Ọdịda ala ụrọ ngwa ngwa (Leda/Marine Clay): Liquefaction Ground Retrogressive na Sekọnd¶

N'ofe oke osimiri nke glaciated na mbụ na ndagwurugwu osimiri na Norway (Trøndelag, Romerike/Gjerdrum, Oslofjord, na Nordland), Sweden (Göta Älv valley na Bohuslän), ** ọwụwa anyanwụ Canada** (St. Lawrence, Ottawa, na Quebec nke dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ontario, nke a na-akpọ Sagueda nke dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ontario na Sagueda). ụrọ *** ma ọ bụ ** Champlain Sea ụrọ ***), ** Alaska ** (Anchorage / Bootlegger Cove formation), na ** n'ebe ugwu Russia , ọtụtụ nde ụlọ, ugbo, okporo ụzọ, na ụgbọ okporo ígwè na-anọdụ n'elu a pụrụ iche geological oge bombu: ** glaciomarine ngwa ngwa ụrọ ( kvikkleire na Norwegian, * kvickleragile * na Swedish sensible, . Etinyere n'ala nke oké osimiri post-glacial oge ochie 9,000 ruo 12,000 afọ gara aga wee bulie elu n'elu oke osimiri site na ** isostatic crustal rebound **, ụrọ ngwa ngwa na-ele anya ma na-adị ka nke siri ike, ala isi awọ siri ike ma ọ bụrụhaala na ihe nrụpụta mineral "ụlọ-kaadị" microscopic na-anọgide na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na ọtụtụ puku afọ nke mmiri ozuzo ọhụrụ na mkpọda mmiri dị n'ime ala esiwo n'ime mmiri ụrọ dị n'ụrọ na-ekekọta nnu sitere n'okike, ịma jijiji mberede, mịrị mkpịsị ụkwụ n'akụkụ osimiri, ngwupụta ihe owuwu, ma ọ bụ oké mmiri ozuzo nwere ike imebi ọkpụkpụ ịnweta ahụ na-esighị ike n'ime obernkeji nkeji. Ngwa ngwa ihe owuwu ya dara, ** ala siri ike nke nwere mmiri dị pasenti 30 ru80 na-agbanwe ozugbo ka ọ bụrụ ofe mmiri na-enweghị mgbagha na nkwekọ nke mmiri ara ehi na-ekpo ọkụ , na-eri azụ n'ime ala dị larịị na ** 10 ruo 50 mita kwa nkeji (33 ruo 165 ụkwụ kwa nkeji) n'ime ** retrogressive olu olu karama, ụzọ okporo ụzọ zuru oke, na nnukwu okporo ụzọ. rafuo ụlọ dum maka kilomita gbadaa na ndagwurugwu (dị ka a hụrụ na Rissa 1978, Verdal 1893, na Gjerdrum 2020 na Norway; Saint-Jean-Vianney 1971 na Saint-Jude 2010 na Quebec; na Småröd 2006 na Stenungsund 2023 na Sweden). Ọ bụrụ na ala gbawara, daa, ma ọ bụ malite ịgbagharị gburugburu gị, pụọ ozugbo wee kpọọ nọmba mberede mpaghara gị (911 na United States na Canada, 112 gafee European Union na Norway, 999 na United Kingdom) ma ọ bụ lelee ndekọ ndekọ aha anyị. nọmba mberede. Maka ihe egwu ala ala metụtara, gụọ ntuziaka anyị na mbuze, apịtị, na irighiri ihe na-asọpụta, sinkholes na mberede ala ọdịda, oke ala ụrọ na-agbasawanye, ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, na mgbawa ntọala, na oke ala ọma jijiji, nbanye ụlọ mebiri emebi, na nkwụsị gas.

