Igwe ọkụ eletrik ma ọ bụ ọkụ ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-emetụ aka, na-eme mkpọtụ, ma ọ bụ na-esi ísì dị ka azụ nwụrụ anwụ (Backstabbed Wire Arcing)¶

Mgbe ime ụlọ, ime ụlọ ịwụ, ma ọ bụ ọnụ ụlọ na-esi ísì na mberede dị ka ** azụ na-ere ere, mmamịrị pusi, ma ọ bụ amonia dị nkọ, ma ọ bụ mgbe ị hụrụ ebe nchekwa mgbidi ma ọ bụ ọkụ ọkụ nke na-enwe mmetụta ** na-emetụ aka, crackles ma ọ bụ buzzes nwayọọ nwayọọ, na-egosi agba aja aja ma ọ bụ odo odo gburugburu oghere, ma ọ bụ na-eme ka oriọna na-egbuke egbuke mgbe ị na-agbanye ọkụ, igwe na-ehicha ntutu ma ọ bụ na-esi ísì ụtọ ** ị na-anụ ọkụ ** 300-na-600-degree-Celsius (570-to-1,100-degree-Fahrenheit) eletriki arc n'ime mgbidi gị *. A na-akpụzi igwe eletriki ochie, ihe ngbanwe ọkụ, mkpụrụ waya na ihe mgbawa sekit sitere na ** resin phenolic thermosetting ma ọ bụ urea-formaldehyde plastic ** ahọpụtara maka mkpuchi ọkụ eletrik dị elu yana nguzogide ire ọkụ. Otú ọ dị, mgbe njikọ eletrik na-adịghị mma n'ime igbe mgbidi na-ekpo ọkụ n'elu ** 150 ruo 200 degrees Celsius (300 ruo 390 degrees Fahrenheit) , ndị urea-formaldehyde na phenolic polymers na-enweta mbelata okpomọkụ ( outgassing volatile trimethylamine, formaldehyde, na ammonia na-esi ísì ụtọ), nke na-esi ísì ụtọ. nri mmiri na-ere ure.

N'ụlọ obibi ndị e wuru site na 1960 ruo ugbu a, otu ihe na-ebute ụzọ na-ekpo ọkụ, na-ekpo ọkụ, na-esi ísì azụ bụ njikọ njedebe 14-AWG "backstab" (push-in spring) na-emekarị n'ime oghere nke nwere ** ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla na-agbanye n'ihu ihu ya ma ọlị. ** 1,500-watt kpo oku ma ọ bụ ikuku ikuku na-ebugharị ** tinye n'ime ụzọ dị iche iche na-aga n'ihu n'otu sekit nwere eriri daisy. Ọ bụrụ n’ịhụ anwụrụ ọkụ ka ọ na-esi n’efere ihu na-agbapụ, na-egbuke egbuke oroma n’azụ mgba ọkụ, ma ọ bụ agba mgbidi na-egbuke egbuke, pụọ ma kpọọ mpaghara gị. nọmba mberede (911 na United States na Canada, 999 na United Kingdom, 112 gafee European Union, na 000 na Australia) ozugbo, ma nyochaa ntuziaka anyị na eriri alaka aluminom, ebe a na-ahụ maka mgbidi na-ekpo ọkụ, ebe a na-edebe azụ azụ, na njem GFCI, ọkụ eletrik na ọkụ, na eletriki panel arcing na ikpo oke ọkụ.

Mee nke a ugbu a¶

Ọ bụrụ na ị na-esi isi azụ, amonia, ma ọ bụ isi rọba na-ere ọkụ n'ime ụlọ, ma ọ bụ chọta ebe ọkụ eletrik, eriri ọkụ, ma ọ bụ ọkụ ọkụ nke na-ekpo ọkụ, na-agbagharị ma ọ bụ na-achagharị agba:

