Ala Loess adakpọ, Ọwara ọkpọkọ nke dị n'okpuru ala, yana mgbọrọgwụ kwụ ọtọ mgbe oke mmiri ozuzo gasịrị.¶

Na-ekpuchi ihe dịka pasent 10 nke ala ala , ** loess ** (akpọ * luss * ma ọ bụ * lers * ) bụ ihe nkwụnye ego na-acha odo odo nke ikuku glacial silt ($ 20 ederede { ka } 50 ederede { micrometers} $ na nha nha) nke na-ekpuchi nnukwu mpaghara nke ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke United States. Nebraska, Missouri, Kansas, Illinois, na Lower Mississippi Valley Bluffs si Memphis ruo Vicksburg na Natchez, gbakwunyere Palouse nke Washington na Idaho), ** China *** (640,000-square-kilometer ** Loess Plateau ** gafee Shaanxi, Gansu, Shanxi, na Henan), ** Central na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Europe. site na Germany na Austria ruo Hungary, Romania, na Ukraine), Argentina (Pampas), na ** New Zealand (Canterbury/Banks Peninsula). Loess nwere paradox geological a ma ama: ** mgbe ọ kpọrọ nkụ, ọ na-eguzo na vetikal, 30-na-90-mita-ogologo (100-na-300-foot-toll) ọnụ ọnụ ugwu na ụzọ okporo ụzọ na-egbutu ọtụtụ iri afọ dị ka nkume siri ike, ma mmiri ozugbo na-ejupụta ụrọ microscopic ya na akwa calcium-carbonate , ọ na-efunahụ ike ya na nkeji 90.* Mmetụta mmiri a na-ebute mberede atọ na mberede geotechnical na-emebi emebi: (1) ** hydroconsolidation (wetting-induced foundation collapse) **, ebe ọkpọkọ mmiri gbajiri agbaji, oghere septic na-enweghị eriri, ma ọ bụ mgbanaka elu ụlọ na-eme ka ala dị n'okpuru ụlọ gbakọọ ala site na 30 ruo 150 centimeters; na-akụda ala n'ime abalị 1 ruo 5. (2) ** n'okpuru ọkpọkọ ọkpọkọ na "loess pseudokarst" sinkholes **, ebe ntinye mmiri ozuzo zoro ezo n'ime ala ọwara na ọgba ndị dị mita 2 ruo 15 (6.5 ruo 50 ụkwụ) n'obosara n'okpuru ahihia elu na-adịghị emebi emebi ruo mgbe ogige, traktọ, ma ọ bụ ụzọ na-adaba na mberede; na (3) ** vertical columnar Bluff slab daa na mmiri mmiri na-asọpụta ***, ebe nkwonkwo esemokwu kwụ ọtọ n'azụ ihu bluff na-akpachapụ anya na-enweghị ịdọ aka ná ntị mgbe ogologo mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ ala ọma jijiji gachara. Ọ bụrụ na ụlọ na-agbawa n'ike, bluff daa, ma ọ bụ mmadụ daa n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, kpọọ nọmba mberede mpaghara gị ozugbo (911 na United States na Canada, 112 gafee European Union, 999 na United Kingdom) ma ọ bụ lelee akwụkwọ ndekọ aha anyị. nọmba mberede. Maka ihe mberede nkwụsi ike ala metụtara, gụọ ntuziaka anyị na sinkholes na mberede ala ọdịda, mbuze, apịtị, na irighiri ihe na-asọpụta, oke ala ụrọ na-agbasawanye, ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, na mgbawa ntọala, na ndakpọ n'ọgba, olulu mmiri na ihe owuwu dara.

