Pehea e hoʻopaʻa ai i kahi lumi hoʻomalu i loko o kahi lumi e kū'ē i nā pulu kemika ʻona (a pehea ka lōʻihi o ka ea)¶

I ka wā e hemo ai ke kaʻaahi ukana, nahā ka hale hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe, kaʻa kaʻa pahu pahu, a i ʻole ka pahū ʻana o nā mea kanu ʻoihana e hoʻokuʻu i kahi ao lele lele o chlorine (Cl2), amonia anhydrous (NH3), hydrogen fluoride (HF), phosgene (COCl2), vinyl chloride, a i ʻole sulfur dioxide (SO2), ʻo ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻokuke ma ke kaʻa ʻana i loko o kahi pulu kemika ʻike ʻole hiki ke make i loko o ʻelua mau minuke. Inā ʻaʻole ke ahi a me nā mea pōʻino (HAZMAT) nā luna kauoha e hoʻokuʻu koke i ka makani, ʻo ke kauoha hoʻopakele ola ʻo "Shelter in Place (Go Inside, Shut It Down, Seal It Up)" a hiki i ka wā e kaʻa aku ai ke ao kemika ma luna o kou kaiāulu. Inā ua komo mua kekahi i ka uahu ʻawaʻawa a i ʻole e ʻeha ana, ʻā nā maka kemika, a i ʻole ʻeha hanu, e kelepona i kāu helu ulia pōpilikia kūloko (911, 112, a i ʻole 999) a i ʻole ka Poison Control e hoʻohana koke ana i kā mākou helu pilikia papa kuhikuhi, a e nīnau i kā mākou alakaʻi ma ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o nā mea ʻino, ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi pahu pilikia home, a papahana kamaʻilio pilikia ʻohana.

Eia naʻe, hoʻopaʻa i kahi lumi me 2-to-4-mil (0.05 to 0.10 millimeter) polyethylene plastic sheeting and heavy-duty duct tape hana i ka pilikia physics ʻelua ʻaoʻao e pono i kēlā me kēia hale ke hoʻomaopopo ma mua o ka paʻi ʻana i hoʻokahi puka: 1. Ma mua a i ka wā o ka hele ʻana o ka Plume: Hanu ka hale i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia ma 0.35 a i ka 1.0 Hoʻololi ea i kēlā me kēia hola (ACH), ka huki ʻana i waho o ke kinoea ʻawaʻawa ma o nā kāʻei pukaaniani, nā ʻauwaʻa hoʻihoʻi HVAC, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻauʻau halepaku, nā puka uila, a me nā pani puka. ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka pepa palaka ma luna o kēlā me kēia komo ʻana e ʻoki ʻia i waho o ke komo ʻana o ka ea e 80 a i ka 95 pakeneka, e mālama ana i kou ea i loko o ka hale i ka hanu ʻana i ka wā e lele ana ka hopena lethal peak ma waho. 2. Ma hope o ka Plume Passage (Plus Carbon Dioxide Accumulation Inside): Ke sila ʻoe i nā kānaka a me nā holoholona i loko o kahi lumi liʻiliʻi paʻa i ka ea, carbon dioxide (CO2) hoʻopuka ʻia e ka poʻe noho e piʻi wikiwiki ma mua o ka oxygen (O2) e pau ana i waho, a ʻo ke kinoea kinoea liʻiliʻi i komo mālie i loko o kou hale e paʻa mau ana i loko o ka hale ma hope o ka hemo ʻana o ka ea o waho. ʻIke i ka FEMA a me US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center "10 Square Feet (0.93 Square Meters) of Floor Area Per Person"Rule ** no 3 a 5 mau hola o ka hanu ʻana, a me ka ʻike ** no ke aha ʻoe e wehe koke ai, wehe i nā puka makani, a haʻalele / ventilate i ka hale i ka manawa i haʻi aku ai nā luna i ka hala ʻana o ka plume o waho, e pale aku ai i ka asphyxiation CO2 i loko a me ka lua o ka lua.