1. **Eemetụla ma ọ bụ wepupụ sịga, mgbaze, ma ọ bụ eriri ọkụ site n'aka, mechie ihe na-emebi sekit alaka ụlọ ọrụ ***:
2. Ọ bụrụ na igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, ikuku ikuku, ma ọ bụ plọg ngwa na-ese anwụrụ ọkụ, na-agbaze n'ime mpempe ihu plastik, ma ọ bụ na-agbaze n'ime oghere, ** ejidela plọg na-ekpo ọkụ **, n'ihi na rọba dị nro nwere ike ịdaba n'aka gị ma ọ bụ gbanye n'akụkụ mkpịsị aka gị.
3. Gaa ozugbo gaa na ** isi ihe na-emebi ọkụ eletrik *** wee tụgharịa ** Gbanyụọ ** ihe mgbaji sekit alaka ụlọ ọrụ ** 15-ampere ma ọ bụ 20-ampere ** nke na-azụ ụlọ ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na ị maghị pasentị 100 nke onye na-emebi ihe na-enye ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ ma ọ bụ gbanwee (ma ọ bụ ọ bụrụ na isi ahụ na-esi na panel nke na-emebi onwe ya), tụgharịa ** Main Service Breaker Gbanyụọ ***.
4. ** Kwụpụ ngwa niile na-emepụta ọkụ dị elu na sekit ahụ ozugbo ike gbanyụrụ ***:
5. Ozugbo ekwenyere ihe mgbawa sekit ** Gbanyụọ ***, wepụ ihe ọ bụla ** obere oghere oghere (1,500 W), windo / ikuku ntụ oyi, igwe nkụ ntutu, oven oven, fryer ikuku, ígwè, ma ọ bụ crypto/egwuregwu egwuregwu *** etinyere n'ime oghere ọ bụla n'ime ụlọ ahụ ma ọ bụ ime ụlọ dị n'akụkụ na-ekerịta otu sekit.
6. Nyochaa oghere ígwè nke eriri ndị ahụ agbasaghị: ọ bụrụ na brass ma ọ bụ nickel agụba ** gbara ọchịchịrị, olulu, oxidized, ma ọ bụ gbara ya gburugburu vinyl ojii gbazere, eriri eriri n'onwe ya mebiri emebi, a ga-ebipụ ya ma ọ bụ dochie ya tupu ejiri ngwa ahụ ọzọ; hụ Igwe ọkụ baseboard eletriki, ọkụ ákwà mgbochi na oghere mgbati eriri agbaze.
7. ** Chọta ebe isi iyi "Azụ Nwụrụ Anwụ" na-esi ísì site na iji nyocha ihu igwe azụ-aka ***:
8. N'ihi na imi mmadụ na-adaba na trimethylamine ("fishy") na-esi ísì n'ime nkeji nkeji, gagharịa n'ime ụlọ ahụ ma jide ** azụ nke aka gị kpọrọ nkụ 1 centimita (0.4 sentimita asatọ) ** n'ihu ebe nchekwa ** mgbidi ọ bụla, mgba ọkụ ọkụ, mgba ọkụ ọkụ, ihe ọkụ ọkụ n'uko, baseboard okpomọkụ thermostat, na isi ihe nkwụsịtụ panel ụzọ *** (na-emetụ obere ọkụ naanị ma ọ bụrụ na ị naghị ese anwụrụ ma ọ bụ na-acha uhie uhie).
9. ** Iwu ***: Mwepu mgbidi ọkọlọtọ ma ọ bụ mgba ọkụ kwesịrị inwe mmetụta ** zuru oke (okpomọkụ ụlọ) ***. Ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ ọ bụla ma ọ bụ mgba ọkụ na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe nke na-enwe mmetụta ** na-ekpo ọkụ ma ọ bụ na-ekpo ọkụ na aka (n'elu 38 degrees Celsius / 100 degrees Fahrenheit) **, ma ọ bụ na-ewepụta ísì azụ / amonia dị nkọ mgbe ị na-etinye imi gị n'akụkụ ihe mkpuchi ahụ, nwere mmejọ dị elu na-eguzogide n'ime igbe ahụ.
10. ** Ghọta ọnyà "Daisy-Chain Upstream Outlet" (Gịnị kpatara oghere efu n'azụ ihe ndina na-ere ọkụ) ***:
11. Ọ bụrụ n'ịkọnye ihe ọkụ ọkụ ** 1,500-watt (12.5-ampere) ** n'ime oghere # 4 na mgbidi dị anya nke ime ụlọ, ihe niile ** 12.5 amperes nke dị ugbu a ** ga-agafe n'usoro site na ** Outlet # 1, Outlet # 2, na Outlet # 3 *** na-aga site na panel breaker.
12. Ọ bụrụ na onye nrụpụta wired Outlet # 2 (ezoro ezo n'azụ akwa ma ọ bụ sofa na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla etinyere na ya) na-eji ** push-in "backstab" oghere mmiri **, ọdụ mmiri na-adịghị mma n'ime Outlet # 2 ga-enwu ọkụ na-acha ọbara ọbara ma na-esi ísì dị ka azụ nwụrụ anwụ mgbe ọ bụla onye na-ekpo ọkụ na-agba ọsọ na Outlet # 4. Lelee ** oghere ọ bụla dị n'ime ụlọ yana n'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke mgbidi ime ụlọ na-ekerịta ***, ọ bụghị naanị ebe a na-etinye ọkụ ọkụ.
13. ** Lelee okpomọkụ mgbidi wee kpọọ Ngalaba Ọkụ Ọ bụrụ na Drywall n'elu ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ ka emechibidoro ihe nkwụsịtụ ***:
14. Mgbe ị tụgharịrị ihe mgbanyụ sekit ** Gbanyụọ ***, nwee mmetụta drywall ** 15 ruo 30 centimeters (6 ruo 12 sentimita) n'elu ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ ** nkeji 5 ọ bụla maka nkeji 20:
    • ** Ọ bụrụ na mpụta na mgbidi ahụ dajụọ nke ọma ozugbo onye na-agbaji agbanyụrụ *: Okpomọkụ ahụ bụ naanị ọkụ eletrik (\(I|2R\) Joule kpo oku na usoro arcing), na imechi ihe mgbawa kwụsịrị usoro mgbanye ahụ. Hapụ onye na-agbaji ** Gbanyụọ wee detuo ya ruo mgbe edochiri ebe nchekwa na ngwụcha waya gbara ọkụ.
    • ** Ọ bụrụ na mgbidi dị n'elu igbe ahụ na-ekpo ọkụ, na-ekpo ọkụ, ma ọ bụ na-esi ísì anwụrụ ọkụ mgbe agbanyụrụ agbanyụrụ ***: ọkụ na-egbuke egbuke agbanyelarị akwụkwọ nkwado nke mgbidi fiberglass ma ọ bụ stud osisi n'ime oghere mgbidi. Kpọọ 911/999/112/000 ozugbo ka ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ wee jiri ** Igwefoto Imaging Thermal (TIC) nyochaa mgbidi ahụ.
15. ** Dochie ndị na-ewu ụlọ n'azụ dara ada-ọkwa ụlọ ahịa na-eji mgbachi azụ azụ-azụmahịa "Spec-Grade" ma ọ bụ ihe nkwụnye akụkụ-screw ***:
16. Ejila ụzọ mpụta ma ọ bụ mgba ọkụ nke kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ, na-anụ ma ọ bụ na-esi isi azụ, na ** ejikwala oghere azụ azụ azụ** n'obere oghere. Wepụ ihe mkpuchi mkpuchi ọla kọpa ọ bụla na-acha ọkụ, na-agbaji agbaji ka ọ bụrụ ọla kọpa na-egbuke egbuke, sonye nri-site na wires na ** pigtail splice , ma kwụsị na ** skru akụkụ brass ** (gbara ya na ** 1.4 N·m / 12 lb-in) ma ọ bụ ** nkọwa nkọwa-ọkwa nrụgide ime ụlọ.

