Ọkụ Haystacks na-ekpo ọkụ na Ọkụ Ọkụ na-apụtaghị ìhè: Mkpesa Okpomọkụ Dị Mkpa (65 C / 150 F) na Mwepụ Bale Nchekwa.¶

N'ofe ugbo mmiri ara ehi, ebe a na-agba ịnyịnya, ebe a na-azụ ehi, na ebe obibi n'ụwa nile, otu ihe na-ebute ọkụ ọkụ na-akpata mbibi ọgba aghara na anụ ụlọ bụ ** ọkụ ọkụ nke ahịhịa, alfalfa, klova, oat hay, ma ọ bụ ahịhịa**. N'adịghị ka ọkụ ọhịa ma ọ bụ igwe ọkụ na-enwu n'èzí nke mkpokọ, ọkụ hay na-amalite n'atụghị egwu ** 1 ruo 3 mita (3 ruo 10 feet) n'ime ime mkpuchi nke ahịhịa ahịhịa ọhụrụ kpọkọtara *** ụbọchị 10 ruo izu isii ** mgbe owuwe ihe ubi gasịrị. Mgbe nri nri na-agbada n'elu oke iru mmiri dị mma (> 18% to 20% mmiri maka obere akụkụ akụkụ anọ, ma ọ bụ **> 14% to 16% mmiri maka nnukwu okirikiri ma ọ bụ nnukwu square bales ***) na-enweghị ihe nchekwa propionic-acid, iku ume mkpụrụ ndụ osisi tọrọ atọ na ijeri ** mesophilic na thermophilic microorganisms ** na-amalite ịgbari sugars osisi na iwepụta okpomọkụ nke na-enweghị ike ịgbapụ site na ahịhịa mkpuchi gbara ya gburugburu. Ozugbo isi okpomọkụ gafere 55 C to 65 C (130 F to 150 F), nje na-ahụ n'anya na-ekpo ọkụ (Bacillus caldovelox na thermophilic fungi) na-akpalite mmeghachi omume Maillard exothermic kemịkalụ na mgbawa oxidative nke cellulose na hemicellulose , na-ebute okpomọkụ dị n'ime ya gafere 77 C to 93 C (170 F to 200 F) ma na-emepụta ** pyrophoric (na-enwupụta onwe ya) carbon char na gas pyrolysis na-ere ọkụ (carbon monoxide, methane, na hydrogen).

Ihe na-eme ka nri ahịhịa na-ekpo ọkụ na-egbu ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ ime obodo bụ ** ọnyà anụ ahụ abụọ na-emegiderịta onwe ya : ** (1) Ọnyà Oxygen Flashover: Na 80 C to 100+ C (175 F to 212+ F), ụnwụ ikuku oxygen na-agụ isi ihe na-acha anwụrụ ọkụ; Ọ bụrụ na onye ọrụ ugbo na-emepe ọnụ ụzọ ọba ka "ikuku anwụrụ ọkụ" ma ọ bụ malite ịdọrọ bales na-ekpo ọkụ na traktọ grapple na-enweghị ihe mkpuchi ọkụ ọkụ >= 100 psi* na-eguzo n'akụkụ, ọsọ ọsọ mberede nke ikuku oxygen ọhụrụ (21% O2) na-akụtu carbon pyrophoric na-ekpo ọkụ na akpa gas na-ere ọkụ, na-akpalite ihe mgbawa ọkụ ọkụ ozugbo ma ọ bụ azụ azụ *** nke na-ekpuchi ọba niile n'ime sekọnd. ** (2) Ọnyà zoro ezo na-ere ọkụ ("Sinkhole"):** N'ime ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, akpa ọkụ na-ere ọkụ na-ere ọkụ n'ime bales ka ọ na-ahapụ elu elu nke hay na-ele anya nke ọma. Onye ọrụ ugbo nke na-apụ n'elu ahịhịa ahịhịa na-eku ume ka ọ na-agbanye n'ime nyocha okpomọkụ na-edobeghị ** ogologo osisi osisi (2x10 ma ọ bụ 2x12 bọọdụ) na iyiri ihe nchekwa ejikọtara ọnụ** nwere ike gbaba n'akpụkpọ ahụ na mberede wee banye n'ime obi n'ime **300 C to 500 C (570 F to 930 F) Igwe ọkụ dị n'okpuru ala nke ọkụ na-egbuke egbuke na carbon monoxide ***, na-ata ahụhụ na-egbu egbu na asphyxiation n'ime sekọnd. Ọ bụrụ n'ọba gị na-esi isi dị ka ụtaba caramelized, achịcha nsure ọkụ, ma ọ bụ anwụrụ ọkụ ugbu a, kpọọ mpaghara gị. nọmba mberede ozugbo, ma gakwuru ndị nduzi ụmụnne anyị ọka silo gas (nitrogen dioxide) na ihe egwu olulu nri, agbanarị ahịhịa ikpo ọkụ na ime obodo nchekwa tank mmiri, na anụ ọkụkọ n'azụ ụlọ na nrụgide anụ ụlọ.

