Hydrofluoric acid, nchara nchara na ọkụ kemịkalụ ụlọ ọrụ¶

N'adịghị ka ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ nke na-akwụsị isi nri anụ ahụ ozugbo ọkụ na-agbanyụ, kemịkalụ na-ere ọkụ sitere na hydrofluoric acid (\(HF\)), ** alkalis siri ike (sodium hydroxide lye, drain openers, oven cleaners, wet Portland cement, anhydrous amonia)**, ** concentrated acids (sulfuric, nitric) na mmadụ na-aga n'ihu. akpụkpọ, abụba, akwara, na ọkpụkpụ ruo ọtụtụ awa ruo mgbe a na-ewepụ ihe ọ bụla nke kemịkalụ ma ọ bụ wepụ ya. Nke kachasị dị ize ndụ bụ ** Hydrofluoric Acid ($ HF $) ***: achọtara ọ bụghị naanị na semiconductor na ụlọ ọrụ na-enyo enyo, kamakwa na ** ụlọ na-ewepụ nchara nchara, ndị na-ehicha ihe aluminom / chrome, na ndị na-enwu ọkụ ***: nke na-agafe n'enweghị ihe mgbu site na akpụkpọ ahụ na-adịghị emebi emebi iji wepụ ihe calcium na magnesium n'ọbara, na-akpata ọrịa obi na-egbu egbu. ọkụ adịghị ibu karịa ọbụ aka gị.

Ntuziaka a na-enye nkwụsị nkwụsị nke nzọụkwụ site na nzọụkwụ na usoro ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ na-adaba na ntụziaka sitere na Healthtù Ahụ Ike (wa (WHO), Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchịkwa na Mgbochi Ọrịa nke United States (CDC / NIOSH), Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), American Burn Service (ABA), na UK National Poisons. Iwepụ uwe emerụrụ emerụ, ịsachapụ ntụ ntụ * tupu ịgbakwụnye mmiri, wụsa mmiri na-asọ asọ maka nkeji iri na ise ruo iri isii, na ịhịa aka *2.5 percent calcium gluconate gel n'elu hydrofluoric acid na-ere ọkụ na-azọpụta akụkụ na ndụ.

Mee nke a ugbu a¶

Ọ bụrụ na gị ma ọ bụ onye nọ nso fesaala, wụfuo, ma ọ bụ gbuo ikpere n'ala na hydrofluoric acid, nchara nchara na-ewepụ ihe nchara, ihe na-ehicha ihe nchara, ihe nkedo mmiri, ciment mmiri, wayo, ma ọ bụ acid ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụla ma ọ bụ alkali:

