwebhokisi Lomsele Okuphoqelekile.