Mee nke a ugbu a¶

1. ** Na-emeso mgbawa ala ọ bụla nke yiri mgbawa na mberede, mgbada ahịhịa na-agbada, ma ọ bụ mkpọda mmiri nke jikọtara ya na eriri ọkụ na-egbuke egbuke ma ọ bụ ọkpọ mmiri na-agbawa dị ka ihe na-arụ ọrụ ngwa ngwa-Clay Landslide:* ọdachi ** retrogressive yinye mmeghachi omume *** nke na-eri 500 ruo 1,500 mita (1,640 ruo 5,000 ụkwụ) nke ala ubi dị larịị ma ọ bụ okporo ụzọ obibi n'azụ ya n'ime nkeji 3 ruo 15. Anọla ịkwakọba akpa ma ọ bụ bugharịa ụgbọ ala.
2. ** Wepụ n'ikpeazụ (n'akụkụ / dị ka osimiri mbụ ma ọ bụ ndagwurugwu) gaa n'ebe ndị dị elu dị elu, adịla azụ azụ azụ site na nnukwu oghere nke na-agbasawanye: ** N'ihi na slide ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa na-eri nri azụ azụ (elu-mkpọda ma ọ bụ nke dị n'akụkụ osimiri) tinyere ụrọ ụrọ e liri na-agba ọsọ na-agba ọsọ na-agba ọsọ na-agba ọsọ na-agba ọsọ na-agba ọsọ na-agba ọsọ na-agba ọsọ na-agba ọsọ. ihu okwute na-edobe gị ozugbo n'ime ụzọ nke iberi ala na-esote nke na-ada ada. Sprint ** ogo 90 n'akụkụ (n'akụkụ)** site na ịda mbà n'obi na-ahụ anya ** ekpughere granite / ugwu ugwu ** ma ọ bụ oke ọhịa moraine ruo mgbe ị ga-opekata mpe ** 300 ruo 500 mita (1,000 ruo 1,640 ụkwụ)** pụọ n'ọnụ mmiri ahụ.
3. ** Agakwala ije, kwọọ ụgbọala, ma ọ bụ gbaba n'ụrọ ụrọ agba ntụ ọhụrụ ka ọ napụta mmadụ ma ọ bụ weghachi ihe onwunwe:** ụrọ ngwa ngwa agbazigharịrị nwere ike shii n'okpuru ** 0.5 kilopascals** (ike ibu efu efu) na njupụta nke 1.6 ruo 1.8 gram kwa cubic centimita, nke osisi ndị na-ese n'elu osisi na-ekpu. Ịwụpụ n'ala siri ike banye n'olulu ụrọ ngwa ngwa pụtara imikpu ozugbo ruo n'obi gị ma ọ bụ n'elu isi gị na mmiri oyi, simenti dị ka isi awọ nke na-agaghị ekwe omume iwepụ onwe gị.
4. ** Ọ bụrụ na ụlọ gị na-adaba na mberede, daa, ma ọ bụ malite "rafting" (na-ese n'elu adịghị) n'elu osimiri na-agba ọsọ ngwa ngwa, nọrọ n'ime ụlọ elu ma ọ bụ n'uko ụlọ ruo mgbe mmegharị ahụ kwụsịrị: ** Ihe ndekọ banyere nlanarị akụkọ ihe mere eme sitere na 1971 Saint-Jean-Vianney (Quebec), 1978 Rissask, Norway-Gjerdes (202). gosi na ụlọ ndị nwere osisi na-anọdụ ala n'elu eriri elu na-adịghị emebi emebi ** na-ese n'elu ma na-amali dị ka ụgbọ mmiri n'elu ụrọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ***. Ndị ụjọ na-atụ ma na-awụpụ n'ọnụ ụzọ ma ọ bụ windo dị n'ala mgbe ala na-arụsi ọrụ ike bụ ndị a na-eloda ma na-egwepịa ha ozugbo n'etiti ihe mgbochi nke ahịhịa dị n'elu ala kpọrọ nkụ na osisi. Nọrọ n'elu ala ma ọ bụ elu ụlọ, nkwado ndabere na mpaghara chimni brik, wee jiri ọkụ ekwentị mkpanaaka gị na-eduzi ** otu ndị na-anapụta ụgbọ elu helikopta **.
5. ** Ọ bụrụ na ị na-anya ụgbọ ala n'abalị mgbe pavement ụzọ na-adapụ ma ọ bụ gbatuo, kwụsị ozugbo, hapụ ụgbọ ala ma ọ bụrụ na ala ka dị nkụ, ma ọ bụ rịgoro n'elu ụlọ ụgbọ ala ma ọ bụrụ na ụrọ mmiri gbara ya gburugburu: ** N'oge 1971 Saint-Jean-Vianney na 2006 Småröd (E6 Highway, Sweden) ndị na-eme ihe nkiri abalị, na-agba ọsọ ọsọ ọsọ n'elu okporo ụzọ ọhụrụ. Oriri ugwu (100 ụkwụ) kwụ ọtọ n'ọchịchịrị na igwe ojii. Ọ bụrụ n'ịhụ ọkụ ọkụ na-abịa na mberede na-apụ n'anya ala ma ọ bụ okporo osisi bara uru na-agbanarị n'ahịrị, tie brek, tụgharịa ma ọ bụ steepụ n'akụkụ n'akụkụ akwa, ma gbochie okporo ụzọ 500 mita azụ site na ọkụ ọkụ iji kwụsị ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala na-abịa.
6. ** Wepụ na ndagwurugwu mmiri ozugbo ma ọ bụrụ na slide ụrọ ngwa ngwa na-atụba ọtụtụ nde tọn ụrọ n'ime ọwa mmiri: *** Mkpọda ụrọ ngwa ngwa na-emepụta ihe ize ndụ osimiri abụọ: nke mbụ, ka ọtụtụ nde cubic mita nke ụrọ na-adaba n'ime ọdọ ma ọ bụ fjord (dị ka ọ dị na Rissa na 1978, ebe 6 nde cubic na-emepụta n'ime ọdọ mmiri 8). (10 ruo 26 ụkwụ) mbufụt mbugharị n'ofe mmiri; nke abụọ, ọ na-etolite ** ụrọ dam n'ofe osimiri *** nke na-akwado ọdọ mmiri miri emi nke dị n'elu mmiri tupu ọ daa ọdachi n'okpuru mmiri.