1. ** Yiri uwe aka na-eguzogide ọgwụ wee yipụ uwe na ọla niile emetọọ ozugbo**: Ejila aka efu emetụla uwe ma ọ bụ akpụkpọ ahụ nwere kemịkal (jiri ** nitrile, butyl, ma ọ bụ neoprene gloves**). Jiri ịkwa akwa bechapụ uwe niile dị mmiri mmiri, sọks, akpụkpọ ụkwụ, mgbanaka na eriri nche n'ime sekọnd 60, n'ihi na kemịkalụ tọrọ n'ime akwa ma ọ bụ n'okpuru mgbanaka na-ebute oke ọkụ gbara gburugburu.
2. ** Lelee "Iwu mbụ ntụ ntụ" tupu ịgbanye mmiri : Ọ bụrụ na akpụkpọ ahụ kpuchiri ya na ** DRY chemical powder : dị ka ** akọrọ ngwa ngwa (calcium oxide / $ CaO $), ** akọrọ Portland cement ájá, ** sodium hydroxide lye flakes***,** sodium hydroxide lye flakes***,** ọla kọpa, potassium, phosphorus ma ọ bụ white. Jiri akwa kpọrọ nkụ ma ọ bụ ahịhịa kpochaa ntụ ntụ tupu etinye mmiri. Ịtinye ntakịrị mmiri ozugbo na kristal akọrọ ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụ kristal akọrọ na-ebute mmeghachi omume okpomọkụ na-eme ihe ike nke na-esi nri anụ ahụ n'elu ọkụ kemịkal.
3. ** Were mmiri na-agba ọsọ na-agba ọsọ ọsọ ọsọ ***: Ozugbo a na-ehichapụ ntụ ntụ (ma ọ bụ ozugbo ọ bụrụ na ọnya ahụ bụ mmiri mmiri):
4. ** Maka Hydrofluoric Acid ($ HF $), Nchara nchara, ma ọ bụ Cleaner Wheel **: Gwuo n'okpuru mmiri siri ike nke mmiri mgbata na-agba ọsọ (ma ọ bụ ** Hexafluorine ** ngwọta ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị na saịtị mmepụta ihe) maka ** 15 ruo 30 nkeji ** (ma ọ bụ maka nkeji 5 ma ọ bụrụ na 2.5% Calcium Gluconate Gel ga-amalite ozugbo ozugbo).
5. ** Maka Alkalis siri ike (Lye, Drain Opener, Wet Cement, Amonia): Na-asachapụ mgbe niile n'okpuru mmiri mgbata na-agba ọsọ maka ** 30 ruo 60 nkeji zuru ezu ** (alkalis na-agbaze abụba anụ ahụ n'ime ncha wee banye n'ime miri emi karịa acids).
6. ** Maka anya mmiri kemịkalụ**: Ghichaa anya mepere emepe n'okpuru iyi mmiri dị nro ma ọ bụ saline na-adịghị mma maka ** ọbụlagodi nkeji 30 ruo 60** na-aga n'ihu (lee mmerụ anya).
7. Tinye 2.5% Calcium Gluconate Gel ozugbo na ihe ọ bụla Hydrofluoric Acid (\(HF\)) ma ọ bụ Rust Remover ọkụ : Yiri uwe nitrile (ka ị ghara itinye fluoride na mkpịsị aka gị), ịhịa aka n'ahụ ** 2.5% Calcium Gluconate Gel na-emesapụ aka n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ gbara ọkụ na-aga n'ihu ruo nkeji 530 ruo mgbe nkeji 1. ihe mgbu ọkpụkpụ na-akwụsị. ** Ọ bụrụ na ịnweghị Calcium Gluconate Gel azụmahịa n'ụlọ : gwepịa ** mbadamba 10 nke Calcium Carbonate antacid (dị ka Tums) n'ime ntụ ntụ dị mma ma gwakọta ya na ** 30 milliliters (1 ounce / 2 tablespoons) nke mmiri na-agbaze K-Y jelii ma ọ bụ aloe vera gel** iji mee ka ọ bụrụ ihe mberede ka ọ na-agba ọkụ.
8. Ọ dịghị mgbe ị ga-anwa "ịpụpụ" acid na-ere ya na soda ma ọ bụ alkali na-ere mmanya na mmanya : Ịwụsa mmanya n'elu ọkụ lye ma ọ bụ baking soda na sulfuric/hydrochloric acid ọkụ na-akpalite mmeghachi omume ọkụ exothermic acid-base ** ziri ezi na anụ ahụ, na-ebuli ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ n'elu mmerụ ahụ. ** (Calcium gluconate na Hydrofluoric Acid BỤGHỊ nkwụsịtụ acid-base: ọ bụ mmeghachi omume na-ejikọta calcium-fluoride nke na-abụghị thermal ionic na ọ bụ naanị ya).
9. ** Kpọọ 911/112/999 ozugbo maka Hydrofluoric Acid, Anya Burns, ma ọ bụ Deep Alkali Burns**: Kpọọ nọmba mberede mpaghara gị site na anyị. nọmba mberede ndekọ. ** Mkpughe ọ bụla Hydrofluoric Acid (\(HF\)) chọrọ nyocha ngalaba mberede ụlọ ọgwụ yana nlekota ECG na-aga n'ihu na obi obi **, ọbụlagodi ma akpụkpọ ahụ dị ka nke zuru oke ma ọ naghị emerụ ahụ, n'ihi na itughari $ HF $ (< 20%) na-ewe ** 6 ruo 24 awa ** ịmalite imerụ ahụ mgbe ị na-atụba calcium ọbara n'ọkwa na-egbu egbu.

Usoro ọkụ kemịkalụ ihe mberede na eserese ntọpụ¶

flowchart TD
    Start["Ọkụ kemịkalụ ma ọ bụ ọkụ na akpụkpọ ma ọ bụ anya"] --> PPE["Yiri Nitrile/Neoprene Gloves<br/>Bechapụ uwe, akpụkpọ ụkwụ na mgbanaka niile n'ime sekọnd 60."]

