Ifufe ifufe nke Katabatic (Bora, Piteraq, Williwaw): Mgbawa mgbawa n'ala oyi na-akpata n'ike ndọda.¶

N'adịghị ka ikuku ọkụ, kpọrọ nkụ ** foehn na Chinook ifufe (nke na-ekpo ọkụ site na mkpakọ adiabatic dị ka ikuku na-amanye n'elu ugwu), ** katabatic ifufe ** (sitere na Greek katabasis , nke pụtara "ịrịdata") na-eme ihe ike, na-ajụ oyi-oyi, ** nnukwu ifufe na-ebugharị na-eme mgbe nnukwu ọdọ mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ. mpempe akwụkwọ ice dị elu, glacier, ma ọ bụ ugwu dị elu ma na-awụfu n'akụkụ ya dị ka mmiri na-awụsa n'elu dam. N'ịga n'ike n'ike site na ndagwurugwu dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, ebe mmiri mmiri na ugwu na-agafe n'okpuru ndọtị nke ike ndọda na gradient dị ala dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, mgbawa katabatic na-erute Atiya 3 ruo Category 5 oké ifufe nke ** 150 ruo ihe karịrị 300 kilomita kwa elekere (95 ruo 190 kilomita, na-amalitekarị n'okpuru igwe ojii). Igwe igwe na mberede 15 ruo 25 degrees Celsius (27 ruo 45 degrees Fahrenheit) na-adaba na okpomọkụ. Amara mpaghara dị ka ** Piteraq *** na Greenland, na ** Bora (Bura) n'akụkụ Adriatic n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Croatia, Slovenia, na Italy, na *Williwaw na Aleutian Islands, Alaska, na Strait nke Magellan / Tierra del Fuego, na ** Mistral ** na ndịda France, na ** Tehuantartectic na ndịda France, na ** Tehuantartectic, na ** Tehuantartectic na ** A. nke Adélie Land na McMurdo, ifufe ndị a kwaturu ụlọikwuu ndị njem, na-atụgharị ụgbọ ala ndị dị elu n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, na-akụtu ụgbọ mmiri na ụgbọ mmiri kwụ n'ahịrị na njedebe ha na arịlịka, ma lie obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'okpuru mmiri mmiri nnu ma ọ bụ mmiri ozuzo. Ọ bụrụ na onye ọ bụla tọgbọrọ na ifufe katabatic subzero, merụrụ ahụ site n'ụkpụrụ ihe owuwu, ma ọ bụ na-agafe n'oké osimiri, kpọọ nọmba mberede mpaghara gị ozugbo (911 na United States na Canada, 112 gafee European Union, 999 na United Kingdom) ma ọ bụ lelee akwụkwọ ndekọ aha anyị. nọmba mberede. Maka ihe mberede ikuku na oyi metụtara, gụọ ntuziaka anyị na Chinook, Foehn, Santa Ana, na Diablo oké ifufe na-agbada, ebili mmiri n'ala, na-afụ snow na-acha ọcha, na ahịrị tether ebe nchekwa, vortex polar, ntiwapụ nke arctic, na ịlanarị ntu oyi ikuku, na hypothermia na frostbite enyemaka mbụ.