Osisi mkpebi: mkpọda ụrọ ngwa ngwa na nlanarị olulu mmiri¶

flowchart TD
    Start["Mgbawa ala mberede, mkpọda mmiri mmiri, ma ọ bụ mkpọda ụrọ agba ntụ"] --> WhereAreYou{"1. Ebee ka ị nọ ka ala na-amalite ịda?"}

    WhereAreYou -->|"N'èzí ma ọ bụ n'ime ụlọ dị n'èzí CRATER RIM: Ịnụ mkpọ, osisi na-akụ, ma ọ bụ ọkụ ọkụ."| LateralRun["PROTOCOL EZINỤLỤ N'EZI: 1. Agbala ọsọ n'azụ azụ azụ site n'ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ na-agbaghachi azụ. 1,640 ft) Nkwụghachi azụ site na Crater Rim"]

    WhereAreYou -->|"N'ime ụlọ dara ma ọ bụ na-ese n'elu mmiri ('RAFTING') na ụrọ mmiri."| StayInHouse["RAFTING HOUSE PROTOCOL: 1. Apụla n'ọnụ ụzọ ma ọ bụ mpio n'ime ịkwaga Clay Slurry ma ọ bụ Na-atụgharị Crust Blocks 2. Rigoro ozugbo gaa na Akụkọ nke Abụọ, Uko ụlọ, ma ọ bụ elu ụlọ 3. Yiri uwe oyi na-ekpo ọkụ, akwa akwa, na akpụkpọ ụkwụ ozugbo. Winch nnapụta na ìhè ekwentị / akwa-Vis akwa"]

    WhereAreYou -->|"E jidere n'ụkwụ n'ụkwụ TURF RAFT na-ese n'elu mmiri ma ọ bụ rapaara na apịtị ụrọ."| RaftSurvival["PROTOCOL TURF-BLOCK & MUD: 1. Nọgidere n'ụkpụrụ ahịhịa / mgbọrọgwụ crust ma ọ bụ irighiri osisi 2. Ọ dịghị mgbe ị ga-abanye n'ụrọ mmiri dị nro n'etiti ihe mgbochi crust 3. Ọ bụrụ na ị na-ekpu: Dina n'elu afọ / azụ; Chere maka Helicopter Hoist ma ọ bụ akwa nnapụta"]

    WhereAreYou -->|"N'akụkụ osimiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri mgbada / megidere mmịfe"| WaterHazard["TSUNAMI & CLAY-DAM PROTOCOL: 1. Na-arịgo 15+ m (50+ ft) N'elu Ọdọ Mmiri/Fjord Shoreline ozugbo (Ntugharị Wave Na-abịarute na 60-120 Sek) 2. Wepụ n'elu na Downstream River Floodplain (Clay Dam Outburst Impound)"]

Geotechnical anatomi nke ọdachi ụrọ ngwa ngwa: otu esi amata ala na igwe¶

Iji ghọta ihe kpatara na mbuze ụrọ na-agba ọsọ na-adịghị eme ihe ọ bụla dị ka mkpọda ugwu nkịtị ma ọ bụ mkpọda ugwu ugwu, ndị injinia geotechnical na-akọwa ha site na metrik atọ: ** sensitivity ($ S_t\()**, **remolded shear energy (\)c_{ur}$)**, na retrogression.