Mee nke a ugbu a¶

1. Ọ dịghị mgbe ị ga-eje ije kpọmkwem n'elu ebe a na-esi ísì ụtọ, nke na-esi ísì ụtọ, ma ọ bụ na-ese anwụrụ.** Akpa ọkụ na-ere ọkụ na-ere ọkụ n'ọgba ndị dị n'okpuru ala; dina mgbe niile ** ogologo osisi osisi sara mbara (3.6-meter / 12-foot 2x10 ma ọ bụ 2x12 mbadamba) ma ọ bụ mpempe akwụkwọ 19 mm (3/4-inch) plywood** gafee n'elu ngwungwu ahụ iji kesaa ibu gị, rụọ ọrụ ụzọ abụọ, ma yiri ihe nchekwa ** nchekwa nke ejiri eriri ndụ nke taut n'obere rafter dị n'elu** nke onye hụrụ n'èzí na-ekiri.
2. ** Ọ bụrụ na ọnọdụ nyocha hay dị n'ime ruru ma ọ bụ gafere 77 C (170 F) - Ma ọ bụ ọ bụrụ na ị na-ahụ anwụrụ ọkụ a na-ahụ anya, ọkụ ọkụ na-egbuke egbuke, ma ọ bụ na-esi ísì siri ike acrid / chared anwụrụ ụtaba ụtaba - Kwụsị, AKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWASỊRỊBAỊMỊỊNỊNỊNỊNỊNỊYỊNỊNỊNỊNKE 911/112/999 maka Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọkụ ozugbo. >= 77 C (170 F) tojupụtara na-enweghị ndị otu ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ na-ebubo ebubo na ọnọdụ na-ekpughere carbon pyrophoric dị ọkụ na ikuku dị mma ma kpalite ngwa ngwa ** mgbanye ọkụ ọkụ ***.
3. Efesala mmiri na-ezoghị ọnụ n'èzí ahịhịa ahịhịa na-ekpo ọkụ (< 77 C / 170 F) na eriri ubi. Imisa ahịhịa na-ekpo ọkụ na-enweghị idei mmiri zuru oke na ịkwatu ya na-agbakwụnye naanị mmiri na mmiri gbara ya gburugburu, na-emepụta usoro okpomọkụ nke nje bacteria ọhụrụ ** ma na-akpụ mmiri mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ nke na-ejide okpomọkụ n'ime isi ọbụna ngwa ngwa.
4. ** Nyochaa nchịkọta ahụ nke ọma site na iji mita 2 ruo 3 (6 ruo 10-ụkwụ) Compost/Hay Thermometer Probe ma ọ bụ ihe arụrụ n'ụlọ. 13 mm (1/2-inch) Ọ bụrụ na ịnweghị thermometer nyocha azụmahịa, gbanye ọkpọkọ ígwè a kapịrị ọnụ n'ime nkụda mmụọ kacha ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na nchịkọta, hapụ ya maka nkeji 15 ruo 20 **, ma belata temometa dijitalụ na eriri ala n'ime ọkpọkọ (ma ọ bụ jiri ** Emergency Bare-Hand Pipe Ule nchara nchara nchara) ruo 2 sekọnd ***, isi gafere 71 C / 160 F ma ọ nọ na ** Mpaghara Ihe egwu Red **
5. ** Ọ bụrụ na ahịhịa gị na-enyocha n'etiti 65 C and 74 C (150 F and 165 F) ("Amber Entering Danger Zone"), kpọọ ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo / ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ nke obodo gị n'enweghị ihe mberede ma ọ bụ ahịrị izipu TUPU agwụchasịa n'ọba ahụ.** Rịọ ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ ka ha bute ụgbọ ala pumper/tanka.1.5-inch / 38 mm ahịrị ọgụ)** n'ime ụlọ ebe ị na-akpachara anya na-ewepụ bales n'otu n'otu gaa n'ebe ịta nri opekata mpe ** 30 ruo 50 mita (100 ruo 165 ụkwụ) ikuku na-agbada *** nke ụlọ niile.
6. ** Tinye ice kpọrọ nkụ (Carbon dioxide siri ike, CO2) ma ọ bụ Liquid Nitrogen gbadara ọkpọkọ nchara n'ime > 77 C (170 F) Ebe na-ekpo ọkụ ma ọ bụrụ na-echere ngwá ọrụ dị arọ na ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ.** Ịkwakọba ice akọrọ akọrọ n'elu ikpo ọkụ ma ọ bụ na-atụba ya na ọkpọkọ a chụpụrụ na-ejupụta oghere interstitial nke hay na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ CO2 gas (-78.5 C / -109.3 F*, n'otu oge na-ajụkwa isi ma na-ewepụ oxygen n'okpuru 12% O2 ọnụ ụzọ mgbawa ka enwere ike wepu bales na-agbawaghị n'ọkụ.