Mee nke a ugbu a¶

1. ** Ṅaa ntị ịdọ aka ná ntị ifufe katabatic mpaghara, sistemụ siren, na mmechi akwa mmiri dị n'ụsọ ozugbo:** Mgbe ụlọ ọrụ meteorological nyere ** Piteraq Warning ** (na East Greenland, nke sirens obodo gosipụtara na mgbama ọkụ na-acha uhie uhie na Tasiilaq), a ** Red Bora (Crveni Alarm / Bura) ịdọ aka ná ntị *** n'akụkụ oke osimiri Croatian Adritic, Masclonic Adriatic Coast na Croatian Adritic Bridge. Jadranska Magistrala D8 okporo ụzọ), ma ọ bụ ** Nnukwu ifufe / Williwaw ịdọ aka ná ntị ** na Alaska ma ọ bụ Patagonia, banye n'ime ụlọ n'ime ụlọ gbasiri ike tupu mmalite mmalite abịarute. Ifufe Katabatic na-agba ọsọ site na jụụ nwụrụ anwụ (0 km / h) ruo ** 160+ kilomita kwa elekere (100+ kilomita kwa elekere) n'ihe na-erughị nkeji iri **.
2. ** Ọ bụrụ na ị na-ama ụlọikwuu n'elu glacier, tundra, ma ọ bụ ugwu ugwu mgbe oké ifufe katabatic na-abịaru nso, wuo mgbidi ikuku nke nwere akpụkpọ ụkwụ nke snow na n'akụkụ elu (glacier-eche ihu) n'akụkụ ụlọ ntu gị ozugbo: *** Ọbụna 4-oge geodesic njem nlegharị anya ga-enwe aluminum ma ọ bụ carbon okporo osisi snapped site 1802 km / h. ekpughere nke ọma. Hụrụ ma ọ bụ shọvel nnukwu ikuku snow juru n'ọnụ iji wuo mgbidi siri ike nke ikuku ikuku ** 1.2 ruo 1.5 mita (4 ruo 5 feet) n'ogo dị elu 1 ruo 1.5 mita (3.3 ruo 5 ụkwụ) elu nke ụlọikwuu ahụ **, lie "onye nwụrụ anwụ" arịlịka snow (skis, anyụike ice, akpa akpa 50 ọ bụla jupụtara na snoo). ma buru ihe dị kilogram 50+ (110+ pound) n'ime ala ụlọ ntu ka ebe nchekwa ahụ ghara ịpụpụ ma ọ bụrụ na okporo osisi gbajiri.
3. ** Ọ bụrụ na mkpanaka ụlọikwuu gị na-adaba na mgbawa katabatic n'abalị, ewepụla ọnụ ụzọ ma hapụ ụlọ ntu ahụ n'ọchịchịrị: ** Nọrọ n'ime akwa ụlọikwuu ahụ dara ada, dọpụta akpa ụra gị, ihe mkpuchi ụra, mmanụ stovu, na nri ndị gbara gị gburugburu n'ime shei nylon pinned, ma jiri akwa ụlọikwuu arịlịka dị ka ihe mberede mberede (bivyll) oghere snow ma ọ bụ oghere snow. Ịga n'ụlọ ntu dara ada na 150 km / h blizzard n'ala na-ebute ndakpọ olileanya na hypothermia n'ime nkeji iri na ise.
4. ** Ọ bụrụ na ị nọ n'ụgbọ mmiri gbadoro ụkwụ na fjord, n'ọnụ mmiri, ma ọ bụ lee ụsọ oké osimiri mgbe Williwaw ma ọ bụ Bora kụrụ, ezola ezo ozugbo n'okpuru nnukwu ugwu dị elu: ** Ndị na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri na-emehiekarị nke na-adakwasị ụkwụ na ala nke ugwu ugwu dị elu iji "si na ifufe pụta." Na Williwaw ma ọ bụ Bora, ikuku katabatic na-agbada ugwu ugwu wee daa ** fọrọ nke nta ka ọ daa ala (70-to-80-degree downdraft angle)** n'elu mmiri dị n'okpuru ugwu ahụ, na-emepụta vortex gusts na-atụgharị (** rotors**) nke na-atụgharị n'ụzọ site na 180 degrees n'elu ụgbọ mmiri 180. (Knockdown), ma dọrọ arịlịka n'ime mmiri miri emi. Ma ọ bụ arịlịka na oghere dị larịị n'èzí glacial chute, okpukpu abụọ nke arịlịka gị (7: 1 ruo 10: 1 rode-to-deth ratio) na snubber na moto na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ime gusts, ma ọ bụ guzoro n'oké osimiri.
5. ** Ọ bụrụ na ị na-anya ụgbọ ala dị elu (van, camper, igbe igbe, SUV na-adọkpụ ụgbọala na-adọkpụ, ma ọ bụ ọgba tum tum) mgbe katabatic crosswinds na-ada n'okporo ụzọ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ma ọ bụ akwa mmiri, dọpụ ma dọba ụgbọala chere ihu n'ikuku tupu ị rute n'ọgba mmiri ma ọ bụ viaduct:** Ya adịla mgbe ị gafefe akwa mmiri ma ọ bụ ọnụ ndagwurugwu ekpughere n'oge Bora, Mistralte. Pavement na pavement dị larịị dịpụrụ adịpụ site na osisi, ahịrị ọkụ, na taịlị elu ụlọ na-efe efe, tụtụ aka n'ihu bompa ozugbo banye na ikuku ka profaịlụ ikuku ikuku kacha dị warara chere mgbawa ahụ ihu, ma tọọ breeki ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala.
6. ** Chebe centimita square ọ bụla nke akpụkpọ ihu ekpughere na anya ya na goggles ski na balaclava na-adịghị ekpuchi:** N'ihi na ifufe katabatic na-ejikọta ikuku ikuku na-agba ọsọ na 150+ km / h ikuku kristal ikuku ma ọ bụ silt mgbawa, ** ifufe na-ajụ oyi na-adaba n'okpuru Celsius -50 ruo -50 degrees. Fahrenheit) ***, corneas na-ekpo ọkụ na ntì ekpughere siri ike na ** n'okpuru 120 sekọnd ***.

Osisi mkpebi: ịlanarị katabatic downslope ifufe¶

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    Start["Oke ifufe Katabatic dị nso: Bora, Piteraq, Williwaw, Mistral, ma ọ bụ Glacial gbawara."] --> Location{"1. Ebee ka ị nọ mgbe ụda ịdọ aka ná ntị ma ọ bụ gust n'ihu kụrụ?"}

    Location -->|"N'ỤLỌTA ARCTIC/ALPINE: Glacier, Ice Cap, ma ọ bụ Tundra"| TentProtocol["EXPEDITION TENT PROTOCOL: 1. Pitch Narrow Aerodynamic End kwuru kpọmkwem n'ime elu-Glacier Chute 2. Bury Deadman Snow Anchors (Skis/Ice Axes/Snow Sacks) 50 cm (20 in) Deep on All Guylines 3. Mee 5m-1.1 Mgbidi (Mgbidi) -1. m Elu elu nke Ụlọ ntu 4. Mkpọ Snow n'elu All Perimeter Snow Flaps (Valances) 5. Ọ bụrụ na okporo osisi Snap: Nọrọ n'ime ụlọ ntukwasara ákwà dị ka a Bivy; Apụla ije na Whiteout"]