E hana i kēia i kēia manawa¶

1. **E lawe koke mai i na mea a pau a me na holoholona a pau i loko o ka hale, e laka i na puka makani a me na puka o waho, a e hoolei i na puka pukaaniani a pau me ka paa paa.
2. Hoʻopi i nā mea hoʻomehana a pau, ea, a me ka ea (HVAC) nā ʻōnaehana, nā ea puka makani, nā mea hoʻolaʻa wela (HRVs/ERVs), nā peʻahi hoʻopau lumi lumi lumi, nā puʻupuʻu lumi kuke, nā mea maloʻo lole, a me nā kapuahi. ʻO kēlā me kēia mea hana e puhi ana i ka ea mai kou home (e like me ka peʻahi lumi ʻauʻau a i ʻole ka mea maloʻo lole) e hana i ka ** ʻinoʻino i loko o ka ea** e omo ikaika ana i ke kinoea ʻawaʻawa ma waho o kēlā me kēia pā. E pani paʻa i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ahi.
3. **E neʻe i kāu "Ruam Malu" i koho mua ʻia (koho i kahi lumi i loko me nā puka makani liʻiliʻi loa, kūpono ma ka papahele o luna no nā kinoea kaumaha e like me ka chlorine, a i ʻole kahi lumi lepo/loko mai nā paia o waho). nā lole holoi pulu, a me kahi kīʻaha kīwī lawe lima.
4. E hōʻoia i kou lumi e hālāwai me ka FEMA / CDC 10 Square Feet (0.93 m2) ʻO kēlā me kēia kanaka ke kānāwai ʻāpana papahele. Ke manaʻo nei he maʻamau 2.4-meter (8-foot) ke kaupaku, pono i kēlā me kēia kanaka makua a keiki paha 0.93 square meters (10 square feet) o ka papahele o ka papahele** (2.26 cubic meters / 80 cubic feet o ka nui o ka ea) e hanu me ka maluhia no a hiki i 3 a 5 mau hola me ke kalapona ʻole (CO2) hiki i nā pae incapacitating (> 3% to 5%). Eia kekahi laʻana, a 3.0 m x 3.6 m (10 ft x 12 ft = 120 sq ft) kākoʻo palekana ka lumi moe a hiki i 12 poʻe no 3 a 5 hola.
5. **Lipine 4-mil (0.10 mm. E kaomi paʻa i kahi kāwele pulu ma ka māwae lalo o ka puka ma mua o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ke anapuni o ka puka mai loko.
6. **E noho mālie, mai hoʻā i nā kukui a i ʻole ke ahi i loko o ka lumi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, a UNSEAL a e hoʻoheheʻe koke i ka hale ke hoʻopuka nā luna i ka "All Clear." CO2 ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka oxygen, a ʻo ka lapalapa ahi a i ʻole ka mea puhi kinoea i loko o kahi lumi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e hoʻopau koke i ka oxygen a hoʻopuka i ka carbon monoxide make (CO). I ka wā e hōʻoia ai nā hoʻolaha ulia pōpilikia ua pau ka plume o waho, e wāwahi i ka plastik, e wehe i nā puka a me nā puka makani a pau, a e hele i waho i ka ea hou i ka wā e lele ana kou home.

Ka lāʻau hoʻoholo: Ke koho ʻana a hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kāu lumi hoʻomaha ma kahi lumi¶

E hahai i kēia kahe hoʻoholo hoʻoholo e koho i ke keʻena kūpono no ka nui o ke kinoea kikoʻī, e helu i kou lōʻihi o ka noho ʻana, a hoʻokō i ke kaʻina sila-a-ventilate.

flowchart TD
    Alert["Makaʻala no ka ulia pōpilikia: Kīwī Kemika / Plume Airborne Toxic -> 'Shelter ma kahi'"] --> ShutDown["KaʻAnuʻu Hana 1: E lawe mai i ka poʻe a me nā holoholona i loko -> Laka Windows -> Hoʻopau i nā HVAC āpau, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe a me nā mea maloʻo."]
    ShutDown --> GasDensity{"KANAWAI 2: ʻO wai ka papahele āu e koho ai ma muli o ka nui kinoea?"}
    GasDensity -->|"ʻO ke kinoea ʻoi aku ka kaumaha ma mua o ka ea (Chlorine, Phosgene, Propane, Vinyl Chloride, H2S, SO2) A i ʻole Kemika ʻike ʻole ʻia."| UpperInterior["E koho i kahi lumi INTERIOR ma ka 2nd/3rd Floor (a i ʻole Ground Floor inā 1-Story) - ʻAʻole he Basement"]
    GasDensity -->|"ʻOi aku ka māmā ma mua o ka ea (Anhydrous Ammonia NH3, Hydrogen Cyanide HCN, Natural Gas)"| LowerInterior["E koho i kahi lumi o loko o ka papahele me ka liʻiliʻi loa o nā puka makani a me nā paia waho"]
    UpperInterior --> VolumeMath["KANAWAI 3: E nānā i ka ʻāpana o ka papahele: Ma ka liʻiliʻi loa he 0.93 sq m (10 sq ft) no kēlā me kēia kanaka no kahi sila 3 a 5 mau hola."]
    LowerInterior --> VolumeMath
    VolumeMath --> TapeSequence["KANAWAI 4: Seal Sequence: (1) HVAC & Exhaust Vents -> (2) Windows -> (3) Outlets/Pipes -> (4) Wet Towel + Tape Enter Door Inside"]
    TapeSequence --> Monitor["KANAWAI 5: E hoomaha malie (No Flames/Cooking) -> Monitor NOAA Radio & Wireless Emergency Alerts"]
    Monitor --> AllClear{"Ua hoʻolaha aku nā mana i ka hala ʻana o ka Plume / Ua maopopo loa (A i ʻole ua ʻoi aku ka manawa o ka sila i 5 mau hola)?"}
    AllClear -->|"ʻAe: Ua hala ka Plume waho"| Ventilate["UNSEAL IMMEDIATELY: Wehewehe i ka Plastic, E ho'ā i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe exhaust, wehe i ka Windows, a komo i loko o ka ea hou."]
    AllClear -->|"Paʻa ka lumi / ʻeha poʻo / hanu wikiwiki ma mua o ka maʻemaʻe"| EmergencyBreach["Ua hōʻea ka paepae CO2: E neʻe pōkole i ke ala i loko o ka hale i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia a i ʻole e hanu ma o ka lole pulu."]

