Meteotsunamis: ebili mmiri nke Squall-Line na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri mberede ma ọ bụ nnukwu ọdọ mmiri¶

Mgbe ndị mmadụ nụrụ okwu tsunami, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mgbe nile na-eche banyere ala ọma jijiji n'okpuru oké osimiri ma ọ bụ mgbawa ugwu mgbawa n'ime oké osimiri. Agbanyeghị, ** meteotsunami *** (tsunami meteorological) bụ usoro na-emebi emebi nke ebili mmiri ogologo oge nke ikuku na-ebute kpamkpam, ọkachasị site na ahịrị squall na-agba ọsọ ọsọ, derechos, ebili mmiri ike ikuku, ma ọ bụ nrụgide barometric na-awụlikwa elu na-agafe mmiri na-emighị emi. Mgbe ọsọ na-aga n'ihu nke ọgba aghara ikuku dabara na ọsọ mmiri na-emighị emi nke ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ continental shelf (usoro nkwalite anụ ahụ nke a maara dị ka ** Proudman resonance *), obere obere mmiri na-agbapụta mmiri nke dị naanị 3 ruo 5 centimeters (1 ruo 2 sentimita asatọ) nwere ike gbasaa okpukpu iri n'akụkụ osimiri wee mebie osimiri, gbajie ọnụ ma ọ bụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri. 6 mita (6.5 ruo 20 ụkwụ) mgbidi mmiri. N'ihi na meteotsunamis na-egbukarị nkeji 30 ruo 120 ** mgbe e mesịrị, égbè eluigwe agafeworị na mbara igwe ekpochapụla, ndị na-aga n'ụsọ osimiri, ndị na-anya ụgbọ mmiri na ndị na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri na-echekwa ha kpamkpam. Ọ bụrụ na mmadụ fesara n'ime mmiri ma ọ bụ ọnyà n'ụsọ oké osimiri, kpọọ mpaghara gị nọmba mberede ozugbo ma kpọtụrụ ndị nduzi anyị seiche ebili mmiri na ọdọ mmiri tsunami, seismic tsunami, ebili mmiri na ihe mberede mmiri oké osimiri, na enyemaka mbụ na-eri mmiri.

Mee nke a ugbu a¶

1. ** Wepụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, mgbawa, jetties, na obere osimiri ozugbo ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri na-ada na mberede ma ọ bụ na-ebili ngwa ngwa : Ọ bụrụ na ị na-ahụ ọkwa mmiri n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, ma ọ bụ n'ọnụ mmiri na-ada na mberede site na 0.5 ruo 2 mita (1.5 ruo 6.5 ụkwụ) n'ime nkeji ole na ole, na-ekpughe ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, nkume, ma ọ bụ azụ, ma ọ bụ na-agbaba n'elu mmiri na-agba ọsọ ozugbo na mmiri mmiri na-agba ọsọ na mmiri mmiri. Opekempe ** mita 3 ruo 6 (ụkwụ 10 ruo 20) karịa ọkwa mmiri nkịtị yana ** 100 mita (ụkwụ 330)* n'ime ala.
2. Apụla n'elu mmiri mmiri, nkume jetties, ma ọ bụ isi isi n'oge ma ọ bụ maka awa 3 mgbe eriri squall na-agba ọsọ ọsọ ma ọ bụ derecho **: Ọ bụrụgodị na mmiri ozuzo akwụsịla ma anyanwụ apụtala, ebili mmiri nke ikuku na-atụgharị uche n'ofe Great Lakes, Gulf of Mexico, ma ọ bụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-aga n'ihu na-emepụta meteotsunami dị ize ndụ maka awa 2 na-agafe ugbu a.
3. ** Hapụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị a kwụsịrị n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị warara ma ọ bụrụ na mwepu ngwa ngwa amalite *: Mgbe meteotsunami rutere ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri V (dị ka Mediterranean rissaga ma ọ bụ nnukwu ọdọ mmiri), mmiri na-agbapụta ma na-ejupụta nkeji 5 ruo 20 ọ bụla na ọsọ ọsọ nke ** 10 ruo 25 ugbu a (18 ruo 411 km / h) ahịrị na-etipịa ihe ọnụ. Si n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-ese n'elu mmiri banye n'elu ala siri ike ozugbo.
4. ** Ụgbọ mmiri na-abanye n'ime mmiri miri emi, nke na-emeghe (opekata mpe 20 ruo 30 mita / 65 ruo 100 ụkwụ miri emi) ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị nchebe pụọ na ifufe égbè eluigwe **: Na mmiri mepere emepe, nke miri emi, meteotsunami bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke a na-apụghị ịghọta aghọta, ogologo ogologo na-aza na-erughị 20 ruo 40 centimeters (8 ruo 16 inches) elu; ọ na-aghọ nanị mgbidi mmiri nke na-agbaji, ụgbọ mmiri na-ekpukpu mgbe ọ batara n'ime osimiri ndị na-emighị emi, n'ime ájá, na ọnụ ụzọ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị warara.
5. Lezienụ anya maka mmiri na-egbu egbu, mmiri na-agbawa ngwa ngwa n'akụkụ osimiri na ájá mgbe ebili mmiri meteotsunami gasịrị: Mgbe 1-na-3-mita (3-na-10-ụkwụ) meteotsunami na-agbago n'akụkụ osimiri nwere aja wee laghachi azụ n'ime ọdọ ma ọ bụ n'oké osimiri ihe karịrị nkeji 5, ọ na-ese ọwa miri emi site na osimiri dịpụrụ adịpụ - na-emepụta ihe na-adịru nwa oge. na-ebugharị narị narị mita n'ikpere mmiri n'ime sekọnd.
6. ** Nọrọ n'elu ala ma ọ dịkarịa ala awa 2 ruo 3 ***: Dị ka tsunamis seismic, meteotsunami bụ ụgbọ oloko ụgbọ oloko ** (usoro nke 3 ruo 10 oscillations nke dịpụrụ adịpụ 10 ruo 30 nkeji) nke na-edobe ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-emegharị emegharị. Ofefe nke atọ, nke anọ, ma ọ bụ nke ise na-adị ogologo ogologo oge ma na-eme ihe ike karịa nke mbụ.