    Location -->|"NA ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ụgbọ mmiri: Fjord, Anchorage, ma ọ bụ Lee Coast"| BoatProtocol{"2. Edorodoro gị ozugbo n'okpuru ọnụ ugwu mgbada ma ọ bụ ọnụ ndagwurugwu glacial?"}

    BoatProtocol -->|"Ee: Na mpaghara Rotor kwụ ọtọ / Williwaw Drop"| MoveBoat["Gbanarị mpaghara ROTOR CLIFF-Base: 1. Wepụ ụgbọ mmiri niile ozugbo wee malite injin 2. Ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mma tupu oge mgbawa kacha elu: pụọ na Glacial Chute gaa ebe nchekwa Flat-shore ma ọ bụ ọnụ ụlọ miri emi 3. Ọ bụrụ na etinyere na arịlịka: Hapụ 7: 1 ruo 10: 1 Oke, Mgbochi Mgbochi, na Nchekwa ụgbọ ala ka ọ rụọ ọrụ. Mgbochi eriri"]

    BoatProtocol -->|"Mba: Na-aga n'ihu na ọwa mepere emepe ma ọ bụ oke osimiri"| SeaProtocol["MKPỤTA MGBE MMEGHE-mmiri & Ịgbasa Ịlanarị: 1. Osisi efu (Zero Sail) ma ọ bụ Storm Trysail naanị; Secure All Loose Deck Gear 2. Lelee maka kefriza oké osimiri fesa ice accretion on Superstructure (Top-Arọ Capsize Risk) 3. Steer Quarter n'ime oké osimiri na nyochaa Barometer Jump"]

    Location -->|"N'ime ụgbọ ala ma ọ bụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri: okporo ụzọ, àkwà mmiri, ma ọ bụ ụlọ"| TownProtocol["Usoro nlanarị nke COASTAL & ROADWAY: 1. Na-erube isi n'okporo ụzọ awara awara niile (Agafela Viaducts na Camper/Van) 2. Ogige na-eche ihu ozugbo n'ime ikuku pụọ n'osisi, cranes, na elu ụlọ rụrụ arụ 3. Na Piteraq/Arctic Town: Winward na-ahụ maka windo Siren/R."]

Fiziks ikuku nke ikuku katabatic na-ebute ike ndọda¶

Kedu ihe kpatara ikuku oyi nke dị n'elu ugwu ugwu ma ọ bụ mpempe ice ji agba ọsọ ọsọ karịa oke cyclone okpomọkụ nke Atiri 4 ka ọ na-asọda n'ugwu? Ike anụ ahụ atọ jikọtara na ** orographic hydraulic jump na chute channeling ***:

1. Ngwunye ọkụ na-egbuke egbuke na ihe na-adịghị mma (The Gravity Engine)¶

1. ** High-Plateau Radiative Cooling:** N'elu mpempe akwụkwọ ice kpuchiri snoo (dị ka Greenland 3,000-mita ma ọ bụ Antarctic ice sheet) ma ọ bụ elu ugwu karst dị elu gbara gburugburu ugwu (dị ka Dinaric Alps n'elu Croatia ma ọ bụ Patagonian doro anya Ice Field), mee ka snow dị jụụ, mee ka okpomọkụ dị jụụ n'ime abalị. Nke kacha ala 50 ruo 300 mita (165 ruo 1,000 ụkwụ) nke ikuku nọ ọdụ na ice jụrụ -30 ruo -60 degrees Celsius (-22 ruo -76 degrees Fahrenheit).
2. ** Nnukwu njupụta dị iche iche: *** Ikuku oyi dị oke karịa ikuku ọkụ (na -40 Celsius C na nrụgide nke oke osimiri, ikuku akọrọ na-atụ ** 1.51 kilogram kwa cubic mita **, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ** 1.20 kilogram kwa cubic mita ** na + 20 Celsius C, karịa ** 25 pasent arọ **). Ka ọ dị ugbu a, kilomita 30 ruo 80 (kilomita 20 ruo 50) site na ala nke mkpọda ugwu ahụ, mmiri oke osimiri na-enweghị oyi na-eme ka ikuku dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri dị nro (0 ruo +10 Celsius C).
3. ** Gịnị kpatara mkpakọ Adiabatic anaghị eme ka ọ dị ọkụ:** Dị ka ngwugwu ikuku ọ bụla na-agbada 1,000 mita (3,300 feet) na elu, na-abawanye nrụgide ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-ekpo ọkụ na ** adiabatic lapse rate nke 9.8 degrees Celsius kwa 1,000 mita (5.4 degrees Fahrenheit)00. N'ikuku foehn ma ọ bụ Chinook, ikuku na-amalite n'elu ugwu ahụ dị ntakịrị jụụ, yabụ mgbe ọ gbadara mita 2,000 ọ rutere na ala dị ọkụ wee kpọọ nkụ. Na a katabatic ifufe ***, mmalite ikuku na elu ice okpu bụ ** oké i (-40 ka -55 °C)* na ọbụna mgbe okpomọkụ site 15 ka 20 Celsius C n'oge vetikal ịdaba n'oké osimiri, ọ ** ka na-erute n'ụsọ oké osimiri 10 ka 25 degrees Celsius COLDER na denser karịa ambient n'ụsọ oké osimiri ikuku na-aga n'ihu na-adịghị mma ikuku.