    PPE --> FormCheck{"Kedu ụdị kemịkalụ butere mkpughe ahụ?"}

    FormCheck -->|Dry Powder: Quicklime (CaO), Dry Lye Flakes, Dry Cement,<br/>Elemental Sodium/Potassium, or White Phosphorus| DryRule["Iwu ntụ ntụ: Ghichaa ntụ ntụ niile nke mbụ<br/> Maka Sodium / Potassium: Na-ekpuchi mmanụ ịnweta mmanụ (mmiri ọ bụla) <br/> Maka Quicklime / Drry Lye: Mgbe ịchachachara, gbanye ya na mmiri dị elu 30-60 min."]

    FormCheck -->|Hydrofluoric Acid (HF), Household Rust Stain Remover,<br/>Aluminum Brightener, Chrome Wheel Cleaner, Glass Etcher| HFRule["HYDROFLUORIC ACID (HF) PROTOCOL: Kpọọ 911 / 112 / 999<br/>1. Jiri mmiri mgbata na-agba ọsọ (ma ọ bụ Hexafluorine) mee ka nkeji 5 ruo 15 <br/>2. Ịhịa aka n'ahụ 2.5% Calcium Gluconate Gel (ma ọ bụ Tums + mmiri gel a gwepịara egwepịa) na aka aka kpuchiri<br/>3. Ụlọ ọgwụ ECG nlekota + Subcutaneous/Intra-arterial Calcium Gluconate<br/>+ IV Calcium Gluconate & Magnesium Sulfate maka nsí sistemu"]

    FormCheck -->|Phenol (Carbolic Acid / Creosote)| Phenol["PHENOL PROTOCOL (Na-adịghị ike soluble na mmiri naanị) <br/>Na-ehichapụ akpụkpọ ahụ ugboro ugboro na Polyethylene Glycol (PEG 300/400) <br/> ma ọ bụ Isopropyl Alcohol / Mmanụ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, na-atụgharị na mmiri ịsa ahụ dị elu."]

    FormCheck -->|Strong Alkali: Drain Opener (NaOH/KOH), Wet Concrete,<br/>Oven Cleaner, Ammonia, Bleach| Alkali["LIQUEFACTIVE NECROSIS PROTOCOL<br/>Na-asọba n'ihu n'okpuru mmiri mgbata na-agba ọsọ maka nkeji 30 ruo 60 zuru ezu<br/>E tinyela mmanya mmanya ma ọ bụ acid; lelee pH nke akpụkpọ / anya ruo mgbe ịnọpụ iche (7.0-7.5)"]

    FormCheck -->|Strong Mineral Acid: Sulfuric (Battery Acid),<br/>Hydrochloric (Muriatic), Nitric Acid| Acid["COAGULATIVE NECROSIS PROTOCOL<br/>Na-asachapụ mgbe niile n'okpuru mmiri pọmpụ na-agba ọsọ maka nkeji 15 ruo 30 zuru ezu<br/>E tinyela baking soda; jiri gauze mmiri na-adịghị ekpuchi ya nke ọma"]

Pathophysiology: Coagulative (Acids) vs. Liquefactive (Alkalis) vs. Fluoride Scavenging (\(HF\))¶

Kedu ihe kpatara mgbawa mmiri nke alkaline drain Cleaner ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri na-eme ka ọkụ dị omimi karị, nke na-ebibi ihe karịa nsị nke batrị batrị nke otu ike ahụ, gịnị kpatara hydrofluoric acid na-akpa àgwà dị iche na abụọ?

1. Acid siri ike (\(\text{pH} <2\)): Coagulative Necrosis (Self-Limiting Crust)¶

Mgbe etinyere ya ** sulfuric acid ** (batrị ụgbọ ala / ihe nhicha ụlọ mmepụta ihe), ** hydrochloric acid ** ( ọdọ mmiri / masonry acid), ** nitric acid ** ma ọ bụ ** trichloroacetic acid ** na-adaba akpụkpọ mmadụ, ion hydrogen ($ H ^ + $) ozugbo ma na-ebuli protein anụ ahụ dị n'ime siri ike, akpụkpọ anụ, nke a na-akpọ enweghị ike.

