Nā Makani Hurricane Katabatic (Bora, Piteraq, Williwaw): Nā Pahu Hoʻohaʻahaʻa Maʻamau i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka Gravity.¶

ʻAʻole like me ka makani foehn a me ka makani ʻo Chinook mehana a maloʻo (e pumehana ana ma ke kaomi ʻana i ka adiabatic i ka wā e koi ʻia ai ka ea ma luna o kahi pae mauna), ** makani katabatic** (mai ka ʻōlelo Helene katabasis, ʻo ia hoʻi, "e iho ana") he ʻino, maloʻo-anuanu, ** makani ʻino i hoʻoiho ʻia e ka umekaumaha** e hiki mai ana i ka wā e hōʻiliʻili ai ka wai nui o ka ea malū. glacier, a i ʻole ka pāpū mauna kiʻekiʻe a kahe ʻana ma luna o ke kaʻe e like me ka wai e kahe ana ma luna o kahi pā. ʻO ka wikiwiki ʻana i lalo ma nā awāwa kahakai, nā ʻauwai hau, a me nā ala mauna ma lalo o ka huki ʻana o ka umekaumaha a me ka ʻemi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa kahakai, hiki i nā pahū katabatic i ka Māhele 3 a i ka Māhele 5 ka wikiwiki o ka makani ʻino o 150 a ʻoi aku ma mua o 300 mau kilomita i kēlā me kēia hola (95 a 190 mau minuke ma lalo o ke ao ʻole, ** ʻaʻole i ke ao ma lalo o ka hola) ka lani** me ka 15 a hiki i ka 25 degere Celsius (27 a 45 degere Fahrenheit) i ka wela. ʻIke ʻia ma ka ʻāina ʻo ka Piteraq ma Greenland, ka Bora (Bura) ma ke kapakai Adriatic o Kroasia, Slovenia, a me Italia, ka Williwaw ma nā ʻAleutian Islands, Alaska, a me ke Strait of Magellan/Tierra del Fuego, ka Mistral ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Farani, ka Tehuantectic a me ka ʻāina ʻo Antarectico** ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Mexico. ʻO McMurdo, ua ʻoki kēia mau makani i nā halelewa o ka huakaʻi, ua hoʻohuli i nā kaʻa kiʻekiʻe ma waho o nā alahaka kahakai, e kīkēkē ana i nā moku holo moana a me nā moku lawaiʻa ma luna o ko lākou mau wēlau ma ka heleuma, a kanu i nā kūlanakauhale kahakai ma lalo o ka paʻakai paʻakai a i ʻole nā ʻano makani makani. Inā paʻa kekahi i ka makani subzero katabatic, ʻeha ʻia e ka hāʻule ʻana o ka hale, a i ʻole ka lele ʻana i ke kai, e kelepona koke i kāu helu pilikia kūloko (911 ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Kanada, 112 ma waena o ka European Union, 999 ma United Kingdom) a i ʻole e nānā i kā mākou papa kuhikuhi o helu pilikia. No nā pilikia e pili ana i ka makani a me ke anu, e heluhelu i kā mākou alakaʻi ma ʻO Chinook, Foehn, Santa Ana, a me Diablo nā makani ʻino, nā makani hau, puhi i ka hau keʻokeʻo, a me nā laina hoʻopale, polar vortex, arctic outbreaks, a me ke ola hau anuanu, a hypothermia and frostbite kōkua mua.