Mee nke a ugbu a¶

1. ** Wepụ ụlọ ọ bụla na ala loess ozugbo ma ọ bụrụ na ọnụ ụzọ na windo mechiri na mberede, mgbawa steepụ steepụ diagonal na-agbago elu brik / mgbidi akọrọ, ma ọ bụ ị na-anụ ụda na-ada ụda mgbe oke mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ mmiri na-agbapụta: *** Mgbe loess nwere ike ịdaba n'okpuru ntọala saturates (** hydroconsolidation ***), otu akụkụ nke ụlọ 6 nwere ike ịdaba na 5 centimeters. sentimita) n'ime awa. Mkpebi a dị iche na-akpachapụ anya ** ọkpọkọ ọrụ ikuku gas ** ozugbo na ntinye mgbidi ntọala. Gbanyụọ valvụ isi mpụta gas mita na mgbanaka ma ọ bụrụ na ị na-esi gas ma ọ bụ na-anụ ihe na-agba ọsọ, mechie valvụ mmiri isi (ọkọ mmiri gbajiri agbaji na-abụkarị ihe na-agbaze ala n'okpuru ụlọ), ma kpọpụta onye ọ bụla n'èzí.
2. ** Agagharịla ma ọ bụ gbutuo okirikiri "saucer depressions," ahịrị nke obere oghere, ma ọ bụ oghere na-ama jijiji / na-emepe emepe n'akụkụ ugwu ugwu ("Loess Piping Sinkholes"):** Ihe dị ka anụ ọhịa 30-centimeter (12-inch) ma ọ bụ na-emighị emi na-abanye n'ime ahihia n'elu ugwu mgbada dị elu nke na-emepe emepe. Ọgba ọkpọkọ nke dị mita 3 ruo 10 (ụkwụ 10 ruo 33) miri emi na mita 5 (ụkwụ iri na isii) n'obosara** nke mmiri na-asọpụta n'ala kpụrụ akpụ. Àkwà mmiri dị mkpa nke ahịhịa ahịhịa gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ nke gafere n'elu ụlọ nke ọgba ahụ na-ada ozugbo n'okpuru arọ mmadụ, onye na-akwọ ahịhịa, ma ọ bụ anụ ụlọ.
3. ** Ọ bụrụ na mmadụ daa n'ime ogwe osisi loess dara ada ma ọ bụ sinkhole, ejegharịla na nsọtụ oghere ahụ iji lee anya ma ọ bụ jiri aka dọpụta ha:** N'ihi na ogwe osisi loess na-agbasapụ n'èzí n'okpuru ala dị ka olulu mgbada dị elu (olulu mgbịrịgba), gburugburu 2 ruo 4 mita (6.5 ruo 13 ụkwụ) nke elu ụlọ na-akwadoghị n'elu oghere ahụ. Kpọọ 911/112/999 ozugbo maka ** Fire-Rescue Technical Trench / Confined-Space Rope Rescue Team**, mee ka ndị niile guzoro azụ azụ opekata mpe mita 6 (ụkwụ 20), na-agafe eriri nnapụta site n'ebe dị anya ka ị dinara ala n'elu ubube ma ọ bụ plywood ibé akwụkwọ gbadoro ụkwụ n'elu ugwu kwụsiri ike.
4. ** Nọpụ na isi na ọnụ ọnụ elu nke vertical loess bluffs na miri "ụzọ dara ada" n'oge na maka awa 72 mgbe oke mmiri ozuzo gasịrị, ngwa ngwa snowmelt, ma ọ bụ ikuku na-agbaze: ** Loess nwere njikọ njikọ kwụ ọtọ ** (ụgbọ elu kwụ ọtọ nke sitere na mgbọrọgwụ osisi ochie na desiccation). Mgbe mmiri ozuzo na-abanye na esemokwu kwụ ọtọ na-agbawa 1 ruo 4 mita (3.3 ruo 13 feet) n'azụ elu elu nke bluff, nrụgide mmiri hydrostatic na-akwali kọlụm vetikal 500-ton ma ọ bụ slab nke silt n'èzí, na-atụgharị ya n'okporo ụzọ ma ọ bụ ụlọ dị na ala n'ihe na-erughị 3 sekọnd.
5. ** Ọ bụrụ na ị nụ ka ọ na-agbawa, na-agbapụta, ma ọ bụ hụ uzuzu/mkpuchi na-agbadata ihu na-acha anụnụ anụnụ kwụ ọtọ, gbapụ n'ikpeazụ ma ọ bụ pụọ ozugbo site na mkpịsị ụkwụ ya (opekata mpe 1.5 ruo 2 ugboro n'ịdị elu nke bluff):** Mgbe slab loess toro ogologo dara ma gbajie na mmetụta, ikuku pore tọrọ ma ọ bụ mmiri na-eme ka mmiri na-asọpụta ngwa ngwa. lobe nke na-ekpochapụ tere aka n'ala ugwu ahụ.
6. ** Gbanyụọ ma tụgharịa isi mmiri niile etinyere ma ọ dịkarịa ala mita 3 ruo 5 (10 ruo 16 ụkwụ) pụọ na ntọala na bluff n'elu ozugbo:** Ọ bụrụ na gọọlụ elu na-ejupụta, ọdọ mmiri na-asọpụta, a na-ahapụ oghere ubi na-agba ọsọ, ma ọ bụ mgbapụta mmiri na-agbapụta n'akụkụ ụlọ e wuru na loess, kwụsị mmiri na-asọ ozugbo wee gbatịa n'ala nke ọ bụla iji gbadaa n'ala nke ihe owuwu ahụ. mkpọda n'ime ọkpọkọ emechiri emechi.

Osisi mkpebi: ntọala loess dara, ọkpọkọ ọkpọkọ, na ngbanwe ọdịda bluff¶

flowchart TD
    Start["Ihe mberede Loess Geotechnical: Mbelata ala mberede, mgbawa ntọala, ma ọ bụ ọdịda Bluff"] --> HazardType{"1. Kedu ihe egwu loess na-eme ugbu a?"}

    HazardType -->|"1. Mwube HYDROCONSOLIDATION: Mkpọchi ọnụ ụzọ, mgbawa mgbidi diagonal, ma ọ bụ ịgbatị ala."| BuildingAction["HYDROCONSOLIDATION & GAS-SHEAR PROTOCOL: 1. Wepụ ndị niile bi n'èzí pụọ na mgbidi Masonry / Chimney 2. Gbanyụọ isi mmiri mmiri mmiri ozugbo (Kwụsị Mgbasa Ala) 3. Lelee maka isi ísì gas / Hissing; Gbanyụọ mita gas nke mpụta ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-agbapụta 4. Abanyela ruo mgbe Structural/Geotechnical Engineer nyochara"]

