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Ihe mberede ụgbọ ala ụlọ akwụkwọ, Mberede Njem Ubi, na Njikota Nne na Nna

Nọmba mberede dị iche na mba. Ibe a na-eji 911, nọmba maka United States na Canada. Ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ na-eji 112, 999, ma ọ bụ nọmba ọzọ. Chọta nọmba maka obodo gị.

Ma ị bụ onye nkuzi ma ọ bụ onye na-anya ụgbọ ala na-ejikwa ụmụaka 50 ụjọ na-atụ n'ime ụgbọ ala ụlọ akwụkwọ na-acha odo odo jupụtara na anwụrụ ọkụ mgbe nkuku na-aga n'okporo ụzọ, onye chaperone nke ghọtara na nwa akwụkwọ dị afọ 7 lara n'iyi n'oge njem ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, ma ọ bụ nne na nna na-anata ozi ederede akpaghị aka na-atụ egwu na ụgbọ ala ụlọ akwụkwọ nwa gị tinyere aka na mberede mberede, nkeji 1 ga-enweta nchebe anụ ahụ. A na-eji ụgbọ ala ụlọ akwụkwọ jiri oche oche "compartmentalization" na-enweta ume dị elu nke na-eme ka ha bụrụ ụdị njem njem ụmụ akwụkwọ kachasị mma n'okpuru ụkpụrụ National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), nke pụtara na ** ịnọrọ n'ime ụgbọ ala dị nchebe karịa ịkwapụ n'ime okporo ụzọ na-arụ ọrụ ** n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke obere nsogbu na-agafeghị oke. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ọkụ, mmanụ ụgbọala wụfuru, imikpu, ma ọ bụ kpọmkpọmkpọ ebe na-adịghị akwụsi ike dị, ndị isi ndị okenye ga-emerịrị mgbapụ nke abụọ nke abụọ gaa na mpaghara nhazi ọ dịkarịa ala 30 ruo 45 mita (100 ruo 150 feet) n'elu elu ụgbọ ala.

N'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke nsogbu ahụ, ndị nne na nna nwere ezi obi bụ ndị na-agba ọsọ ozugbo gaa n'ebe ihe mberede okporo ụzọ ma ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ a gbapụrụ agbapụ na-emepụta ihe mberede ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị dị ize ndụ: ụgbọ ala nne na nna na-adọba ụgbọala na-egbochi ọkụ ọkụ na ụgbọ ala na-abata, ebe ndị okenye na-enweghị ikike na-adọta ụmụaka n'ahịrị ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eme ka ọ ghara ikwe ka ndị uwe ojii na ndị ọrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ mara ma ọ bụ nne na nna kpọgara nwatakịrị efu n'ụlọ n'enweghị nsogbu ma ọ bụ na ọ ka tọrọ atọ n'ime ya. Site n'ịgbaso NHTSA / NASDPTS School Bus Criteria, ** JumpSTART Pediatric Mass-Casualty Triage Algorithm**, ** Zero-Delay Missing Student Field Trip Protocol**, na **I Love U Guys Foundation Standard Reunification Method (SRM) nwere ike idobe ụmụaka ọ bụla na ndị nkuzi, ndị nkuzi na ndị nkuzi nwere ike wepu ya.

Mee nke a ugbu a

  1. Kpọọ izipu ihe mberede ozugbo wee kọsaa kpọmkwem ebe yana ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ akwụkwọ. Ọ bụrụ na ihe mberede ụgbọ ala ụlọ akwụkwọ mere ma ọ bụ nwatakịrị nwere mkpa ahụike ma ọ bụ nwata na-efu efu na njem ubi, kpọọ nọmba mberede mpaghara gị (911 na United States na Canada, 112 gafee European Union, 999 na United Kingdom, ma ọ bụ hụ ihe niile. nọmba mberede) mbụ, emesia izipu ụgbọ njem redio; kwupụta akara maịl okporo ụzọ ma ọ bụ okporo ụzọ gafere, kpọmkwem ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụaka nọ n'ụgbọ ahụ, yana mmerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ ihe egwu ọ bụla a na-ahụ anya.
  2. ** Wepụ ụgbọ ala ụlọ akwụkwọ naanị ma ọ bụrụ na enwere ihe egwu na-eyi ndụ ozugbo na ụgbọ mmiri.** N'okpuru NHTSA na ụkpụrụ ụgbọ njem steeti, debe ụmụ akwụkwọ n'ime oghere nchara nke ụgbọ ala ahụ ** ma ọ gwụla ma ***: (a) ọkụ, anwụrụ ọkụ, ma ọ bụ mmanụ ọkụ na-ahụ anya, (b) ụgbọ ala na-akwụsị n'okporo ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè ma ọ bụ na-anya ụgbọ okporo ígwè, © Oke ugwu/mkpọpu na-akwụghị ụgwọ, ma ọ bụ (d) enwere eriri ọkụ dara ada ma ọ bụ mwụfu kemịkalụ dị ize ndụ na-achọ mbupụ ntụzịaka ikuku.
  3. Apụla n'ụgbọ ala ụlọ akwụkwọ ma ọ bụrụ na eriri ọkụ dara ada na-emetụ ahụ ụgbọ ala ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na ogwe osisi ma ọ bụ waya dị elu daa n'ofe ụgbọ ala ụlọ akwụkwọ, ahụ ụgbọ ala ígwè nwere ike inwe ume na puku volts ebe taya rọba na-ekpuchi ime ụlọ; gwa nwata ọ bụla ka ọ nọrọ ọdụ n'ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ site na mgbidi ígwè ruo mgbe ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọrụ na-egosi na agbajighị eriri ahụ (lee ahịrị ọkụ gbadara na ọkụ eletrik ụgbọ ala).
  4. ** Bupụ ụmụ akwụkwọ chụpụrụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala 30 ruo 45 mita (100 ka 150 feet) n'okporo ụzọ na UPWIND.** Mgbe ị na-ebupụ ụgbọ ala ụlọ akwụkwọ site n'ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ, ọnụ ụzọ mberede azụ, ma ọ bụ n'elu ụlọ, na-edu ụmụ akwụkwọ n'otu faịlụ nke ọma na ụzọ okporo ụzọ na-abịa, ọ dịkarịa ala mita 30 (100 ụkwụ) , ma ọ bụrụ na ọkụ dị ugbu a / ma ọ bụrụ na ọkụ 300 dị anya ** akwụkwọ ndekọ aha ndị bịara ebipụta na ngwa ọgwụ mberede ** soro gị pụọ n'ụgbọ ala.
  5. ** Ọ bụrụ na nwa akwụkwọ na-efu efu na njem njem, gwa ndị nchekwa ebe na ndị uwe ojii na nkeji Zero.** Ejila nkeji 20 nọrọ jụụ na-achọ ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, ogige ntụrụndụ, ma ọ bụ ụzọ ụzọ n'onwe gị tupu ị gwa ndị ọchịchị; Ngwa ngwa gbachie ndị ọzọ nke ụmụ akwụkwọ gị na onye isi nke abụọ, nye nchekwa ebe nwa ahụ nkọwa nkọwa uwe na foto ekwentị otu ụbọchị ka ọ kpalite mkpọchi ọnụ ụzọ **"Code Adam", wee kpọọ oku mberede.
  6. ** Ndị nne na nna: gaa na saịtị njikọta nke ahaziri ahazi nke nwere foto ID, AGAkwala ebe ihe mberede okporo ụzọ.** Ekwela ka ụgbọala banye n'ubu ebe ihe mberede okporo ụzọ ma ọ bụ jide nwa gị n'ahịrị njem njem na-abanyeghị na onye ọrụ ** Reunification Release Log**; Mwepụ ndị nne na nna na-enyeghị ikike na-akpalite mkpu ụgha Amber Alerts ma na-amanye ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ itinye ndụ ha n'ihe ize ndụ na-achọ mkpọmkpọ ebe maka nwatakịrị nọ ọdụlarị n'ime ụgbọ ala gị.