E hana i kēia i kēia manawa¶

1. E hoʻolohe i nā ʻōlelo aʻo makani katabatic kūloko, nā ʻōnaehana siren, a me nā pani ʻana i ke alahaka kahakai: Ke hoʻopuka koke nā keʻena meteorological i kahi Piteraq Warning (ma East Greenland, i hōʻailona ʻia e nā kikina kūlanakauhale a me nā beacons ʻulaʻula ma Tasiilaq), kahi Red Bora (Crveni Alarm / Bura) Warning ma ke kahakai ʻo Croatian Adriatic, ʻo Bridge Bridge a me ka Bridge Bridge (closing Adriatic Bridge). ʻO ke alaloa Magistrala D8), a i ʻole he Will Wind / Williwaw Warning ma Alaska a i ʻole Patagonia, e komo i loko o kahi hale i hoʻoikaika ʻia ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana. Hoʻomaka ka makani Katabatic mai kahi mālie make (0 km/h) a hiki i 160+ kilomita i kēlā me kēia hola (100+ mau mile i kēlā me kēia hola) ma lalo o 10 mau minuke.
2. Inā ʻoe e hoʻomoana ana ma ka glacier, tundra, a i ʻole ka pāpū mauna i ka wā e neʻe mai ai ka ʻino katabatic, e kūkulu i ka pā makani me ka ʻano kāmaʻa lio ma ka ʻaoʻao i luna o ka makani (ke alo i ka glacier) o kou hale lole i kēia manawa: ʻO ka hale lole hoʻokele geodesic expedition 4-manawa e loaʻa kona alumini a i ʻole nā pou kalapona inā haʻalele ʻia e ka 180 km/h. hōʻike ʻia. E ʻike a ʻohi paha i nā poloka hau paʻa i ka makani no ke kūkulu ʻana i ka pā makani paʻa 1.2 a 1.5 mika (4 a 5 kapuaʻi) ke kiʻekiʻe i hoʻonoho ʻia 1 a 1.5 mika (3.3 a 5 mau kapuaʻi) ma ka makani o ka hale lole, e kanu i nā heleuma hau "deadman" (ski, nā koi hau, nā ʻeke mea i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka hohonu [20 keneta] i piha i ka hau [50 keneta] i loko o nā ʻeke hau. guyline, a hoʻouka i 50+ kilokani (110+ paona) o nā mea hana i loko o ka papahele o ka hale lole i hiki ʻole i ka hale hoʻomalu ke puhi aku inā haki kekahi pou.
3. Inā paʻa kou mau pou hale lole i ka pō, mai wehe aʻe i ka puka a haʻalele i ka hale lole i ka pōʻeleʻele: E noho i loko o ka lole lole i hiolo, huki i kou ʻeke moe, papa moe i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, wahie kapuahi, a me nā meaʻai a puni ʻoe i loko o ka pūpū nylon i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, a hoʻohana i ka lole heleuma i mea e hiki ai i ka lā pilikia bivyuac ʻauwaha hau a i ʻole ke ana hau. ʻO ka hele ʻana mai kahi hale lole i hāʻule i loko o ka 150 km/h ʻo ka makani hau e hopena i ka disorientation make a me ka hypothermia i loko o 15 mau minuke.
4. Inā ʻoe e kau ana ma luna o ka moku i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma kahi kahakai fjord, bay, a lee paha i ka wā e pa ai ʻo Williwaw a i ʻole Bora, mai hūnā pono ma lalo o kahi pali pali: Ke kuhi hewa pinepine nei ka poʻe lawaiʻa i ka hele ʻana i ke kumu o kahi pali kiʻekiʻe e "puka i ka makani." Ma kahi Williwaw a i ʻole Bora, ʻo ka lele ʻana o ka ea katabatic e piʻi i ka puʻu mauna a hāʻule aneane kū pololei i lalo (70-a-80-degree downdraft angle) i ka wai ma ke kumu o ka pali, e hoʻoulu ana i nā ʻino vortex (rotors) e hoʻololi i ka ʻaoʻao ma 180 degere i loko o 5 mau kekona, ** ʻūhā mau kekona. kauo i na heleuma i ka wai hohonu. A i ʻole heleuma ma ka ʻāina palahalaha ma waho o ka chute glacial, pāpālua i kāu kiko heleuma (7:1 a 10:1 holo-a-hohonu ratio) me ka snubber a me ka kaʻa i loko o ka ʻino, a i ʻole kū i waho i ke kai.
5. Inā ʻoe e hoʻokele ana i kahi kaʻa kiʻekiʻe (van, camper, pahu pahu, SUV huki i ke kaʻaahi, a i ʻole kaʻa kaʻa) i ka wā e hahau ai ka makani katabatic i ke alanui kahakai a i ʻole ke alahaka, e huki a paka i ke alo o ka makani ma mua o ka hiki ʻana i ke awāwa i ʻike ʻia a i ʻole ke alahaka: Mai hoʻāʻo e hele i ke alahaka kahakai a i ʻole ka waha o ke awāwa i ka wā o ka Bora, Miserantepestral, a me Tehust front. E kaʻa ma kahi ākea ākea mai nā kumu lāʻau, nā laina uila, a me nā ʻili lele lele, e kuhikuhi pololei i ka pahu mua i ka makani i kū pono ka ʻaoʻao aerodynamic haiki i ka pahū, a hoʻonoho i ke kaʻa kaʻa.
6. Paʻa i kēlā me kēia kenimika pāhaʻi o ka ʻili maka a me nā maka i ʻike ʻia me nā aniani ski a me kahi balaclava pale makani: No ka hui pū ʻana o ka makani katabatic i nā mahana ea subzero me 150+ km/h ka wikiwiki o ka makani a me nā kristal hau a i ʻole ka lua pele, ʻo ka ** makani-huʻihuʻi e like me ka mahana** hāʻule ma lalo o **-50 a i -70 mau degere Celsius (-50 a hiki i ka -90 degere Celsius) paʻa nā ʻōniʻoniʻo a me nā papalina i ʻike ʻia i loko o ma lalo o 120 kekona.

Ka lāʻau hoʻoholo: ke ola ʻana o ka makani makani ʻino katabatic downslope¶

flowchart TD
    Start["ʻO ka makani ʻino Katabatic e hiki mai ana: Bora, Piteraq, Williwaw, Mistral, a i ʻole Glacial Blast"] --> Location{"1. Aia i hea ʻoe i ka wā e kani ai ka ʻōlelo aʻo a i ʻole ka ʻino mua?"}

    Location -->|"I KA ARCTIC / ALPINE TENT: Glacier, Ice Cap, a i ʻole Tundra"| TentProtocol["KĀKĀWAI KĀKĀWAI KĀKĀ KAHIKO: 1. Kuhi pololei ʻia ka hopena Aerodynamic Pitch i loko o ka Chute Up-Glacier Chute. o ka Haleleka 4. E hoʻopaʻa i ka hau ma luna o nā pā hau a pau (Valances) 5. Inā ʻoki nā pou: Noho i loko o ka lole lole i hāʻule ma ke ʻano he Bivy; Mai Walk Away ma Whiteout"]