Osisi mkpebi: Ntụkọ okpomọkụ Haystack Core & Protocol Action Emergency¶

Jiri ndọtị ọrụ ugbo a na osisi mkpebi ọrụ ọkụ (* USDA, NFPA, Cornell / Penn State / University of Minnesota Extension **) oge ọ bụla ị na-enyocha ahịhịa ahịhịa.

flowchart TD
    A["A na-enyo enyo na-enyo enyo Hay Mow ọhụrụ Stacked ma ọ bụ Round/Square Bale Stack (Ụbọchị 10 ruo izu isii Post-Baling): Steaming, Condensation on Roof, Sweet Caramel or Acrid Musty Odor"] --> B["Nchekwa mbụ: Anọla n'elu tojupụtara na-edobe osisi osisi 12-ft + nchekwa nchekwa & Spotter n'èzí"]
    B --> C["Fanye 2 ruo-3-mita (6-10 ft) Hay Probe Thermometer (ma ọ bụ ọkpọkọ ígwè maka nkeji 15-20) n'ime nkụda mmụọ na-ekpo ọkụ & Center of Stack"]
    C --> D{"Gịnị bụ Kachasị Core Temperature Reading?"}
    D -->|"<52C (< 125 F): Ọgwụgwọ 'Ọsụsọ' nkịtị"| E["Mpaghara GREEN (Nchekwa): iku ume osisi na ọgwụgwọ mesophilic. Nyochaa kwa izu; na-ọba ventilashion."]
    D -->|"52 C ruo 65 C (125 F ruo 150 F): Nkwalite nje bacteria Thermophilic"| F["Mpaghara elele odo odo: Nyochaa awa iri na abụọ ruo 24 ọ bụla. Mmụba ikuku na-erugharị gburugburu tojupụtara; kewapụ bales ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mfe ịnweta."]
    D -->|"65 C ruo 77 C (150 F ruo 170 F): Exothermic Chemical Oxidation na-amalite"| G["Mpaghara AMBER dị ize ndụ: Nyochaa awa 2 ruo anọ ọ bụla. Okpomọkụ agaghị ada n'onwe ya. Kpọọ Fire Dept ka ọ kpalite gwongworo hose ebubo, wee kwatuo ngwugwu ka ọ mepee oghere> 50 m (165 ft) site na ụlọ."]
    D -->|"77 C ruo 93 C (170 F ruo 200 F): Akpa ọkụ na-ese anwụrụ & Carbon Pyrophoric"| H["Ọgba aghara dị egwu na-acha uhie uhie: Kpọọ 911/112/999 ozugbo. Kwụsị ịkwaga bales ruo mgbe Fire Dept gbagoro hoses 1.5 inch nke chọrọ ikpokọta. Mechie ọnụ ụzọ iji gbochie ikuku oxygen; chụpụ anụ ụlọ."]
    D -->|">= 93 C (>= 200 F) ma ọ bụ anwụrụ ọkụ na-ahụ anya / na-egbuke egbuke"| I["Mpaghara flashover oji dị nso: Mgbanye ọkụ na-eme ozugbo ka ikuku kpughee. Tinye ice / CO2 kpọrọ nkụ ma ọ bụ Mmiri dị elu/Klas-A ụfụfụ tupu iwepụta bales site na iji ihe gwupụta ihe / grapple dị ogologo."]