Māhele 1: Kokoke koho lumi: ʻO ka māhu mahu (Vapor Density > 1.0 vs. < 1.0) a me ke kaomi hale¶

ʻO kahi āu e noho ai i loko o ka hale a i ʻole ka hale noho i ka wā o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ke kemika e pili ana i Vapor Density (VD) pili i ka ea maloʻo (Air = 1.00):

1. No ke aha he mau pahele make nā Basements no ka hapa nui o nā ʻoihana ʻenehana¶

ʻOi aku ma mua o 80 pakeneka o nā kinoea ʻenehana weliweli i lawe ʻia e ke kaʻaahi a me ke alaloa ua ʻoi aku ke kaumaha ma mua o ka ea (Vapor Density > 1.0). ʻO ke kinoea ʻoi aku ka māmā o ke kaumaha molekala ma mua o ka ea (e like me ka ammonia anhydrous, MW = 17 g/mol, VD = 0.59) hoʻokumu pinepine i anu, ʻoʻopuʻu i ka honua aerosol ao ke ʻōpuʻu mai loko mai o ka pahu wai kaomi i -33°C (-28°F) a mehana. - I ka wā e ʻolokaʻa ai ke ao kinoea ma kahi kaiāulu, kahe ia e like me ka wai i ʻike ʻole ʻia i loko o ** nā hale kaʻa, nā hale kaʻa ma lalo o ka honua, nā pūnāwai puka makani, nā wahi kolo, a me nā ʻauwai**, e hoʻoneʻe ana i ka oxygen hanu a waiho ʻia ma lalo o ka honua ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana o ka makani i ka pae alanui.

2. ʻOihana kemika māhu a me ka papa koho papa malu¶

Mahele 2: ʻO ka FEMA 10 Square Feet (0.93 m2) ʻO ke kānāwai o kēlā me kēia kanaka a me ke kalapona kalapona (CO2) Ea Volume Math¶

ʻO ka manaʻo kuhihewa maʻamau, ʻo ka poʻe i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o kahi lumi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka plastik e pau ka ** oxygen (O2)** mua. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ** carbon dioxide (CO2) ʻona (hypercapnia) e kaupalena mau i kou noho palekana ma mua o ka lilo ʻana o ka oxygen i mea hoʻoweliweli mua.**

1. Ka Physiology o ke ea hanu i loko o kahi lumi i sila¶

• Aia ka ea ma waho 20.95% Oxygen (O2) a me 0.04% (400 ppm) kalapona kalapona (CO2).
• I ka hoʻomaha ʻana, hoʻohāʻu ʻo kahi kanaka makua maʻamau 7 to 8 liters o ka ea no ka minuke (0.45 m3/hour) a hoʻopuka ʻo ia me ka ʻano nui 0.018 to 0.020 cubic meters (0.65 to 0.70 cubic feet) o ka maemae CO2 i kēlā me kēia hola (hana nā kamaliʻi ma kahi o ka hapalua o ia mea; hoʻohua mai ka poʻe makua i ka makaʻu a hoʻoikaika kino paha 2 a 3 manawa o ia nui).
• As CO2 kūkulu ʻia i loko o kahi lumi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka wā O2 hāʻule mālie i ka pākēneka like:

2. Pehea e helu ai i kou piha pono lumi a me ka lōʻihi palekana¶

FEMA (FEMA P-320 / IS-324) a me nā Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) hoʻohālikelike i ka nui o ka hale kemika pilikia me ka 10 Square Feet (0.93 Square Meters) per Person Rule (e manaʻo ana he maʻamau 2.4-meter / 8-foot ke kaupaku hale, e like me 2.26 cubic meters (80 cubic feet) o ka nui o ka ea no ka mea noho):