    Location -->|"MA KA WAAPA A I OLE MOKU: Fjord, Anchorage, a i ole Lee Coast"| BoatProtocol{"2. Aia ʻoe i ka heleuma ma lalo pono o ka pali pali a i ʻole ka waha o ke awāwa glacial?"}

    BoatProtocol -->|"ʻAe: Ma ka Vertical Rotor / Williwaw Drop Zone"| MoveBoat["E PAKELE I KA CLIFF-BASE ROTOR ZONE: 1. E hoʻokuʻu koke i nā peʻa a pau a hoʻomaka i ka ʻenekini 2. Inā palekana ma mua o ka Peak Blast: E neʻe i waho o ka Glacial Chute a i Flat-Shore Shelter a i ʻole lumi kai hohonu."]

    BoatProtocol -->|"ʻAʻole: Ke holo nei ma Open Channel a i ʻole ke Kai Kai"| SeaProtocol["OPEN-WATER KNOCKDOWN & FREEZING SPRAY SURVIVAL: 1. Nā Pole (Zero Sail) or Storm Trysail Only; Hoʻopaʻa i nā hāmeʻa āpau āpau 2. E kiaʻi no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hau hau ma luna o ka superstructure (ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kaumaha o ka Capsize)"]

    Location -->|"MA KE KAA A I OLE KULANAKAUHALE KAI: Alanui, Alahaka, Hale"| TownProtocol["KAHIKI & ALANUI SURVIVAL PROTOCOL: 1. E hoʻolohe i nā pani ʻana i nā alahaka āpau a me nā alaloa kahakai (ʻaʻole loa e ʻaʻa i nā ala ala i kahi Camper/Van) 2. Pāka e kū pono ana i ka makani ma kahi mamao aku i nā kumulāʻau, nā ʻeke, a me nā hale ākea 3. ma nā kūlanakauhale ʻo Piteraq/arctic: e kiaʻi i nā hōʻailona ʻo Siren/Red Wind Outdoor Light, Tetter Wind Outdoor Light Signals."]

ʻO ka physics ka lewa o nā au katabatic i alakaʻi ʻia e ka umekaumaha¶

No ke aha i ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka ea anuanu ma luna o kahi pāpū mauna a i ʻole ka hau hau ma mua o ka ʻino ʻino ʻūhā Māhele 4 i kona kahe ʻana i lalo? ʻEkolu mau mana kino i hui pū ʻia ma orographic hydraulic lele a me ka chute channeling:

1. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o Radiative a me ka puʻuwai maikaʻi ʻole (The Gravity Engine)¶

1. High-Plateau Radiative Cooling: Ma luna o ka hau i uhi ʻia e ka hau (e like me ka 3,000-mika [10,000-kapuaʻi] Greenland a Antarctic paha) a i ʻole kahi pāpū karst kiʻekiʻe i hoʻopuni ʻia e nā mauna kahakai (e like me nā Dinaric Alps ma luna o Croatia a i ʻole ka Patagonian Ice Field e ʻae ai i ka ʻāina wela a hiki i ka pō. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa 50 a 300 mika (165 a 1,000 kapuaʻi) o ka ea e noho ana ma luna o ka hau e maʻalili i ** -30 a -60 degere Celsius (-22 a -76 degere Fahrenheit)**.
2. Ke ʻokoʻa kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe: ʻOi aku ka ʻoi aku o ke ea anuanu ma mua o ka ea mehana (ma -40 °C a me ke kaomi ʻana o ka ʻilikai, ke kaumaha o ka ea maloʻo 1.51 kilokani no ka mika cubic, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 1.20 kilokani no ka mika cubic ma +20 °C, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o 25 pākēneka o ke kaumaha). I kēia manawa, 30 a 80 mau kilomita (20 a 50 mau mile) ka mamao ma lalo o ka pali mauna, mālama ka wai moana i hoʻoheheʻe ʻole ʻia i ke ea kahakai (0 a +10 °C).
3. No ke aha ʻaʻole e wela ai ka hoʻoemi ʻana o ka ea: ʻOiai e iho ana kekahi ʻāpana o ka ea i 1,000 mika (3,300 kapuaʻi) i ke kiʻekiʻe, e hoʻonui ana ke kaomi o ka lewa e hoʻopaʻa a hoʻomaʻamaʻa iā ia ma ka ** maloʻo adiabatic lapse rate o 9.8 degere Celsius no 1,000 mika (5.4 degere Fahrenheit)** I ka makani foehn a i ʻole Chinook, ʻo ka ea e hoʻomaka ana ma ka piko o ka mauna he ʻoluʻolu wale nō, no laila ma hope o ka iho ʻana i 2,000 mika, hiki i lalo me ka wela a maloʻo. Ma kahi kabatic makani, ua ke anu loa ka ea hoomaka ma ka pāpale hau kiʻekiʻe (-40 a -55 °C) a ʻoiai ma hope o ka hoʻomehana ʻana ma 15 a 20 °C i ka wā o kona iho kū pololei ʻana a hiki i ka ʻilikai, ʻo ia ** hiki mau i kahakai 10 a 25 degere Celsius COLDER a ʻoi aku ka paʻa ma mua o ke ea o ke kahakai a hiki i ka ʻeleʻele maikaʻi.