Ihe mere ndị nne na nna ji dọpụ ụmụ ha n'ahịrị n'ebughị aka na-akpata ọdachi nke abụọ

N'oge ihe mberede ụgbọ ala ụlọ akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ nchụpụ ụlọ akwụkwọ, onye nkuzi ọ bụla na ọkachamara ahụike mberede na-adabere na ** Master Student Roster ** iji chọpụta na pasent 100 nke ụmụaka anọghị n'ihe egwu. Ọ bụrụ na ụmụ akwụkwọ 42 nọ na Bus # 14, nne na nna abụọ ụjọ ji gbaga n'okporo ụzọ ahịhịa, jide ụmụ ha, gbaga n'ụlọ ọgwụ ma ọ bụ n'ụlọ na-enyochaghị onye isi ihe mberede ahụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-eme ihe na-adaba na 40. Ndị ọrụ nnapụta ga-eche na a chụpụrụ ụmụaka abụọ a na-amaghị aha-n'ihi na a chụpụrụ ụmụaka n'ime olulu, tọrọ atọ n'okpuru ụgbọ ala, gbapụrụ ma ọ bụ merụọ ahụ. ụmụ akwụkwọ. ** Ọbụlagodi na ị na-eguzo 3 mita (ụkwụ 10) site na nwa gị na-emerụghị ahụ n'oge ihe mberede, ewepụla ha ruo mgbe ndị mmanye iwu na onye ọrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ga-enyocha ID foto gị wee lelee aha ha n'akwụkwọ ngosi.

Mkpọka ụgbọ ala ụlọ akwụkwọ, ihe mberede njem ubi, na osisi mkpebi njikọta nke nne na nna

flowchart TD
    Start["Ọkụkụ ụgbọ ala ụlọ akwụkwọ, nkewa njem njem ubi, ma ọ bụ ọgba aghara na-anọghị n'ogige na-eme"] --> CrisisType{"Kedu ihe bụ isi ọnọdụ mberede?"}

    CrisisType -->|"Ihe ndapụta A: Nsogbu ụgbọ ala ụlọ akwụkwọ / ndakpọ"| PowerLineCheck{"Ahịrị ọkụ eletrik dara ada na-emetụ ma ọ bụ nso ụgbọ ala?"}
    PowerLineCheck -->|"Ee"| StayInBusElec["AKWỤKWỌ (Ọ gwụla ma ụgbọ ala na-arụsi ọrụ ike) <br/> Debe ụmụ akwụkwọ niile ọdụ; nzọụkwụ bọs na-emetụ n'ahụ + ala = ọkụ eletrik na-egbu egbu<br/>Kpọọ 911 / 112 / 999 & chere ndị ọrụ ịba uru ka ha wepụ ahịrị"]

    PowerLineCheck -->|"Mba"| EvacCheck{"Ọ̀ na-akpalite mwepụta nke amanyere n'iwu dị?<br/>1. Ọkụ, anwụrụ ọkụ, ma ọ bụ mmanụ ọkụ?<br/>2. Akwụsịla n'okporo ụzọ ụgbọ oloko?<br/>3. Mmiri a na-ekpu n'ime mmiri ma ọ bụ ihe ize ndụ n'ike?<br/>4. Ihe egwu nkukota kpuru ìsì dị elu?"}

    EvacCheck -->|"EE ka ọ bụla"| ExecuteEvac["Mee Mwepụ ụgbọ ala ụlọ akwụkwọ ozugbo (Ezubere < 90 Sekọnd): <br/>1. Ọkwọ ụgbọala/Onye nkuzi jidere Roster + Epinephrine/Inhaler Medical Kit<br/>2. Họrọ Ọnụ ụzọ ihu, ọnụ ụzọ azụ, ma ọ bụ mgbapụ nkewa (Wepụ ihe ize ndụ) <br/>3. Kenye ndị enyemaka nwata akwụkwọ 2 megoro okenye n'èzí ọnụ ụzọ azụ ka ha jide ụmụaka na-amali elu<br/>4. Bugharịa otu mita 30 ruo 45 (100 ruo 150 ụkwụ) UPWIND pụọ n'okporo ụzọ"]