• N'ihi na eriri protein a jikọtara ọnụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi anụ ahụ, ** ọtụtụ acid mineral siri ike na-egbochi ntinye miri emi nke onwe ha ** ozugbo oyi akwa ahụ gbara ọkụ (ọ bụrụhaala na a na-ewepụ acid ahụ na mmiri n'ime nkeji ole na ole mbụ).
• ** Ihe ngosi agba na akpụkpọ ahụ ***: Nitric acid na-atụgharị akpụkpọ ahụ gbara ọkụ ka ọ bụrụ ihe pụrụ iche ** odo na-egbuke egbuke ka ọ bụrụ oroma **, sulfuric acid chars tissue ** ọchịchịrị aja aja na ojii, na hydrochloric acid na-atụgharị akpụkpọ ahụ ** ọcha ka ọ bụrụ isi awọ.

2. Alkalis / Bases siri ike (\(\ederede {pH}> 11.5\ederede {ka} } 12\)): Liquefactive Necrosis (Mmiri miri emi na-adịghị akwụsị akwụsị)¶

Mgbe ** sodium hydroxide ($ ederede {NaOH}$ / lye), potassium hydroxide (\(\ ederede {KOH}\)), calcium hydroxide (wet Portland cement ma ọ bụ ngwa agha), ** anhydrous amonia, ma ọ bụ ** oven / igbapu Cleaners** metụ akpụkpọ ahụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ cornea. * ọ bụghị* na-etolite jikọrọ ọnụ na-echebe. Kama, ha na-ebute ** liquefactive necrosis ***:

• ** Saponification nke abụba mmadụ **: alkali kemịkalụ na-emeghachi omume na acid fatty na membranes cell mmadụ na abụba subcutaneous, n'ụzọ nkịtị ** na-atụgharị anụ ahụ dị ndụ ka ọ bụrụ ncha mmiri (saponification) mgbe ọ na-agbari protein protein collagen n'ime nro, protein.
• ** Mbanye miri emi na-adịghị akwụsị akwụsị ***: N'ihi na mmiri ara ehi, ncha anụ ahụ na-enye ihe mgbochi anụ ahụ efu, alkali na-aga n'ihu na-emikpu na omimi site na dermis, abụba, akwara, na site na cornea nke anya n'ime ụlọ dị n'ihu ruo ọtụtụ awa ruo mgbe ** 30 ruo 60 nkeji nke mmiri na-agba ọsọ na-aga n'ihu ** na-ehichapụ mmiri mmiri ọ bụla.

3. Hydrofluoric Acid (\(HF\)): Ọnyà ion na-eme ugboro abụọ na mgbu ọkpụkpụ miri emi.¶

Hydrofluoric acid (\(HF\)) bụ nsi ogbo abụọ na-eduhie eduhie pụrụ iche:

• ** Gịnị kpatara ịgbanye \(HF\) (< 20%) adịghị afụ ụfụ na mbụ **: N'ime ezinụlọ ** ndị na-ewepụ nchara nchara ** (nke nwere 6% ruo 12% $ HF $ ma ọ bụ ammonium bifluoride), ** aluminom / chrome wheel cleaners **, na ** brik / masonry cleaners , hydrogen ion ($ H ^ + $) ịta ahụhụ adịghị ike ọkụ ọkụ n'elu akwara anụ ahụ ozugbo. Mmadụ na-enweta ihe na-ewepụ nchara na mkpịsị aka ya ma ọ bụ n'okpuru mbọ aka ya, na-enwe mmetụta ** ihe mgbu na-ahụ ihe efu na-acha ọbara ọbara ma na-arụ ọrụ ruo ọtụtụ awa.
• ** akwara fluoride miri emi na mbibi ọkpụkpụ *: Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ụmụ irighiri ihe $ HF $ na-agbasaghị ozugbo site na epidermis na-emebibeghị n'ime dermis miri emi, n'ọbọ akwara dijitalụ, na ọkpụkpụ mkpịsị aka ( phalangeal periosteum ***), ebe ha kewapụrụ wee hapụ ion fluoride n'efu ($ F ^ - \() **. Fluoride na-ewepụ calcium niile na akpụkpọ ahụ cell, na-amanye ọwa potassium na-agbanye ọkụ na-emeghe ma na-atụfu nnukwu potassium intracellular (\) K^+$) ozugbo na njedebe akwara anụ ahụ.
• ** Ihe mgbu na-egbu mgbu "Mgbu Ọkpụkpụ Na-akpata" n'ụzọ dabara na ule ahụ *: Na mberede, ** 6 ruo 24 awa mgbe ịgbanye \(< 20\%\) exposure (or within 1 to 8 hours for a 20% to 50% exposure, and immediately for $> 50 \% $ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe $ HF $), onye ahụ a tara ahụhụ na-etolite ** ihe mgbu na-egbu mgbu, nke na-adịghị akwụsị akwụsị, na-adị ka ọkpụkpụ mkpịsị aka ha na-egwepịa na vise **, ọbụna tupu blisters na-acha ọcha / isi awọ ma ọ bụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ apụta n'elu. **Standard morphine ma ọ bụ fentanyl opioids anaghị emetụ ihe mgbu a: naanị iji Calcium Gluconate dochie calcium zuru ezu na-akwụsị nkwụsị nke akwara wee belata mgbu ahụ.