2. ʻO Venturi chute funneling a me hydraulic jump turbulence¶

• Glacial Valley Venturi Acceleration: I ka wā e kahe ana ka ea anu mai ka ʻaoʻao o ka pāpū, e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā fjord glacial a me nā ala mauna. ʻO ke kaomi ʻana i kahi kīʻaha hoʻoheheʻe 50-kilomita ākea o ka ea anuanu ma o ka ʻāʻī fjord 2-kilomita-ākea e hoʻonui i ka wikiwiki o ka makani ma 300 a 500 pakeneka.
• Lee-Slope Hydraulic Jump a me nā Rotors: I ka wā e ʻōpuʻu ai ka papa hau anuanu ma luna o kahi pali kahakai, lele ʻo ia i ka ʻili o ke kai a piʻi hou i luna i kahi ** lele hydraulic lewa**. Ma lalo pono o kēia lele ʻana ma kahakai a me ka wai fjord i loko, ʻo nā rotor vortices e wili ma ka 150 a 250 km/h (95 a 155 mph), e hoʻokuʻi ana i lalo i nā hale a me nā waʻa ma mua o ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ke ala kekona ma hope.

Hōʻike honua o nā aupuni makani katabatic make loa o ka honua¶

ʻO ke ola o ka wao nahele a me ka polar expedition: ke kau ʻana a mālama i kahi hale lole ma Piteraq a i ʻole Williwaw¶

Ma ka Greenland Ice Sheet, Svalbard, Baffin Island, Alaska, Patagonia, a me Antarctica, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā huakaʻi polar a me nā piʻi mauna i hoʻopau ʻia e ka katabatic tent luku ma mua o ka hāʻule ʻana. I ka wā e paʻi ai ka pahū katabatic he 180 km/h (112 mph) i kahi hoʻomoana i hoʻomākaukau ʻole ʻia, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 60 kekona e hoʻopaʻa i nā pou aluminika, haehae i ka pepa lele, a puhi i nā ʻeke moe i loko o ka pouli.

1. Ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i kahi hoʻomoana ma mua o ka ʻino a me ka geometry kūkulu hale lole¶

1. E ʻike i ke Axis Drainage Katabatic (ʻAʻole loa e hoʻolele i ka ʻaoʻao ākea a hiki i ka piʻi ʻana o ka puʻu): ʻO nā makani Katabatic ** puhi i ka puʻu / lalo-glacier** (me ka hoʻololi ʻana he 15-a-30-degere ma ka ʻākau ma ka ʻĀkau ʻĀkau a i ʻole hema i ka Hema Hema ma muli o ka Coriolis force). Inā paha e pā mai ana ka makani i ke awāwa i ka wā e hoʻomoana ai, e hoʻonohonoho i kou tunnel a i ʻole ka hale lole geodesic no laila ʻo kona haʻahaʻa, haʻahaʻa aerodynamic kapuaʻi e kiko pololei i UPHILL i ke poʻo o ka glacier, a ʻo ka **puka hale e kū ana i 90 degere ma ka ʻaoʻao a i lalo paha **. Mai kū i ka puka hale lole i luna i ka pāpale hau: inā e ʻoki ka pahu zipa i 2 kenimika i loko o kahi Piteraq, e hoʻonui ka hale lole e like me ka parachute a pahū i waho.
2. E kanu i nā heleuma hau "Deadman" (He mea ʻole nā ​​mākia o ka hale lole maʻamau): He 15 kenimika (6-ʻīniha) nā pahu V maʻamau e huki i waho o ka hau ma lalo o kahi haʻahaʻa hau he 100 kilo.
3. Ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka makani (piʻi) a me nā ʻaoʻao, heleuma i kēlā me kēia laina me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ** skis i alakaʻi ʻia i 50 kenimika (20 iniha) kū pololei i ka hau**, koʻi hau i kanu ʻia ma ke ʻano he T-slot deadman 45 kenimika (18 ʻīniha) hohonu a hehi paʻa i mea e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ai ka hau no 20 mau minuke ma mua o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka hau.
4. E hoʻopalua i nā lima lima: Inā ʻae ʻia e kou hale lole polar, e hoʻopaʻa iā ʻelua mau pahu alumini i loko o kēlā me kēia lima e pāpālua i ka ʻaʻa ʻana i ka pahū rotor i lalo.
5. Sila i ka Perimeter Snow Valances (Snow Skirts): ʻO kēlā me kēia hale lole polar he mau lau lole ākea (snow valances) a puni ka lihi lalo o ka pepa lele waho. E hoʻopaʻa i nā poloka hau mānoanoa ma luna o ke anapuni 360-degere holoʻokoʻa o nā pā hau a hehi paʻa iā lākou i hiki ʻole i ka hau kaʻa ke lele i lalo o ka papahele.