    EvacCheck -->|"Mba (ụgbọ ala kwụsiri ike, obere ihe mberede/nke agafeghị oke, ụzọ nchekwa)"| ShelterInBus["Chebe Inside Steel Bus Compartmentalization Mpaghara <br/> Tinye ọkụ ọkụ ihe egwu & tinye triangles na-egosipụta na 3m, 30m, na 60m<br/>Mee nlele mmerụ ahụ oche site na oche & kpọọ 911 / EMS"]

    ExecuteEvac --> TriageAndRoster["1. Were akwụkwọ mpịakọta megide akwụkwọ ndekọ aha ozugbo<br/>2. Mee JumpSTART Triage Ụmụaka & Jikwaa Ọbara siri ike<br/>3. Debe ụmụ akwụkwọ na-enweghị mmerụ ahụ ọnụ maka njem EMS ụmụaka / mwepụta"]
    ShelterInBus --> TriageAndRoster

    CrisisType -->|"Ihe atụ B: Nwata na-efu efu na njem ubi"| CodeAdam["PROTOCOL NDỤMỤ Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-efu efu:<br/>1. Arịlịka ụmụ akwụkwọ fọdụrụ n'otu ebe nwere chaperone nke abụọ<br/>2. Nchekwa ebe nchekwa ozugbo -> kpalite 'koodu Adam' Mkpọchi ọpụpụ<br/>3. Kpọọ 911/112/999 jiri foto otu ụtụtụ + nkọwa akwa <br/>4. Lelee ihe egwu mmiri, ụlọ mposi, ụlọ ahịa ihe onyinye, na ebe nfefe na-akwụsị"]

    CrisisType -->|"Ọnọdụ C: Nne na Nna Na-anata Ọkụkụ / Ọmụma Mgbapụ"| ParentSRM["Soro usoro nchikota ọkọlọtọ (SRM): <br/>1. Ejila ụgbọala gaa ebe ihe mberede mere ma ọ bụ kpọọ cell ọkwọ ụgbọ ala<br/>2. Gaa na saịtị njikọta nke gọọmentị jiri ID foto gọọmentị<br/>3. Kaadị njikọta zuru ezu -> Chere na Mpaghara Nhazi Nne na Nna<br/>4. Binye aka n'akwụkwọ ndekọ aha mwepụta gọọmentị wee buru nwa maka nlele oge nhụsianya"]

Nkeji 1: N'ime ụgbọ ala ụlọ akwụkwọ, mgbe ị ga-anọ n'ime vs. otu esi agbapụ na sekọnd 90

Ụkpụrụ nchekwa ụgbọ ala Federal (** FMVSS No. 220, 221, na 222 ** na United States na ** Transport Canada CMVSS ** ụkpụrụ) chọrọ ka e jiri bọs ụlọ akwụkwọ rụọ ya na okpokolo agba nchebe dị arọ, nkwonkwo nkwonkwo siri ike, na oche ndị nwere oghere ("compartmentalization"). N'ihi na ime ụgbọ ala ụlọ akwụkwọ bụ shei nchebe siri ike, ịchụpụ ụmụaka ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị 50 n'ubu nke ụzọ 100 km / h (65 mph) na mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ igwe ojii na-ekpughekarị ụmụaka n'ihe ize ndụ dị elu nke ịbụ ndị okporo ụzọ na-abịa n'ihu ** karịa idobe ha n'ime ụgbọ ala.

Ihe nchụpụ 5 a manyere iwu na-akpalite vs. Ebe nchekwa na ebe

Ọnọdụ Ọnọdụ Mkpebi ozugbo: pụọ ma ọ bụ nọrọ n'ime? Kpọmkwem Usoro mmezu & Ebe nchekwa
**1. Ọkụ, anwụrụ ọkụ a na-ahụ anya, ma ọ bụ mmanụ na-agbapụta *** ** Wepụ ngwa ngwa *** (Ezubere n'okpuru 90 ruo 120 sekọnd). Jiri ụzọ ọpụpụ ** kacha pụọ ​​​​na ọkụ / anwụrụ ọkụ ** (ọ bụrụ na ụlọ injin na-ese anwụrụ, jiri ** Ọnụ ụzọ Mberede azụ ; ọ bụrụ na agbajila tank mmanụ azụ, jiri ** Ọnụ ụzọ ọrụ ihu). Duru ụmụ akwụkwọ opekata mpe ** 45 ruo 100 mita (150 ruo 330 ụkwụ) UPWIND na UPHILL** site na ịgbapụta mmanụ.
2. Ụgbọ ala kwụsịrị n'okporo ụzọ ụgbọ oloko ** Wepụ ngwa ngwa *** (Efukwala oge na-agbalị ịmalitegharị injin ahụ). Wepụ ụmụ akwụkwọ niile ozugbo wee gbaga n'akụkụ ogo ogo 45 pụọ n'okporo ụzọ, na-aga n'akụkụ ụgbọ oloko ọ bụla na-abịa** (ọ bụrụ na ụgbọ oloko dakwasịrị bọs, irighiri ihe na-efe efe * gaba* n'okporo ụzọ egwu ahụ; ịgba ọsọ na ntụzịaka ụgbọ oloko na-abịa na ogo ogo 45 na-eme ka ụmụaka pụọ ​​na cone irighiri ihe na-efe efe). Kpọọ nọmba mberede 1-800 okporo ụzọ ụgbọ oloko ebisara na akara anụnụ anụnụ ENS na ngafe.
**3. Ahịrị ọkụ dara ada na-emetụ ụgbọ ala ahụ *** **Nọdụ n'ime ụgbọ ala *** (Ọ gwụla ma ụgbọ ala agbaghị ọkụ). Kụzie ụmụ akwụkwọ niile: * "Tinye aka gị n'ime windo ma emetụla mgbidi ígwè." * Ọ bụrụ na ọkụ na-eme ka ịpụpụ mgbe a na-enye ume, ụmụ akwụkwọ ga-agbapụ n'elu nzọụkwụ na ụkwụ abụọ ọnụ **, mgbe ọ bụla na-emetụ aka ụgbọ ala ígwè na ala n'otu oge, na ** shuffle ma ọ bụ na-agbakọta ụkwụ ọnụ *** ọbụlagodi ** mita 15 (ụkwụ 50) pụọ.
4. Imikpu n'ime mmiri ma ọ bụ ebe dị egwu ** Wepụ nke ọma ** site na akụkụ nchekwa, windo, ma ọ bụ ** Ihe mgbapụ n'elu ụlọ **. Ọ bụrụ na ụgbọ ala ahụ na-agafe n'elu àkwà mmiri ma ọ bụ ihe mgbochi, mee ka ụmụ akwụkwọ jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ gaa n'akụkụ ugwu wee pụọ n'otu ahịrị n'otu oge ka ngbanwe dị arọ ghara ịdaba ụgbọ ala ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na-abanye na mmiri miri emi (lee ụgbọ ala na mmiri), Mepee windo mpụta n'akụkụ yana ** Mkpọpụta ihe mberede n'elu ụlọ ** ozugbo tupu nrụgide mmiri atụdo ọnụ ụzọ.
5. Obere Fender-Bender dị obere na okporo ụzọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike (Ọkụ adịghị, enweghị mgbapu mmanụ) **Nọdụ n'ime ụgbọ ala *** ruo mgbe ndị uwe ojii na ndị ọkụ na-egbochi ụzọ okporo ụzọ. Tọọ breeki ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala, gbanyụọ mgbanye ọkụ, rụọ ọkụ ọkụ ụzọ anọ, wee wepụta triangles ịdọ aka ná ntị atọ na-atụgharị uche ** (na mita 3 / 10 ụkwụ, 30 mita / 100 ụkwụ, na 60 mita / 200 ụkwụ n'azụ / n'ihu ụgbọ ala kwa ** 49 C22 *).