2. Venturi chute funneling na hydraulic jump turbulence¶

• ** Glacial Valley Venturi Acceleration:** Ka ikuku oyi na-awụpụ na rim dị larịị, ọ na-abanye n'ime fjord glacial dị warara nke V ma ọ bụ nke U na na-agafe ugwu. Ịkwanye mmiri mmiri oyi nke dị kilomita 50 n'obosara site na akpịrị fjord dị kilomita 2 na-amụba ọsọ ifufe site na pasent 300 ruo 500.
• ** Lee-Slope Hydraulic Jump and Rotors:** Dị ka oyiri oyi na-atụ na-agbapụ n'elu ugwu dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, ọ na-adaba n'elu oke osimiri wee gbagoro n'elu na-eme ihe ike ** ikuku hydraulic jump **. Kpọmkwem n'okpuru a na-awụlikwa elu n'akụkụ ụsọ oké osimiri na mmiri fjord dị n'ime, kwụ ọtọ ** rotor vortices ** na-atụgharị na 150 ruo 250 km / h (95 ruo 155 mph), na-agbada n'elu ụlọ na ụgbọ mmiri tupu ịtụgharị ụzọ sekọnd ka emechara.

Profaịlụ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ọchịchị ikuku katabatic kacha egbu egbu n'ụwa¶

Ọzara na nlanarị njem polar: ịkwa akwa na ịchekwa ụlọikwuu na Piteraq ma ọ bụ Williwaw¶

Na Greenland Ice Sheet, Svalbard, Baffin Island, Alaska, Patagonia, na Antarctica, njem polar na ugwu ugwu na-ejedebe site na ** mbibi ụlọikwuu katabatic ** karịa site na ọdịda crevasse. Mgbe mgbawa katabatic 180 km/h (112 mph) gbawara n'ogige a na-akwadobeghị, ọ na-ewe ihe na-erughị 60 sekọnd iji jide okporo osisi aluminom, dọkasị akwụkwọ ofufe, ma fesa akpa ụra n'ọchịchịrị.

1. Ndokwa ebe obibi tupu oke mmiri ozuzo na geometry ụlọikwuu¶

1. ** Mara Katabatic Drainage Axis (Ekwela ka ọ gbasaa n'akụkụ mkpọda ugwu):** ifufe Katabatic ** na-efedata ala / ala-glacier ** (gbakwunyere ntụgharị 15 ruo 30-ogo n'aka nri na Northern Hemisphere ma ọ bụ aka ekpe na South Hemisphere n'ihi ike **Coriolis **). Ọbụlagodi na ikuku na-eku elu-ndagwurugwu mgbe ị na-ama ụlọikwuu, gbazie ọwara gị ma ọ bụ ụlọikwuu geodesic ka ọ bụrụ ebe ngwụcha ụkwụ ya kacha dị warara, na-agbadata n'isi nke glacier **, ọnụ ụzọ tent ** na-eche ihu ogo 90 n'akụkụ ma ọ bụ ikuku. Ya adịla mgbe chere ọnụ ụzọ ụlọikwuu ahụ ihu n'elu okpu ice: ọ bụrụ na ihe mkpuchi ahụ dị 2 centimita n'ime Piteraq, ụlọikwuu ahụ na-efe efe dị ka parachute wee gbawa apụta.
2. ** Liri "Onye Nwụrụ Anwụ" Arịlịka snoo (ụkpụrụ ụlọikwuu ọkọlọtọ abaghị uru):** Ọkọlọtọ 15-centimeter (6-inch) V-stakes na-ewepụ na snow n'okpuru ibu 100-kilogram.
3. N'elu ikuku (n'elu ugwu) na njedebe na n'akụkụ, arịlịka ọ bụla guyline na-eji ** skis chụpụrụ 50 centimeters (20 sentimita asatọ) kwụ ọtọ n'ime snow **, ** ice axes liri horizontally dị ka T-slot nwụrụ anwụ ** 45 centimeters (18 sentimita asatọ) miri na stomped siri ike nke mere na snow sinters maka nkeji iri abụọ tupu snow eruo, ma ọ bụ.
4. ** Ogwe aka nke okpukpu abụọ: ** Ọ bụrụ na ụlọikwuu ọwara polar gị na-enye ya ohere, eriri ** ogwe osisi aluminom abụọ ** n'ime aka nke ọ bụla ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu abụọ na-agbanwe agbanwe megide mgbawa rotor dị ala.
5. ** Mechie okirikiri mmiri ozuzo (Snow Skirts):** Ụlọ ntu pola ọ bụla nwere akwa akwa sara mbara (** snow valances ***) n'akụkụ nsọtụ ala nke mpempe akwụkwọ mpụta. Ihe nzacha snow juru na-ekpuchi n'ofe 360-degrees nke snow flaps ma sụọ ha nke ọma ka snow enweghị ike ịnya ụgbọ elu n'okpuru ala.