1. Kedu ihe na-akọwa "Ụrọ ngwa ngwa" na arụ ọrụ ala?¶

• ** Sensitivity ($ S_t ge 30\text { to }>500$):** Na geotechnical engineering, ** uche ziri ezi ** nke ụrọ bụ oke nke ** ike shear ya enweghị mgbagwoju anya ** (otú ọ siri dị tupu a maa jijiji ma ọ bụ kpachapụrụ ya) na ** remolded shiee ike** (olee ka ọ siri sie ike mgbe a kpalitere ya). Ụrọ nkịtị nwere mmetụta nke 2 ruo 4. Ka a na-ekewa ya dị ka ** ụrọ ngwa ngwa ** n'okpuru Norwegian (NGI) na ụkpụrụ geotechnical Canada, ụrọ ga-enwe ** sensitivity nke 30 ma ọ bụ karịa ** (na-erute ** 100 ruo 500+) NA ** remolded shiee ike na-erughị 0.4 na-erugharị dị ka 0.4 kilos na-agba ọsọ. ofe mmiri mmiri n'okpuru arọ nke ya na mkpọda dị larịị ka ** 1 ruo 2 degrees).
• Iwu oke oke nke "oke mmiri": *** ụrọ ngwa ngwa nwere ike ** naanị *** dị n'okpuru prehistoric ** oke mmiri n'ikpere mmiri (oke mmiri, ma ọ bụ * Marin Grense*)** ebe oke osimiri ochie nke ice jupụtara na mba ụwa dara mbà n'obi ka Laurentide na Fennoscandian ice gbazere:
• Na Norway (Oslo, Romerike, Drammen, Trondheim/Trøndelag), oke mmiri na-anọdụ ruo ** 180 ruo 220 mita (590 ruo 720 ụkwụ) karịa ọkwa oke osimiri ọgbara ọhụrụ.
• Na Sweden (Göta Älv, Bohuslän, Värmland), ọ ruru ** 100 ruo 175 mita (330 ruo 575 ụkwụ) n'elu oke osimiri **.
• Na ** Quebec na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Ontario, Canada *** (Ottawa, Montreal, Gatineau, Trois-Rivières, Saguenay / Lac-Saint-Jean), ochie ** Champlain Sea na Laflamme Sea ** debere Leda ụrọ ruo ** 180 ka 200 mita (590 ka 650 ụkwụ) n'elu oké osimiri larịị **.
• ** Eziokwu Ịlanahụ Isi: *** Ihe ọ bụla ekpughere ** akụkụ akwa akwa siri ike ** ma ọ bụ ala dị ** n'elu oke oke mmiri nke mpaghara ** bụ 100 pasent anaghị egbochi mmiri mmiri ngwa ngwa nke ụrọ.

2. Kedu ka Crater "Bottleneck" si etolite na nkeji 5¶

Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-eche na mkpọda na-eyi naanị ụlọ ndị dị na nsọtụ ugwu. Ụrọ ngwa ngwa na-emegide iwu a: ** ọ na-ebibi ụlọ ndị na-anọdụ ala n'ala dị larịị 500 ruo 1,000 (1,640 ruo 3,300 feet) azụ site na ụlọ akụ mmiri na-emighị emi : 1. ** Nkeji nke 1: Mgbochi mkpịsị ụkwụ mbụ (mkpụrụ mmiri ma ọ bụ njupụta nke mmadụ): Obere iyi ma ọ bụ osimiri ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-emebi ala (ụkwụ) nke ụlọ akụ ụrọ dị mita 10 n'ịdị elu, ma ọ bụ onye ọrụ nkwekọrịta na-atụba nnukwu ikpo unyi / okwute gwupụtara n'elu ọnụ mkpọda ma ọ bụ na-ebuba ntọala n'ime ụrọ. 2. ** Nkeji 2: Mpekere nke mbụ na-awụpụ ihe nkwado ahụ:* Obere mkpọmkpọ ebe mbụ na-adaba na mmiri mmiri. Mkpụchasị ihe ike nke mkpọda ahụ na-eme ka oyi akwa ụrọ e liri ngwa ngwa ghọọ apịtị mmiri. N'ihi na apịtị ahụ bụ mmiri mmiri kpamkpam, ọ ** na-asọpụta ozugbo site na olulu mmiri ahụ gbadaa n'àkwà mmiri, na-ahapụ mgbidi ụrọ kwụ ọtọ ọhụrụ nke ekpughere n'azụ ya ** 100% anaghị akwado ya. 3. ** Nkeji nke 3: Mweghachite Chain-Reaction Retrogressive:** Enweghị nkwado mpụta, ịchafụ kwụ ọtọ ọhụrụ ahụ ekpughere na-agbawa mita 10 (ụkwụ 33) n'ihu azụ, daa, na-amịpụta mmetụta ma na-esi na oghere dị warara nke mbụ pụta (akpụkpọ ahụ). Iberibe mgbe iberi na-ada azụ n'ime ala dị larịị kwa sekọnd 5 ruo 15 (** nlọghachi azụ ***), na-agbasapụ n'èzí n'ime nnukwu oghere yiri ube ma ọ bụ nke nwere nnukwu efere ruru kilomita 1 ruo 2 n'obosara ebe ọtụtụ nde tọn ụrọ mmiri na ụlọ na-ese n'elu mmiri na-esi n'olu dị warara na-awụpụ dị ka ájá site na ugogbe elekere.