2. Pehea e kūkulu ai i ka pā makani ʻo Katabatic Snow-Block¶

• Ke kiʻekiʻe a me ke kaʻawale ʻana: E hoʻohana i ka ʻili hau no ka ʻoki ʻana i nā poloka paʻa makani paʻa (\(40 \times 30 \times 20\text{ cm}\) [\(16 \times 12 \times 8\text{ in}\)]) a e kūkulu i ka ʻaoʻao ʻeke, pā ʻano kāmaʻa lio ma ka ʻaoʻao piʻi (ma ka makani).
• Kūlana ʻEnekinia Koʻikoʻi: Hana i ka pā hau 1.0 a 1.5 mau mika (3.3 a 5 kapuaʻi) ma luna o ka makani o ka hale lole, AOLE e pā i ka lole lole, a mai kūkulu i ka pā i ʻoi aku ma mua o 75 a 80 pakeneka o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hale lole (ma kahi o 1.2 mika [4 kapuaʻi] ke kiʻekiʻe).
• No ke aha? ʻO ka pā hau i kūkulu ʻia i ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka hale lole e hana i kahi eddy drift e hāʻule pololei ana i 2 mika (6.5 kapuaʻi) o ka hau ma luna o ka hale o ka hale lole i loko o 2 mau hola, e haki ana i nā pou ma lalo o ke kaumaha o ka hau. ʻO ka mālama ʻana i kahi ʻokoʻa 1 mika ma waena o ka pā kiʻekiʻe o ka pūhaka a me ka hale lole e hiki ai i ka lele wikiwiki o ka ea ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ke āpau me ka pale ʻana i ka ikaika luku o ka makani ma luna o ka lei o ka hale lole.
• E hāʻawi i kahi kiaʻi Shoveling no 60 mau minuke: I ka wā o ka makani ʻino katabatic, ua ʻaʻahu ʻia kekahi lālā o ka hui i nā mea ʻino, nā maka maka ski, a ʻoki ʻia i ka laina heleuma nui o ka hale lole me kahi piʻi piʻi a me 5 mika kaula kaula pono e hele i waho i kēlā me kēia 45 a 60 mau minuke e hoʻokuʻu i ka hau ma waho o ka hale hau.

3. ʻO ka uʻi "Controlled Tent Collapse" Drill¶

Inā ʻoi aku ka makani ma mua o 160 a 200 km/h (100 a 125 mph) a e piʻo paʻa ana nā pou o ka hale lole a kokoke e hili i ka pepa lele: 1. E hoʻokomo i nā kāmaʻa kamaʻa, nā paka, nā mittens, nā goggles, a me nā mea hoʻopaʻa i loko o ka hale lole ʻoiai ke kū nei. 2. Hoʻopi koke i nā kapuahi a hoʻopaʻa paʻa i nā ʻōmole wahie. 3. E wehe a hoʻoheheʻe paha i nā ʻauamo i waho o ko lākou mau kīʻaha mai loko mai no ka hoʻopalahalaha ʻana i ka hale lole ma luna o ka hau ma mua o ka paʻi ʻana o nā ʻauamo a haehae i ka lole. 4. E hōʻuluʻulu i nā ʻeke ukana kaumaha ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ka hale lole palahalaha a e moe i loko o ka pūpū hale lole i hāʻule i loko o kāu mau ʻeke moe ma luna o nā pā huʻihaʻi, e hanu ana ma kahi puka makani leeward a hiki i ka emi ʻana o ka Piteraq.

ʻO ke ola moana: mālama iā Williwaws, Boras, a me Piteraqs ma ke kai a ma ka heleuma¶

No ka poʻe lawaiʻa kalepa, nā ʻauwaʻa kaʻa, nā kayak, a me nā luina ma Alaska, British Columbia, Patagonia, Kroasia, Helene (Meltemi lee-cliff gusts), a me Greenland, ʻekolu mau pilikia o ka moana:

1. ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i ka ʻike mua: ka "Foehn/Bora Cap Cloud" ma ka piko mauna¶

ʻOiai he polū ʻālohilohi ka lani ma luna o ke poʻo, e nānā i luna i ke kualono mauna ma mua o ke komo ʻana i kahi fjord a i ʻole ka heleuma: - Inā ʻike ʻoe i kahi keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo a i ʻole ke ao pāpale (kapa ma Kroatia) e pipili ana i ka piko me nā ʻōpuʻu opua e hāʻule ana ma ka ʻaoʻao pali liʻiliʻi a nalowale i ka hapalua o lalo, he wailele katabatic o ke ea anu e kahe ana i kēlā pali. - E nānā i ka ʻili wai kokoke i ke kumu pali: ** nā ʻōniʻoniʻo keʻokeʻo o ka huʻihuʻi ( "nā wāwae o ka pōpoki" e lilo ana i wai puhi ahi keʻokeʻo, i kapa ʻia ʻo fumarea ma ka Adriatic)** ka heihei ʻana ma kēlā ʻaoʻao o ke kai kūʻono e hōʻailona ana i ka lihi mua o ka 120-a-180 km/h (75-a-112 mph) Williwaw a i ʻole ʻo Bora a hiki i ka 90 kekona.