    HazardType -->|"2. Ọwara piping nke dị n'ime ala ma ọ bụ SINKHOLE PSEUDOKARST: oghere ogige, oghere oghere, ma ọ bụ onye dara na ya."| PipingCheck{"Mmadụ ma ọ bụ ụgbọ ala tọrọ n'ime okporo osisi dara ada?"}

    PipingCheck -->|"Ee: Onye dara n'Ogwe ọkpọkọ"| ShaftRescue["PROTOCOL BELL-PIT EXTRICATION PROTOCOL: 1. Kpọọ 911/112/999 maka ụdọ nka na ụzụ na nnapụta ngwa ngwa 2. Ọ dịghị mgbe ị ga-eje ije na rim (Overhanging Bell Roof Will Cave In on Victim) 3. Debe ndị niile na-ekiri > 6 m (20 ft) azụ. Dina Ubube/Plywood naanị Site n'akụkụ mgbago 4. eriri eriri / eriri nke dị ala site na nchekwa nchekwa"]

    PipingCheck -->|"Mba: Achọpụtara oghere mepere emepe ma ọ bụ Gurgling Vortex na Yard/Road"| CordonHole["PROTOCOL PIPING CORDON PROTOCOL: 1. Gbanyụọ 10 m (33 ft) Radius Gburugburu ebe niile nke ịda mbà n'obi 2. Ọ dịghị mgbe ị ga-anwa imeju oghere ọkpọkọ na-arụ ọrụ na unyi rụrụ arụ ma ọ bụ mmiri rụrụ arụ 3. Chọta wee mechie ihe ọ bụla na-agbapụ oké ifufe mmiri, ọkpụkpụ, ma ọ bụ septic pipe na-enye ya nri."]

    HazardType -->|"3. VERTICAL LOESS BLUFF SLAB KWESỊRỊ ma ọ bụ mudFLOW: Cracking Cliff Face or Parallel Top Fissures"| BluffWhere{"Ị nọ n'elu rim nke bluff ma ọ bụ na mkpịsị ụkwụ ala?"}

    BluffWhere -->|"N'elu Bluff nso Edge"| RetreatInland["Nkwụghachi azụ SLAB dị n'elu-EDGE: 1. Bugharịa ozugbo banye n'ime ala ma ọ dịkarịa ala 15 m (50 ft) N'azụ mgbawa ahụ nke dị n'ebe dị anya 2. Ọ dịghị mgbe ịkwọ ụgbọala ma ọ bụ na-ekposa gọọlụ elu n'akụkụ Bluff Rim"]

    BluffWhere -->|"N'okpuru ala nke Bluff"| SprintOut["BASE SLAB-FALL EVASION: 1. Sprint straightway from Cliff Base (Opekempe 1.5x ruo 2x Bluff Height) ma ọ bụ 90 degrees n'ikpeazụ 2. Lelee maka Secondary Fluidized Mudflow Lobe na-esochi mmalite ngọngọ ọdịda."]

Ihe microstructure nke loess nke ifufe na-efe efe: gịnị kpatara oke ugwu akọrọ na-atụgharị ghọọ apịtị na-akụda¶

Iji ghọta ihe kpatara loess ji eme omume n'adịghị ka ala ọ bụla ọzọ dị n'ụwa, ndị injinia geotechnical na-ele anya na ** aeolian (ikuku-deposited) microstructure ** n'okpuru microscope eletrọn na-enyocha.

1. The Open Honeycomb Skeleton na Clay/Carbonate Bridges¶

N'ime oge Pleistocene glacial, ifufe katabatic siri ike na-efefe na mbara ala akọrọ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ebuli quartz na feldspar ** silt grains ** ($ 0.02 ederede { ka } } 0.05 ederede{ millimeters} $ gafee, nkwụsi ike nke talcum ntụ ntụ ma ọ bụ ntụ ọka) wee tinye ha na blanketị 2 ụkwụ. oké ifufe na-ada ada nke nnukwu ndagwurugwu (osimiri Missouri, Mississippi, Yellow, Rhine, na Danube). - Ebe dị elu (pasent 45 ruo 55 nke oghere efu): *** N'ihi na mkpụrụ osisi silt nke ikuku na-esi na ikuku dị n'akụkụ ahịhịa ahịhịa kama ịbụ nke a na-ejikọta ya n'okpuru mmiri, nwa agbọghọ na-amaghị nwoke na-amaghị nwoke nwere nnukwu ihe owuwu ** rụrụ arụ, mepere emepe, dị ka mmanụ aṅụ. N'ezie, njupụta ya kpọrọ nkụ dị ntakịrị (1.2 ruo 1.4 grams kwa cubic centimita) na ** ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkara nke loess akọrọ bụ oghere ikuku efu ** buru ibu karịa ọka silt n'onwe ha (** macropores ** na tubes mgbọrọgwụ fossilized). - Ihe na-ejide ụgbụgbọ mmanụ aṅụ kpọrọ nkụ: Mkpụrụ silt quartz angular anaghị emetụ ibe ha aka n'ezie. Kama nke ahụ, a na-ekewapụ ha na ntụpọ n'ebe kọntaktị ha site na obere ** menisci nke montmorillonite / ụrọ na-adịghị ahụkebe ** na mkpọda nke ** calcium carbonate (caliche) , na-eme ka nrụgide mmiri dị elu na-adịghị mma ( matric suction ) na-eme ka ọ sie ike. - ** Gịnị kpatara Loess ji guzoro ọtọ mgbe ọ kpọrọ nkụ, mana ọ daa na mkpọda ogo 45: N'ihi na mmiri ozuzo na-agbada site na mgbọrọgwụ mgbọrọgwụ kwụ ọtọ na-emebi ihu loess ngwa ngwa site na ịsa mpempe akwụkwọ, na-egbutu ụlọ akụ okporo ụzọ na loess na mkpọda 45-ogo na-akpata mbuze ngwa ngwa. N'aka nke ọzọ, ibelata loess kpọrọ nkụ n'ime mgbidi ** nso kwụ ọtọ (\(75°\text{ga- } 90°\))* na-ebelata oke elu nke mmiri ozuzo na-ezo, na-ekwe ka ọnụ ọnụ ugwu loess kwụ ọtọ guzoro ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ ruo mgbe mmiri si n'azụ ma ọ bụ n'okpuru bata.