Osisi mkpebi: na-achọpụta isi ọkụ ọkụ azụ, mgba ọkụ ọkụ, ma ọ bụ mpụta ọkụ¶

flowchart TD
    Start["Mkpokọta ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ ma ọ bụ isi ihe mberede: azụ na-ere ere / isi amonia, efere ihu na-ekpo ọkụ, mkpọtụ, ma ọ bụ na-amagharị."] --> SmokeCheck{"Enwere anwụrụ ọkụ a na-ahụ anya, ọkụ ọkụ, ma ọ bụ nkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-arị elu mgbidi ahụ?"}

    SmokeCheck -->|"EE: Anwụrụ ọkụ na-arụ ọrụ, Sparks, ma ọ bụ Okpomọkụ mgbidi"| FireCall["Nzaghachi ọkụ ozugbo: 1. Gbanyụọ Main Breaker (ma ọ bụ ngalaba na-emebi ụlọ) 2. Wepụ n'ụlọ wee kpọọ 911 / 999 / 112 / 000 3. Rịọ nyocha mgbidi nke Dept Thermal Imaging Camera (TIC)."]

    SmokeCheck -->|"Mba: Odor, Buzzing, ma ọ bụ naanị ihu ihu na-ekpo ọkụ"| LocateSource["Ntụpụ ụkwụ 1: Tụgharịa ngwaọrụ ahụ na-ekpo oke ọkụ: • Jiri azụ aka sụọ & nyochaa: ọnụ ụlọ niile, ihe ọkụ ọkụ, ihe nrụnye elu ụlọ, temometa baseboard, na panel breaker isi • Cheta: Lelee oghere elu dị elu n'azụ akwa/sofas kwa."]

    LocateSource --> CutPower["Nzọụkwụ 2: DE-ENERGIZE & ISOLATE: 1. Gbanyụọ onye na-agbaji sekit alaka ụlọ ọrụ na isi panel 2. Nyochaa 0 Volts na ntinye / mgba ọkụ na-enweghị kọntaktị voltaji tester 3. Wepụ ihe niile na-ekpo ọkụ, AC units, hair dryers, and power strips."]

    CutPower --> InspectBox["Kwụpụ 3: Wepu FACEPLATE & Nyochaa TERMINAL (Nkụji): Kedu ụdị ọdịda a na-ahụ n'ime igbe eletrik?"]