Ntụle: Ọsọ oyi-ụrọ slide vs nkịtị mmiri ozuzo Mudslide vs Karst Sinkhole vs Seismic Sand Liquefaction¶

Ihe ịrịba ama ịdọ aka ná ntị mbụ na ihe na-akpali mmadụ ị ga-eleghara anya¶

Ọ bụ ezie na njedebe ikpeazụ nke mmịfe ụrọ ngwa ngwa na-ewe naanị sekọnd na nkeji, nyocha mgbe ọdachi gachara nke slide ** 2020 Gjerdrum (Jụọ) na Norway ** (nke gburu mmadụ 10 wee bibie ụlọ 31 na 04:00 AM na Disemba 30), ** 2023 Stenungsund E6 slide na Swiden, Quebec-Juu 2023. ** 1978 Rissa slide na Norway *** na-ekpughe ịdọ aka ná ntị mmalite dị egwu yana ihe na-akpali mmadụ:

1. Ihe na-akpali mmadụ #1: Na-atụfu ala e gwupụtara n'elu ugwu¶

N'ime ihe a ma ama ** 1978 Rissa, Norway ọdachi ** (nke onye na-ese foto amateur Kjell 秀/Ingar jidere na ihe nkiri), onye ọrụ ugbo gwuru unyi 700 cubic mita maka ndọtị n'ọba wee kwakọba ala e gwupụtara n'akụkụ oke osimiri Botnen. Ibu nkwụ ụgwọ ahụ dị ntakịrị kpaliri ụrọ dị n'okpuru ala gafere nrụgide mkpụrụ ya, na-akpalite slide nke gbara ** 330,000 square (acres 82)** nke ala ubi n'ime nkeji ise. N'otu aka ahụ, ** 2023 Stenungsund E6 okporo ụzọ mkpọda na Sweden *** kpalitere site na nnukwu nkwakọba nkume gbawara agbawa na ihe ihe owuwu etinyere n'elu mkpọda ụrọ nwere mmetụta. - ** Ọ bụrụ na ị na-ebi na mpaghara mmiri-ụrọ mapped na Norway, Sweden, Quebec, Ontario, ma ọ bụ Alaska, ** ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụla ikpokọta unyi gwupụtara, gravel, mgbidi landscaping, ma ọ bụ ebe igwu mmiri jupụtara n'akụkụ elu nke ndagwurugwu, mmiri mmiri, ma ọ bụ mkpọda ugwu n'ime ala ma ọ bụ na-egwupụta ala. mkpọda *** na-enweghị mgbako nkwụsi ike geotechnical nzere ntozu.

2. Mgbaze iyi na-adịghị mma na obere "Harbinger" Bank Slumps¶

N'ime ụbọchị ma ọ bụ awa tupu ọdachi 2020 Gjerdrum (Norway) na 1971 Saint-Jean-Vianney (Quebec) slides, ndị bi na ya hụrụ ** idei mmiri na-acha aja aja na-enweghị atụ na obere 3-na-10-mita (10 ruo 33-ụkwụ) ụrọ slumps. mmiri ozuzo. N'ime ala ụrọ ngwa ngwa, obere mkpọda mmiri-akụ bụ ** ọ bụghị ** njedebe nke ihe omume: ọ bụ ** ịdọrọ pin na grenade ** na-ewepụ nkwado mkpịsị ụkwụ maka ala dị larịị n'elu ya.

3. Mgbawa mgbawa na-atụgharị uche, Ahịrị Utility Snapping, na Osisi Tilting¶

• ** Mgbawa turf gbadara agbawa:** Mgbawa dị ka crescent na-emeghe n'okporo ụzọ asphalt, okporo ụzọ, ma ọ bụ snow/ahịhịa 10 ruo 50 mita azụ site na mkpọda mkpọda.
• ** Ngwa mberede na-ada n'ihu tupu mkpọtụ ahụ: *** N'ihi na mmiri mmiri e liri, ọkpọkọ ọwa mmiri, na eriri eletriki dị n'okpuru ala ma ọ bụ n'elu na-agafe ókèala nke mbụ slump, akara mbụ n'ime ụlọ n'abalị na-abụkarị ** ọkụ na-egbuke egbuke ma na-apụ apụ, arc na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-enwu n'èzí windo, nkwụsị nke mgbata mmiri, na obere ụgbọ oloko na-ama jijiji dị ka ụgbọ oloko na-ama jijiji. na-efegharị n'elu ụlọ.