Nkebi 1: Usoro 4 biochemical & kemịkalụ nke mkpochapụ ahịhịa na-enweghị ntụpọ¶

Kedu ihe kpatara bale nke alfalfa ma ọ bụ ahịhịa ahịhịa nwere ike ịnọdụ ala n'ọba dị jụụ na-ekpo ọkụ n'onwe ya site na 25 C (77 F) n'ụzọ niile 500 C (932 F) na efu n'èzí nkuku? Igwe kpo oku na-efe efe na-aga n'ihu site na ** usoro ndu ndu na kemịkal anọ dị iche iche ***, nke ọ bụla na-agafe mkpanaka ahụ na-esote:

Nkeji 1: iku ume mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ọkụkụ na uto microbial nke Mesophilic (20 C to 45 C / 68 F to 113 F)¶

• Maka nke mbụ ** 24 ruo 72 awa *** mgbe ịchachara na baling, mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ọkụkụ dị ndụ n'ime ahịhịa mmiri (moisture > 20%) na-aga n'ihu na-eku ume, na-eri carbohydrates (\(C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + \text{Heat}\)) na ịwepụta mmiri vapor ("the hay sweat").
• Ọ bụrụ na mmiri mmiri dị n'okpuru 15% (nnukwu bales) ma ọ bụ 18% (obere bales) **, ọkụ a dị nro (35 C to 45 C / 95 F to 113 F) na-ekupụ mmiri mmiri wee mee ka ọ dị jụụ n'enweghị nsogbu n'ime izu abụọ.
• Agbanyeghị, ọ bụrụ na mmiri karịrị 20% to 35%, ime ụlọ na-ekpo ọkụ, iru mmiri na-akpalite mgbawa nke ** mesophilic fungi (* Aspergillus *, * Fusarium *) na nje bacteria na-agbari shuga na-abụghị nke ihe ọkụkụ ma na-amanye bale isi okpomọkụ gara aga 45 C (113 F) ka ị na-ejikọta eriri ahihia ọnụ ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu ute na-ekpo ọkụ.

Nkeji 2: Ọrịa nje na-ekpo ọkụ na fungal45 C to 70 C / 113 F to 158 F)¶

• N'elu 45 C (113 F), nje bacteria mesophilic na-anwụ anwụ wee dochie ya thermophilic (okpomọkụ na-ahụ n'anya) actinomycetes ( Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula na * Thermoactinomyces vulgaris , ihe ndị na-akpatakwa "Mkpa anụ ugbo" hypersensitivity pneumonitis aro) na thermophilic bacteria ( Bacillus vulgaris), caldovelox*)**.
• The thermophiles na-eto nke ọma n'etiti 50 C and 65 C (122 F and 149 F), na-agbaji ngwa ngwa starches na protein dị mgbagwoju anya site na ** na-abụghị enzymatic Maillard browning reactions ** (nke na-enye ahịhịa ahịhịa na-ekpo ọkụ na-enweghị mgbagha ** ụtọ, caramelized, achịcha esichara ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ isi ụtaba **).
• Site na 68 C to 74 C (155 F to 165 F), okpomọkụ na-esiwanye ike nke na ** ọbụnadị nje bacteria na-ekpo ọkụ na-ata achịcha ma gbuo ***. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eche na ozugbo nje bacteria nwụrụ 70 C (158 F), hay ga-akwụsị kpo oku. N'ezie, ọkwa kachasị dị ize ndụ amalitela.