Osisi mkpebi: nnabata Meteotsunami na nlanarị n'akụkụ mmiri¶

flowchart TD
    Trigger["Ahịrị squall na-agba ọsọ ọsọ, Derecho, ma ọ bụ Nrụgide na-agafe gafee ọdọ mmiri/Shelf Coastal ma ọ bụ Mgbanwe Ọkwa Mmiri na mberede ka ahụrụ."] --> Location{"Ebee ka ị nọ?"}
    Location -->|"N'elu Pier, Breakwall, Jetty, ma ọ bụ ala dị ala"| WaterCheck{"Mmiri ọ na-agbapụta na mberede / na-ekpughe ala ma ọ bụ na-ebili ngwa ngwa n'elu ọnụ ụzọ?"}
    WaterCheck -->|"Ee"| RunInland["Gbaa ọsọ ọsọ pụọ n'ọnụ ụzọ/Osimiri gaa n'ala dị elu 3 ruo 6 m (10 ruo 20 ft) N'elu mmiri; Dọọ ndị ọzọ aka ná ntị"]
    WaterCheck -->|"Mba, Ahịrị squall gafere"| StayOffPier["Kwụsị n'ebe mgbakasị ahụ, Jetties, na Sandbars maka awa 3; Lelee maka Rip Currents"]
    Location -->|"N'ime Marina ma ọ bụ n'ụgbọ mmiri a kwụsịrị"| MarinaAction["Agbalịla ịchekwa ahịrị mooring n'oge ịwa ahụ; Wepụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-ese n'elu ruo n'ala siri ike ozugbo"]
    Location -->|"N'ime ụgbọ mmiri na-aga n'okporo ụzọ dị nso n'ikpere mmiri"| DepthCheck{"Oke ifufe/Eluigwe na-efefe ozugbo?"}
    DepthCheck -->|"Mba, Sky Clear / Ọ dị mma ịnyagharịa"| HeadDeep["Motor Perpendicularly Out to Deep Water (> 20 ruo 30 m / 65 ruo 100 ft); Zenarị ọnụ ụzọ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị warara"]
    DepthCheck -->|"Ee, Ikuku siri ike na-arụ ọrụ"| SecurePort["Ọ bụrụ na ọ dịlarị n'ime ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, mkpuchi ndụ nchekwa, dobe arịlịka ma ọ bụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, wee pụọ gaa n'ala dị elu."]
    RunInland --> WaitWave["Nọgidere n'ala dị elu maka awa 2 ruo 3: Ụgbọ oloko Wave na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Seiche na-emegharị kwa nkeji 10 ruo 30 ọ bụla."]
    WaitWave --> VictimCheck{"Ọ nwere onye tufuru na mmiri ma ọ bụ jide n'aka na ọ na-apụ apụ ugbu a?"}
    VictimCheck -->|"Ee"| RescueCall["Kpọọ 911/112/999 na Coast Guard; Tụfuo Flotation Site n'ikpere mmiri; Egwula mmiri n'ime ọpụpụ ugbu a"]