Otu esi eme ụzọ mgbapụ n'azụ ma ọ bụ n'elu ụlọ hatch n'enweghị nsogbu

N'ihi na ala ụgbọ ala Ụdị C ma ọ bụ Ụdị D na-anọdụ ** 1.0 ruo 1.2 mita (3.5 ruo 4 feet) na pavement **, ụmụaka na-atụ ụjọ ma na-awụpụ isi n'ọnụ ụzọ azụ azụ na-enwekarị mgbaji nkwojiaka, mmerụ ihu, ma ọ bụ mmerụ isi na asphalt:

  1. ** Bufee "Ndị enyemaka nwata akwụkwọ" abụọ zụrụ azụ ***: Mgbapụ ụgbọ ala ụlọ akwụkwọ ọ bụla na-akọwapụta ụmụ akwụkwọ abụọ toro eto, nwee ahụ ike nọ ọdụ n'akụkụ ọnụ ụzọ azụ azụ. Ndị enyemaka abụọ a na-ebu ụzọ pụta wee guzoro na pavement n'akụkụ abụọ nke ọnụ ụzọ azụ na ogwe aka ha gbatịrị.
  2. ** Usoro ụzọ ọpụpụ nke "Nọdụ na Slide" n'azụ **: Kụziere ụmụ akwụkwọ ka ha na-apụ n'azụ ụzọ ** hapụ akpa azụ, ngwa na igbe nri ehihie n'ala *** (akpa azụ na-akpachi anya wara wara wara wara na snag n'ọnụ ụzọ). Nwa ọ bụla ga-nọdụ ala na nsọtụ ala azụ, tinye aka ha n'ubu ndị enyemaka abụọ dị n'èzí, wee wụpụ n'ụkwụ ha, na-aga ozugbo gaa n'ọgbakọ a họpụtara 30 mita (100 feet).
  3. **Ebugharịla mmerụ ahụ a na-enyo enyo ma ọ bụrụ na ọnwụ dị nso na-eyi egwu *: N'oge ịche oche oche, ọ bụrụ na nwa akwụkwọ amaghị ihe ọ bụla ma ọ bụ na-akọ mgbu olu, mgbu azụ, ma ọ bụ ntanye n'ụkwụ ha (lee. isi mmerụ ahụ na gbajiri ọkpụkpụ na sprains), dobe ha n'ebe a na-emegharị ahụ maka ndị na-ahụ maka ahụike ** belụsọ ọkụ, anwụrụ ọkụ, ma ọ bụ mmiri na-ekpu mmiri chọrọ ịdọrọ axis kwụ ọtọ ozugbo iji zọpụta ndụ ha.

Nkeji 2: Nleta oke-ihe mberede ụmụaka na nkwenye ahụike n'ebe ihe mberede ahụ mere

Mgbe Ọrụ Ahụike Mberede (EMS) rutere na mberede ụgbọ ala ụlọ akwụkwọ metụtara ụmụaka 30 ruo 60, ndị ọrụ ahụike na ndị ọrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ga-edozi mmerụ ahụ na-eyi ndụ ngwa ngwa site na obere ọnya mgbe ha na-aza ajụjụ maka nwa akwụkwọ ọ bụla nọ na ngosipụta njem.

1. Otu EMS si eji JumpSTART Triage ụmụaka

Ndị na-ahụ maka ahụike na-eji ** JumpSTART Pediatric Multi-Casualty Triage System** iji chịkọta ụmụ akwụkwọ n'ọkwa mkpa agba anọ agbadoro agba: - ** GREEN (Obere / "Na-eje ije merụrụ ahụ") ***: Ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere ike ịga ije na ịgbaso iwu dị mfe ka a na-eduzi na ** Green Triage Corral ** yana ndị nkuzi/ndị isi n'okporo ụzọ maka nyocha nke abụọ. - ** odo (egbu oge) ***: Ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị na-enweghị ike ịga ije n'ihi mgbaji mgbawa ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ na-agafeghị oke, mana ha na-eku ume siri ike (ume 15 ruo 45 kwa nkeji), ụbụrụ mpụta na-ahụ anya, na ọnọdụ uche kwesịrị ekwesị (A ma ọ bụ V na AVPU ọnụ ọgụgụ: Alert ma ọ bụ na-anabata olu). - ** RED (Ozugbo / Ihe na-eyi ndụ egwu) ***: Ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere ụzọ ikuku egbochiri, na-eku ume ngwa ngwa karịa 45 ma ọ bụ jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eku ume 15 kwa nkeji, ọbara ọgbụgba na-achịkwaghị achịkwa (tinye nrụgide ozugbo ma ọ bụ njem nlegharị anya ozugbo; lee nnukwu ọbara ọgbụgba), mkpọmkpọ ebe na-anọghị, ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ akwara na-agbanwe (na-anabata naanị mgbu. P ma ọ bụ anabataghị ya U). - ** Black (Ana-atụ anya / Apneic mgbe 5 Rescue Breaths) *: N'adịghị ka okenye START triage, ọ bụrụ na apneic (na-adịghị eku ume) nwa ka na-ada mbà n'obi usu mgbe ha meghere ikuku ha, JumpSTART na-enye nwa ahụ ** 5 nnapụta ume ** mbụ; Ọ bụrụ na iku ume na-alaghachi, a na-akpado ha ** RED (Ozugbo).