2. The atọ ọdachi ọdịda ụdịdị n'elu wetting¶

Ngwa ngwa mmiri na-ejupụta akọrọ, loess na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya gafere ọnụ ụzọ mmiri ya dị oke egwu (na-abụkarị mgbe ogo saturation na-ebili site na pasent 30 gara aga 65 ruo 85%), usoro ọdịda atọ dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ: 1. Hịdroconsolidation (Kwụsị n'okpuru Ibu Ibu): Mmiri na-agbaze nnu carbonate soluble na hydrates/na-eme ka àkwà mmiri ụrọ dị nro na-ejide mkpụrụ osisi silt iche. N'okpuru ịdị arọ dị ala nke ntọala ụlọ (ma ọ bụ ọbụna n'okpuru ibu nke ala dị n'elu n'onwe ya, nke a na-akpọ ** loess nke na-ebuli onwe ya) mgbe ọ karịrị mita 10 ruo 15), àkwà mmiri ụrọ na-akpụ n'otu oge. Mkpụrụ ọka silt na-atụba n'ime oghere ikuku, na olu ala ** na-agbada n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ site na 5 ruo 15 pasent , na-atụba ntọala ụlọ, akwa akwa okporo ụzọ, ma ọ bụ eriri mmiri site na 30 ruo 150 centimeters (1 ruo 5 ụkwụ) na-enweghị ala ọ bụla na-ahapụ saịtị ahụ n'ezie. 2. ** Ebe ọ bụ na loess nwere ọtụtụ nde oghere mgbọrọgwụ kwụ ọtọ, ahịhịa ahịhịa, na mgbawa desiccation, mmiri ozuzo dị n'elu na-agbada ngwa ngwa ruo mgbe ọ dabara obere oyi akwa liri ( paleosol ***) ma ọ bụ akwa akwa. Mmiri ahụ na-atụgharị n'akụkụ wee na-asọba n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ n'okpuru ala gaa na ndagwurugwu ma ọ bụ mkpịsị ụkwụ ugwu kacha nso. N'ihi na ọka loess juru eju nwere ** cohesion efu (silt na-agbasasị) *, mmiri na-agbapụta n'okpuru ala na-asachapụ mkpụrụ osisi silt, na-akpụ ọkpọkọ na-agbasawanye n'okpuru ala ( ọwara mmiri ozuzo ) nke na-etolite n'ime ọgba dị n'okpuru ala dị mita 5 n'ogologo ebe ahịhịa ahịhịa na mgbọrọgwụ dị n'elu na-adaba kpamkpam, ruo mgbe ụlọ elu . mkpuke. 3. ** Mkpokọta kọlụm kwụ ọtọ na mgbawa: Mgbe mmiri jupụtara na mgbape kwụ ọtọ 2 mita n'azụ ihu ugwu loess kwụ ọtọ, nrụgide mmiri hydrostatic na-apụ apụ n'elu kọlụm ahụ kewapụrụ ka ọ na-eju ma na-amịnye isi (ụkwụ) nke kọlụm. Oghere kwụ ọtọ nke dị mita 20 dum na-adaba n'ihu ma ọ bụ na-akpụ akpụ ala, na-akụda mmetụta ma na-abanye n'ime mmiri silt dị elu.

Tụnyere ihe mberede geotechnical atọ loess¶

Ịmata na ịlanarị Ọwara ọkpọkọ nke dị n'okpuru ala ("Loess Pseudokarst")¶

Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-eche na sinkholes na-eme naanị na Florida ma ọ bụ Kentucky ebe akwa akwa limestone na-agbaze (karst). Na mpaghara loess (n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Iowa, Nebraska, Mississippi, Washington State, Danube basin, na Chinese Loess Plateau, ebe a na-akpọ ha ** loess sinkholes ma ọ bụ * luoshuidong ***), ** piping pseudokarst *** na-emepụta sinkholes dị nnọọ ka miri emi, na nnọọ ihe na-adịghị eguzosi ike n'ihe, na ala silt dị ọcha.