Ntụle nna ukwu nke ọkụ kemịkalụ dị oke egwu na mmetọ akọwapụtara¶

Mikpu mmiri 1: Hydrofluoric Acid zuru ezu (\(HF\)) Protocol nnapụta (Ụlọ gaa ICU)¶

N'ihi na ụlọ ** nchara nchara na-ewepụ ihe nchara *** (nke a na-ere ya na obere karama rọba rọba n'ụlọ ebe a na-asa ákwà na ** 6% ruo 12% Hydrofluoric Acid **) na ụgbọ ala ** aluminom / magnesium wheel Cleaners ** adịkarịghị ebipụta "HYDROFLUORIC ACID" na nnukwu akwụkwọ ozi na akara ihu, ọtụtụ puku ndị nwe ụlọ na-ata ahụhụ n'ezie na-enweghị mkpịsị aka ha na-emetụ otu afọ. kemịkalụ kacha dị ize ndụ n'ụwa.

Kwụpụ 1: Ntụziaka Calcium Gluconate Gel emere n'ụlọ ozugbo¶

A na-achọrọ ebe ọrụ ọ bụla na-eji \(HF\) idobe tubes na-adịghị agwụ agwụ nke ** 2.5% Calcium Gluconate Gel ** n'akụkụ sink. Ọ bụrụ na ikpughe nchara ma ọ bụ ihe na-ehicha ụkwụ na-eme n'ụlọ ebe azụmahịa calcium gluconate gel adịghị:

1. ** Ghichaa n'okpuru mmiri mgbata dị jụụ maka nkeji 5 ruo 15 ** mgbe onye otu ezinụlọ na-akpọ 911/112/999 na ** Njikwa nsi (1-800-222-1222 na US)**.
2. ** Gwakọta Calcium Carbonate Slurry/Gel ihe mberede na sekọnd 60 ***:
3. Were ** 10 ike mgbe niile (500 mg ruo 1,000 mg) mbadamba nkume antacid Calcium Carbonate (dị ka Tums ma ọ bụ Rolaids)**.
4. Ghichaa ha n'etiti ngaji abụọ ma ọ bụ n'ime akpa rọba dị ọcha jiri ntụtụ na-atụgharị n'ime ntụ ntụ dị mma.
5. Gwakọta ntụ ọka ahụ nke ọma na ** 30 milliliters (2 tablespoons / 1 ounce) nke gel mmiri-soluble (dị ka ** K-Y Jelly **, ** aloe vera gel nke mmiri na-adabere na mmiri, ma ọ bụ ** 1 ruo 2 tablespoons nke mmiri mgbata *) iji mepụta nnukwu mado. * (Ejila mmanụ ala jelii / Vaseline, n'ihi na mmanụ mmanụ na-eme ka ọnyà fluoride na-egbochi ion calcium mmiri na-agbaze mmiri ịbanye n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ).
6. ** Jiri usoro "Nitrile Glove Poultice" maka mkpịsị aka na aka na-ere ọkụ ***:
7. Tinye glove nitrile n'aka gị ma takwaa gel calcium n'ime ebe ọkụ na-aga n'ihu.
8. Ọ bụrụ na agbakuo mkpịsị aka ma ọ bụ aka nke onye ahụ ọkụ, ** jujuo uwe nitrile buru ibu na nnukwu scoop nke Calcium Gluconate Gel (ma ọ bụ gel Tums gị e gwepịara egwepịa) wee gbanye aka ọkụ nke onye ahụ ọkụ n'ime uwe mkpuchi gel. Nke a na-eme ka milimita square ọ bụla nke mkpịsị aka saa ya na ion calcium n'oge ụgbọ ihe mberede na-aga ụlọ ọgwụ.