2. No ke aha ka heleuma kokoke ana ma lalo o kahi pali kiʻekiʻe e hāʻule ai i ka 180-degere¶

I ka makani maʻamau, ʻo ka heleuma ma kahi kokoke i ke kahakai makani e hōʻemi ana i ka lawe ʻana i ka nalu. Ma kahi katabatic Williwaw a i ʻole Bora, hāʻule ka makani i kahi pali 600-mika (2,000-kapuai) ma kahi kihi kiʻekiʻe i lalo, paʻi i ka wai 200 mika (650 kapuaʻi) ma waho o kahakai, a māhele: hoʻokahi pahū e holo i ke kai a ʻo ka ** hoʻohuli i ka pali i hope. - Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka waʻa ma kēia ʻāpana hopena mai ke kakaka e ka ʻūhū 70-knot, lele ʻino, a he 10 kekona ma hope mai ua paʻi ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao ākea mai ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe e ka rotor 80-knot i lalo, e waiho ana i ka kia o ka waʻa paʻa i loko o ka wai (knockdown) ʻoiai ʻaʻole i kau ʻia nā peʻa**). - Kumu Kuleana Pono: 1. Mai hele pololei i lalo o kahi awāwa glacial V-like a i ʻole waha canyon; E koho i kahi hoʻopaʻa ma hope o kahi ** mokupuni haʻahaʻa, palahalaha a i ʻole peninsula mālie** kahi i hiki ʻole ai ke kahe katabatic ke holo wikiwiki i lalo o kahi chute. 2. E hoʻokuʻu ** i nā kaulahao āpau i loaʻa a holo (7:1 a 10:1 scope), e hoʻopaʻa i kahi nailona ** laina snubber, e hoʻonoho i kahi kellet kaumaha ma ka hapalua o ke kaulahao, a ** e hoʻomau i ka holo ʻana o ka ʻenekini nui ma ke kaʻa** me ka mea kiaʻi e hoʻokele i ka ʻino. 3. Ma luna o ka waʻa, wehe a hoʻomaloʻo paha i nā peʻa poʻo wili-wili me nā kaula webbing no laila ʻaʻole hiki i ka Bora 150 km/h ke haehae i ka uhi UV a wehe i ka peʻa.

3. ʻO ka hau hoʻoheheʻe kai hau (Overising)¶

Ke pahū ka subzero Piteraq (-20 °C), Arctic Bora, a i ʻole Alaskan Williwaw ma luna o ke kai, hoʻātomize ia i ka wai paʻakai supercooled i ka lewa. ʻO kēlā me kēia pāpaʻi e pā ana i ka papa anu, ka ʻūhā, ka radar mast, a me ka hale kaʻa e maloʻo koke i loko o ka ** hau hau moana**. - Ka Pahele Hoʻopiʻi Kaumaha Nui: ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana he 10 a 15 mau kenimika (4 a 6 ʻīniha) o ka hau paʻa kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ka wili o ka waʻa lawaiʻa a me ka hale huila e hoʻohui i nā ʻumi tona kaumaha ma luna o ka metacenter o ka moku, e luku ana i kona lima ʻākau a hiki i ka wā e kaʻa ai ka waʻa a piholo. - Ka hana koke: E hoemi a hoololi paha i ke ala ma ka makani i ka wai malu e hoemi ai i ka wili ana o ke kakaka, a e hoouna aku i na ohua i nakinakiia ma na lole kaiapuni me ka pepepepe laau, mallet laau, a i ole na koo fiberglass e hahau mua i ka hau mai ka hale kiekie loa.

Nā helu ulia pōpilikia āpana a me nā protocols oihana¶

• Greenland a me Denemaka: E kelepona iā 112 a i ʻole e kelepona i nā mākaʻi kūloko / Joint Arctic Command (Arktisk Kommando) ma VHF Channel 16. Nānā DMI (Danmarks Meteorologiske Institut, dmi.dk / Kalaallit Nunaata Radioa KNR) no ka ** Piteraq Warnings (Piteraq-varsel)** a hoʻolohe i nā hōʻailona kani kanikau o Tasiilaq.
• Kroatia, Slovenia, a me Italia (Adriatic Bora Zone): Kāhea iā 112 (a i ʻole 195 no MRCC Rijeka Maritime Search and Rescue ma Kroasia; 1530 no Guardia Costiera ma Italia). Nānā DHMZ (Državni hidrometeorološki zavod, meteo.hr) a me HAK (Hrvatski autoklub, hak.hr) no ka manawa maoli Mālama Meteoalarm Bora ʻAla a me nā pani ʻana o ka makani ma ke ala A1 (Sveti Rok a Posedarje / Maslenica), A6, Krk Bridge, Pag Bridge, a me D8 Adriatic Highway.
• ** ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (Alaska) a me Kanada:** Kāhea iā 911 a i ʻole he huahekili i ka United States Coast Guard / Canadian Coast Guard ma VHF Channel 16 (a i ʻole e hoʻāla i kahi 406 MHz EPIRB / PLB / Garmin inReach). Mākaʻikaʻi ** NOAA National Weather Service (NWS Anchorage / Juneau / Fairbanks)** nā wanana moana no Nā Hurricane-Force Wind Warnings, Williwaw Squall Alerts, and Heavy Freezing Spray Warnings.
• Palani (Mistral and Tramontane Zone): E kelepona iā 112 (a i ʻole 196 no ka hoʻopakele moana ʻo CROSS Méditerranée). Nānā Météo-France (vigilance.meteofrance.fr) no nā mākaʻikaʻi Alani/Red Vigilance Vent Violent ma nā keʻena ʻo Bouches-du-Rhône, Var, Vaucluse, Aude, a me Pyrénées-Orientales.
• Chile and Argentina (Patagonian & Tierra del Fuego Williwaw Zone): E kelepona iā 137 (Armada de Chile Maritime Rescue) a i ʻole 106 (Prefectura Naval Argentina) a nānā iā VHF Channel 16 ma ke Strait of Magellan and Beagle Channel.