1. Otu esi achọpụta ọwara ọkpọkọ zoro ezo n'ogige ma ọ bụ ebe ịta nri gị¶

Gagharịa ihe onwunwe gị site na ala nke mkpọda elu (site n'ebe dị anya) wee chọọ ihe ngosi elu atọ na-enweghị mgbagha: 1. ** The "Beaded Necklace" of Aligned Depressions:** N'ihi na ọwara ọkpọkọ n'okpuru ala na-agbaso otu ụzọ mmiri mmiri dị n'okpuru ala ruo na ndagwurugwu ma ọ bụ okporo ụzọ, elu ụlọ nke ọwara na-abanye n'ime oge n'akụkụ ụzọ ya. Ọ bụrụ n’ịhụ ** oghere okirikiri abụọ, atọ, ma ọ bụ anọ ma ọ bụ nkụda mmụọ na-emighị emi nke edobere n’ahịrị kwụ ọtọ ma ọ bụ na-atụgharị *** na-aga n’akụkụ mkpọda, enwere oghere na-aga n’ihu, oghere ** oghere dị n’okpuru ala nke jikọtara ha niile *** ozugbo n’okpuru ahịhịa dị n’etiti oghere. Ejekwala ije n'etiti oghere abụọ akwadoro. 2. ** Profaịlụ "Bell-Pit" Overhang Profaịlụ: *** Mgbe ọgba aghara nke loess na-agbaba n'elu, oghere dị na turf nwere ike ịbụ naanị ** 30 ruo 60 centimeters (1 ka 2 ụkwụ) n'obosara , jikọtara ya na mgbọrọgwụ ahịhịa matted, ebe 1 mita (3.3 ụkwụ) n'okpuru ahihia ahụ, oghere ahụ na-agbanye n'ime oghere 6 ruo 6 mita. ụkwụ) na dayameta. 3. ** Onye na-agbapụta mmiri/silt fan na mkpịsị ụkwụ:* Na-aga n'akụkụ ala nke ndagwurugwu, igbutu okporo ụzọ, ma ọ bụ mgbidi na-ejigide 20 ruo 100 mita mgbada. Ọ bụrụ n'ịhụta oghere oghere ** nke yiri archa nke ọhụrụ na-awụsa mmiri silt na-acha odo odo-agba aja aja ma ọ bụ mkpọ silt odo na-asachapụ nke nwere ụdị fan na ala ụlọ akụ mgbe mmiri ozuzo gasịrị, ọwara ọkpọkọ na-agbapụta n'akụkụ ugwu ahụ kpọmkwem n'elu ya.

2. Ihe kpatara na ị gaghị agbalịrị idozi oghere ọkpọkọ site na ịkwanye unyi rụrụ arụ n'elu¶

Mgbe ndị nwe ụlọ chọtara oghere sinkhole dị mita 1 n'ime ogige loess, mmuo mbụ ha bụ ịkwanye gwongworo nke ala elu ma ọ bụ gravel n'ime oghere wee gbadaa ya. - ** Ihe kpatara nke a ji ada wee gbasaa ọgba ahụ:** Ọwa mmiri dị n'okpuru ala nke dị na ala ọkpọ ọkpọkọ (na-abụkarị mita 3 ruo 8 n'ime omimi) ka na-emeghe. Ikpofu unyi rụrụ arụ n'elu na-enweghị igwu ma mechie oghere ọkpọkọ kwụ ọtọ na-asachapụ unyi ọhụrụ n'ime ọwara ala n'oge oke mmiri ozuzo na-esote, ebe mmiri agbakwunyere na-agbaze mgbidi nke ụlọ mgbịrịgba yana ** okpukpu abụọ ka nke sinkhol. - ** Ndozi injinia kwesịrị ekwesị: *** Onye na-arụ ọrụ geotechnical ga-egwupụta ala ruo n'ala ọkpọkọ n'oge ihu igwe akọrọ, wụnye ihe nzacha nke geotextile / ájá nke na-agbanwe agbanwe ** (nke na-eme ka mmiri dị n'ime ala pụta na-enweghị ikwe ka mkpụrụ ọka 20-micrometer silt dị mma na-asa ya), yana kọmpat obere permeability ụrọ-silt na-ejuputa n'ime ihe dị mkpa nke 15.

Ịlanarị Hydroconsolidation n'ụlọ na ụlọ na loess nwere ike ịdaba¶

N'obodo na obodo ndị e wuru na nnukwu ego nkwụnye ego (dị ka Omaha, Council Bluffs, Sioux City, Kansas City, St. Joseph, Memphis, Vicksburg, Spokane / Pullman, Lanzhou, Xi'an, Belgrade, na Bucharest), ** hydroconsolidation ** na-akpata ọtụtụ narị nde dollar kwa afọ na mberede structural mebiri.