Kwụpụ 2: Ihe kpatara eji eji iwepụ mbọ aka na Calcium intra-Arterial n'ụlọ ọgwụ.¶

Mgbe onye ọrịa nwere ọkụ aka hydrofluoric acid rutere na ngalaba mberede:

• **Mgbu bụ mita titration ụlọ ọgwụ ***: N'adịghị ka ọkụ ọ bụla ọzọ, ** mgbu na ọkụ \(HF\) na-agwa dọkịta ozugbo ma ion fluoride efu ka na-emebi anụ ahụ. Ya mere, ndị dọkịta na-ezere inye ihe mgbochi akwara lidocaine mpaghara na mbụ n'ihi na imechi mkpịsị aka aka ma ọ bụrụ na ọgwụgwọ calcium ewepụla fluoride niile nke ọma.
• ** Subungual (N'okpuru mbọ aka) Ọnyà ***: Fluoride ions na-adaba n'ụzọ dị mfe n'okpuru nsọtụ mbọ aka n'ime akwa ntu bara ụba, ebe gel calcium n'elu enweghị ike ịbanye na efere ntu keratin siri ike. Ọ bụrụ na onye ọrịa nwere ihe mgbu siri ike n'okpuru mbọ aka mgbe ejiri nchara nchara na-enweghị uwe aka, ndị dọkịta mberede na-eme ngọngọ dijitalụ (mgbe nkwenye ọnọdụ) na ** trephine, kewaa, ma ọ bụ wepụ efere mbọ aka ** ya mere calcium gluconate nwere ike iru ntu ntu ozugbo, na-azọpụta ọkpụkpụ phalanx distal na-agbaze.
• ** Infiltration subcutaneous na intra-Arterial Calcium Infusion ***: Ọ bụrụ na calcium n'elu anaghị akwụsị mgbu mgbu n'ime nkeji 30 ruo 60, ndị dọkịta na-abanye ** 5% ruo 10% Calcium Gluconate ngwọta na-adịghị ahụkebe ozugbo n'okpuru ọkụ (na-ejedebe oke na ọkụ). 0.5 mL per square centimeter na mkpịsị aka iji zere ọrịa nke akụkụ; Ejila Calcium chloride mee ihe n'okpuru anụ ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na calcium chloride na-ebute necrosis anụ ahụ siri ike, ma ọ bụ tinye catheter arterial n'ime ** radial ma ọ bụ brachial artery ** nke nkwojiaka / ogwe aka ma tinye dilute ** Calcium Gluconate (10 ml nke 10% calcium gluconate n'ime awa 40 mL) na-eri nri ozugbo.
• ** Inhalation ma ọ bụ Ingestion nke $ HF $ *: Ọ bụrụ na mmadụ ikuru uzuzu $ HF$, ndị dọkịta mberede na-enye ** nebulized 2.5% ruo 3% Calcium Gluconate (1.5 ml nke 10% Calcium Gluconate diluted na 4.5 mL sterile saline) site na nebulcium influenza Gluconate ozugbo, tinyere ihe mkpuchi nebulcium Gluconate. ** Magnesium sulfate *** iji chebe obi.

Miri miri 2: "ọkụ ikpere na-agbachi nkịtị" nke Wet Concrete na Mortar¶

Kwa izu ụka ọ bụla, ndị nwe ụlọ na-eme onwe gị na ndị ọrụ mgbanaka ọhụrụ na-awụsa patio, okporo ụzọ, ma ọ bụ ala okpuru ulo wee nọrọ awa 2 ruo 4 na-eme ka mmiri dị nro ka ** na-egbu ikpere na jeans denim oge niile ** ma ọ bụ na-eyi ** akpụkpọ ụkwụ akpụkpọ anụ nke mmiri mmiri gbasapụrụ n'elu ***.