Physics na meteorology: Olee otú ikuku ikuku si emepụta tsunami na-enweghị ala ọma jijiji¶

Meteotsunami nwere otu ogologo ogologo anụ ahụ, oge ebili mmiri (nkeji 2 ruo awa 2), na omume ịma jijiji nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri dị ka mbufịt nke ala ọma jijiji kpatara, nke mere na igwe mmiri na-edekọ ihe ngosi abụọ ahụ dị ka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe yiri ya. Otú ọ dị, kama ịkpali ya site na ntugharị kwụ ọtọ nke oké osimiri, a na-amụ meteotsunami site na ** nke dị okpukpu anọ nke multi-resonant cascade ** n'etiti ikuku na kọlụm mmiri.

Nkeji 1: Ihe na-akpata ikuku (Barometric pressure jump and wind stress)¶

Sistemụ ihu igwe na-agba ọsọ ọsọ, gụnyere derechos, ** ahịrị squall , ** akụkụ ihu , ** sistemụ convective mesoscale (MCS, na akọrọ ** ikuku ike ndọda ebili mmiri (ducted internal gravity waves), mepụta mma dị nkọ, nke ahaziri ahazi n'ime ikuku ikuku (delta-P) nke ** 2 ruo 10 hectopascals / millibars (0.06 ruo 0.30 inch nke mercury)* n'ime oge nke naanị 5 ruo 30 nkeji, na-ejikọta ya na mberede 80 ruo 130 km / h (50 ruo 80 mph) ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ n'ihu.

• Site na ** mmetụta barometer ntụgharị ** naanị, ọ bụla ** 1 hectopascal (1 millibar) na-agbanwe na nrụgide ikuku na-ada mbà ma ọ bụ na-ebuli elu mmiri dị n'okpuru kpọmkwem ** 1 centimita (0.4 sentimita)**.
• Ya mere, ahịrị squall siri ike nke nwere imi nrụgide 5-millibar na mbụ na-emepụta ebili mmiri dị n'oké osimiri naanị ** 5 centimita (2 sentimita asatọ)** ogologo. Ọ bụrụ na ọ hapụghị ụda n'ime oke osimiri miri emi, mkpọda 5 centimita a ga-agafe kpamkpam n'ahụghị ya.

Nkeji 2: Mgbasa mmiri mepere emepe (Resonance Proudman na Resonance Greenspan)¶

Obere ebili mmiri ahụ dị sentimita ise na-eto eto ka ọ bụrụ ebili mmiri dị ize ndụ mgbe ọgba aghara ikuku na-agafe n'osimiri ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ shelf kọntinent na ** otu ọsọ ahụ.U*** dị ka eke propagation ọsọ nke a na-emighị emi-mmiri ike ndọda ife (c):

• ** Usoro ọsọ ebili mmiri na-emighị emi ***: c = sqrt(g * h), ebe g bụ gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s2) na h bụ omimi mmiri na mita.
• ** Ntughari onye mpako (U = c*: N'ime mmiri nke dị mita 20 ruo 100 (65 ruo 330 ụkwụ) *** miri emi, nke bụ kpọmkwem omimi nke Great Lakes, continental shelf nke Gulf of Mexico, US Atlantic Shelf, Oké Osimiri Adriatic, na Balearic Shelf, ikuku na-emighị emi-mmiri na-agba ọsọ ọsọ. c dị n'etiti ** 14 na 31 mita kwa nkeji (50 ruo 112 km / h ma ọ bụ 31 ruo 70 mph).
• N'ihi na ahịrị squall n'oge ọkọchị na derechos na-agba ọsọ na-aga n'ihu na ** 50 ruo 110 km / h (31 ruo 68 mph)**, ebili mmiri barometric nke oké ifufe ahụ na-anọkwa n'elu mmiri nke ọ mepụtara (Froude number Fr = U / c nso 1.0). Mile ka mile gafee ọdọ ma ọ bụ shelf, oké ifufe ahụ na-anọgide na-agbanye ike n'ime oghere nke ebili mmiri na-akpụ akpụ, na-eme ka ebili mmiri dị sentimita ise na-amụba site na ihe dị ka nkeji 5 ruo 15 ** n'ime mita 0.5 ruo 1.0 (1.5 ruo 3.3-ụkwụ) *** ogologo oge mbufịt mbufịt mmiri na-emeghe mmiri.
• ** Greenspan Resonance ***: Mgbe oké ifufe ahụ na-aga n'otu n'otu n'akụkụ oke osimiri, ebili mmiri n'akụkụ ebili mmiri nke dabara na shelf kọntinent ahụ na-agbada nwekwara ike na-adaba na mwụli elu na-akpụ akpụ, na-eme ka ebili mmiri dị n'akụkụ oke osimiri ahụ.