Nkeji 3: Abiotic Exothermic Chemical Oxidation70 C to 150 C / 158 F to 302 F)¶

• Ozugbo nje bacteria na-ekpo ọkụ na-agbanye hay na 70 C (158 F) n'ihu mmiri, ** kemịkalụ kemịkalụ, na-eme ngwa ngwa exothermic oxidation *** na-eweghara:
  • Lipids osisi (acids fatty na-adịghị na akwụkwọ cuticles) na hydrolyzed hemicellulose na-akụda n'ime nnukwu mmeghachi omume ** free radicals na peroxides ***.
  • N'ihi na ahihia na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-enwe mmetụta okpomọkụ dị oke ala (na-eme dị ka ihe mkpuchi fiberglass), okpomọkụ na-ebute n'etiti etiti. 100-ton ahihia gbutu ma ọ bụ ihe siri ike tojupụtara 700 kg (1,500 lb) gbaa gburugburu ** enweghị ike ịgbanarị ***.
  • Nke ọ bụla 10 C (18 F) mmụba nke okpomọkụ na-abawanye ọnụego mmeghachi omume kemịkal okpukpu abụọ (Arrhenius equation*, na-eme ka okpomoku isi na-agba ọsọ site na **77 C (170 F) ka 120 C (248 F) n'ime awa ole na ole ***.

Nkeji 4: Pyrolysis, Pyrophoric Carbon Formation & Mgbanye akpaaka (150 C to 280+ C / 302 F to 536+ F)¶

• N'elu 150 C (302 F) miri n'ime isi ikuku oxygen na-emebi emebi nke tojupụtara, cellulose na-enweta ** pyrolysis thermal (charring) , na-atụgharị n'ime ụlọ hay ojii na imepụta ** kewara nke ọma, porous "pyrophoric carbon".
• Gịnị Bụ Carbon Pyrophoric? Carbon Pyrophoric anaghị eguzosi ike n'ụzọ kemịkalụ, unyi na-arụ ọrụ nwere nnukwu oghere dị n'elu. Mgbe ahụ 175 C to 250 C (350 F to 480 F) pyrophoric carbon *** kọntaktị ọhụrụ 21% ikuku oxygen (ma ọ bụ site n'ịkpọ oghere chimni ọkụ ruo n'elu ikpokọta ahụ, ma ọ bụ mgbe onye ọrụ ugbo na-atụghị anya ya dọpụrụ bale n'elu ikpo ahụ), ** oxygen na-abanye n'elu carbon nke mere na ọ gbawara ghe oghe. 600 C (1,100 F) ire ọkụ ozugbo (auto-ignition).

Nkebi 2: Tebụl Ọrụ Ọnọdụ okpomọkụ Hay Probe zuru ezu & Usoro ọkpọkọ arụrụ arụrụ¶

Ọba ọ bụla na-echekwa ihe karịrị tọn 20 nke ahihia kwesịrị idobe **1.8-to-3.0-meter (6-to-10-foot) azụmahịa T-handle hay okpomọkụ nyocha *** kwụgidere n'ime ọnụ ụzọ mbata, na nyochaa hay ọhụrụ ** ugboro abụọ n'izu maka mbụ 6 izu *** mgbe stacking.

1. Ọnụ ụzọ okpomoku nke gọọmentị na ihe ndị iwu kwadoro¶

2. Otu esi ewuo ihe nyocha hay mberede na nkeji iri na ise (na-enweghị nyocha azụmahịa)¶

1. Were otu **2.4-to-3.0-meter (8-to-10-foot) ogologo nke 13 mm to 19 mm (1/2-inch to 3/4-inch) eriri eletriki igwe anaghị agba nchara ma ọ bụ ọkpọkọ galvanized **.
2. Hama otu nsọtụ kwụba n'ime ebe dị nkọ ** chisel point** wee gbapuo ** isii 5 mm (3/16-inch) oghere *** dị n'elu ọnụ ọnụ ka okpomọkụ dị n'ime na-abanye na ala ngwa ngwa.
3. Dina n'osisi osisi n'ofe elu nke haystack (yiri eriri ejikọtara) wee kwanye ọkpọkọ ígwè **1.5 to 2.5 meters (5 to 8 feet) gbadaa *** n'ime ume ịda mbà n'obi.
4. Wetuo ihe ọkụ ọkụ ** na eriri *** na ala ọkpọkọ maka ** nkeji 15 ruo 20 ** (iji akwa akwa tinye n'elu), bulie eriri ahụ wee gụọ okpomọkụ ozugbo.