2. Otu esi arụ mgbidi Katabatic Snow-Block Wind kwesịrị ekwesị¶

• ** Ịdị elu na Nkwụghachi azụ: ** Jiri ihe nkwọcha snow gbutuo nnukwu ihe mgbochi ikuku ($ 40 ugboro 30 ugboro 20 ederede {cm}$ [$ 16 ugboro 12 ugboro 8 ederede { na} $ ]) wee wuo mgbidi gbara agba, ** mgbidi yiri akpụkpọ ụkwụ * * n'akụkụ ugwu (ikuku).
• ** Iwu injinia dị mkpa: *** Rụpụta mgbidi snow ** 1.0 ruo 1.5 mita (3.3 ruo 5 ụkwụ) elu ikuku nke ụlọ ntu **, ** Ọ BỤGHỊ *** imetụ akwa ụlọikwuu ahụ aka, na ** emela mgbidi ahụ karịa 75 ruo 80 pasent nke ịdị elu ụlọikwuu ahụ (ihe dị ka mita 1.2 (ụkwụ anọ).
• N'ihi gịnị? Mgbidi snow wuru toro ogologo karịa ụlọ ntu na-emepụta leeward ** eddy drift ** nke na-adaba mita 2 (ụkwụ 6.5) nke snow ozugbo n'elu ụlọ n'ime awa 2, na-egwepịa okporo osisi ndị dị n'okpuru oke snow. Idobe oghere 1 mita n'etiti mgbidi dị elu n'úkwù na ụlọ ntu ahụ na-enye ohere ngwa ngwa nke ikuku iji kpoo oghere ahụ dị ọcha ka ọ na-ewepụ ike mbibi nke ifufe na-agbago n'elu okpueze ụlọikwuu ahụ.
• ** Kee ihe elekere shọvel nke nkeji 60:** N'oge ikuku katabatic na-arụsi ọrụ ike, otu onye otu egwuregwu yi uwe mmiri ozuzo, enyo enyo ski, wee kechie n'ahịrị arịlịka nke ụlọikwuu ya na eriri mgbago ugwu na eriri tether 5 mita ** ga-apụrịrị n'èzí ọ bụla nkeji 45 ruo 60 iji gbapụ n'elu ụlọ snow.

3. Mberede "Ụlọ ntu a na-achịkwa" Drill¶

Ọ bụrụ na ifufe gafere 160 ruo 200 km / h (100 ruo 125 mph) na mkpanaka ụlọikwuu na-ehulata larịị ma na-achọ ịbanye na mpempe akwụkwọ. 1. Yiri akpụkpọ ụkwụ, ogige ntụrụndụ, mittens, goggles, na njigide n'ime ụlọ ntu ahụ ka ọ ka guzoro ọtọ. 2. ** Gbanyụọ stovu ozugbo *** ma mechie karama mmanụ ọkụ. 3. ** Kpachapụ anya kpọpụ ma ọ bụ wepụ okporo osisi ndị dị na iko ha n'ime** iji mee ka ụlọikwuu ahụ daa na snow tupu okporo osisi ahụ amịkpọ ma dọwaa ákwà ahụ. 4. **Kpọkọta akpa akpa ndị dị arọ na nsọtụ elu nke ụlọikwuu ahụ gbawara agbawa ma dinara n'ime shei ụlọ ntu dara ada n'ime akpa ụra gị n'elu akwa ụfụfụ, na-eku ume site na oghere ikuku ikuku ruo mgbe Piteraq kwụsịrị.

Ịlanahụ ụgbọ mmiri: ijikwa Williwaws, Boras, na Piteraqs n'oké osimiri na n'arịlịka¶

Maka ndị na-akụ azụ azụ ahịa, ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri, ndị na-anya ụgbọ mmiri, na ndị na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri na Alaska, British Columbia, Patagonia, Croatia, Greece (** Meltemi ** lee-cliff gusts), na Greenland, katabatic squalls na-ebute ihe mberede atọ nke ụgbọ mmiri:

1. Ịghọta ihe na-ahụ anya: "Foehn/Bora Cap Cloud" na ugwu ugwu.¶

Ọbụlagodi mgbe elu igwe dị n'elu na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-egbuke egbuke, lee anya n'elu ugwu tupu ị banye fjord ma ọ bụ arịlịka: - Ọ bụrụ n’ịhụ igwe ojii na-acha ọcha ma ọ bụ igwe ojii gbara okirikiri (kapa na Croatia)** ka ọ na-arapara n'elu ugwu ya na igwe ojii na-agbada n'elu ugwu ihu wee na-apụ n'anya ọkara, ** mmiri mmiri katabatic nke ikuku oyi na-agbada na mkpọda ahụ**. - Lee anya n'elu mmiri dị n'akụkụ ebe ugwu: ** eriri na-acha ọcha nke ụfụfụ ("paws cat" na-atụgharị n'ime mmiri na-ese anwụrụ ọkụ, nke a na-akpọ * fumarea * na Adriatic) ** ịgba ọsọ gafee n'ọnụ mmiri na-egosi isi njedebe nke 120-na-180 km / h (75-to-112 mph) Williwaw, 000 sekọnd nke na-enye ịdọ aka ná ntị.