2. Ihe kpatara EMS na-ebukarị ụmụ akwụkwọ "enweghị mmerụ ahụ" n'ụlọ ọgwụ maka nkwụsị ahụike

Ndị nne na nna na-enwekarị mgbagwoju anya mgbe mpaghara ụlọ akwụkwọ na-ekwupụta na * ụmụntakịrị 35 niile nọ n'ụgbọ ala ụlọ akwụkwọ mebiri emebi na-ebuga ụgbọ ala ma ọ bụ bọs nnapụta gaa na ngalaba mberede ụlọ ọgwụ abụọ dị na mpaghara, ọ bụrụgodị na 25 n'ime ụmụaka pụtara na ha enweghị mmerụ ahụ. - ** Iwu nke obere ihe na-esoghị ya na mmerụ ahụ nke mgbaasị *: Ụmụaka enweghị ike ịbanye n'ụzọ iwu ** "Against Medical Advice (AMA) / Ọjụjụ nke EMS Transport" na-ahapụ onwe ha n'akụkụ ihe mberede okporo ụzọ, yana mmerụ ahụ ụmụaka (dị ka ọbara ọgbụgba na-egbu oge, mgbaji ọkpụkpụ, ma ọ bụ nhụsianya ụmụaka) na-ebutekarị ihe mgbagwoju anya nke mbụ. 2 ruo 4 awa. - Ọ gwụla ma akwadoro nne ma ọ bụ nna n'ụzọ anụ ahụ n'ụlọ nyocha nchigharị anya n'ihu ọha iji bịanye aka n'akwụkwọ nhapụ EMS ụmụaka jụrụ n'onwe ya, usoro EMS n'ọtụtụ ikike nyere iwu ibuga ụmụntakịrị gaa na ọdụ ụlọ ọgwụ ebe ndị dọkịta mberede na-enyocha ha wee hapụ ha ozugbo nye nne na nna ha.

Nkeji 3: Ihe nchikota ihe mberede na nwa akwụkwọ na-efu efu ("Code Adam") Protocol.

Njem njem na-ada mgbe nsogbu dara na naanị nọmba ekwentị nne na nna ụmụ akwụkwọ, mmachi njide, na atụmatụ nrịanrịa ka akpọchiri n'ime ụlọ ọrụ n'ihu ụlọ akwụkwọ dị kilomita 80 (kilomita 50), ma ọ bụ mgbe onye ụkọchukwu chọpụtara na nwatakịrị na-efunahụ n'ụlọ anụ ndị na-ekwo ekwo wee tufuo nkeji 25 dị egwu na-awagharị na-achọ ha tupu ịkpọọ maka enyemaka.

Ihe onye nkuzi ọ bụla ga-eburịrị na Physical & Digital Field Trip Go-Pack

Tupu ụgbọ ala ọ bụla apụọ n'ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala nke ụlọ akwụkwọ, onye nkuzi ga-achọpụta na ha na-ebu ihe mgbochi mmiri anaghị ekpuchi ** Njem Emergency Emergency Binder ** (gbakwunyere PDF ezoro ezo na ekwentị ha) nwere:

  • **1. Mpempe akwụkwọ atọ nke akwụkwọ mpịakọta dị ndụ ***: adaberela naanị na ndepụta akwụkwọ ikike ebipụtala mbụ; Were ** isi ọnụ ọgụgụ anụ ahụ ka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-abata na bọs *** wee hapụ ** Detuo #1 ** n'isi ụlọ akwụkwọ tupu ịpụ, nye onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala ** oyiri #2 ** ma buru ** detuo #3 ** na klipbọọdụ onye nkuzi.
  • **2. Otu ụbọchị Morning Group & Foto ndị Chaperone-Group Smartphone ***: Ozugbo ụmụ akwụkwọ gbakọtara n'ụtụtụ (tupu ịbanye ma ọ bụ ozugbo n'èzí ebe mgbakọ), mee ka onye isi ọ bụla were foto ekwentị zuru oke ** doro anya nke ụmụ akwụkwọ 5 ruo 8 e kenyere ha **. Ọ bụrụ na nwatakịrị na-efunahụ 3 awa mgbe e mesịrị, ụjọ na-eme ka ndị okenye chefuo akpụkpọ ụkwụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ ma ọ bụ jaket nwa ahụ na-eyi; na-enye ndị uwe ojii na ndị na-eche nche ebe ahụ foto nke e sere n'ụtụtụ ahụ kpọmkwem na-egosi nwa ahụ kpọmkwem uwe, ntutu, akpa azụ na ịdị elu na-ebelata oge nchọta site na pasent 80.
  • **3. Nkwenye ahụike mberede & akwụkwọ ntanye njide ***: Mpempe akwụkwọ ikike ọgwụgwọ mberede nne na nna bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ, nkọwa mkpuchi ahụike, yana iwu mgbochi ọ bụla nke Ụlọikpe Ezinụlọ / Ndị Nne na Nna Na-elekọta Ndị Nne na-ahụ Maka Mmachibido iwu ** yabụ onye isi anaghị ahapụ nwa akwụkwọ na mberede nye onye ikwu na-enyeghị ikike n'ebe ahụ.
  • 4. Akpa ọgwụ mberede nwa akwụkwọ (Ahapụla akpọchi na bọs): Akpa ahụike na-acha uhie uhie na-acha uhie uhie nke onye nkuzi ndu ma ọ bụ nọọsụ njem ubi nwere nwa akwụkwọ ọ bụla akpọrọ EpiPens Auto-Injectors (EpiPens), Albuterol Rescue Inhalers*, Glucagon,Supplie Rescue Ọgwụ *** (lee Nzaghachi anaphylaxis nke ụlọ akwụkwọ, ịnweta epinephrine, na atụmatụ mberede 504). Ịhapụ nwatakịrị EpiPen kpọchiri n'ime ụgbọ ala ụlọ akwụkwọ efu dọwara 1 kilomita (0.6 kilomita) n'ime nnukwu ụgbọ ala ka klaasị na-eri nri ehihie n'ime ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nwere ike ịnwụ.