4. Ihe ị ga-eme ma ọ bụrụ na ị tọrọ atọ n'ime ụlọ a kposara n'ime oghere ("Clay Rafting")¶

N'ime Disemba 30, 2020 Gjerdrum slide clay ngwa ngwa na Norway na May 10, 2010 Saint-Jude slide na Quebec (ebe ezinụlọ mmadụ anọ tọrọ n'ime ụlọ ha na ala nke olulu miri emi dị mita 40), ụlọ niile gbadara 10 ruo 30 mita kwụ ọtọ wee gbadaa ruo mita 400 na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe. nke akọrọ elu jikọrọ ọnụ ụrọ. - ** Ihe mere ị ga-eji nọrọ n'ime ụlọ ahụ: *** Ala nke oghere ụrọ na-agba ọsọ bụ ihe na-egbu egbu nke ọdọ mmiri ụrọ mmiri dị mita 15, akwa akwa akwa akwa akwa gbajiri agbaji, na-agbadata ahịrị voltaji dị elu, na mkpọda ugwu kwụ ọtọ 40-mita na-akwụghị ụgwọ (** okpueze na-agbaji ụrọ ọhụrụ ọ bụla nkeji ole na ole). - Nnanarị nzọụkwụ site na nzọụkwụ n'ime ụlọ a chụpụrụ: 1. ** Gbanyụọ valvụ gas/propane na ihe mgbawa sekit ** ma ọ bụrụ na enwere ike iru ya n'enweghị nsogbu na-agbadaghị n'ime okpuru ulo etipịara. 2. ** Yiri uwe oyi dị arọ, akpụkpọ ụkwụ, okpu na uwe aka ozugbo** wee jide akwa mkpuchi ajị anụ ma ọ bụ duvets (ụlọ ndị a kwaturu ntọala na Norway, Sweden, ma ọ bụ Canada n'oge oyi na-ajụ oyi ka oyi na-atụ n'ime nkeji iri atọ). 3. ** Gaa n'ọnụ ụlọ kachasị elu, ụlọ elu ma ọ bụ ebe obibi ụlọ na-eche ihu na mgbidi dị elu na-alọghachi azụ: ** Ọ bụrụ na slab nke abụọ na-atụgharị n'elu mgbidi dị n'azụ ụlọ gị, ọ ga-ebugharị ebili mmiri n'akụkụ elu nke ihe owuwu ahụ. 4. ** Kpọọ 112/911 ozugbo, nọrọ n'ahịrị, fepụ ọkụ ọkụ na-egbuke egbuke, ihuenyo ekwentị, ma ọ bụ akwa akwa na-egbuke egbuke na windo elu ma ọ bụ ìhè mbara igwe: ** N'ime ọdachi ngwa ngwa nke ụrọ, ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ n'ala ** enweghị ike ịbanye n'ime oghere ahụ ** ruo ọtụtụ awa ruo mgbe ndị injinia geotechnical chọpụta na nlọghachi azụ akwụsịla ma dina n'elu osisi na-ese n'elu mmiri. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe mbụ niile na-azọpụta ndụ ka a na-eme site na ikuku site na ** helikopta na-achọ na nnapụta na-eweda onye na-egwu mmiri n'elu eriri igwe nchara ozugbo n'elu ụlọ ma ọ bụ windo elu nke ụlọ.

Nọmba mberede mpaghara na ụkpụrụ ụlọ ọrụ¶

• Norway: Kpọọ 112 (Ndị uwe ojii / nchikota nnapụta) ma ọ bụ 110 (ọkụ na nnapụta) ozugbo. Onye isi ndị uwe ojii na-ahụ maka ihe mberede (* Innsatsleder*) na-akpọ ozugbo na ** Joint Rescue Coordination Centre (JRCC / Hovedredningssentralen)** ka ọ na-agbagharị 330 Squadron SAR helikopta ** na ** USAR (Urban Search and Rescue) otu, n'akụkụ *Norwegian WaterN7 LandCall Director na ndị isi Norwegian WaterN7 LandCall. Ọrụ (Jordskredvakta, +47 22 95 93 60 na ** Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) *** maka ntule nkwụsi ike n'oge.
• Sweden: Kpọọ 112 (SOS Oti mkpu) ka izipu ọkụ na nnapụta obodo (* Räddningstjänsten*), Swedish Maritime Administration SAR helicopters, na **Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI, Statens geotekniska institut 24/7 onye ọrụ nchekwa mberede)sh.
• ** Canada (Quebec na Ontario): *** Kpọọ ** 911 ** (ma ọ bụ ** 310-4141 / *4141** maka Sûreté du Québec). Na Quebec, nchekwa obodo na-arụ ọrụ ozugbo Ministère de la Sécurité publique (MSP) na Ministère des Transports et de la Mobilité durable (MTMD) Geotechnical Emergency Team; na Ontario, 911 na-eziga trenchi Fire-Rescue mpaghara / USAR na njikwa ihe mberede mpaghara.
• United States (Alaska): Kpọọ 911 iji zipu Fire-Rescue nke ime obodo, ndị agha steeti Alaska na **Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (DGGS) / USGS Ihe ọghọm ala ala.