2. Gịnị mere ikwado nso n'okpuru nnukwu nkume na-akpata 180-degree knockdown¶

N'ikuku nkịtị, ikwado nso n'ikpere mmiri ikuku na-ebelata ebili mmiri. Na katabatic Williwaw ma ọ bụ Bora , ikuku na-adapụ n'elu ugwu 600-mita (2,000-ụkwụ) n'akụkụ ugwu mgbada, na-adaba mmiri 200 mita (650 ụkwụ) n'ụsọ oké osimiri, wee kewaa: otu mgbawa na-agba ọsọ n'oké osimiri ebe ihe ike ** tụgharịa curl (azụ azụ) na-agba ọsọ. - Ụgbọ mmiri gbadoro ụkwụ na mpaghara mmetụta a na-enweta site na ụta site na 70-knot gust, na-efegharị nke ọma, na 10 sekọnd mgbe e mesịrị na-esi n'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke rotor 80-knot gbadaa, na-etinye mast ụgbọ mmiri n'ime mmiri ( knockdown ) ọbụna na-enweghị ụgbọ mmiri efu (). - ** Strategy Anchorage ziri ezi: 1. Ekwela ka arịlịka ozugbo gbadata nke glacial glacial ma ọ bụ ọwa mmiri nke nwere ụdị V; Họrọ arịlịka n'azụ ** àgwàetiti dị larịị, nke nwere larịị ma ọ bụ peninsula dị nro ** ebe katabatic eruba na-enweghị ike mee ka ọ dị ngwa ngwa. 2. Wepụ ** yinye niile dị na ịgba ịnyịnya (7: 1 ruo 10: 1), rig naịlọn ** ahịrị snubber , tọọ nnukwu ** kellet n'ụzọ ọkara n'agbụ ahụ, yana ** debe injin isi na-agba ọsọ na gia* ya na onye nche na-aga n'ime oghere. 3. N'elu ụgbọ mmiri, ** yipụ ma ọ bụ kwatuo isi ụgbọ mmiri na-agbagharị agbagharị na eriri webụ** nke mere na 150 km / h Bora enweghị ike dọkasịa mkpuchi UV wee tupụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ.

3. Oke mmiri na-efesa icing (* Overising *)¶

Mgbe obere ala Piteraq (-20 Celsius), Arctic Bora, ma ọ bụ Alaska Williwaw gbawara n'ofe mmiri oke osimiri, ọ na-ewepụ mmiri nnu nwere nnukwu oyi n'ikuku. Ọkụ ọ bụla na-akụtu oche oyi, ụgbọ okporo ígwè, radar mast na ụlọ na-adaba ozugbo n'ime ** ice glaze mmiri. - ** Ọnyà Capsize nke dị n'elu: ** Na-agbakọta 10 ruo 15 centimeters (4 ruo 6 sentimita) nke ice siri ike dị elu n'elu ụgbọ mmiri a na-akụ azụ na ụlọ wheel na-agbakwụnye ọtụtụ iri puku tọn arọ ** n'elu metacenter nke ụgbọ ahụ **, na-emebi ogwe aka nri ya ruo mgbe ụgbọ mmiri ahụ gafeworo wee mikpuo. - ** Ememe ngwa ngwa: *** Belata ọsọ ma ọ bụ gbanwee ụzọ ikuku na-aga na mmiri echedoro iji wedata mkpata ụta, ma ziga ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na-etinye n'ime mmiri n'ime mmiri ** bat baseball osisi, mallet osisi, ma ọ bụ shọvelụ fiberglass ** iji kụrie ice n'elu ụlọ kachasị elu.

Nọmba mberede mpaghara na ụkpụrụ ụlọ ọrụ¶

• ** Greenland na Denmark: *** Kpọọ ** 112 *** ma ọ bụ kpọtụrụ ndị uwe ojii mpaghara / ** Njikọ Arctic Command (Arktisk Kommando)* na ** VHF Channel 16 . Nyochaa ** DMI ( Danmarks Meteorologiske Institute, dmi.dk / Kalaallit Nunaata Radioa KNR) maka gọọmentị ** Piteraq ịdọ aka ná ntị ( Piteraq-varsel*)** ma rube isi n'ókè Tasiilaq ime obodo.
• Croatia, Slovenia, na Italy (Adriatic Bora Mpaghara): Kpọọ 112* (ma ọ bụ 195 maka MRCC Rijeka Maritime Search and Rescue na Croatia; 1530 maka Guardia Costiera na Italy). Lelee DHMZ (Državni hidrometeorološki zavod, meteo.hr* na HAK (Hrvatski autoklub, hak.hr* maka ezigbo oge ** Red Meteoalarm Bora ịdọ aka ná ntị ** na mmechi nke ikuku iwu na okporo ụzọ ** A1 (Sveti Rok to Posedarje / Maslenica), A6, Krk Bridge, Pag Bridge, na D8 Adriatic Highway **.
• ** United States (Alaska) na Canada: ** Kpọọ ** 911 ** ma ọ bụ kelee ** United States Coast Guard / Canadian Coast Guard ** na ** VHF Channel 16** (ma ọ bụ rụọ ọrụ ** 406 MHz EPIRB / PLB / Garmin inReach***). Nyochaa ** Ọrụ ihu igwe mba NOAA (NWS Anchorage / Juneau / Fairbanks)** amụma mmiri maka ** ịdọ aka ná ntị ifufe nke ifufe, Williwaw Squall Alerts, na ịdọ aka ná ntị na-agba oyi na-atụ.
• France (mpaghara Mistral na Tramontane): Kpọọ 112 (ma ọ bụ 196 maka CROSS Méditerranée nnapụta mmiri). Nyochaa Météo-France (vigilance.meteofrance.fr maka Orange/Red Vigilance Vent Violent n'ofe ngalaba Bouches-du-Rhône, Var, Vaucluse, Aude na Pyrénées-Orientales.
• ** Chile na Argentina (Patagonian & Tierra del Fuego Williwaw Mpaghara):** Kpọọ 137 (Armada de Chile Maritime Rescue) ma ọ bụ 106 (Prefectura Naval Argentina) na nyochaa VHF Channel 16 na Strait nke Magellan na Beagle Channel.