Nkeji 3: Mweda n'ikpere mmiri na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Helmholtz¶

Mgbe ebili mmiri ahụ nke 0.5-na-1.0-mita na-abanye na mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-emighị emi, na-adaba na mmiri na-egbuke egbuke, ma ọ bụ na-abanye n'ime mmiri dị warara, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri V nke nwere ọdịdị ọdịdị ya dabara na oge ebili mmiri na-abata (nke na-abụkarị ** 5 ruo 40 nkeji ), ** resonance ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri (Helmholtz resonance* na ** iwu Green's shoaling *** na-amụba elu ebili mmiri site na ihe ọzọ nke **4 ruo ugboro iri ***, na-emepụta mberede 2-na-6-mita (6.5-na-20-ụkwụ) nke na-agba mmiri n'okporo ụzọ, na-akwatu ụgbọ mmiri, ma na-ekpochapụ ndị na-agafe agafe n'okporo ụzọ.

Ntụnyere: Meteotsunamis vs. Seismic Tsunamis vs. Storm Surge vs. Seiches¶

Ebe ndị zuru ụwa ọnụ na aha mpaghara maka meteotsunamis¶

N'ihi na resonance Proudman na nkwalite ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-adabere na omimi mmiri dị iche iche (20 ruo 100 mita) jikọtara ya na ahịrị squall na-agba ọsọ ọsọ ọsọ ma ọ bụ ebili mmiri nke ikuku, ụfọdụ mmiri na-enweta meteotsunamis na-ebibi ugboro ugboro, ebe ndị bi na mpaghara enyela ha aha ọdịnala dị iche iche kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ:

1. ** Nnukwu ọdọ mmiri North America (Ọdọ Mmiri Michigan, Erie, Huron, Elu, na Ontario) ***:
2. Na-emepụta ** ihe karịrị 100 meteotsunami a na-atụ anya kwa afọ *** (ọkachasị n'oge opupu ihe ubi na ọkọchị n'etiti Eprel na Julaị), ọdọ mmiri ukwu bụ otu n'ime mpaghara meteotsunami kachasị elu n'ụwa.
3. ** Lake Michigan na Lake Erie ** omimi (nkezi 19 mita / 62 ụkwụ na Lake Erie; 30 ka 85 mita na ndịda na Central Lake Michigan) dakọtara na 60 ruo 100 km / h (37 ruo 62 mph) ọsọ nke Midwest derechos na squall ahịrị. Ọzọkwa, ihe mgbawa ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri siri ike na mkpọmkpọ ebe dị n'obodo ndị dị ka ** Chicago, Milwaukee, Grand Haven, Holland, Ludington, Cleveland na Buffalo* na-atụgharị ma lekwasị anya na ebili mmiri.
4. Oke Osimiri Mediterenian na Adriatic (Rissaga, Marrobbio, Milghuba, šćiga)**:
5. Ebe ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Ciutadella, Menorca (Agwaetiti Balearic, Spain) - * La Rissaga ***: Ọnụ ụzọ Ciutadella dị warara, nke dị kilomita 1 nwere ogologo oge bụ isi nke nkeji 10.5. Mgbe ebili mmiri nke ikuku nke Africa na-aga n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ gafee Balearic shelf na 25 ruo 30 m / s, ha na-ebute ọdachi rissaga meteotsunamis ruo ** 4 ruo 5 mita (13 ruo 16.5 feet) ** elu nke na-agbapụta ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ kpọrọ nkụ wee jupụta obodo plaza n'ime nkeji 10 (dị ka na June 2006-3) ụgbọ mmiri na-egweri.
6. ** Vela Luka na Stari Grad (Croatian Adriatic Coast) - * Šćiga ***: Ogologo mmiri dị n'ụdị oghere dị n'akụkụ agwaetiti Dalmatian nwere ahụmahụ ruo ** 6-mita (19.7-ụkwụ) ** meteotsunamis (dị ka ihe omume June 1978 Vela Luka, ihe ndekọ meteotsunami kachasị ukwuu nke edere na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụgbọ ala na-asọba n'okporo ụzọ ụgbọ ala.
7. ** Western Sicily (* Marrobbio * / "Mad Sea") na Malta (Milghuba)**: Oscillations 1.5 ruo 3-mita na mberede kpalitere site na ebili mmiri scirocco na-agafe na ọwa Sicilian.
8. ** Ọwara Oké Osimiri Mexico na US Atlantic Coast ***: (Gulf of Mexico)
9. ** Eastern Gulf of Mexico (Florida West Coast si Tampa Bay, Clearwater, na Naples ruo Florida Panhandle) ***: Winter oyi-n'ihu squall ahịrị na okpomọkụ okpomọkụ n'elu mmiri ozuzo na-agba ọsọ gafee mbara, na-emighị emi West Florida Shelf na-emepụta mberede ** 1.5-na-3.5-mita (5-na-11-ụkwụ) (5-na-11-ụkwụ) na-abịa na ụbọchị 9 ruo ụbọchị 9. Mmụba nke mita 3.5 merụrụ ahụ 75 ndị njem osimiri wee mebie ụgbọ ala 100 n'akụkụ osimiri, yana ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Boothbay, Maine na New Jersey nke June 2013).
10. ** Oké Osimiri East China na Japan (* Abiki*) na Nagasaki Bay ***:
11. Na ** Nagasaki Bay, Japan ***, nsogbu nrụgide ikuku na-agafe n'Osimiri East China na-ebute ruo 3-na-4.8-mita (10-na-16-ụkwụ) meteotsunamis nke a maara n'ógbè ahụ dị ka ** Abiki ** (nke pụtara "ebili mmiri na-adọkpụ netwọk"), nke na-adọta ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri mgbe niile na mpaghara ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị ala.