Ajụjụ a na-ajụkarị¶

Gịnị bụ “ụrọ ngwa ngwa” (ụrọ Leda), gịnịkwa mere o ji si n’ala siri ike ghọọ osimiri n’ime sekọnd ole na ole?¶

Ụrọ ngwa ngwa bụ ụrọ glaciomarine nke edobere na oke osimiri nnu nnu na njedebe nke Ice Age ikpeazụ (afọ 9,000 ruo 12,000 gara aga) bụ nke e mesịrị bulie elu n'elu oke osimiri dị ka eriri ụwa na-agbanyeghachi mgbe glaciers gbazere. Mgbe ụmụ irighiri ụrọ ahụ malitere na mmiri nnu, sodium na magnesium ion mere ka flakes ụrọ microscopic jikọtara ọnụ n'ụdị "ụlọ-kaadị" mepere emepe nke tọrọ mmiri ruru pasenti 60 ruo 70 n'ime obere pores. N'ime ọtụtụ puku afọ n'ala akọrọ, mmiri ozuzo ọhụrụ na-asachapụ nnu n'ụrọ, na-eme ka ụlọ kaadị ahụ jupụtara na mmiri na-edozi nke ọma. Mgbe mkpọda n'akụkụ osimiri, ibu ihe owuwu dị arọ, ma ọ bụ ịma jijiji na-agbaji njikọ dị n'etiti flakes ụrọ, ụlọ kaadị ahụ na-ada ngwa ngwa, na-ahapụ mmiri ahụ niile tọrọ atọ ma mee ka ala siri ike ghọọ mmiri mmiri na-asọ asọ na-enweghị ịgbakwụnye otu dobe mmiri ọhụrụ.

Kedu ihe kpatara m ga-eji agba ọsọ n'akụkụ (n'akụkụ) kama ịlaghachi azụ ozugbo site na olulu ụrọ na-ada ngwa ngwa?¶

N'adịghị ka ugwu ugwu nkịtị nke na-ada otu ugboro ma kwụsị, ngwa ngwa nke ụrọ na-agbaji bụ ** retrogressive ***: ka iberi ụrọ nke mbụ na-asọba na ndagwurugwu osimiri, ọ na-ahapụ ugwu dị elu, nke na-adịghị akwado ya, nke na-agbawa ozugbo wee daa 10 ruo 20 mita n'ihu azụ n'ala dị larịị ọ bụla sekọnd ole na ole. N'ime ọdachi ndị edekọtara, olulu mmiri ahụ eriela azụ azụ ozugbo n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ ruo mita 500 ruo 1,500 (ruo otu maịl) n'ọsọ mwụda. Ịgba ọsọ azụ azụ site na nkume ahụ na-eme ka ị banye kpọmkwem n'ime okporo ụzọ nke oghere na-agbasawanye, ebe ị na-agba ọsọ 90 degrees n'akụkụ (n'akụkụ, nke dị na mmiri mmiri mbụ ma ọ bụ ndagwurugwu) n'ebe ugwu nke ekpughere ekpughere na-akpali gị pụọ n'èzí mmiri mmiri-ụrọ.

Kedu ihe kpatara ndị mmadụ nọ n'ime ụlọ gbadara mita 300 na oke ala Gjerdrum na Rissa dịrị ndụ, ebe ndị gbapụrụ n'èzí nwụrụ?¶

N'ime ala ụrọ ngwa ngwa, elu 1 ruo 3 mita (3.3 ruo 10 ụkwụ) nke ala dị nso n'elu na-agbanye n'ime ihe siri ike, ụrọ ụrọ akọrọ na mgbọrọgwụ osisi na ntọala ụlọ, ebe ụrọ ngwa ngwa na-adaba n'ime ala (3 ruo 25 mita ala). Mgbe ụrọ dị omimi na-agba mmiri, ụlọ ndị e ji osisi rụọ na-anọdụ n'elu eriri elu na-esekarị n'elu mmiri ma na-efegharị dị ka rafts n'elu osimiri ụrọ na-asọpụta. Ndị bi n'ime ụlọ nke abụọ ma ọ bụ n'uko ụlọ na-anọ n'elu mmiri mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ ruo mgbe helikopta na-achọ na-azọpụta ha na-ebuli ha n'elu ụlọ, ebe onye ọ bụla nke si n'ọnụ ụzọ ala dị n'ala banye na slide na-akpụ akpụ na-amịpụta ozugbo n'okpuru apịtị isi awọ ma ọ bụ gwerie ya n'etiti nchara nchara nke ala akọrọ.

Onye nwe ụlọ nwere ike ịkpalite ọdachi ngwa ngwa-ụrọ na nhazi ala azụ azụ ma ọ bụ igwu ala?¶

Ee. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọdachi ụrọ kasị ukwuu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, gụnyere 1978 Rissa mbịambịa na Norway, mere ka ndị yiri obere ọrụ arụrụ ala, dị ka ikpokọta narị cubic mita ole na ole nke unyi a gwupụtara n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ igbutu obere mbara ala n'ime ala nke ndagwurugwu. Ịgbakwunye unyi juru eju, mgbidi nkume, ma ọ bụ nkwakọba ala dị na nsọtụ elu nke mkpọda na-eme ka mgbakasị ahụ dị ala, ebe igwu ala n'ime ala (ụkwụ) nke mkpọda na-ewepụ ihe mgbochi na-agafe agafe na-ejide akụ ụrọ n'ebe. N'ime mpaghara ụrọ dị ngwa mapụtara na Norway, Sweden, na Quebec, iwu ụlọ siri ike machibido ịkwagharị ala ma ọ bụ ngbanwe ọkwa mkpọda na-enweghị ikike injinia geotechnical agbaara agba.