Ajụjụ a na-ajụkarị¶

Kedu ihe dị iche n'etiti ifufe katabatic (dị ka Bora ma ọ bụ Piteraq) na ikuku foehn ma ọ bụ Chinook?¶

Ha abụọ bụ ifufe ugwu dị egwu, mana ha nwere mbinye aka ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na usoro ịkwọ ụgbọ ala. A ** foehn ma ọ bụ Chinook ifufe na-eme mgbe oke mmiri ozuzo synoptic na-amanye ikuku dị nro, nke na-ekpo ọkụ na n'elu ugwu; Ikuku na-adaba mmiri ya dị ka mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ snow n'akụkụ ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ site na mkpakọ adiabatic ka ọ na-agbada na mkpọda leeward, na-erute na ala na-ekpo ọkụ ma kpọọ nkụ. Ikuku **katabatic (dị ka Piteraq, Bora ma ọ bụ Williwaw)** na-amalite dị ka nnukwu oyi na-atụ, nnukwu ọdọ mmiri nke ikuku jụrụ oyi (-30 ruo -60 degrees Celsius) nọ ọdụ n'elu okpu ice dị elu ma ọ bụ mbara ala kọntinent. Ọ bụ ezie na ikuku a na-ekpo ọkụ site na 9.8 degrees Celsius kwa 1,000 mita ka ọ na-adaba n'ogo oké osimiri, ọ malitere na oyi na-atụ n'elu nke na ọ ka na-erute n'ụsọ oké osimiri 10 ruo 25 degrees Celsius oyi ma dị njọ karịa ikuku nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, na-agba ọsọ na-agbada n'okpuru ike ndọda.

Kedu ihe kpatara ajọ ifufe Piteraq ma ọ bụ Bora nwere ike igbu mgbe mbara igwe doro anya ma anwụ na-acha?¶

Ifufe Katabatic adịghị esi n'ígwé ojii ma ọ bụ ajọ ifufe abịa. Ọdọ mmiri dị elu nke ikuku oyi nke na-enye oke mmiri katabatic na-etolite ngwa ngwa n'abalị dị jụụ, nke doro anya mgbe enweghị igwe ojii iji jide okpomọkụ n'elu mpempe akwụkwọ ice ma ọ bụ ala dị larịị. Dị ka oyi oyi oyi akwa oyi akwa na-awụfu n'elu rim wee gbadaa n'ụsọ oké osimiri, mkpakọ ala na-ekpochapụ igwe ojii ọ bụla dị ala, na-eke "Clear Bora" (* Jasna Bura *) ma ọ bụ Piteraq nke doro anya ebe 220 km / h (135 mph) gusts na-ada n'okpuru mbara igwe na-acha anụnụ anụnụ ma ọ bụ kpakpando, na-atụgharị ma ọ bụ na-acha ọcha n'elu ala. atomized oké osimiri ịgba.

Ọ bụrụ na m na-ama ụlọikwuu n'elu glacier ma ọ bụ arctic tundra, olee ebe ikuku elu nke ụlọikwuu m ka m ga-ewu mgbidi snow, oleekwa ogologo ọ ga-adị?¶

Wulite mgbidi gbara okirikiri, nke yiri akpụkpọ ụkwụ inyinya nke ihe mgbochi sawn nke edobere ** 1.0 ruo mita 1.5 (3.3 ruo 5 ụkwụ) n'elu ikuku nke ikuku nke ikuku nke ụlọikwuu gị, wuo ya ruo ihe dịka pasent 75 ruo 80 nke ịdị elu ụlọikwuu gị (ihe dị ka mita 1.2 n'ogologo)**. Ewula mgbidi ahụ n'ihu ákwà ụlọikwuu ahụ, ma wuo ya ogologo karịa elu ụlọ ụlọikwuu: nnukwu mgbidi snow na-emepụta eddy na-agbagharị agbagharị n'azụ ya nke na-atụba ọtụtụ snow na-asọfe ozugbo n'elu ụlọ ntu gị, na-egwepịa okporo osisi ndị dị n'okpuru snow n'ime otu awa. Ịhapụ oghere dị mita 1 n'azụ mgbidi dị elu n'úkwù na-eme ka ikuku na-agbapụ n'elu ụlọikwuu ahụ ka ọ na-enye ohere ikuku na-efe efe gafee oghere ahụ.