Akara ngosi ịdọ aka na ntị na-ahụ n'akụkụ osimiri, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ mmiri¶

N'ihi na ọtụtụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri enweghị sirens meteotsunami akpaghị aka, anya gị na ntị gị bụ usoro ịdọ aka ná ntị na-azọpụta ndụ gị mgbe ọ bụla oke mmiri ozuzo na-aga ngwa ngwa gafere mpaghara gị n'ime awa 3 gara aga:

1. Na mberede, ngwa ngwa na-adịghị mma "obere tide" ma ọ bụ ọdịda mmiri¶

• Lelee mmiri dị n'akụkụ ájá osimiri, olulu mmiri, rampụ ụgbọ mmiri, ma ọ bụ nkume nkume.
• Ọ bụrụ na ọkwa mmiri ahụ dara nke ọma n'elu ** 2 ruo 10 nkeji **, na-ekpughe mmiri mmiri, apịtị, nkume, ma ọ bụ azụ na-asọgharị na nnukwu ọdọ mmiri (nke na-enweghị oke mbara igwe a na-ahụ anya) ma ọ bụ na-agbada ngwa ngwa karịa oke osimiri nke awa 6 nkịtị, ** a meteotsunami trough abatala ***.
• Igwe mmiri nke meteotsunami ga-abata n'ime nkeji 3 ruo 15 ** na ọsọ ọsọ karịa ka mmadụ nwere ike igwu mmiri ma ọ bụ wagharị. Ya adịla mgbe ị ga-aga n'elu ájá ájá ekpughere ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ apịtị ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ka ị lee shells ma ọ bụ azụ ndị tọrọ atọ.

2. Na-atụgharị iyi mmiri ọcha n'ọnụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na nbata osimiri¶

• Lee anya n'ọnụ ụzọ dị warara nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, ma ọ bụ ọnụ mmiri dị n'akụkụ osimiri.
• N'oge meteotsunami, ọwa ahụ na-atụgharị ghọọ mmiri ọcha na-ebigbọ ngwa ngwa nke ** na-atụgharị ntụzịaka kwa nkeji 5 ruo 20 ọ bụla ***. Ị nwere ike ịhụ ụgbọ mmiri nrịbama ọwa na-adọta kpamkpam n'okpuru mmiri site na ịdọrọ ntinye nke 15-knot (28 km / h) na-asọpụta ma ọ bụ na-asọpụta ugbu a, na-esonyere ya na whirlpools (eddies) na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-ese n'elu mmiri na-agbagide n'akụkụ dị oke egwu megide ikpokọta ha.

3. The "Roll Cloud" ma ọ bụ Shelf Cloud sochiri na mberede barometric nti-pop¶

• Tupu ma ọ bụ n'oge oké ifufe ahụ, igwe ojii mpịakọta kwụ ọtọ ma ọ bụ arcus shelf igwe ojii na-agba ọsọ n'ofe mmiri na 80+ km / h (50+ mph) na-esonyere mgbanwe mberede na ikuku ike na mgbanwe nrụgide a na-ahụ anya bụ ihe na-emepụta ikuku ikuku nke oke Proudman-resonant ebili mmiri.
• Ọ bụrụ na ị nwere barometer mmiri, ngwa igwe barometric altimeter, ma ọ bụ ọdụ ihu igwe dị nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri, mgbatị barometric mberede na-awụli elu nke ** 2.5 ruo 8.0 hectopascals (millibars) n'ihe na-erughị nkeji iri na ise ** (nke a na-akpọ meteorologically dị ka ** mgbali imi *** ma ọ bụ ** microbaroms jump ***) bụ akara ngosi izizi nke nwere akara ngosi zuru oke na akara ngosi zuru oke. ike na-emepụta meteotsunami n'elu oke osimiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri na-emighị emi.