    InspectBox -->|"A. Waya kụdara n'ime oghere okirikiri dị n'azụ mpụta"| BackstabFix["Njikọ mmiri 14-AWG 'BACKSTAB' dara ada: • mmiri dị n'ime ya kpatara 600°C usoro arc & isi resin azụ • Wepụ ihe mkpuchi ọkụ chared na-ekpo ọkụ ka ọ bụrụ ọla kọpa na-egbuke egbuke."]

    InspectBox -->|"Oghere oghere B. Agbazere n'ihu (Akara Nkwụnye rụrụ arụ)"| WornContacts["AKWỤKWỌ NDỊ NA-ECHICHE BRASS WIPER : • Mwepụta ihe nrụpụta 75 dị ọnụ ala furu efu na mgbaka mmiri na plọg."]

    InspectBox -->|"C. Waya Silvery-Grey N'okpuru ịghasa Brass"| AluminumWire["1965-1973 SOLID ALUMINUM BRANCH WIRING: • Galvanic corrosion & elu thermal expansion na brass terminals • Awụnyela ọkọlọtọ ọla kọpa naanị. • Wụnye ngwaọrụ CO/ALR ma ọ bụ AlumiConn 3-ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri lug pigtails"]

Chemistry nke "azụ na-ere ere" na-esi isi: gịnị kpatara plastik eletrik na-ekpo ọkụ na-esi ísì dị ka nri mmiri¶

Ndị nwe ụlọ na-esi ísì dị iche ** azụ nwụrụ anwụ, oporo na-ere ure, ma ọ bụ isi igbe ihe ruru unyi *** n'ime ime ụlọ ma ọ bụ paseeji na-anọkarị ụbọchị na-adọwa ducts HVAC, na-elele n'azụ bọọdụ maka òké nwụrụ anwụ, ma ọ bụ na-asa ákwà mgbochi, anaghị achọpụta na isi ahụ na-abịa site na ihe nkwụnye ọkụ eletrik, mgba ọkụ ọkụ, dimmer, ihe mkpuchi ụlọ ma ọ bụ ihe na-agbaji nkeji oge. na-amụnye ọkụ mgbidi arụrụ arụ.

Anatomi nke "backstab" njedebe njedebe na ọnyà ibu daisy-chain¶

Kedu ihe kpatara ụlọ ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ nke dị afọ 15 ji emepụta njikọ eletriki 600-degree-Celsius na-egbuke egbuke n'ime oghere mgbidi? N'ime ihe karịrị pasenti 80 nke ụlọ ndị ejiri ọla kọpa ọgbara ọhụrụ, onye mere mpụ bụ ** ọsọ-waya "backstab" push-in terminal ** jikọtara ya na ** nri-site na daisy-chaining ***.

HOW A 'BACKSTABBED' UPSTREAM OUTLET BURNS UP WHEN A SPACE HEATER RUNS DOWNSTREAM

  [15-Amp Breaker] ===(14-AWG Romex)===> [OUTLET #1: Behind Sofa] ===(14-AWG)===> [OUTLET #2: Space Heater]
                                         (NOTHING plugged in here,                 (1,500 W = 12.5 Amps Draw)
                                          but all 12.5 A flows
                                          through its backstabs.)

  INSIDE OUTLET #1: BACKSTAB SPRING FAILURE            THE SAFE FIX: PIGTAIL SPLICE + SIDE SCREW / CLAMP
   +-----------------------------------+                +-----------------------------------+
   |   [ Brass Side Screw (Unused) ]   |                |  [Brass Screw / Spec-Grade Clamp] |
   |                                   |                |                 ||                |
   |   ======> |\  <-- Tiny sharp edge |                |                 || (Single 15-cm  |
   |  14-AWG   | \     of sheet-metal  |                |                 ||  Pigtail Wire) |
   |  Copper   |  \    spring bites    |                +-----------------++----------------+
   |  Wire     |   \   only a fraction |                                  ||
   |           |    \  of a millimeter.|                         [Wago 221 / Wire Nut]
   |   *600°C ARC*   \ (Loosens under  |                            //         \\
   |  (Melts Plastic.)  12.5A cycling) |               (Line In)==//           \\==(Line Out to #2)
   +-----------------------------------+               (12.5 A bypasses Outlet #1 completely.)

1. Gịnị kpatara Push-In "Backstab" Terminals daa n'okpuru ibu ihe ọkụ ọkụ.¶

N'azụ ọnụ ala ** 75-cent residential Builder-grade duplex receptacle **, n'akụkụ skru brass anọ, nwere oghere anọ dị okirikiri akpọrọ *"Push Wire, Jiri 14 AWG Solid Copper Naanị."