• Maximum Occupants (for a 3 to 5 Hour Seal) = (Room Length in ft x Room Width in ft) / 10 sq ft (a i ʻole (Length in m x Width in m) / 0.93 sq m)
• Approximate Safe Hours Before 3% CO2 = (Room Volume in Cubic Meters) / (0.60 x Number of Resting Adults) (a i ʻole (Room Volume in Cubic Feet) / (21 x Number of Resting Adults))

Noho ʻia ka lumi ʻōlelo wikiwiki a me ka papa lōʻihi (Manaʻo 2.4 m / 8 ft Ke kaupaku, ka poʻe noho e hoʻomaha mālie, ʻaʻohe ahi)¶

Mahele 3: Pehea e ʻoki mua ai a kau i ka 4-Mil Ka Pepa Pepa a me ka Sila Lepe i lalo o 10 mau minuke¶

I loko o kahi ulia pōpilikia maoli, hiki iā ʻoe ke ** emi iho ma mua o 10 a 15 mau minuke** ma waena o ke kani uila makaʻala ulia pōpilikia a me ka hiki ʻana mai o ka lihi mua o ke ao kinoea. Inā ʻoe e kali a kani ke kani e hoʻomaka ana e ana i nā puka makani a wehe i kahi ʻōwili palaki nui o ka mea pena kiʻi, e hoʻopau ʻoe i nā minuke koʻikoʻi i ka hakakā ʻana i ka pili paʻa a me ka lipine wili.

1. Hoʻonohonoho mua i kāu "Pre-Cut Chemical Seal Kit" i kēia lā¶

E hana i kēia papahana hoʻomākaukau no 30 mau minuke i hiki ke kau ʻia kāu pahu i loko ma lalo o 6 mau minuke: 1. ** Kūʻai i nā mea kūpono:** - Pepa Paila: Kūʻai 1 ʻōwili o 4-mil (0.10 millimeter / 100 micron) polyethylene plastic sheeting (ka mānoanoa liʻiliʻi i manaʻo ʻia e FEMA 2-mil i 4-mil; 4-mil pale i ka haehae ʻana a ʻaʻole hiki ke hū maʻalahi ke paʻi ka makani i ka hale, akā ʻoi aku ka lahilahi 0.5-mil ʻAhae maʻalahi ka lole kulu a ka mea pena, a kaumaha loa 6-mil a i ʻole 10-mil kaumaha loa ka plastic no ka lipine duct maʻamau e paʻa i ka paia maloʻo pena i ka ea haʻahaʻa). - Līwī Līpī: Kūʻai 2 ʻōwili laula (48 mm / 1.88 inch), lipine kiʻekiʻe i kākoʻo ʻia i ka lole (a i ʻole ke kaumaha nui 3M polyethylene preservation / stucco tape). Pono: Nalo ka lipine pipili hale kūʻai kūʻai kūʻai kūʻai kūʻai ma hope o 2 mau makahiki i loko o kahi lumi mehana; e hoʻololi i kāu wili lipine pilikia i kēlā me kēia 24 a 36 mahina. 2. E ʻoki mua a lepili i kēlā me kēia Pepa no kāu lumi palekana i koho ʻia: - E ana i kēlā me kēia puka makani, HVAC hoʻopaʻa inoa, ke ea hoʻihoʻi grille, ka peʻahi hoʻokuʻu hale ʻauʻau, a me ka puka komo o loko o kāu lumi palekana i koho ʻia. - E ʻoki i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana 4-mil plastik ** ma ka liʻiliʻi loa 15 centimeters (6 inches) nui ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻehā** (30 cm / 12 inches ʻoi aku ka laulā a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi) ma mua o ke kiʻi o ka puka e uhi ai no laila e pili ka lipine i ka pā maloʻo maʻemaʻe ma mua o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka puka makani paʻakikī. - E hoʻohana i kahi hōʻailona mau (Sharpie) e kākau i kahi kikoʻī ma nā leka nui ma ke kikowaena o kēlā me kēia pepa i pelu ʻia: MASTER BATH WINDOW, CEILING AC VENT, EXHAUST FAN, HALLWAY DOOR. - E mālama i nā ʻāpana pepa i ʻoki mua ʻia, 2 ʻōwili lipine, nā ʻū / ʻoki trauma, a me kahi lole microfiber maloʻo (no ka holoi ʻana i ka lepo a i ʻole ka makū o ka paia ma mua o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana) i loko o kahi pahu plastik i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i loko o kēlā lumi pololei.