Kedu ihe kpatara na ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ na-enweghị ike iji ubube banye iji napụta ndị mmadụ n'ọnụ mmiri dị ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa slide ahụ kwụsịrị?¶

Ụrọ a kpụzigharịrị ọhụrụ dị n'ime olulu mmiri na-ekpu nwere n'ike dị nso na efu, nke pụtara na ọ nweghị ike ịkwado ịdị arọ nke ụkwụ mmadụ, ubube, ma ọ bụ ọbụna ụgbọ ala niile. Onye ọ bụla na-esi n'ala siri ike banye n'apịtị isi awọ na-emikpu n'úkwù ya ma ọ bụ n'elu isi ya na mmiri oyi, ụrọ ụrọ na-eme ka simenti dị mmiri ma na-emepụta akara na-adịghị emebi emebi n'ụkwụ na igbe. Ọzọkwa, ọnụ ọnụ ụrọ kwụ ọtọ dị mita 20 ruo 40 gbara gburugburu olulu ahụ na-aga n'ihu na-adaba mbadamba ụrọ nke abụọ na-enweghị ịdọ aka ná ntị. Ọ bụ ya mere nnapụta mbụ na-adabere na winches na-ebuli helikopta site n'ikuku, sochiri ndị otu USAR pụrụ iche na-atọgbọ ogologo àkwà mmiri nnapụta na-ese n'elu mmiri na ihe ndị na-ekuku ume n'ofe agwaetiti ndị kwụsiri ike.

Olee enyemaka mbụ ndị a napụtara na apịtị oyi na-atụ chọrọ?¶

Ndị a dọtara n'olulu ụrọ ngwa ngwa na-ata ahụhụ site na mberede ahụike atọ ozugbo: ** nnukwu hypothermia *** (ụrọ mmiri Scandinavian na Canada eli ozu na-anọdụ ala na Celsius 4 ruo 7 Celsius [39 ruo 45 degrees Fahrenheit] kwa afọ), ** mgbochi ụgbọ elu na ọchịchọ pneumonitis na ụrọ na-emerụ ahụ. ma ọ bụ ọrịa akụkụ ** site na-agbanwe osisi ụlọ ma ọ bụ ihe mgbochi ala. Kpochapụ ụrọ isi awọ n'ọnụ, imi, na anya ozugbo na mmiri dị ọcha ma ọ bụ saline, bepụ akwa dị arọ nke apịtị juru n'ime ụgbọ ihe mberede ma ọ bụ ebe nchekwa na-ekpo ọkụ, kechie onye ọrịa ahụ na blanketị okpomọkụ kpọrọ nkụ, ma buru ya gaa n'ogige trauma. Inweta enyemaka enyemaka izizi na nkuzi CPR sitere na Red Cross, St John Ambulance, ma ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka mpaghara na-akwado gị iji nyere aka na nhụta ọdachi.

Ntuziaka emetụtara¶

• Mbibi, apịtị, na irighiri ihe na-ebupụ
• Ọkpụkpọ mmiri na ọdịda ala ọdịda mberede
• Mgbasawanye ala ụrọ, oke ọkọchị, na mgbawa ntọala
• Ala ọmajiji ga-esochi, nbanye ụlọ mebiri emebi, na nkwụsị gas

Isi mmalite na nduzi ọchịchị¶

• ** Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE, Norges vassdrags- og energidirektorat) na Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI):** Sikkerhet mot kvikkleireskred (Safety Against Quick-Clay Landslides: NVE Guideline 1/2019, Retrogressive Bottleneck,2019) 1978 akụkọ Commission).
• Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI, Statens geotekniska institut) na Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB): Skredrisker i kvicklera (Ntụgharị ngwa ngwa-Clay Landslide Risk Assessment, Göta Älv Investigation, na Search-and-Rescue Crater Protocols).
• Ministère de la Sécurité publique du Québec (MSP) na Geological Survey of Canada (GSC/ Natural Resources Canada): Clay Marine Sensitive (Leda / Champlain Sea Clay) Retrogressive Landslide Hazard Mapping, Slope Setback Regulations, and Emergency Response Guidelines.
• ** US Geological Survey (USGS) na Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (DGGS): *** Sensitive Glaciomarine Clay Failure Mechanics (Bootlegger Cove Formation, Anchorage, Alaska) na Ground Liquefaction Triage *.
• ** International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE):** Geotechnical Characterization and Early Warning Indicators of Sensitive and Quick Clays (Sensitivity \(S_t \ge 30\) na Remolded Shear Strength \(<0.5\text{ kPa}\) Standards).