• ** Pinpoint Contact Area ***: N'adịghị ka a brass n'akụkụ ịghasa (nke na-ekekọta 270 degrees nke siri ike ọla kọpa waya n'okpuru elu clamping torque) ma ọ bụ a azụmahịa nkọwapụta-ọkwa esịtidem brass mwekota efere, a ** backstab oghere na-eji a obere stamped mpempe akwụkwọ-metal spring tab ** na-ata n'ime akụkụ nke ọla kọpa waya dị ka a square n'ọnụ ọnụ, na-eke a kọntaktị size obere.
• ** Ratcheting Mgbasawanye ọkụ (Creep): Mgbe mmadụ na-akụ ihe ọkụ ọkụ ** 1,500-watt (na-adọta amperes 12.5 na-aga n'ihu maka awa 8)** n'ime sekit, waya 14-AWG na obere mmiri dị n'ime na-ekpo ọkụ ma gbasaa. Mgbe ikpo ọkụ na-agbanyụ, ígwè ahụ jụrụ oyi na nkwekọrịta. Mgbe ọtụtụ usoro kpo oku na oyi gachara, mmiri na-ewe iwe ma na-atụrụ ndụ site na obere microscopic ** 0.05 millimeters ***.
• ** Usoro Arcing na Carbon Tracking ***: Ozugbo oghere ikuku na-emepe n'etiti waya ọla kọpa 60-Hz na-ama jijiji na taabụ mmiri dị jụụ, ugbu a na-awụpụ oghere ahụ dị ka ** usoro eletriki ọkụ ** (nke na-esote ya na-ada ụda ** sizzling, frying-bacon, ma ọ bụ ụda mkpọtụ na-agba ọsọ ** mgbe onye na-ekpo ọkụ ma ọ bụ ihe nhicha na-agba ọsọ). Arc ahụ na-eme ka ọla kọpa ahụ ghọọ oxide ojii nke na-eguzogide elu, nke na-ebute ọbụna ọkụ karịa na mgbanaka ọkụ na-agba ọsọ ruo mgbe ụlọ plastik gbazere na cha cha.

2. Ihe kpatara na ị ga-eji "Pigtail Splice" na-eri nri mgbe niile¶

Mgbe onye na-ahụ maka ọkụ eletrik na-agbanye ọnụ ụlọ na-enweghị pigtails, ha na-ejikọta eriri na-abata site na panel nke na-agbaji na ** top backstab oghere ** nke ntinye na eriri na-apụ apụ na-aga n'ihu na-esote n'ime ụlọ ahụ na oghere ** ala azụ azụ **, na-eji taabụ mgbawa ọla dị mkpa n'akụkụ ọnụ ala 75-cent dị ọnụ ala dị ka ebe nchekwa nke ụlọ ahụ.

• ** Ngwọta Pigtail ***: Kama ịmanye ihe niile dị ugbu a ka ọ gafere site na isi iyi dị n'ime nke ọ bụla dị na mgbidi, sonyere ** Waya Na-abata Hot Waya **, na ** otu 15-centimeter (6-inch) "pigtail" jumper wire ** ọnụ n'ime ** UL-depụtara lever njikọ / na-acha uhie uhie 2 nke ọma) na-agbakọ ọnụ n'ime eriri eriri 2 nke ọma. nut ***, ma tinye naanị otu waya pigtail n'okpuru ** brass n'akụkụ skru ma ọ bụ mgbachi azụ-ọla azụ azụmaahịa ** nke ebe nchekwa. Ugbu a, ọ bụrụ na mmadụ na-agba ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ 1,500-watt na Outlet #5, nke ugbu a na-agafe n'ụzọ ziri ezi site na ọla kọpa-na-ọla kọpa splice na Igbe # 1 ruo # 4 na-enweghị ikpo ọkụ otu ihe nkwụnye elu.

Nlele nzọụkwụ site na nzọụkwụ yana ụkpụrụ nnọchi anya nke ọma¶

Ọ bụrụ na ị nwere ikike ngwa eletriki na koodu mpaghara na-enye ohere ka onye nwe ụlọ dochie ngwaọrụ (ma ọ bụghị, hapụ onye na-agbaji ** Gbanyụọ** wee kpọọ onye ọkụ eletrik nwere ikike), soro ndepụta nlele a ka ịlele ma dochie mwepu ma ọ bụ mgbanwe ekpo oke ọkụ:

• Nzọụkwụ 1: Gbanyụọ onye na-agbaji ma nyochaa 0 volts ugboro abụọ: Gbanyụọ sekit, gbanye oriọna ma ọ bụ ihe ntinye n'ime oghere abụọ dị n'elu na nke ala iji gosi na ọ nwụrụ anwụ, wepụ ihe mkpuchi ahụ na skru na-arị elu, dọpụta mpempe akwụkwọ ahụ nwayọ na-aga n'ihu na-enweghị imetụ akụkụ ahụ na-adịghị emetụ aka na voltaji abụọ, na-anwaleghị ihe dijitalụ. multimeter ** (nnwale Hot-to-Neutral na Hot-to-Ground na skru abụọ na elu na ala, ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ebe nchekwa ** ọtụtụ waya na-ekesa ** nke ndị na-agbaji abụọ dị iche iche na-enye) na ** 0 Volts ** dị.
• ** Nzọụkwụ 2: Nyochaa mkpuchi mkpuchi ọla kọpa maka mmebi okpomọkụ **: Lelee anya na oji (ma ọ bụ aja aja na UK / EU) na-ekpo ọkụ wires na ọcha (acha anụnụ anụnụ na UK / EU) na-anọpụ iche wires ebe ha na-abanye na ngwaọrụ:
• Ọ bụrụ na agbazere ihe mkpuchi plastik ** agbazere, gbajie, cha cha ma ọ bụ gbawara agbawa mgbe a na-ehulata ***, na waya ọla kọpa dị n'okpuru anya ** na-acha odo odo-oji ma ọ bụ na-agbaji agbaji **, oke ọkụ ekpochapụ akụkụ nke ọla kọpa ma nwee nnukwu nguzogide.
• ** Ihe omume : Ọ bụrụ na enwere ike zuru oke na igbe eletriki ( ma ọ dịkarịa ala 15 centimeters / 6 inches ***), jiri ndị na-egbutu waya ka ** gbanyụọ ọkụ 2 ruo 4 centimeters (1 ruo 1.5 sentimita) nke waya *** laghachi na-egbuke egbuke, na-egbuke egbuke, ọla kọpa na-agbanwe agbanwe na mkpuchi ọhụrụ. (Ọ bụrụ na a na-agba waya ọkụ n'ụzọ ọ bụla laghachi azụ n'azụ eriri igwe na-adịghị efu efu, kwụsị ma kpọọ onye ọrụ ọkụ eletrik ka ọ wụnye igbe akwadoro ma ọ bụ dọpụtaghachi eriri ahụ).
• *Nzọụkwụ 3:zụta nkọwapụta azụmaahịa-ọkwa ("Spec-Grade") Nnabata Mwekota azụ- waya:
• Azụtala ebe obibi $0.75 nke onye na-ewu ụlọ nwere oghere azụ-azụ.
• Buy a $3 to $5 Commercial Specification-Grade (NEMA 5-15R or 5-20R) heavy-duty receptacle. Spec-grade outlets feature heavy triple-wipe brass plug contacts that grip appliance prongs tightly, and feature external screw-actuated brass pressure-plate clamps ("Back-Wire" clamps, NOT spring backstabs): you slide the stripped wire behind a heavy serrated brass plate and tighten the side screw down with a screwdriver to clamp the wire in a solid vise grip.
• Step 4: Form a clockwise J-hook (or clamp) and torque to 1.4 N·m (12 lb-in):
• Strip 16 millimeters (0.625 inches) of clean insulation using the correct gauge hole (14 AWG ma ọ bụ 12 AWG) on a wire stripper (nicking the copper wire weakens it).
• Connect Black (Hot) wires to the Brass screws, White (Neutral) wires to the Silver screws, and the Bare/Green (Ground) wire to the Green ground screw, always wrapping a shepherd's hook clockwise (in the direction the screw tightens) so tightening the screw pulls the wire inward around the shaft rather than spitting it out.
• Tighten every terminal screw firmly (1.4 Newton-meters / 12 pound-inches, loose screws cause 90 percent of terminal fires).

Nọmba mberede mpaghara na ụkpụrụ nchekwa eletrik¶

Ajụjụ a na-ajụkarị¶

Kedu ihe kpatara igwe eletrik na-ekpo oke ọkụ, ọkụ ọkụ, ma ọ bụ sekit na-esi ísì ka azụ na-ere ere?¶

A na-eji plastik thermosetting na-eguzogide okpomọkụ, kpọmkwem urea-formaldehyde, melamine-formaldehyde, ma ọ bụ phenolic (Bakelite). Mgbe eriri waya rụrụ arụ ma ọ bụ ihe na-ada ada n'ime igbe ahụ na-ekpo ọkụ karịa 150 ruo 200 degrees Celsius (300 ruo 390 degrees Fahrenheit), ndị polymers na-akụda kemịkal na gas trimethylamine, amonia, na formaldehyde na-agbanwe agbanwe. Trimethylamine bụ kpọmkwem kemịkalụ kemịkalụ organic nke a na-emepụta mgbe azụ̀ na-ere ure, ya mere, n'imi mmadụ ihe ọkụ eletrik nke na-achọ ịcha ọkụ na-esi isi ka nri mmiri na-ere ere ma ọ bụ mmamịrị nwamba.