1. Ihe nleba anya n'ụlọ Plumbing & Drainage Audit maka ntọala Loess nke nkeji 5¶

Ihe karịrị pasentị 70 nke ntọala loess residential na-akpata ọ bụghị naanị ihu igwe nkịtị, kama site na ** mmeghe mmiri mmadụ gbadoro ụkwụ** n'ime mita 3 (ụkwụ 10) nke ntọala ntọala: - ** Lelee #1 (Nnwale nyocha nke mmiri nke mmiri):** Gbanyụọ ọkpọkọ, igwe na-asa efere, na ụlọ mposi ọ bụla n'ime ụlọ gị wee lelee obere triangular ma ọ bụ kpakpando ** akara ngosi ntanye dị ala ** na mita mmiri gị. Ọ bụrụ na ọkpụkpọ ahụ na-atụgharị mgbe mmiri niile dị n'ime ụlọ kwụsịrị, ọkpọkọ ọrụ n'okpuru ala na-agbapụta mmiri ozugbo n'ime loess nke nwere ike ịdaba n'okpuru slab gị ma ọ bụ n'okpuru ụkwụ gị. ** Gbanyụọ valvụ mgbochi isi n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ ozugbo.** - ** Lelee #2 (Roof Downspouts na Gutters):** Ulo elu nke nwere 185 square mita (2,000 square feet) nke mpaghara na-anakọta ** lita 4,700 (galọn 1,250) nke mmiri n'oge otu 25-millimeter (1-inch) égbè eluigwe. Ọ bụrụ na otu ikpere mgbada dapụ ma tụba lita 4,700 ahụ n'ime ala n'otu akụkụ nke ụlọ ahụ, ọ na-eme ka kọlụm loess dị omimi nke dị mita 5 gafere n'ọnụ ụzọ ọdịda ya n'otu abalị. Ihe mgbada niile dị na ala loess ga-ebuba n'ime ** ọkpọkọ PVC siri ike na-enweghị oghere ** nke na-ebu mmiri opekata mpe ** 3 ruo 5 mita (10 ruo 16 ụkwụ) pụọ *** site n'ụlọ ahụ banye n'ọnụ ụzọ awara awara ma ọ bụ ọwa mmiri. - ** Lelee #3 (Reverse Foundation Grading):** Ka oge na-aga, ala dị n'akụkụ ụlọ na-edozi ntakịrị, na-ekepụta ebe mgbada na mkpọda * n'akụkụ mgbidi okpuru ulo kama ịpụ na ya. Debe opekempe ** 5 ruo 10 pasent nke mkpọda dị mma (centimeters 15 nke dobe n'elu mita atọ mbụ [6 sentimita asatọ n'elu 10 ụkwụ])** nke nwere akara ala nwere obere permeability dịpụrụ adịpụ site na mgbidi ntọala niile, yana ** akụla ifuru ifuru na-agba mmiri ma ọ bụ na-agba isi ahịhịa ahịhịa na-akpaghị aka n'ime mita 2 (6.5 ụkwụ) nke ntọala. - ** Lelee # 4 (Sistemụ Septic na ọdọ mmiri):** Awụnyela ogige leach na-enweghị ahịrị, olulu mmiri kpọrọ nkụ, olulu mmiri mmiri ozuzo, ma ọ bụ ebe igwu mmiri na-agbago elu ma ọ bụ n'ime mita 15 (ụkwụ 50) nke ụlọ ma ọ bụ ọnụ bluff na mbara ala loess na-ada ada.

Nọmba mberede mpaghara na ụkpụrụ ụlọ ọrụ¶

• United States: Kpọọ 911 ozugbo maka olili trench/bluff ọ bụla, onye tọrọ atọ n'ime ọkpọkọ ọkpọkọ, ma ọ bụ ahịrị gas. Kpọọ 811 tupu gwuo ala ọ bụla. Maka nyocha ihe ize ndụ geological na eriri loess mbụ nke US, lelee United States Geological Survey (USGS), ** Iowa Geological Survey / Iowa DOT** (Western Iowa Loess Hills), na ** Nebraska Conservation and Survey Division , na ** Missouri Geological Survey (Missippi) Ogo gburugburu (MDEQ Office of Geology) maka ụkpụrụ nkwụsi ike nke Vicksburg/Natchez.
• China (Loess Plateau Mpaghara: Shaanxi, Gansu, Shanxi, Henan, Ningxia): Kpọọ 119 (ọkụ na nnapụta nka na ụzụ), 110 (Ndị uwe ojii), ma ọ bụ 120 (Ambulance Medical). Kpesa mgbawa mgbawa bluff, ebe obibi (yaodong) n'elu ụlọ, ma ọ bụ teres pipụ sinkholes ozugbo gaa na ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ize ndụ ime obodo na Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) Geological Hazard Early Warning Center.
• ** European Union na United Kingdom: *** Kpọọ ** 112 ** gafee mba ndị otu EU niile (ma ọ bụ ** 999** na UK, ebe nkwụnye ego brik / loess thinner na-eme na Kent, Essex na Sussex). Na oké Danube na Rhine loess belt (Germany, Austria, Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria), ọchịchị obodo nchebe na geological nnyocha e mere (BGR na Germany, ** GeoSphere Austria , ** SZTFH na Hungary) jikwaa bluff slumping na akụkọ ihe mere eme sunken-lane (* Hohlwesen*) ma ọ bụ cellarsga.
• ** New Zealand (Canterbury / Banks Peninsula / Otago Loess Hills):** Kpọọ 111 maka nnapụta ihe mberede, wee kọọ akụkọ mmebi nke ọwara-gully ma ọ bụ enweghị ntụkwasị obi na ** Environment Canterbury (ECan) / Christchurch City Council Geotechnical Teams ** na ** EQC / Toka Tū Ake ***.