2. ʻO ka ʻenehana hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka "Corner-Anchor & Perimeter-Frame" (No laila ʻaʻole e hemo ka plastik)¶

Ke ho'āʻo ka poʻe nona ka hale e hoʻopaʻa i kahi 1.5-meter (5-foot) ka pepa plastik me ka lima hoʻokahi i ka wā e haehae ana i nā ʻāpana lipine me ko lākou mau niho, ua ʻōleʻa ka ʻilika, nā wrinkle i loko o nā tunnel ea, a hāʻule mai ka paia. E hoʻohana i ka **Kōnaehana Hoʻomumu Hazmat ʻelua-Pass Framing **:

+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|  THE 2-PASS DUCT TAPE SEALING METHOD (15 CM / 6 IN OVERLAP)             |
|                                                                         |
|  PASS 1 (Wall Anchor Border / Optional Corner Tabs):                    |
|  - Wipe the wall 15 cm (6 in) outside the window/vent frame with a      |
|    dry towel so dust or bathroom condensation does not defeat the glue. |
|  - Stick 4 short 10 cm (4 in) strips of duct tape to the 4 corners of   |
|    your pre-cut plastic sheet FIRST.                                    |
|  - Press the Top-Left and Top-Right corners onto the drywall 15 cm      |
|    above and outside the window frame, pulling the top edge taut,       |
|    then press the Bottom-Left and Bottom-Right corners taut.            |
|                                                                         |
|  PASS 2 (Continuous Unbroken Perimeter Seal):                           |
|  - Unroll a SINGLE continuous strip of duct tape along the entire TOP   |
|    edge (half on the plastic, half on the clean painted wall).          |
|  - Repeat with continuous unbroken strips down the LEFT edge, RIGHT     |
|    edge, and BOTTOM edge, overlapping the corners by 5 cm (2 in).       |
|  - Run your palm firmly over every inch of tape to bond the adhesive,   |
|    checking that ZERO air flutes or wrinkles bridge the tape line.      |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+

3. Ke 6 Huna Huna-Infiltration Leak Ka hapanui Poina i ke Sila¶

Ma hope o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā puka makani a me nā palapala HVAC o ke kaupaku/papa i kou lumi palekana, e sila i kēia ** ʻeono ala huna ea** e hoʻopili ai i kou lumi i ka pā o waho: 1. Nā Pā Uila Uila a me nā Papa Hoʻololi Māmā ma nā paia o waho: Hoʻopili pololei ʻia nā lua pā o waho me nā puka makani soffit a me nā ʻāpana ʻaoʻao. E uhi i kēlā me kēia puka uila a hoʻololi i ka pā i loko o ke keʻena me 2 mau ʻāpana lipine paʻa ākea (a i ʻole e hoʻokomo i nā pahu puka plastik pale keiki a me ka lipine ma luna o lākou). 2. Nā Paipu Paipu Ma lalo o ka lumi ʻauʻau/Kūkini: E nānā i loko o ka hale kūʻai vanity ma lalo o ke poho kahi e komo ai nā paipu wai wela/anu a me ka paipu wai P-trap i ka paia. Inā he āwāwa a puni ke komo ʻana o ka paipu, e hoʻokomo i kahi ʻeke a i ʻole ʻeke ʻeke i loko o ka hakahaka a hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka lipine. 3. Kāhi Puhi Puhi ʻauʻau ʻauʻau a me nā kukui hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia: Loaʻa i nā peʻahi hoʻoheheʻe hale kaʻa ma ke keʻena maʻamau he alumini paʻa puʻupuʻu alumini ma waho e hāmama ana i ka makani, e hāʻawi pololei ana. 10-centimeter (4-inch) paipu pololei i waho. E hoʻopaʻa i kahi huinaha o 4-mil palaki piha ma luna o ka lumi lumi lumi lumi lumi halepaku a me ka lipine ma luna o nā kukui kaupaku i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia. 4. Ea Ea Puka Window a i ʻole Panel Hose AC Portable: Inā ua hoʻokomo ʻia kahi ʻāpana AC i kou lumi, ʻaʻole lawa ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka grille AC wale nō: hoʻopaʻa i kahi pepa piha. 4-mil ka palaki ma ka puka pukaaniani loko a pau e wehe ana mai ka paia maloʻo a i ka pā maloʻo, e hoʻopili pono ana i ka pūʻulu AC puka makani a me kona mau ʻaoʻao accordion panel ma hope o ka plastic. 5. Pūkoi, Pahu, a me ka papahele: Holo i ka ʻauʻau ʻauʻau a me ka ʻauʻau ʻauʻau no 5 kekona no laila ua piha kēlā me kēia ʻupena-P i ka wai no ka pale ʻana i nā kinoea hoʻoheheʻe ʻino, a laila pani i nā pani pani. 6. Ka puka komo o ke keʻena palekana (Sealed Last From Inside): Ke komo nā mea a pau i loko, e pani a laka i ka puka, e wili i kahi kāwele ʻauʻau ʻauʻau i ʻōwili paʻa i ka hakahaka o lalo o ka papahele, a e hoʻopaʻa i ka puka kī a me nā hili ʻehā ʻehā o ka puka mai loko.