Kedu ka mpụta nke na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla etinyere na ya ga-esi na-ekpo ọkụ, na-agbaze ma gbazee n'ime mgbidi?¶

A na-ejikọta ọnụ ụlọ mgbidi dị n'ime ụlọ (na mgbe mgbe n'ofe abụọ dị n'akụkụ ọnụ ụlọ) na "daisy chain" na-aga n'ihu site na panel breaker: eriri si na panel na-abanye na Outlet # 1, eriri nke abụọ na-ahapụ Outlet # 1 iji zụọ ihe ngosi #2, na ihe ndị ọzọ ruo Outlet #5. Mgbe ndị na-ewu ụlọ na-agbanye ebe ndị ahụ na-ejighi waya-nut pigtails, site n'itinye eriri ndị na-abata n'ime oghere azụ azụ na waya ndị na-apụ apụ n'ime oghere azụ azụ azụ, pasent 100 nke ọkụ eletrik na-eji ọkụ ọkụ 1,500-watt na-agbanye n'ime Outlet #5 ga-asọba ozugbo site na obere mpempe akwụkwọ-metal, n'ime # 4. Ọ bụrụ na mmiri azụtab dị n'ime oghere efu #2 agbapụla ka oge na-aga, oghere ahụ efu n'azụ sofa gị ga-ekpo ọkụ ruo ogo Celsius 600 wee gbazee mgbe ọ bụla agbanyere oghere oghere n'ofe ụlọ ahụ.

Gịnị kpatara na ihe nkesa sekit m emeghị njem mgbe waya tọgbọrọ chakoo nke dị n'ime oghere m nwetara ọkụ na-acha uhie uhie ma gbazee rọba ahụ?¶

Ezubere ọkọlọtọ sekit ikuku magnetik na panel eletrik gị ka ọ gaa njem maka naanị ọnọdụ abụọ: ibu dị ugbu a na-adịgide adịgide (na-ese ihe karịrị 15 ma ọ bụ 20 amperes) ma ọ bụ obere sekit dị mkpụmkpụ nke nwụrụ anwụ (ebe waya na-ekpo ọkụ na-emetụ eriri na-anọpụ iche ma ọ bụ ala ala wee dọta 150+ amperes). Mgbe waya na-abata ntakịrị n'ime mmiri azụ azụ ma ọ bụ n'okpuru screw brass na-emeghị nke ọma, ọ na-emepụta nnukwu nguzogide "usoro arc fault." N'ihi na nkwụsi ike ahụ na-ebelata mkpokọta sekit ugbu a ntakịrị, sịnụ, site na 12 amperes ruo 11.5 amperes, ọkọlọtọ 15-ampere breaker na-ahụ ibu 11.5-ampere nkịtị na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ na-eme njem, ọbụlagodi mgbe 100 watts nke ọkụ ọkụ na-agbaze na-agbaze na 600 degrees Celsius. Naanị ihe mgbawa Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupter (AFCI) nke ọgbara ọhụrụ nwere ike ịchọpụta ịgbachi usoro wee mebie sekit ahụ.

Ọ dị mgbe ọ dị mma maka mgba ọkụ na mgbidi ka ọ na-ekpo ọkụ na mmetụ ahụ?¶

Ọkọlọtọ igwe ngbanwe ma ọ bụ mgba ọkụ rocker nwere kọntaktị ọla dị mfe nke nwere nkwụsi ike eletrik ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-adị jụụ mgbe niile (okpomọkụ ụlọ) na mmetụ ahụ; Ọ bụrụ na ọkọlọtọ ON/ Gbanyụọ ọkụ ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, na-ekpo ọkụ, buzzes, ma ọ bụ crackles mgbe a tụgharịrị ya, kọntaktị dị n'ime ya na-adaba ma na-ada, ma ị ga-emechi ihe nkwụsịtụ ma dochie mgba ọkụ ozugbo. Naanị ihe dị iche bụ mgba ọkụ eletrọnịkị (TRIAC ma ọ bụ MOSFET siri ike steeti) ma ọ bụ mgba ọkụ smart na-achịkwa ibu ọkụ dị arọ (dịka 300 ka 600 watts nke incandescent ma ọ bụ halogen bulbs): dimmers eletrọnịkị na-ekpochapụ 5 ruo 15 watts nke okpomọkụ site na yoke ígwè ha na-arị elu ma nwee UL-0 na-enwe mmetụta dị ọkụ na Celsius 2. ruo 140 degrees Fahrenheit), n'agbanyeghị na ha ekwesịghị inwe mmetụta dị oke ọkụ ijide mkpịsị aka megide, anwụrụ ọkụ, ma ọ bụ isi dị ka azụ.