Omume nlanarị nke nzọụkwụ site na ndapụta¶

Ihe atụ A: Ị na-aga n'elu mgbidi mgbawa, pier, ma ọ bụ nkume jetty¶

1. ** Tụgharịa wee gbaga n'ala ozugbo ***: Mmiri na-agbaji ihe na ọdọ mmiri na-agbatị mita 200 ruo 800 (650 ruo 2,600 ụkwụ) n'ime mmiri bụ otu ebe kacha egbu egbu n'oge meteotsunami. Mgbe mita 2 na-arị elu n'elu olulu mmiri dị larịị, ọ nweghị ihe ọ ga-ejide, na ịsacha obe na-alọghachi na-ekpochapụ ndị na-agafe agafe ozugbo banye na mmiri miri emi nke mgbidi siri ike dị n'akụkụ ma ọ bụ nkume ndị gbagọrọ agbagọ ebe ịrị elu agaghị ekwe omume.
2. **Ọ bụrụ na ọnyà dị na njedebe ụlọ ọkụ dị ogologo nke mmiri na-agbago n'okporo ụzọ awara awara ***: Anwala ịgbafe mmiri na-asọ asọ n'úkwù gafere mgbidi kọntakịrị dị warara nke na-enweghị ụgbọ okporo ígwè. Rigoro n'elu ikpo okwu nhazi kachasị elu nke ụlọ ọkụ, ụlọ elu ịnya ụgbọ mmiri, ma ọ bụ nchara nchara ma jidesie ike ruo mgbe nkeji nkeji 5 ruo 15 kwụsịrị, wee kpọọ 911/112/999 maka nnapụta mmiri.

Ihe atụ B: Ị na-egwu mmiri ma ọ bụ na-awagharị n'akụkụ osimiri nwere aja¶

1. ** Wepụ na mmiri ozugbo wee rịgoro n'azụ ahịrị dune bụ isi ***: Akwụsịla ịkwakọba nche anwụ, igwe nju oyi, ma ọ bụ akwa nhicha n'elu ájá mmiri; ọsọ nke mita 1.5 nwere ike ịfefe mita 50 (ụkwụ 165) nke oke osimiri dị larịị ma gbanye osisi siri ike na-ebugharị osisi na igwe nju oyi n'ụkwụ ndị na-egwu mmiri.
2. ** Ọ bụrụ na ejidere ya na mberede meteotsunami outflow rip current ***:
3. **Agbalịla igwu mmiri ozugbo laghachi n'ikpere mmiri megide ịpụ apụ ***: Meteotsunami drawdown na-agbapụta n'ofe swath sara mbara karịa ka ọ dị ugbu a, mana ọ ka na-elekwasị anya na ọwa mmiri miri emi.
4. ** Fụgharịa n'azụ gị iji chekwaa ike wee gwuo mmiri n'akụkụ oke osimiri ** ozugbo nkeji mbụ 3 ruo 5 nkeji na-agbadata, ma ọ bụ zọọ mmiri ma fegharịa otu ogwe aka n'elu mgbe ị na-eti mkpu maka enyemaka ka ndị nchekwa ma ọ bụ ndị nọ n'akụkụ nwere ike ịtụnye mgbanaka mgbanaka ma ọ bụ tube nnapụta. Lelee ntuziaka anyị zuru oke na ebili mmiri na ihe mberede mmiri oké osimiri.

Ihe atụ C: Ị nọ n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ n'ime ụgbọ mmiri kwụsịrị¶

1. ** Hapụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ wee si n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-ese n'elu mmiri ozugbo ***: N'oge ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri meteotsunami (rissaga) nke dị mita 2 ruo 4, a na-ebuli ụgbọ mmiri n'elu elu ụgbọ mmiri wee tụba n'ala ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ka mmiri na-asọpụta, tupu mgbidi mmiri 20-knot laghachi azụ n'akụkụ ya. Ịgbalị imezi ahịrị mmiri ma ọ bụ jiri aka gbachie oghere n'etiti ụgbọ mmiri nwere ton 10 na-awụ akpata oyi na-akpata mmerụ ahụ na bepụ ka mkpọwa na-adọkapụ n'elu oche fiberglass dị ka shrapnel.
2. ** Gbanyụọ ọkụ eletrik n'ikpere mmiri site na nnukwu isi elu ma ọ bụrụ na enwere ike ịnweta ya : Na-emikpu ma ọ bụ na-adọwa 120V / 240V ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na ọdọ mmiri dị ọcha na-emepụta ihe na-egbu egbu ** mmiri ujo ọkụESD ihe egwu n'ofe mmiri mmiri niile. Abanyela mmiri n'ime mmiri nke mebiri emebi.