Protocol nwata na-efu efu efu na njem ubi (Nkeji 0 ruo 15)

Ọ bụrụ na nlele enyi ma ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ isi na-abịa mkpụmkpụ ọbụna ** otu nwatakịrị ***:

  1. ** Nkeji 0 ruo 2 (Kwụsị otu ahụ & lelee ahịrị ahụ ozugbo)**:
  2. Kwụsị ozugbo ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ nọ n'otu ụyọkọ nọdụ ọdụ n'okpuru nlekọta nke onye isi oche nke abụọ ka ị ghara ịnwụ nwa nke abụọ n'oge ọgba aghara.
  3. Kpọọ aha nwatakịrị ahụ n'olu dara ụda (ejila ihe nzuzo "onye ọbịbịa-ihe ize ndụ" mgbe ị na-achọ; tie aha ha na nkọwa) wee lelee ụlọ mposi ozugbo na ọnụ ụlọ ikpeazụ gara n'ime mita 30 (100 feet).
  4. ** Nkeji 2 (Kwapụta ebe nchekwa ebe iji kpalite mkpọchi ''Code Adam'')**:
  5. Wetuo onye nche ihe ngosi nka kacha nso, onye na-elekọta ogige, ma ọ bụ onye ọrụ na-ere ahịa ma ọ bụ kpọọ oche nchekwa ebe ahụ wee kwuo: *** "Anyị nwere nwa na-efu efu site na otu ụlọ akwụkwọ, rụọ ọrụ Code Adam ozugbo." ***
  6. Emepụtara na 1994 ma nye iwu n'ofe ụlọ gọọmentị etiti (n'okpuru iwu ** Code Adam Act nke 2003, 34 USC 21301 **) na puku kwuru puku ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, zoos, ogige ntụrụndụ, na ebe ịzụ ahịa n'ụwa niile, ** Code Adam ** na-ekenye ndị ọrụ ebe egwuregwu ozugbo ka ha * na-echekwa ụlọ ọ bụla nke mpụga, na-anwa ebe ụmụaka na-adọba ụgbọala n'ọnụ ụzọ ọ bụla. dakọtara nkọwa ahụ mgbe ị na-elele ụlọ mposi na azụ azụ.
  7. ** Nkeji 3 ruo 5 (Kpọọ 911/112/999 wee lelee ihe egwu dị elu nke mbụ)**:
  8. Kpọọ nọmba mberede nke mpaghara gị ozugbo, ** karịsịa ma ọ bụrụ na nwatakịrị ahụ nọ n'okpuru afọ 10, nwere ọrịa Autism Spectrum (oke ihe ize ndụ nke ịwagharị/epepement na mmiri), ma ọ bụ nwee ọnọdụ ahụike ***.
  9. Ndị na-achọ ihe ozugbo ka ha lelee ** akụkụ mmiri (ọdọ mmiri, isi iyi, osimiri, ọdọ mmiri), igwe mbuli elu, ndị na-ebuli elu, ụlọ ahịa onyinye, na bọs ụlọ akwụkwọ a dọwara adọwara *** mbụ.
  10. ** Nkeji 5 ruo 10 (Gwa onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ mara)**:
  11. Ozugbo 911 na Nchebe ebe na-achọsi ike, kpọọ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ka otu ọgba aghara mpaghara nwee ike kwado nkwado na ịhazi ọkwa nne na nna na ndị mmanye iwu.

Nkeji 4: Atụmatụ Omume nke Ndị Nne na Nna, na-agbaso usoro njikọta ọkọlọtọ (SRM)

Mgbe ekwentị gị na-akụ ma ọ bụ na-eme mkpọtụ na mkpu ụlọ akwụkwọ na-ekwupụta na ụgbọ ala ụlọ akwụkwọ nwa gị dara ma ọ bụ chụpụrụ njem ubi ha n'ihi ihe mberede, mmuo ndu ọ bụla na-agwa gị ka ịwụba n'ụgbọ ala gị, gbaga n'okporo ụzọ maịl ma ọ bụ ebe mgbakọ, wee gbagoro ruo teepu edo edo. Ịghọta ka ndị uwe ojii na ndị ụlọ akwụkwọ si agba saịtị nchikota nke gọọmentị ga-eme ka nwa gị bata n'aka gị ugboro abụọ ngwa ngwa.

Ka usoro “I Love U Guys” Standard Reunification Method (SRM) si arụ ọrụ site na nzọụkwụ

Ọtụtụ mpaghara ụlọ akwụkwọ na ụlọ ọrụ mmanye iwu n'ofe North America na-agbaso Standard Reunification Method (SRM):