Kedu ihe kpatara amachibidoro waya 12-AWG ka ọ ghara ịbanye na oghere oghere "backstab", gịnị kpatara ndị ọkụ eletrik na-ezere azụ azụ ọbụna na waya 14-AWG?¶

Tupu 1995, ebe obibi obibi nwere nnukwu oghere azụ azụ azụ nke nabatara ma 14-AWG (15-amp) na 12-AWG (20-amp) waya ọla kọpa siri ike. N'ihi na sekit 20-amp na-ebu ugbu a dị elu na waya 12-AWG siri ike na-emepe isi iyi nke dị n'ime ime ụlọ na-emeghe mgbe ọ bụla a na-agbanyeghachi azụ n'ime igbe mgbidi, Underwriters Laboratories (UL 498) degharịrị ọkọlọtọ na 1995 iji mee ka ọkpụkpụ azụ azụ azụ naanị 14-AWG wires dabara. Otú ọ dị, ọbụna na waya 14-AWG, mmiri na-agbanye azụ azụ na-ejide ọla kọpa ahụ na obere kọntaktị ọnụ ọnụ mma kama ọ dị elu nke na-ejikọta ya, na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ịtọpụ n'okpuru ihe ọkụ ọkụ ma ọ bụ ihe na-ekpo ọkụ. Ya mere, ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka ọkụ eletrik na-agafe oghere azụ azụ kpamkpam wee kechie wires n'akụkụ skru brass ma ọ bụ jiri ụdị nkọwapụta ọkwa azụmahịa.

Kedu ihe m ga-eme ma ọ bụrụ na plọg nke igwe na-ekpo ọkụ ma ọ bụ igwe nkụ ntutu m na-ekpo ọkụ wee hapụ rọba ojii gbazee na mpụta?¶

Ọ bụrụ na plọg na-ekpo ọkụ nke ukwuu ma ọ bụ gbazee n'elu mpempe akwụkwọ mpempe akwụkwọ, ọdịda ahụ na-emekarị ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-ekpo ọkụ n'ime ụlọ nke dị n'ime mgbidi (nke tụfuru esemokwu mmiri ha ma gharakwa ịkụnye plọg ahụ ike) ma ọ bụ mebiri emebi / mebiri emebi na eriri ngwa n'onwe ya. Gbanyụọ onye na-agbaji ahụ, wepụ ngwa ahụ, ma dochie ma ebe nchekwa mgbidi (na-ebuli elu na-arụ ọrụ dị arọ nke azụmahịa Specification-Grade outlet nke kọntaktị ọla kọpa atọ na-ehichapụ agụba nke ọma) na eriri ngwa mebiri emebi tupu i jiri ya ọzọ, na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụla nkwụnye 1,500-watt oghere n'ime ọkụ ọkụ, mgbati ma ọ bụ eriri eriri.

• Ntuziaka a bụ maka ebumnuche ozi na anaghị edochi onye ọrụ ọkụ eletrik nwere ikike ma ọ bụ nzaghachi ọkụ mberede. Gbanyụọ ọkụ mgbe niile na isi sekit breaker panel ma chọpụta voltaji efu tupu imepe igbe eletrik ọ bụla, ma tụlee ị nweta nchekwa ọkụ ụlọ na enyemaka enyemaka mbụ site na Red Cross ma ọ bụ St John Ambulance.

Ntuziaka emetụtara¶

• Wịkọ alaka aluminom, ebe a na-ahụ maka mgbidi na-ekpo ọkụ, ebe a na-edebe ihe n'azụ, yana njem GFCI
• Ọkụ eletrik na ọkụ
• Igwe ọkụ eletrik na-ekpo ọkụ na ikpo ọkụ
• Federal Pacific Stab-Lok na Zinsco breaker panel agaghị eme njem
• Igwe ọkụ baseboard eletriki, ọkụ ákwà mgbochi na eriri mgbati oghere gbazere
• Fan ụlọ na-amagharị, mwepu agụba, na capacitor na-ere ọkụ
• Nọmba mberede

Isi mmalite na nduzi ọchịchị¶

• United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) & National Fire Protection Association (NFPA): * Residential Electrical Branch Circuit Wiring Systems & NEC (NFPA 70 Article 210.12 Arc-Fault Circuit-Interrupter Protection and Article 110.14(D) Terminal Torque Requirements)*.
• Laboratories Underwriters (UL Solutions): * UL 498 Standard maka nchekwa maka nkwụnye mgbakwunye na ihe nnabata (1995 Revision Restricting Push-In Terminals na 14-AWG Solid Copper na Spec-Grade Clamp Test)*.
• Eletriki Safety Foundation International (ESFI) & Electric Safety First (United Kingdom): * Ihe ịrịba ama ịdọ aka ná ntị nke ikpo ọkụ ọkụ, Urea-Formaldehyde Thermal Outgassing ('Azụ Azụ'), na Space Heater Direct-Plug Safety Iwu*.
• Babrauskas, V. (* Akwụkwọ ọkụ ọkụ * / Science Science and Technology Inc.): * Njikọ na-egbuke egbuke, Usoro Arcing na Push-In Spring Terminals, na Cuprous Oxide Bridge Formation in Residential Receptacles *.