Mahele 4: ʻO ka ʻauʻau ʻana i ka ea a me ka mea e hana ai inā komo ka Plume i kou lumi¶

Inā honi ʻoe i kahi ʻala kemika e komo ana i loko o ka lumi me kāu sila ʻilika, a i ʻole e hopu ʻia ʻoe me ka uhi ʻole ʻia:

1. Kanana Manawa Wet-Cloth Improvised (No nā kinoea hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai): ʻOiai ʻaʻole he mea hanu CBRN i hōʻoia ʻia ka lole holoi pulu a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻōki i ka carbon monoxide, ** hōʻike ʻo US Army ECBC a me CDC** e hōʻike ana i ka hanu ʻana ma o 4 a 8 mau papa o ka lole pulupulu pulu i hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻia ma ka ihu a me ka waha.Anhydrous Ammonia NH3, Hydrogen Chloride HCl, Hydrogen Fluoride HF, Sulfur Dioxide SO2, a hapa Chlorine Cl2).
2. No nā kinoea Klorine a i ʻole Akika (Cl2, HCl, SO2): E hoʻoheheʻe ** 2 punetēpō (30 grams) o ka soda baking (sodium bicarbonate) i loko o 1 lita (1 quart) o ka wai**, e hoʻoluliluli i ka lole, e wīwī a pulu, a e hanu i loko o ia mea e hoʻopau i nā mahu ʻakika i ka hui ʻana.
3. No Amonia (NH3): E hoʻohana i ka ka wai anuanu maʻamau ma ka lole, no ka mea, e komo koke ka wai i ke kinoea amonia.
4. HEPA Portable / Hoʻomaʻemaʻe Carbon Hoʻomaʻemaʻe Ea: Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi lumi hoʻomaʻemaʻe ea kūʻokoʻa i loko o kāu lumi Palekana (ʻoi loa me kahi kānana **pelleted Activated Carbon ** me HEPA), e hoʻohuli iā ON. No ka mea, ho'okae hou ia i ka ea o loko me ka huki ʻole ʻana i ka ea o waho, hoʻopili kona moena kalapona i nā mahu kemika i ka wā e hopu ai ka kānana HEPA i nā aerosol wai.
5. Ka ʻauʻau ʻana i ka noe o ka lumi ʻauʻau (Last Resort for Water-Soluble Gases): Inā ʻeha ka nui o ka wai-soluble ammonia a i ʻole ke kinoea waikawa i kou home a ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke pakele, e hoʻohuli i ka ka wai anuanu ma ka noe maikaʻi i loko o kahi lumi liʻiliʻi e kōkua i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ke kinoea hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai mai ka lumi i lalo o ke kahawai.

Mahele 5: I ka manawa a me pehea e wehe ai, hoʻoheheʻe, a hoʻomaʻemaʻe me ka palekana¶

1. E kali no ka "All Clear" Official: E mālama i kāu pākaukau ** NOAA Weather Radio**, ke kahua FM kūloko, a me Wireless Emergency Alerts (WEA) ʻeleu. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā kaʻa kaʻa a i ʻole nā ​​paipu paipu e hele i kahi wahi i lalo o ka makani i loko o 1 a 4 mau hola.
2. E hoʻokō i ka "Rapid Flush" Ventilation Sequence: I ka manawa e hōʻoia ai nā luna i ka palekana o ka ea o waho, wehe i ka ʻili pepa, e hele i waho i ka ea hou, a e wehe koke i hoʻokahi kanaka nā puka makani a me nā puka ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe o ka hale a e hoʻohuli ** ON a pau i ka HVAC a me nā mea hoʻopau pau ** e hoʻolei i ka ea i loko o ka hale no **30 mau minuke.
3. Hoʻokaʻawale koke a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i waho (inā ʻike ʻia i waho): Inā aia kekahi i waho i ka pulu, e wehe koke i ko lākou lole waho ma ke ala komo a hoʻopaʻa iā ia i loko o kahi ʻeke plastik pālua (ʻo ka wehe ʻana i nā lole waho e hoʻopau ʻia ka 80 a i ka 90 pakeneka o ka haumia kemika; ʻoki ʻia nā pālule me ka ʻokiʻoki ma mua o ka huki ʻana iā lākou ma luna o ka maka). ** Holoi i ka maka a me ka ʻili no 15 mau minuke me ka wai kahe ʻoluʻolu** a me ke kopa maʻemaʻe.