Ihe kpatara na ọ naghị adị gị ka mmiri na-agbari ikpere gị ruo oge nri abalị¶

Simenti Portland kpọrọ nkụ nwere ** pasent 60 ruo 65 Calcium Oxide (ngwa ngwa). Oge a na-agwakọta mmiri iji mee ihe mgbochi mmiri ma ọ bụ ngwa agha, calcium oxide na-atụgharị n'ime ** Calcium Hydroxide (\(\text{Ca(OH)}_2\)) na alkaline caustic siri ike ** pH nke 12.5 ruo 14.0 **: ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ alkaline dị ka ihe nhicha mmiri mmiri.

1. Ihe kpatara na ọ nweghị ihe mgbu maka awa 2 ruo 4 mbụ ***: N'adịghị ka ọkụ ọkụ ma ọ bụ acid batrị, calcium hydroxide na-abanye nwayọọ nwayọọ site na akwa denim mmiri ma na-ebute ụzọ na-emebi ihe mgbu akpụkpọ anụ ahụ mgbe ọ na-eme ka akpụkpọ ahụ dịkwuo mma, na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị nro kama ịcha ọkụ.
2. ** Mmerụ ahụ nke Ụzọ Atọ ***: mmiri mmiri na-agbanye n'ime jeans ma ọ bụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ na-emerụ ahụ atọ n'otu oge: (a) ** Liquefactive alkali necrosis ** na pH 13, (b) ** Mechanical sand abrasion ** ka onye ọrụ na-atụgharị ikpere ma ọ bụ na-eje ije na akpụkpọ ụkwụ ha, na-ehichapụ ihe nchebe n'èzí raw stratum na corne. desiccation *** dị ka simenti ihicha na-adọta mmiri n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ mmadụ.
3. **Mgbochi na enyemaka mbụ ***:
4. Egbula ikpere n'ala n'otu mmiri mmiri na-enweghị eriri ikpere rọba na-enweghị mmiri na akpụkpọ ụkwụ rọba na-adịghị egbochi mmiri nke etinyere n'elu.
5. Ọ bụrụ na simenti dị mmiri emetụ gị n'ahụ ma ọ bụ banye na uwe ogologo ọkpa gị, ** kwụsị ozugbo, yipụ uwe ogologo ọkpa / sọks mmiri, were ncha na mmiri sachaa akpụkpọ ahụ maka nkeji iri atọ zuru oke**. Ụfọdụ usoro ịgba ọkụ na-arụ ọrụ na-ejikwa obere mmiri na-ehicha ụlọ ** mmanya na-egbu egbu (5% acetic acid) ** ma ọ bụ ** pH-buffered diphoterine ** naanị mgbe e jiri mmiri sachaa tapawa ciment niile nke ọma, iji kpochapụ alkalinity fọdụrụnụ gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na akpụkpọ anụ.
6. Ọ bụrụ na ọkpụkpụ gị ma ọ bụ ikpere gị na-ele anya ** ọchịchịrị odo odo, na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, na-acha ọcha / akpụkpọ anụ, ma ọ bụ blistered *** na mgbede ahụ mgbe ị na-arụ ọrụ na konkret, gaa ụlọ ọgwụ ọkụ ozugbo: ihe ọkụ ọkụ na-adịkarị omimi ** njupụta zuru oke (ogo nke atọ) ọkụ ọkụ ** nke na-achọ ịwa ahụ na ịcha akpụkpọ ahụ.

Miri miri 3: Chemical Anya Splashes: Usoro ịgba mmiri n'ime nkeji iri atọ ruo 60¶

Mkpọsa nke ihe nhicha mmiri, ihe nhicha oven, amonia, lime, ciment mmiri, ịcha ọcha, ma ọ bụ acid batrị n'ime anya bụ ** ezi ọnọdụ mberede anya ebe ihe ị na-eme na nkeji iri mbụ na-ekpebi ma onye ahụ ga-ekpu ìsì ruo ndụ** (lee anyị raara onwe anyị nye. ndu mmerụahụ anya maka nkọwa zuru ezu).