  1. **Ihe kpatara Mpaghara Nhazi nwata akwụkwọ ji dị iche na mpaghara nlele nne na nna ***:
  2. Na saịtị njikọta (na-abụkarị ụlọ mgbatị ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị dị nso, ebe etiti obodo, ma ọ bụ ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala nke ụka), ndị isi na-eguzobe ** mpaghara abụọ dị iche iche ** n'anya onwe ha: ** Mpaghara Staging Student ** (ebe ụmụaka na-anọ jụụ na ndị nkuzi, mmiri, na ndị ọrụ ahụike) yana ** Nleba Nleba Nne na Nna / Greeter Mpaghara ***.
  3. Idobe mpaghara abụọ ahụ na-egbochi ndị nne na nna nwere nsogbu ịhụ ụgbọ ihe mberede ma ọ bụ ụmụ klas ibe ha na-ebe akwa, na-echebe nzuzo ụmụ akwụkwọ, na ijide n'aka na ọ dịghị nwatakịrị nwere ike ịkpọ ọnụ ụzọ n'akụkụ na-enweghị nkwenye.
  4. ** Ihe ị ga-ebubata n'ụgbọ ala gị tupu ịpụ n'ụlọ ***:
  5. ** NJ foto nke gọọmentị nyere** (Ikikere ọkwọ ụgbọ ala, NJ steeti/ Mpaghara, ma ọ bụ paspọtụ). Ndị ọrụ gọọmentị ** agaghị ahapụ nwatakịrị n'aka okenye ọ bụla aha ya na-adabaghị na nchekwa data kọntaktị mberede ụlọ akwụkwọ (Infinite Campus / PowerSchool / Skyward) na ID foto dị irè.
  6. ** Ọgwụ dị mkpa nwa gị, iko, ma ọ bụ ihe nkasi obi *** (tinyere mmiri na nri n'ime ụgbọ ala gị, dịka okporo ụzọ awara awara ma ọ bụ ahịrị okporo ụzọ na-ejikọta ọnụ nwere ike were nkeji 60 ruo 120).
  7. ** chaja ekwentị / ụlọ akụ ọkụ ***: Debe ahịrị ekwentị gị ka oghe maka mmelite SMS mpaghara gọọmentị ma zere ịkpọ nwa gị ekwentị anaghị akwụsị mgbe ha na-apụ (ekwentị ekwentị na-adọpụ uche ụmụ akwụkwọ ịge ntị na ntuziaka ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala / ndị uwe ojii).
  8. ** Nkwụghachi Kaadị Mweghachi nke Ọgbọ 4 ***:
  9. ** Nkeji nke 1 (Okpokoro ekele)**: Ị dejupụta akụkụ abụọ gbawara agbawa Kaadị mmegharigharị na-edepụta aha gị, aha nwa gị, ọkwa gị, na onye nkuzi/nọmba ụgbọ ala.
  10. ** Nkeji 2 (Tọlụ Nlele NJ ID)**: Onye nyocha ụlọ akwụkwọ na-enyocha NJ foto gị megide njide Sistemụ Ozi Ozi ụmụ akwụkwọ yana ndepụta nnabata ihe mberede, dọkasịa kaadị gbawara agbawa na ọkara ma nye gị stub nnata ala.
  11. ** Nkeji nke 3 (Nweghachi ọsọ ọsọ) ***: Ụlọ akwụkwọ "Onye na-agba ọsọ" na-eweghachi ọkara nke kaadị gị na mpaghara Staging Student echekwara (ma ọ bụ lelee ** Ndekọ Ụgbọ njem ụlọ ọgwụ ** ma ọ bụrụ na EMS bu nwa gị, na nke ahụ onye ndụmọdụ nsogbu na onye nchịkwa ga-akpọta gị n'ime ụlọ nchịkọta nkeonwe ma duru gị gaa na ngalaba mberede ụlọ ọgwụ na-echere ụlọ akwụkwọ gị na Liaison).
  12. ** Nkeji 4 (Nchịkọta & Banye-Apụ): Onye na-agba ọsọ na-akpọbata nwa gị n'ọnụ ụzọ njikọta, dakọtara stub akwụkwọ nnata gị na kaadị elu, dekọọ oge ntọhapụ, ị ga-apụ ozugbo ka ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala na-anọpụ iche maka nne na nna na-esote ya.

Nkeji 5: Elekere ụmụaka ihe mberede gachara, mgbakasị ahụ na-egbu oge, mmerụ ahụ dị n'ime, na mmerụ ahụ

Ọbụlagodi na ndị na-ahụ maka ahụike na-enyocha nwa gị n'ebe ihe mberede ụgbọ ala ụlọ akwụkwọ na-ekpochapụ ha ka ha na gị laa n'ụlọ site na saịtị njikọta, ** post-crash adrenaline na-ekpuchikarị nnukwu mmerụ ahụ ụmụaka maka awa 6 ruo 48 mbụ**.

Ndepụta nleba anya ahụike na nke uche nke nne na nna kwesịrị ịdị awa 48

  • ** Hazie otu ụbọchị ma ọ bụ onye dibịa bekee / nyocha nlekọta ngwa ngwa **: Mee ka dọkịta mee nyocha akwara ozi, afọ na akwara ma detuo nkukota ụgbọ ala ụlọ akwụkwọ na ndekọ ahụike nwa gị (dị mkpa maka ma nleba anya ụlọ ọgwụ yana nkwuputa mkpuchi ụgbọ ala / ụgbọ ala).
  • ** Lelee maka nhụsianya ụmụaka na-egbu oge yana ọkọlọtọ ọbara ọbara intracranial (awa 72 mbụ) ***:
  • Ọbụlagodi na-akụtaghị isi ha na ugegbe, mgbada n'ike n'ike n'oche bọs nwere ike ịkpata mgbakasị (lee anya. isi mmerụ ahụ).
  • ** Kpọọ 911/112/999 ma ọ bụ gaa na ngalaba mberede kacha nso ozugbo ọ bụrụ na nwa gị etolitere ***: isi ọwụwa nke na-akawanye njọ, ** vomiting ugboro ugboro ma ọ bụ ọgbụgbọ ***, otu nwa akwụkwọ ka nke ọzọ, okwu mkparị, mgbagwoju anya / ịsụ ngọngọ, oke iro ụra ma ọ bụ enweghị ike iteta n'ụra, mgbakasị ahụ.
  • ** Lelee maka "Seatbelt / Lap-Bar Sign" na mgbu afọ ***:
  • Ọ bụrụ na nwa gị nwere ọnya n'ofe afọ, obi, ma ọ bụ ọgịrịga site n'itinye oche azụ n'ihu ha ma ọ bụ eriri ụgbọ ala, ma ọ bụ na-eme mkpesa nke mgbu afọ, ihe mgbu nke ubu (Kehr akara sitere na mgbakasị splenic), dizziness, ma ọ bụ ọbara n'ime mmamịrị, buru ya gaa na Ngalaba Mberede ozugbo iji wepụ ọnyá dị n'ime ahụ.
  • ** Kwado ọgbaghara gbasara mmụọ n'ihe mberede gachara**:
  • Mgbe ihe mberede ụgbọ ala ma ọ bụ ụjọ nkewa gasịrị, ọ bụ ihe na-adịghị mma maka ụmụaka ịhụ nrọ abalị, ọ na-esiri ha ike ihi ụra naanị ha, afọ mgbu n'ụtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ, ma ọ bụ egwu siri ike nke ịlaghachi na bọs ụlọ akwụkwọ edo edo (lee. ịgwa ụmụaka okwu na mberede).