Nā helu ulia pōpilikia āpana a me nā protocols oihana¶

I ka wā o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o nā kemika ʻenehana, hoʻolaha nā luna i nā wahi malu ma nā wahi ma o nā leka uila a me nā kani:

• ** ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa:** Mākaʻikaʻi ** ʻAla ʻAla Hoʻopilikia Waea ʻole (WEA)**, Pūnaewele makaʻala pilikia (EAS), a me NOAA Weather Radio (162.400 to 162.550 MHz). Kou Komike Hoʻolālā Kūlana Kūlana (LEPC) a me Fire Hazmat Command e mālama i nā ʻāpana plume ma lalo o EPCRA. E kelepona iā US Poison Control ma 1-800-222-1222 a i ʻole 911.
• Kanada: Mākaukau ** Mākaukau Makaʻala (En Alerte)** a me Weatheradio Canada. Hoʻopili nā mea pane me CANUTEC (1-888-CAN-UTEC). E kāhea iā Poison Control ma 1-844-POISON-X (1-844-764-7669) aiʻole 911.
• United Kingdom: E hahai i UK Gov Emergency Alerts a me nā ʻōlelo kuhikuhi no ka lawelawe ʻana i ke ahi ("Go In, Stay In, Tune In") ma lalo o COMAH Regulations. Kāhea iā 999, 112, a i ʻole NHS 111.
• European Union: Ke hana nei nā hale hana kemika ma lalo o ka EU Seveso-III Directive (2012/18/EU) me nā kīkā lehulehu a me nā hoʻolaha EU-Alert ("Rentrez, Fermez, Écoutez" ma Palani; BBK NINA app ma Kelemānia). Helu pilikia: 112.
• Australia a me New Zealand: Mākaʻikaʻi Emergency Alert Australia a me nā hānai ahi/Hazmat mokuʻāina (VicEmergency, Hazards Near Me NSW), a i ʻole ** Makaʻala Paʻa Paʻa Paʻa (EMA)** ma Aotearoa. ʻIkepili ʻona: 13 11 26 (Australia), 0800 764 766 (NZ). Helu pilikia: 000 (Australia), 111 (NZ).
• India a me Asia-Pākīpika: Nānā NDMA Sachet makaala ma Inia; e kelepona iā 112 a i ʻole ka National Poisons Information Center (1800-116-117). E nana helu pilikia.

Nīnau pinepine¶

E ʻeha anei koʻu ʻohana inā e hoʻopaʻa mākou i ka ʻili plastik ma nā puka makani, nā puka makani, a me ka puka o kahi lumi moe?¶

ʻAʻole i ka wā o 3-a-5-hola chemical plume passage, inā ʻoe e hahai i ka **FEMA `10 Square Feet (0.93 Square Meters)` o ka Pae Paʻa no kēlā me kēia kanaka Rula** a mālama i nā mea a pau e noho mālie me ka ʻole o ke ahi hāmama. A `3.0 m x 3.6 m (10 ft x 12 ft = 120 sq ft)` hale moe `27 cubic meters (960 cubic feet)` o ka ea, ka mālama ʻana i ka carbon dioxide (`CO2`) ma lalo o ka `3%` ʻoki ʻia no **4 poʻe no nā hola he 11**, a i ʻole **12 poʻe no 3 a 5 mau hola**. Mai noho i loko o kahi keʻena liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i wehe ʻole ʻia no nā hola, a wehe mau i ka sila i ka wā e haʻi aku ai nā luna i ka hala ʻana o ka plume waho.

Pehea wau e ʻike ai inā e malu ma ka papahele o luna a i ʻole ma lalo o ka papahele i ka wā o ka wai kemika?¶

E nānā i ka mānoanoa kinoea: ** ʻoi aku ke kaumaha o ka chlorine, phosgene, vinyl chloride, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, a me propane ma mua o ka ea (`Vapor Density > 1.0`)** a komo i loko o nā hale lalo a me nā papahele o lalo. I kēlā me kēia manawa i ʻoi aku ke kaumaha o ke kemika ma mua o ka ea, a i ʻole ʻoe i ʻike ʻole i ke kemika i hoʻokuʻu ʻia, e koho i kahi **lumi i loko ma ka papahele kiʻekiʻe o kou home (2nd a i ʻole 3rd floor)** a **ʻaʻole loa e hele i kahi haʻahaʻa**. E koho wale i kahi lumi i loko o ka papahele inā hōʻike nā luna i kahi kinoea māmā ma mua o ka ea (`Anhydrous Ammonia` a i ʻole `Hydrogen Cyanide`) a i ʻole ka ʻōlelo aʻo ʻana i ka puahiohio ikaika.