Nọmba mberede mpaghara na ụkpụrụ ụlọ ọrụ¶

Ajụjụ a na-ajụkarị¶

Kedu ka égbè eluigwe ga-esi mepụta ebili mmiri nke tsunami n'enweghị ala ọma jijiji?¶

Mgbe ahịrị squall siri ike ma ọ bụ derecho na-agba ọsọ na-agafe ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ shelf dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, mmụba dị nkọ na nrụgide ikuku barometric na ikuku siri ike na-efegharị n'ihu oké ifufe ahụ na-agbada n'elu mmiri, na-emepụta obere ebili mmiri dị sentimita ole na ole. Ọ bụrụ na oké ifufe ahụ na-aga n'ihu n'otu ọsọ ahụ nke ebili mmiri na-eme njem na omimi mmiri ahụ (nke na-abụkarị 50 ruo 110 km / h na mmiri 20 ruo 100 mita miri emi), mmetụta anụ ahụ nke a na-akpọ Proudman resonance na-eme: oké ifufe ahụ na-anọgide na-ekpochi ya n'elu ebili mmiri na-akpụ akpụ ma na-anọgide na-agbanye ike n'ime ya ihe karịrị iri puku kilomita. Mgbe ebili mmiri ahụ gbagoro n'akụkụ osimiri na-emighị emi ma ọ bụ banye n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị warara nke nwere V, ọ na-ebuli elu n'ụdị mbufụt nke dị mita 2 ruo 6.

Gịnị mere meteotsunami ji daa n'ụsọ osimiri anyị otu awa mgbe oké ifufe ahụ gafere ma anyanwụ pụta?¶

N'adịghị ka ikuku ikuku na-akwụsị obere oge ka ifufe nwụsịrị, meteotsunami bụ ebili mmiri ogologo oge nke na-agafe obosara nke ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ continental shelf ma na-atụgharị (bounces) site n'akụkụ nke ọzọ ma ọ bụ n'okpuru mmiri. Na nnukwu ọdọ mmiri, eriri squall na-agafe site n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ gaa n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na-akpali ebili mmiri meteotsunami n'ikpere mmiri dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, nke na-agbapụta na bluff ma ọ bụ shelf wee laghachi azụ n'ikpere mmiri dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ 60 ruo 120 nkeji ka e mesịrị, rutere n'okpuru mbara igwe doro anya, anwụ na-acha ọkụ mgbe ndị njem na-atụ anya ya.

Kedu ihe dị iche n'etiti meteotsunami na seiche na nnukwu ọdọ mmiri?¶

Ha abụọ bụ mgbanwe ọkwa mmiri na-ebugharị, mana ha na-arụ ọrụ na oge dị iche iche na akpịrịkpa oghere. Basin seiche bụ ebili mmiri na-ada ngwa ngwa, na-agbasa n'ọdọ (dị ka mmiri na-akpụgharị azụ na azụ n'ime nnukwu efere ịsa ahụ) nke awa nke ifufe na-efegharị efegharị na-akwakọba mmiri n'otu nsọtụ ọdọ (dị ka Ọdọ Mmiri Erie); Oge oscillation ya na-ewe awa 3 ruo 14 site na mmiri dị elu ruo obere mmiri. Meteotsunami bụ ụgbọ oloko na-efegharị efegharị na-agbasa ngwa ngwa na-ebute n'ime nkeji site na mwụli elu barometric dị nkọ na resonance Proudman; Mmiri ya na-ebili ma na-adaba n'ike n'ike kwa nkeji 5 ruo 30 ma na-akpa àgwà dị ka mbufịt seismic n'ikpere mmiri.