Nkebi nke 3: Nzọụkwụ-site-nzọụkwụ Overhaul Protocol: Otu esi ewepu ahịhịa na-ekpo ọkụ na-enweghị ọkụ n'ọba ahụ.¶

Ozugbo ahịhịa gafere 68 C to 77 C (155 F to 170 F), soro usoro mmeghari nke otu onye ọrụ ugbo + nke ngalaba mgbanyụ ọkụ:

+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|       6-STEP SAFE HAY OVERHAUL & BALE REMOVAL PROTOCOL (> 68 C)         |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|  STEP 1: EVACUATE LIVESTOCK & STAGE CHARGED FIRE APPARATUS FIRST        |
|  - Lead all horses and cattle to a distant pasture BEFORE moving bales. |
|  - Stage a Fire Dept pumper with at least TWO charged 38 mm (1.5-inch)  |
|    hoselines (with Class A surfactant foam) and shut off barn power.    |
|  STEP 2: COOL OR INERT THE CORE BEFORE UNCOVERING (If Temp >= 85 C)     |
|  - Drive piercing nozzles into hotspots with Class A foam/water, OR     |
|    pack 50-100 kg of crushed Dry Ice (CO2) under a tarp over hotspots.  |
|  STEP 3: REMOVE BALES FROM TOP TO BOTTOM USING MECHANICAL REACH         |
|  - Use a telehandler, excavator, or tractor grapple from OUTSIDE if     |
|    possible; any crew on the stack must wear SCBA on wooden planks      |
|    with a charged nozzle aimed directly at the bale being lifted.       |
|  STEP 4: EXPECT BALES TO BURST INTO FLAME THE SECOND THEY ARE LIFTED    |
|  - Knock down surface flames with a burst of Class A foam/water as      |
|    the loader carries the charred bale out of the barn immediately.     |
|  STEP 5: SEPARATE GOOD, WARM, AND CHARRED BALES > 50-100 METERS AWAY    |
|  - Pile 1 (Cool < 50 C): Stack loosely on pallets with air gaps.        |
|  - Pile 2 (Warm 50-70 C): Spread in a SINGLE layer, 1 meter apart.      |
|  - Pile 3 (Charred > 70 C): Break open completely and soak with water.  |
|  STEP 6: 48-HOUR FIRE WATCH ON REMOVED BALES                            |
|  - Monitor removed bales with a probe or thermal camera for 48 hours.   |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Nkebi 4: Mgbochi na Baling & Stacking: Oke mmiri, Nnwale-mmiri mmiri, na ihe nchekwa.¶

Gịnị mere ụlọ ọrụ ahịhịa ahịhịa na-ekpo ọkụ ji ejide ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ahụmahụ ọbụna mgbe akwụkwọ mpụta nke ifufe ahụ na-akpọ nkụ n'ehihie ehihie?

1. "Moisture Moisture" vs. "Igirii mmiri mmiri" na Bale njupụta oke.¶

• Mmiri mmiri dị n'ime ụlọ ** (mmiri tọrọ n'ime nnukwu okpueze alfalfa, osisi klova, ma ọ bụ ọnụ oat na-etobeghị) dị ize ndụ karịa igirigi mgbede na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ. Mgbe nnukwu njupụta nnukwu square baler (3x4 ma ọ bụ 4x4 Bales abịakọrọ na > 200 kg/m3) na-egwepịa osisi siri ike, sap ezoro ezo na-apụta n'ime oghere anaerobic nwere nnukwu mkpuchi.
• ** Pasentmmiri mmiri na-egbu egbu kachasị mma (na-enweghị ihe nchekwa):**