No ke aha he mea pōʻino ke noho i loko o koʻu hale i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma hope o ka puhi ʻana o ke ao kemika ma waho?¶

No ka mea, ʻaʻohe hale i 100% hermetically sila ʻia, komo mālie ke kinoea kinoea liʻiliʻi i loko o ka hale i ka wā e hala ana ke ao o waho. Ke lawe ka makani i ke ao o waho a hoʻi ka ea o waho `0 ppm`, e paʻa ana kēlā kinoea i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kou hale i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, e hoʻomau ai ʻoe i ka hoʻohu ʻana i nā mea ʻawaʻawa no nā hola. ʻO ka manawa e hoʻopuka ai nā luna i ka "All Clear," e wehe koke i ka plastic, e wehe i nā puka makani, e hoʻā i nā mea hoʻopau hoʻopau, a e komo i ka ea hou o waho.

He aha inā loaʻa iaʻu i loko o kaʻu kaʻa ma ke alaloa i ka wā e hoʻokuʻu ʻia ai kahi ʻōpala kemika ʻona ma kahi kokoke?¶

Inā hiki iā ʻoe ke puka me ka palekana e hoʻokele **i ka makani a me ka makani keʻa (ma kahi kihi 90-degere i ka makani, piʻi a haʻalele i ka plume)**, e hana koke. He liʻiliʻi ko ke kaʻa (`2.5 to 3.5 cubic meters`) a me ka lele ʻana o ka ea kiʻekiʻe, e lilo ia i wahi hoʻomaha maikaʻi ʻole ma mua o 15 mau minuke. Inā paʻa nā puka makani, e hoʻopaʻa i nā puka makani i luna, e hoʻonohonoho i ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ke aniau i **Recirculate me ka peʻahi OFF**, hanu ma kahi lole pulu, a komo i kahi hale paʻa inā palekana.

Hiki iaʻu ke hoʻohana i ka lipine masking a ka mea pena kiʻi a i ʻole ka lipine packing ma kahi o ka duct tape e hoʻopaʻa ai i kaʻu ʻili pepa?¶

ʻO ka lipine masking a ka mea pena ʻulaʻula ka mea hoʻopili haʻahaʻa e hāʻule pinepine `4-mil` ʻO ka plastik mai nā paia lumi ʻauʻau haʻahaʻa i loko o 20 mau minuke, ʻoiai e hakakā ana ka lipine paʻi paʻa e hoʻopili i ka pena maloʻo matte. Kaumaha ** lipine i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka lole (`48 mm / 1.88 in` ākea)** a i ʻole **3M polyethylene preservation tape** ua ʻōlelo ʻia; inā loaʻa iā ʻoe ka lipine a ka mea pena wale nō, e hoʻopili i nā ʻāpana laula ʻelua i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka ʻoki lāʻau a i ʻole ke aniani ma mua o ka pā maloʻo.

Nā alakaʻi pili¶

• Hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā mea kemika a me nā mea weliweli
• Nuclear detonation fallout shelter: ʻO ka puka makani 15-minute a me 7:10 decay rule
• ʻO ka pōʻino o ka mea kanu mana nuklea, radiation plume, a me ka potassium iodide
• Ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi pahu pilikia home
• ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ulia pōpilikia: lua-bakeke lua a me ka hoʻolei ʻōpala kanaka
• Helu pilikia

Nā kumu a me ke alakaʻi kūhelu¶

• Ke Keʻena Hoʻoponopono Kūikawā Federal (FEMA) & Ready.gov (ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa): Alakaʻi Pictogram Shelter-in-Place: Hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kahi lumi me ka Pepa Pepa a me ka Lipi (10 Square Feet of Floor Space Per Person Rule) a me IS-324.a: Ka Hurricane & Hazmat Preparedness.
• Na Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) & ATSDR (United States): Kemikini pilikia: Sheltering in Place (emergency.cdc.gov/chemical/shelterinplace.asp) a me Nā Kūlana Hoʻoponopono Lapaʻau (MMGs) no Chlorine, Anhydrous Ammonia, Phosgene, a me Hydrogen Fluoride.
• US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC) & Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL): *Ka Loiloi Ho'āʻo o nā mea hoʻomalu palekana ma kahi kūpono (PF), Uku Uku Ea (ACH) Nā Hoʻemi, a me ke Kalapona ʻO loko o loko (CO2) Kinetics Huina *.
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) & US Department of Transportation (ERG): Buke alakaʻi no ka ulia pōpilikia (2024).ERG): Hoʻokaʻawale mua a me nā hana palekana no nā pōʻino o ka hoʻomake ʻana (TIH) a me Nīosh Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (CO2 STEL 30,000 ppm / IDLH 40,000 ppm).
• ** UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) & National Fire Chiefs Council (United Kingdom):** Chemical Incident Pane: "Go In, Stay In, Tune In" a Wehe-Wehe-Remove Decontamination Alakaʻi.