Ajụjụ a na-ajụkarị¶

Gịnị kpatara na ala loess ifufe na-efe efe ga-eji guzoro n'ugwu kwụ ọtọ nke dị mita 30 (100 ụkwụ) mgbe ọ kpọrọ nkụ, ma daa n'ime apịtị mmiri mgbe ọ na-ete mmiri?¶

Mgbe ikuku na-etinye mkpụrụ ọka quartz dị mma n'oge Ice Age, mkpụrụ osisi ndị ahụ na-abanye n'ime oghere na-adịghị mma, nke na-emeghe mmanụ aṅụ bụ ebe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasent 50 nke ala ala bụ ohere ikuku tọgbọ chakoo. A na-ekewa mkpụrụ ndị ahụ naanị site n'ọkpụkpụ ntụpọ-welds nke ụrọ kpọrọ nkụ na calcium carbonate salts n'ebe ha na-akpakọrịta. Ọ bụrụhaala na loess ahụ na-akpọnwụ, obere àkwà mmiri ịnweta mmiri na-enye ya ike kwụ ọtọ. Otú ọ dị, oge mmiri na-eju ala, mmiri ahụ na-agbaze nnu carbonate ma mee ka àkwà mmiri ụrọ dị nro ka ọ bụrụ mmanụ na-esi ísì ụtọ, na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ ebu aṅụ na-emeghe daa ozugbo ghọọ nnukwu mmiri na-enweghị njikọ.

Kedu ihe bụ "hydroconsolidation," oleekwa otú ọkpọkọ mmiri gbajiri agbaji ma ọ bụ gọta gbachiri agbawa ga-esi mebie ụlọ e wuru na loess n'otu abalị?¶

Hydroconsolidation (mmiri na-ebute ọdịda ọdịda) na-eme mgbe mmiri na-ejupụta na mmiri na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya n'okpuru ntọala ụlọ dị arọ. N'ihi na ọkara olu nke loess akọrọ nwere oghere ikuku mepere emepe bụ́ nke àkwà mmiri ụrọ na-agbaze mmiri na-ebuli, iminye ala n'okpuru otu akụkụ nke ụlọ na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi silt daba n'ime oghere ndị ahụ tọgbọrọ chakoo n'okpuru ịdị arọ nke ụlọ ahụ. Na-enweghị otu kilogram nke unyi na-asachapụ, elu ala dị n'okpuru akụkụ mmiri mmiri nwere ike imikpu n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ site na 15 ruo 100 centimeters (6 ruo 40 sentimita) n'ime awa, na-agbawa mgbidi ụlọ n'akụkụ ogo 45, na-akụchi ọnụ ụzọ, na ịkwacha mmanụ gas na ọwa mmiri.

Kedu ihe bụ "loess piping sinkhole" (pseudokarst), gịnị kpatara rim gburugburu oghere ahụ ji dị ize ndụ?¶

Mgbe nnukwu mmiri ozuzo na-adaba n'oghere kwụ ọtọ ma ọ bụ oghere òké n'akụkụ ugwu loess, ọ na-adaba nnukwu oyi akwa n'okpuru ala wee na-asọga n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ na ala ugwu ahụ, na-asachapụ mkpụrụ osisi silt na-enweghị njikọ iji kpụọ nnukwu ọwara ala ("piping"). Ka elu ụlọ nke ọwara ala ahụ na-arịgo elu, ọ na-etolite ụlọ dị n'okpuru ala (olulu mgbịrịgba) nke dị mita 3 ruo 8 n'obosara n'okpuru ala nke na-esi na ahịhịa dị n'elu dị ka obere oghere dị sentimita 30 ruo 60. N'ihi na ahịhịa gbara gburugburu 2 ruo 4 mita gburugburu obere oghere ahụ bụ ihe na-akwadoghị, oghere dị n'elu ụlọ mgbịrịgba, na-aga n'akụkụ ọnụ iji leba anya n'ime ya na-eme ka ahịhịa ahụ dum daa n'elu gị.

Gịnị mere okporo ụzọ na okporo ụzọ ndị dị n'ugwu loess ji adịkarị ka ọwa mmiri miri emi, nke nwere mgbidi kwụ ọtọ ("ụzọ ndị dara ada"), oleekwa mgbe ha dị ize ndụ?¶

Ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ, nzọụkwụ ụkwụ, wiil ụgbọ ala, na ụgbọ ala ugbo kụrisịrị ihe owuwu silt rụrụ arụ dị n'akụkụ ụzọ ndị dị na China, Iowa, Mississippi, na Europe (ebe a na-akpọ ha *Hohlwege* na Germany/Austria ma ọ bụ *wąwozy lesowe* na Poland), na-ekwe ka ifufe na mmiri ozuzo kpochapụ uzuzu ahụ na-akpaghasị ahụ ruo mgbe okporo ụzọ ahụ dara n'agbata mita 5 ruo 25 (ụkwụ 16) gbadaa n'agbata ụkwụ 18 ozugbo. Ọ bụ ezie na okporo ụzọ kpọrọ nkụ kpọrọ nkụ kwụsiri ike, na-eje ije ma ọ bụ na-anya ụgbọ ala site n'okporo ụzọ loess nwere mgbidi kwụ ọtọ n'oge ma ọ bụ ozugbo mmiri ozuzo gasịrị, mmiri ozuzo ngwa ngwa, ma ọ bụ ala ọma jijiji na-egbu egbu: mmiri na-abanye na mgbawa kwụwara n'elu mgbidi na-eme ka slabs kwụ ọtọ na-agafe n'ofe ala mmiri dị warara nke nwere ohere efu iji pụọ.