2. Iji Propionic Acid Buffered & Itinye "Iwu Ọsụsọ N'èzí nke izu abụọ"¶

1. ** Ihe nchekwa Propionic Acid Hay na-echekwa:** Ọ bụrụ na mmiri ozuzo na-abata na-amanye gị ịla ahịhịa na **20% to 26% mmiri , tinye azụmahịa ** buffered propionic/acetic acid liquid preservative na baler pickup (2 to 5 kg per metric ton / 4 to 10 lbs per ton, tụọ ka mmiri). Propionic acid na-egbochi ebu na thermophilic bacteria. * (Ịdọ aka ná ntị: Nnu nkume dị larịị [NaCl] tụbara n'elu ahịhịa ahịhịa anaghị egbochi ịgba ọkụ ozugbo ọ gwụla ma etinyere ya na oke ọnụ ọgụgụ na-enweghị atụ. > 2% site n'ịdị arọ, ma nwee ike ịdọrọ iru mmiri n'ime bale).
2. ** Ekwela ka akwakọba Bales a na-enyo enyo n'ime Barn ozugbo ("Iwu Ọsụsọ n'èzí 2 ruo-3"):**
   • Ọ bụrụ na ibu nke bales na-anwale karịa iru mmiri nke ebumnuche gị (> 16% maka nnukwu bales ma ọ bụ > 20% maka obere bales) - ma ọ bụ ọbụlagodi na ** naanị 3 ma ọ bụ 4 mmiri mmiri sitere na obere olulu ma ọ bụ osisi shaded ** nọ n'ụgbọala - ** etinyela bales ndị ahụ n'ime nnukwu ụlọ ahịhịa gị **.
   • Ọ na-ewe naanị ** otu bale mmiri mmiri** nke e liri n'etiti bales 500 ọkpọ nkụ iji malite ọkụ nje na-enwu n'ọba ahụ dum.
   • Chekwaa bales ndị a na-enyo enyo ** n'èzí na pallets ma ọ bụ gravel n'otu ahịrị (ya na 30 cm / 1 foot Ọdịiche ikuku n'etiti ahịrị) n'okpuru tarp na-eku ume maka ụbọchị 14 ruo 21 ** ruo mgbe ha gwụchara "ọsụsọ" ha wee dị jụụ n'okpuru 38 C (100 F) tupu ịkwaga ha n'ime ụlọ.

• (Maka ihe mberede nchekwa ọkụ ọrụ ugbo na ime obodo, lee Ọka silo gas (nitrogen dioxide uzuzu uhie) na olulu mmiri hydrogen sulfide, Ọkụ ahịhịa agbanarị agbanarị, mgbanye ọkụ ahịhịa, na nchekwa nchekwa mmiri ime obodo, na Traktọ na-atụgharị na azụ azụ azụ. Tụlee iwere nkuzi enyemaka mgbanyụ ọkụ ime obodo na ọrụ ugbo site na ụlọ ọrụ ndọtị mpaghara gị, Red Cross, ma ọ bụ St John Ambulance.)*

Nọmba mberede mpaghara na ụkpụrụ ụlọ ọrụ¶

Ajụjụ a na-ajụkarị¶

Ntuziaka emetụtara¶

• Ọka silo gas (nitrogen dioxide uzuzu uhie), ọrịa silo filler, na olulu mmiri hydrogen sulfide.
• Ọkụ ahịhịa agbanarị agbanarị, mgbanye ọkụ ahịhịa, na nchekwa nchekwa mmiri ime obodo
• Traktọ na-atụgharị na azụ azụ azụ: gịnị kpatara ịmanye n'elu drawbar na-atụgharị traktọ n'ime sekọnd 1.5
• Ọrịa ọkụ avian anụ ọkụkọ n'azụ ụlọ, mmebi nke anụ ụlọ, na nrụgide okpomọkụ anụ ụlọ
• Nọmba mberede

Isi mmalite na nduzi ọchịchị¶

• ** Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States (USDA) & Ebe nchekwa data nchekwa ọrụ ugbo nke mba (NASD):** *Mgbochi na ijikwa ọkụ ọkụ ozugbo na ebe nchekwa hay na silage: oke nleba anya na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ (dị oke mkpa)150 F to 200 F) na Nchekwa Nkwalite *.
• ** Cornell University Cooperative Extension, Penn State Extension & University of Minnesota Extension: ** Hay Barn Fire Prevention: Microbiological vs Exothermic Chemical Heating Phases, Moisture Limits by Bale Density, and the Driven Steel Pipe Thermometer Protocol.
• ** Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Nchekwa Ọkụ nke Mba (NFPA, United States) & International Association of Fire Chiefs (IAFC):** Agricultural Barn na Silo Fire Operations: Oxygen-Limited Pyrolysis, Flashover Prevention, Thermal Imaging, and Class A Foam Application in Hay Fires.
• ** Ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ nke mba (CFA, Victoria, Australia) & Australian Fodder Industry Association (AFIA):** * Usoro ntụzịaka ọkụ nke Hayystack maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ ime obodo*.
• ** Njikọ Njikọ nke Ọkụ na-echebe Ọkụ (European Confederation)CFPA Europe) & mkpuchi ọha nke German Agricultural Social (SVLFG):** * Ntuziaka maka ịlele okpomọkụ Haystack (* Heumesssonde*) na Mwepụ nke ọma nke ahịhịa na-ekpo ọkụ n'onwe*.