• Malite na mmiri na-asọgharị n'ime 10 sekọnd: ​​echerela ka ị gaa ụlọ ọgwụ mbụ ***: Mkpọsa alkali (lye, amonia, lime, drain opener) na-abanye kpamkpam site na cornea mmadụ n'ime ụlọ anya nke anya na ** ihe na-erughị 15 ruo 60 sekọnd **, na-ebibi corneal limbal stem cell, na-agbaze kpuru ìsì.
• ** Otu esi agba mmiri n'anya n'ụlọ ma ọ bụ ọrụ ***:
• ** Wepụ lensị kọntaktị ozugbo** ka ị na-amalite ịsa mmiri (kpọtụrụ lenses ọnyà concentrated acid ma ọ bụ alkali ozugbo megide cornea).
• Jide nku anya na mkpịsị aka gị (n'ihi na oké mgbu na-akpalite involuntary blepharospasm na clamps the eyelids mechie) na-eduzi a nwayọọ, na-aga n'ihu iyi nke ṅara n'ọkụ mgbata mmiri, bottled mmiri, ma ọ bụ sterile nkịtị saline si ** n'ime akụkụ anya (n'akụkụ àkwà mmiri nke imi) adịghị emerụ mmiri n'ime.
• ** Ghichaa opekempe 30 ruo 60 nkeji na-aga n'ihu ** maka alkali, ciment, lime, ma ọ bụ hydrofluoric acid splash (ma ọ dịkarịa ala 15 ruo 30 nkeji maka acid/bleach).
• Lelee n'okpuru nku anya elu na nke ala (ịkwa iko) maka lime tọrọ atọ ma ọ bụ ciment grit **: Na plasta, ngwa ngwa, ma ọ bụ lime akọrọ, obere obere ọcha nke calcium hydroxide na-abanye n'okpuru nkuanya elu wee gaa n'ihu na-agbaze anya ọbụlagodi mgbe nkeji 30 gachara ruo mgbe dọkịta na-atụgharị (evert) na-ehichapụ anya ya na akwa akwa akwa akwa akwa akwa. swab mgbe ị na-elele pH ihe nkiri akwa mmiri na akwụkwọ litmus ruo mgbe ọ na-anọpụ iche na ** pH 7.0 ruo 7.4 ***.

Ajụjụ a na-ajụkarị¶

• Ntuziaka a bụ maka ebumnuche ozi na anaghị edochi nyocha ahụike ọkachamara ma ọ bụ ọzụzụ aka. N'ihi na ọkụ kemịkalụ siri ike na mkpughe nke hydrofluoric acid nwere ike ịkpalite ọrịa obi obi mberede, anyị na-akwadosi ike ka ị nweta enyemaka enyemaka mbụ na usoro CPR site na International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), Red Cross obodo gị, St John Ambulance, ma ọ bụ onye na-enye ọzụzụ mpaghara.

enyochara isi mmalite¶

• Ụlọ ọrụ maka ihe ndị na-egbu egbu na ndekọ ọrịa (ATSDR, United States) & Ụlọ Ọrụ Maka Nchịkwa na Mgbochi Ọrịa (CDC): * Ntuziaka nlekọta ahụike maka Hydrogen Fluoride / Hydrofluoric Acid (\(HF\))* na * Calcium Gluconate Gel / Infiltration Protocols *.
• National Institute for Safety and Health Ọrụ (NIOSH, United States): Ntụziaka akpa ego NIOSH maka ihe ize ndụ kemịkalụ (Hydrogen Fluoride, Sodium Hydroxide, Calcium Oxide, Portland Cement, Phenol na White Phosphorus).
• American Burn Association (ABA, United States): Advanced Burn Life Support (ABLS) Akwụkwọ ntuziaka onye na-enye: Ọkụ kemịkalụ na njikwa ndị nnọchi anya akọwapụtara.
• Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO): Mmemme mba ụwa na Nchekwa kemịkalụ: Njikwa ọkụ kemịkalụ na nsi mmiri Hydrofluoric Acid.
• National Poisons Information Service (NPIS, United Kingdom) & UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA): TOXBASE Clinical Management of Hydrofluoric Acid, Alkalis, and Corrosive Dermal/Ocular Exposures.

Ntuziaka emetụtara¶

• Ọkụ siri ike na nsị kemịkal akpụkpọ
• Ọkụ, ọkụ, na okpomọkụ na-ere enyemaka mbụ
• mmerụ ahụ anya na mmiri ọgwụ anya mmiri
• Enyemaka mbụ nsi na nchikota nsi
• CPR na iku ume nnapụta maka ndị okenye
• Nọmba mberede site na obodo