Kedu ihe kpatara koodu iwu ụlọ na mpaghara loess ji machibido igbutu akuku ugwu ka ọ bụrụ mkpọda 45 ọkọlọtọ?¶

N'ime ụrọ nkịtị ma ọ bụ ájá ájá, ndị injinia na-egbutu akụkụ okporo ụzọ n'ogo dị nro site na ogo 30 ruo 45 iji gbochie mbuze. Otú ọ dị, n'ebe a na-edebe ebe a na-edebe loess siri ike, igbutu mkpọda dị ogo 45 ekpughere na-ekpughe ihu zuru ezu nke silt na-agbasasị na mmetụta mmiri ozuzo na-ada na mpempe akwụkwọ na-asọpụta, bụ nke na-ebute ọdachi dị omimi nke dị mita 5 ngwa ngwa na ọwara mmiri n'ime ugwu ahụ. Kama nke ahụ, ndị injinia geotechnical dị na Iowa, Mississippi, na China na-egbutu loess bluffs n'ime ** kwụ ọtọ kwụ ọtọ ma ọ bụ nke dị nso ($75°text{na}}}}}80°$) bench (terraces)** kewapụrụ site n'obere oghere na-adọba mmiri kwụ ọtọ n'azụ oche nke ọ bụla ka mmiri ozuzo ghara ịdaba n'ihu silt kwụ ọtọ.

Olee enyemaka mbụ dị mkpa ma ọ bụrụ na ụlọ akụ loess ma ọ bụ trenchi dara ada lie mmadụ?¶

Silt nke kpọrọ nkụ ma ọ bụ keguru mmiri na-ekewa n'ime ezigbo ntụ ntụ ntụ ntụ dị ka ntụ ntụ na mmetụta nke na-agbakọta n'akụkụ igbe ma jupụta imi, ọnụ, na ikuku ikuku, na-ebute asphyxiation ngwa ngwa n'ime nkeji 2 ruo 4. Kpọọ 911/112/999 ozugbo, jide n'aka na ọ nweghị slab kwụ ọtọ na-agafe mpaghara ọdịda tupu ịbanye, gwuo isi onye ahụ na ** mgbidi obi dum ** free iji aka na bọket (ọ dịghị mgbe shọvel ígwè kpuo ìsì n'akụkụ isi), na-ekpochapụ ahịhịa na-acha odo odo dị mma n'ọnụ na imi imi, wee malite ịzọpụta ha ma ọ bụrụ na ha na-eku ume ozugbo. Inweta enyemaka enyemaka izizi na nkuzi CPR sitere na Red Cross, St John Ambulance, ma ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka mpaghara na-akwado gị ka ịmeghachi ndụ na-azọpụta ndụ.

Ntuziaka emetụtara¶

• Ọkpụkpọ mmiri na ọdịda ala ọdịda mberede
• Mbibi, apịtị, na irighiri ihe na-ebupụ
• Mgbasawanye ala ụrọ, oke ọkọchị, na mgbawa ntọala
• Ọgba mkpọda, ọgbaa, na ihe owuwu dara

Isi mmalite na nduzi ọchịchị¶

• United States Geological Survey (USGS) na Iowa Geological Survey: * Njirimara Geotechnical, Hydroconsolidation Collapse, and Slope Stability of Midcontinent Loess Deposits (Western Iowa Loess Hills na Lower Mississippi Valley Bluffs)*.
• United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) na US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE Vicksburg District): * Nhazi na Mwube na Ala Loess Na-emebi emebi: Mgbochi Mgbochi, Mwepu Mwepu, na Mgbochi Mgbochi Ime n'ime ala.
• Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China (MNR) na China Geological Survey (CGS): Loess Plateau Geohazard Monitoring, Cave-Dwelling (Yaodong) Mgbochi Saturation Collapse, na Loess Sinkhole / Flowslide Early Warning Protocols.
• ** Environment Canterbury (ECan) na GNS Sayensị (New Zealand):*** Ọwara-Gully (Loess Piping) Mechanics erosion na Hillside Stormwater Management na Banks Peninsula na South Island Loess Slopes*.
• ** Nlekọta nchekwa na ahụike ọrụ (OSHA, United States, 29 CFR 1926 Nkebi P):** * Usoro nchekwa nchekwa na ngwucha: nhazi ọkwa nke silt/Loess dị ka ụdị B/C Ala na-adịghị akwụsi ike na nke amanyere iwu Trench Box Shoring*.