Nīnau pinepine¶

He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka makani katabatic (e like me ka Bora a me Piteraq) a me ka makani foehn a me Chinook?¶

He makani mauna ʻelua i lalo, akā loaʻa iā lākou nā pūlima like ʻole a me nā mīkini hoʻokele. Hiki mai ka **foehn a i ʻole Chinook makani** i ka wā e hoʻoneʻe ʻia ai ka makani ʻino synoptic i ka ea maʻemaʻe a maʻemaʻe i luna a ma luna o kahi pae mauna; hāʻule ka ea i kona makū e like me ka ua a me ka hau ma ka ʻaoʻao makani a hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia e ka adiabatic compression i kona iho ʻana i ka pali liʻiliʻi, a hiki i ka lalo wela a maloʻo. Hoʻomaka ka **katabatic makani (e like me Piteraq, Bora, a i ʻole Williwaw)** ma ke ʻano he ʻauʻau anuu nui o ka ea radiatively anuanu (-30 a -60 degere Celsius) e noho ana ma luna o kahi pāpale hau kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ka ʻāina pāpū. ʻOiai e mahana ana kēia ea ma ka 9.8 degere Celsius no 1,000 mika i kona hāʻule ʻana i lalo i ka ʻilikai, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia i ke anuanu ma luna a hiki mau i ke kahakai 10 a 25 degere Celsius ʻoi aku ke anuanu a ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ke anuanu ma mua o ka ea kahakai, e wikiwiki ana i lalo ma lalo o ka gravity.

No ke aha e hiki ai i ka makani pāhili Piteraq a i ʻole Bora ke pā i ka wā e akaka loa ka lani?¶

ʻAʻole hiki mai nā makani Katabatic mai nā ao hekili a i ʻole nā ​​ʻino ʻino. ʻO ka loko kiʻekiʻe o ke ea anuanu e hānai ana i ka ʻino katabatic e hana wikiwiki loa i nā pō mālie a mālamalama ke ʻole nā ​​ao e pahele i ka wela ma luna o ka ʻili hau a i ʻole ka pāpū. I ka hū ʻana o kēlā ʻāpana o ka ea anuanu ma luna o ke kaʻe a holo wikiwiki i ka pali kahakai, e hoʻoheheʻe ka hoʻoemi i lalo i nā ao haʻahaʻa, e hana ana i ka "Clear Bora" (*Jasna Bura*) a i ʻole Piteraq lani maʻemaʻe kahi 220 km/h (135 mph). ʻātomized ocean spray.

Inā wau e hoʻomoana ana ma kahi glacier a i ʻole arctic tundra, pehea ka lōʻihi o ka makani o koʻu hale lole e kūkulu ai au i pā hau, a pehea ke kiʻekiʻe?¶

E kūkulu ʻoe i pā ʻāwīwī me ke ʻano kāmaʻa lio o nā poloka hau ʻoki ʻia i hoʻonoho ʻia **1.0 a 1.5 mau mika (3.3 a 5 kapuaʻi) i luna o ka makani** o ka hopena makani o kou hale lole, a kūkulu iā ia ma kahi o **75 a 80 pakeneka o ke kiʻekiʻe o kou hale lole (ma kahi o 1.2 mika [4 kapuaʻi] kiʻekiʻe)**. Mai kūkulu pono i ka pā ma luna o ka lole lole, a ʻaʻole hoʻi e kūkulu ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o ka hale o ka hale lole: ʻo ka pā hau nui ka mea e hana ai i kahi eddy ʻinoʻino ma hope o ia e hoʻolei pololei ana i nā tona o ka hau e kahe ana ma luna o kou hale lole, e haki ana i nā ʻauamo ma lalo o ke kaumaha o ka hau i loko o hoʻokahi hola. ʻO ka waiho ʻana i kahi āwaha 1 mika ma hope o ka pā kiʻekiʻe o ka pūhaka e pale aku i ka makani nui ma luna o ka hale lole me ka ʻae ʻana i ka makani ʻino ma ke āpau.