  • Weghachite mmetụta ha nke ọma (*"Mkpọka ahụ dara ụda ma na-atụ egwu, ahụ gị ka na-agbalịkwa ichebe gị, n'agbanyeghị na ị nọ ná nchebe ugbu a"), mee ka onye ndụmọdụ ụlọ akwụkwọ jiri nwayọọ laghachi na ụgbọ ala, rịọkwa ebe obibi trauma nwa oge ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa.

  • Iji kwadebe maka ihe mberede ahụike metụtara ụmụaka, tụlee ị nweta enyemaka enyemaka mbụ ụmụaka na usoro CPR site na Red Cross, St John Ambulance, ma ọ bụ onye na-enye ọzụzụ mpaghara.

Ajụjụ a na-ajụkarị

My child just texted me from inside their school bus saying they were in a crash on the highway 10 minutes from my house. Why shouldn't I drive straight to the highway and pick them up myself?

Driving to an active highway school bus crash scene creates two severe hazards: First, dozens of parent cars pulling onto the highway shoulder block emergency lanes needed by fire trucks, extrication rigs, and ambulances trying to reach injured children. Second, law enforcement and EMS cannot legally release an unaccompanied minor at an active highway scene without verifying custodial ID against the official school database and logging the release on the Master Transport Manifest; if you pull your child away without official sign-out, rescue crews must assume a child is missing or trapped, delaying medical care for others. Go directly to the school district designated Reunification Site (or the assigned hospital if notified by EMS) with your government photo ID.

Why don't all yellow school buses have three-point seatbelts, and why do drivers keep kids inside the bus after most accidents instead of evacuating them?

Under National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 222, large school buses (over 4,536 kilograms / 10,000 pounds) are engineered around passive "compartmentalization," which uses closely spaced, high-backed, heavily padded seats that absorb crash forces like an egg carton without requiring a young child to properly buckle a belt. (While several states now mandate three-point belts on new buses for rollover/side-impact protection, compartmentalization remains the core structural shield). Because a 12-metric-ton steel school bus sitting high off the ground protects children from passing cars, NHTSA guidelines state that students should remain inside the bus after a crash UNLESS there is fire, smoke, a fuel leak, railroad tracks, downed power lines/hazmat, or submersion risk.

If a student has a severe peanut allergy or asthma, who is supposed to carry their EpiPen or inhaler during a school field trip, the bus driver, the teacher, or the child?

Under state student self-carry laws and Section 504 / Individualized Healthcare Plan (IHP) guidelines, an older student who is approved to self-carry should keep their own rescue inhaler or Epinephrine Auto-Injector on their person at all times, AND the Lead Teacher or Field Trip Nurse must carry a backup emergency medical kit containing the student labeled medication alongside them throughout the entire venue visit. Never leave emergency rescue medications locked inside the empty school bus in the parking lot while students are inside a museum, zoo, or park.

What is a "Code Adam," and how does it work if a student wanders off during a field trip at a museum, zoo, or science center?

A "Code Adam" (named in memory of 6-year-old Adam Walsh and federally mandated across U.S. government buildings under 34 U.S.C. 21301, as well as adopted by thousands of museums, theme parks, zoos, and retail stores across North America) is an immediate building-wide missing-child lockdown protocol. The moment a teacher or parent reports a missing child to any venue employee, staff immediately lock or station guards at every exterior exit and parking structure, sweep restrooms and restricted areas, and stop any adult attempting to exit with a child matching the description, calling law enforcement within 10 minutes if the child is not located inside the building.

Ntuziaka emetụtara

enyochara isi mmalite

  • National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) na National Association of State Directors of Pupil Transportation Services (NASDPTS) (United States): *School Bus In-Service Safety Series (Usoro Nchụpụ Mberede, Compartmentalization n'okpuru FMVSS Nke 222, na okporo ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè) Ịgafefe.
  • Nlekọta nchekwa nchekwa ụgbọ ala nke Federal (FMCSA) (United States): 49 CFR 392.22 (Akara ngosi Mberede na Ntụgharị Ntugharị Ntugharị Triangle Nleba anya maka ụgbọ ala azụmahịa na ụgbọ ala kwụsịrị).
  • Ntọala "M hụrụ n'anya U Guys" na Njikere na Nlekọta Mberede maka Ụlọ Akwụkwọ (REMS) Ụlọ Ọrụ Enyemaka Nka na ụzụ / Ngalaba Education nke United States (United States): * Usoro nhazigharị Standard (SRM) maka ụlọ akwụkwọ na mmanye iwu *.
  • Ụlọ Ọrụ Mba Maka Ụmụaka Na-efunahụ na Ndị Na-erigbu (NCMEC) (United States): * Code Adam Act nke 2003 (Ngalaba 34 U.S.C. 21301) na Ubi Njem Child Safety Protocols*.
  • Ọrụ Ahụike Mberede maka Ụmụaka (EMSC) / Nlekọta Ọrụ na Ọrụ Ahụike (HRSA) (United States): JumpSTART Pediatric Mass Casualty Triage Algorithm na Nchekwa Ụgbọ njem nke Ụmụaka na Ambulances.
  • Ụgbọ njem Canada (Canada) na ngalaba maka agụmakwụkwọ (DfE) (United Kingdom): * Akụkụ nchekwa ụgbọ ala ụlọ akwụkwọ (CMVSS), Ahụike na nchekwa na Nleta Ọzụzụ Nduzi iwu, yana njikwa ihe mberede dị egwu maka ụlọ akwụkwọ*.