Ọdọ mmiri ukwu ahụ hà nwere ike ịkpata mbufịt mbufịt dị ize ndụ?¶

Ee, ndị na-eme nchọpụta NOAA na-edekọ ihe karịrị 100 meteotsunamis gafee nnukwu ọdọ mmiri ise kwa afọ, na Ọdọ Mmiri Michigan na Ọdọ Erie na-enwe ihe omume kachasị dị ize ndụ n'oge ngwụsị oge opupu ihe ubi na ọkọchị (April ruo July). Ọtụtụ akụkọ ihe mere eme Great Lakes meteotsunamis eruola 2 ruo 3+ mita (6.5 ruo 10+ ụkwụ) n'ịdị elu, dị ka June 26, 1954 Chicago Lake Michigan meteotsunami nke gburu mmadụ asaa, na May 1942 Lake Erie surge, na ọtụtụ ihe omume ọgbara ọhụrụ nke tụgharịrị ụgbọ mmiri na marinas ma kpochaa ndị na-egwu mmiri n'ime mmiri na-egbu egbu ugbu a.

Kedu ihe m ga-eme ma ọ bụrụ na m nọ n'ụgbọ mmiri mgbe ịdọ aka ná ntị meteotsunami ma ọ bụ nkwụsị mmiri na mberede mere?¶

Omume gị na-adabere kpamkpam ma ụgbọ mmiri gị ọ kwụsịrị n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ na ọ na-abanyelarị na mmiri mepere emepe. Ọ bụrụ na ejikọtara ụgbọ mmiri gị n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na mmiri na-amalite na mberede na-agbapụta ma ọ bụ na-arị elu, anwala ịhazi ahịrị ma ọ bụ nọrọ n'ime ya; hapụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ wee si n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-ese n'elu mmiri banye n'ala siri ike ozugbo tupu ikuku 20-knot kụjisịa ụgbọ mmiri na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ọnụ. Ọ bụrụ na ị na-ama underway na mmiri na égbè eluigwe ifufe agafewo, moto perpendicular n'ikpere mmiri pụta n'ime miri oghe mmiri (opekempe 20 ka 30 mita / 65 ka 100 ụkwụ miri emi), ebe meteotsunami ebili mmiri ga-agafere n'enweghị nsogbu n'okpuru gị obi dị ka nwayọọ na-adịghị ahụ anya aza.

Ogologo oge ole ka meteotsunami na-adịru ozugbo ebili mmiri mbụ dara?¶

Meteotsunami abụghị otu ebili mmiri; ọ na-abịarute dị ka ụgbọ oloko nke 3 ruo 10+ oscillations na-ekewa 5 ruo 30 nkeji iche, ozugbo ọ banyere n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ n'ọnụ mmiri, ọ na-edobe ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-agbagharị agbagharị nke na-agbaji azụ na azụ ruo awa 2 ruo 4. Ugboro ugboro, akara nke mbụ bụ mgbada ngwa ngwa (obere tide), na nke atọ ma ọ bụ nke anọ nke ebili mmiri dị elu karịa nke mbụ. Na-anọkarị n'akụkụ osimiri, olulu, na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-ese n'elu mmiri ma ọ dịkarịa ala awa 2 ruo 3 mgbe ọkwa mmiri kwụsịrị ịgbagharị.

Ntuziaka emetụtara¶

• Ebili mmiri Seiche, mbufịt ọdọ mmiri, na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-arị elu
• Tsunamis: ịdọ aka ná ntị ala ọma jijiji, ihe ịrịba ama eke, na mgbapụ kwụ ọtọ
• Derechos, oké ifufe kwụ ọtọ, na nlanarị ụta-echo
• Rip iyi, sneaker ebili mmiri, na ihe mberede mmiri oké osimiri
• Nnapụta mmiri na-eri mmiri, mgbake, na edema nke abụọ nke akpa ume

Isi mmalite na nduzi ọchịchị¶

• ** National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) - Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL) & National Weather Service (United States): *** Meteotsunamis na Great Lakes na US East / Gulf Coasts: Proudman Resonance Physics, Nchọpụta, na Beach Hazard Safety *.
• ** World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) & Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission nke UNESCO (IOC-UNESCO):** Ntụle zuru ụwa ọnụ na ihe ize ndụ na Tsunamis ihu igwe (Meteotsunamis).
• ** Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (AEMET) & Sistemụ nleba anya na ịkọ amụma nke agwaetiti Balearic (SOCIB, Spain):** * Usoro amụma amụma na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri maka Ciutadella Rissaga Meteotsunamis*.
• United States Geological Survey (USGS) & Natural Hazards Center: * Ntụnyere nke Seismic Tsunamis na Atmospheric Meteotsunamis na Coastal na Lacustrine Environment*.
• Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service (DHMZ) & Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (Croatia): Adriatic Sea Meteotsunami (Šćiga) Nyocha ihe ize ndụ na Sistemụ ịdọ aka ná ntị mbụ.