Gịnị mere ikwado ụgbọ epeepe n'okpuru otu nnukwu ugwu dị ize ndụ n'oge Williwaw ma ọ bụ Bora?¶

N'ụbọchị dị jụụ, ọnụ mmiri dị n'okpuru nnukwu nkume 600-mita (2,000-ụkwụ) dị ka ebe kachasị nchebe na fjord. Otú ọ dị, n'oge katabatic Williwaw ma ọ bụ Bora, nnukwu ikuku oyi na-agbapụ n'elu ugwu ahụ ma na-adaba na ala (n'ogo 70 ruo 80) n'elu mmiri dị na ala nke nkume ahụ, na-atụgharị n'ime rotors na-eme ihe ike. Otu ụgbọ mmiri gbadoro ụkwụ n'akụkụ ugwu ahụ si n'elu gbatuo wee gbuo ya bụ 80-knot gusts nke na-atụgharị ntụziaka site na ogo 180 kwa sekọnd ole na ole, na-akụ ụgbọ mmiri n'elu mats ha ọbụna n'enweghị ụgbọ mmiri na-adọkasị arịlịka n'ala nkume nkume.

Gịnị mere m ga-eji nọrọ n'ime ụlọikwuu m ọ bụrụgodị na okporo osisi na-adaba n'etiti oké ifufe katabatic?¶

Na 180 km / h (112 mph) Piteraq ma ọ bụ Antarctic katabatic blizzard, ọhụhụ na-adaba na ihe na-erughị 1 mita (efu-visibility whiteout) na ikuku oyi na-ekpo ọkụ na-agbada n'okpuru -60 degrees Celsius (-76 degrees Fahrenheit). Nnyocha e mere na-anwụ anwụ na-egosi na ndị na-arị ugwu bụ́ ndị na-ewepụta zipu ụlọikwuu gbajiri agbaji ma gbalịa ịga ije n'ụlọikwuu ọzọ ma ọ bụ gwuo ọgba snow n'ọchịchịrị na-enweghị eriri eriri a kapịrị ọnụ na-agbapụ n'ụkwụ ha, chefuo ogige n'ime nzọụkwụ 5, wee nwụọ n'ihi hypothermia n'ime nkeji 30. Ọ bụrụhaala na mkpọda snow na mkpọda n'ụlọikwuu na arịlịka nwụrụ anwụ na-ejide akwa ahụ, nọrọ n'ime akpa ụra gị n'ime akwa ụfụfụ gị n'ime akwa ụlọikwuu ahụ gbawara agbawa, na-eji shei naịlọn dị ka akpa bivouac na-egbochi ikuku.

Kedu enyemaka mbụ achọrọ maka onye ikuku katabatic na-efe efe na-ekpo ọkụ na mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ?¶

Ikpughe ifufe nke Katabatic na-ebute ** ikuku oyi na-atụ oyi ** na imi, ntì, ntị, corneas, na mkpịsị aka n'ime nkeji 2 ruo 5, yana usoro ** hypothermia **. Bupụ onye ahụ n'ikuku ozugbo, wepụ uwe elu mmiri ma ọ bụ nke nwere ice, kpochie ya na nnukwu ụfụfụ dị n'ime akpa ụra akọrọ, na mkpịsị aka ma ọ bụ mkpịsị ụkwụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ nke onye òtù ọlụlụ (ma ọ bụ na 37 ruo 39 degrees Celsius [98.6 ruo 102.2 degrees Fahrenheit] mmiri ịsa ahụ ntu oyi, ọ dịghị mgbe akpụkpọ ahụ na-adị n'ime ụlọ na-adịgide adịgide). Inweta enyemaka izizi izizi nke ọzara na nkuzi CPR sitere na Red Cross, St John Ambulance, ma ọ bụ onye na-eweta mpaghara na-akwado gị ijikwa ihe mberede ihu igwe oyi.

Ntuziaka emetụtara¶

• Chinook, Foehn, Santa Ana, na Diablo bụ oké ifufe na mgbada
• Oyiyi ikuku dị n'ala, na-afụ snow na-acha ọcha, na ahịrị eriri ndo
• Polar vortex, ntiwapụ nke arctic, na ịlanarị oyi oyi na-atụ ifufe
• Hypothermia na njirimara oyi na-atụ na enyemaka mbụ

Isi mmalite na nduzi ọchịchị¶

• ** Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI, Danmarks Meteorologiske Institut) na Gọọmenti Greenland (Naalakkersuisut):** Piteraq Meteorology, Amụma, na Community Emergency Protocols for East Greenland (Tasilaq Warning System).
• Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service (DHMZ, Državni hidrometeorološki zavod) na Croatian Automobile Club (HAK): * siri ike Adriatic Bora (Olujna na Orkanska Bura) Dynamics, Rotor Turbulence, and Coastal Bridge/Highway Closure Standards*.
• ** National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Weather Service (NWS Alaska Region) na United States Coast Guard (USCG):** * Ntuziaka ịlanahụ ụgbọ mmiri maka Alaskan Williwaw Downslope Squalls, Gap Winds, na Igwe Ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ.
• ** Mmemme Antarctic nke United States (USAP / National Science Foundation) na nyocha Antarctic nke Britain (BAS): *** Akwụkwọ ntuziaka ubi maka ịma ụlọikwuu Polar miri emi: Katabatic Storm Tent Pitching, Deadman Snow Anchoring, Snow Wall Construction, and Bivouac Survival*.
• ** World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) na Météo-France: *** Orographic na Katabatic Wind Systems (Mistral, Bora, Piteraq, Tehuantepecer): Mesoscale Dynamics na Early Warning Systems*.