No ke aha e pilikia ai ka heleuma ʻana i ka waʻa ma lalo pono o ka pali pali i ka wā o Williwaw a i ʻole Bora?¶

I ka lā mālie, ʻike ʻia kahi lua ma lalo pono o ka pali 600-mika (2,000-kapuaʻi) me kahi puʻuhonua loa ma kahi fjord. I ka wā o ka Williwaw a i ʻole Bora katabatic, ʻōpuʻu ka ea anu ma luna o ka piko o ka pali a hāʻule kokoke i lalo i lalo (ma kahi kihi 70-80-degere) ma luna o ka wai ma ke kumu o ka pali, e kaʻa ana i loko o nā rotor ākea. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka waʻa ma kahi kokoke i lalo o ka pali mai luna mai a pā ʻia e nā ʻōpū 80-knot e hoʻohuli i ka ʻaoʻao ma kahi o 180 degere i kēlā me kēia mau kekona, e kīkē ana i nā waʻa peʻa ma luna o ko lākou mau kia me ka ʻole o nā peʻa i luna a me ka haehae ʻana i nā heleuma mai ke kai pōhaku.

No ke aha au e noho ai i loko o koʻu hale lole inā paha e paʻi nā ʻauamo i waena o ka ʻino katabatic?¶

I loko o ka 180 km/h (112 mph) Piteraq a i ʻole Antarctic katabatic blizzard, hāʻule ka ʻike ma lalo o 1 mika (zero-visibility whiteout) a piʻi ka mahana anuanu ma lalo o -60 degere Celsius (-76 degere Fahrenheit). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi make i ka poʻe piʻi e wehe i kahi hale lole nahā a hoʻāʻo e hele i kahi hale lole ʻē aʻe a i ʻole e ʻeli i ke ana hau i ka pōʻeleʻele me ke kaula paʻa ʻole e puhi ʻia mai ko lākou mau wāwae, nalowale ka ʻike i kahi hoʻomoana i loko o 5 mau ʻanuʻu, a make i ka hypothermia i loko o 30 mau minuke. I ka wā e paʻa ai ka lole i lalo o ka hau a me nā heleuma make, e hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o kāu ʻeke moe ma kāu ʻūhā i loko o ka lole lole palahalaha, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūpū nylon ma ke ʻano he ʻeke bivouac pale makani.

He aha ke kōkua mua e pono ai no ke kanaka i ʻike ʻia i ka makani subzero katabatic a me ka ehu kai hau?¶

ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i ka makani ʻo Katabatic ke kumu o **ka makani-huhū** ma ka ihu, ka papalina, ka pepeiao, ka ʻāʻī, a me nā manamana lima i loko o 2 a 5 mau minuke, me ka ʻōnaehana ** hypothermia**. E hoʻoneʻe koke i ka mea i hoʻopilikia ʻia i waho o ka makani, e wehe i nā lole waho pulu a i ʻole ka hau, e hoʻopaʻa iā lākou ma luna o nā ʻūhā mānoanoa i loko o nā ʻeke hiamoe maloʻo, a me nā manamana lima a me nā manamana wāwae mehana i ka ʻāʻī mehana o ka hoa (a i ʻole ma kahi 37 a 39 degere Celsius [98.6 a 102.2 degere Fahrenheit] wai, ʻaʻole ʻauʻau i ka ʻili i loko o ka hale hau. ʻO ka lawe ʻana i kahi kōkua mua o ka wao nahele a me ka papa CPR mai ke Keʻa ʻulaʻula, St John Ambulance, a i ʻole kahi mea hoʻolako kūloko e hoʻomākaukau iā ʻoe e hoʻokele i nā pilikia ulia pōpilikia.

Nā alakaʻi pili¶

• ʻO Chinook, Foehn, Santa Ana, a me Diablo nā makani ʻino a me ka ember
• ʻO nā makani ʻino, puhi i ka hau keʻokeʻo, a me nā laina hoʻopaʻa kaula
• Polar vortex, arctic outbreaks, a me ke ola hau hau
• ʻO ka Hypothermia a me ka hau hau a me ke kōkua mua

Nā kumu a me ke alakaʻi kūhelu¶

• ** Keʻena Meteorological Denemaka (DMI, Danmarks Meteorologiske Institut) a me ke Aupuni o Greenland (Naalakkersuisut):** Piteraq Meteorology, Forecasting, and Community Emergency Protocols for East Greenland (Tasiilaq Warning System).
• Kōleʻa Meteorological and Hydrological Service (DHMZ, Državni hidrometeorološki zavod) a me Croatian Automobile Club (HAK): Severe Adriatic Bora (Olujna i Orkanska Bura) Dynamics, Rotor Turbulence, and Coastal Bridge/Highway Closure Standards.
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Weather Service (NWS Alaska Region) a me United States Coast Guard (USCG): Maritime Survival Guidelines for Alaskan Williwaw Downslope Squalls, Gap Winds, and Heavy Freezing Spray Vessel Icing.
• ** Polokalamu Antarctica o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (USAP / National Science Foundation) a me British Antarctic Survey (BAS):** Field Manual for Deep-Field Polar Camping: Katabatic Storm Tent Pitching, Deadman Snow Anchoring, Snow Wall Construction, and Bivouac Survival.
• World Meteorological Organization (WMO) a me Météo-France: Orographic and Katabatic Wind Systems (Mistral, Bora, Piteraq, Tehuantepecer): Mesoscale Dynamics and Early Warning System.