Hoʻolāʻihi ʻia ʻo Subzero Freeze, Ice-Crusted Grazing (Dzud), a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka hoʻoilo.¶

ʻO kahi subzero maloʻo lōʻihi i hui pū ʻia me kahi ʻōpala hau hiki ʻole ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma luna o ka pahu hau (i ʻike ʻia e ka ʻōlelo pōʻino Mongolian dzud, a ma waena o ʻAmelika ʻĀkau a me ka ʻĀkau ʻEurasia ma ke ʻano he hoʻoilo paʻa hau a i ʻole ** hoʻomaka ʻana o ka arctic lōʻihi **) he pilikia nui i nā hebedoma kahi e mau ai ka mahana o ka ea ma lalo o -30 degere Celsius (-22 degere Celsius) Fahrenheit) ma hope o ka ua ma ka hau, ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka hoʻoilo ma waena o ka hoʻoilo, a i ʻole ka hau hohonu e kanu i nā ʻāina kuaʻāina. ʻAʻole e like me ka pōkole pōkole, hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka laka arctic lōʻihi e hoʻopau i ka hoʻomehana ʻana o ke kuaʻāina a me nā ʻōnaehana halihali i nā paepae hoʻololi kino: hoʻōki ka propane wai i ka ehu ʻana i loko o nā pahu o waho ma -42 degere Celsius (-44 degere Fahrenheit), ʻaʻole i mālama ʻia #2 diesel a me ka ʻaila hoʻomehana e paʻa i loko o ka paraffin wax gels e hoʻokuʻu i nā kānana impas, nā alanui ʻiliʻili e wehe ʻole ʻia. 1 mika (3.3 kapuaʻi) mānoanoa. Inā loaʻa kahi pilikia olakino a wela paha i ka wā kaʻawale kuaʻāina, e kelepona i kāu helu ulia pōpilikia kūloko (911 ma United States a me Kanada, 112 ma waena o ka European Union, 999 ma United Kingdom) a i ʻole e nīnau i kā mākou papa kuhikuhi o helu pilikia. No ka mālama ʻana i ke anuanu, e heluhelu polar vortex, arctic outbreak, a me ke ola anuanu, loiloi ʻino a me ka hau hau, a hoʻomākaukau no ka nalowale ʻike ʻana me nā makani hau, puhi hau keʻokeʻo, a me nā laina palekana.

E hana i kēia i kēia manawa¶

1. E hoʻohui i nā mea hale a pau i loko o hoʻokahi lumi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e kū ana i ka hema a hōʻoia i nā mea ʻike kalapona monoxide. Ke noho ka mahana o waho ma lalo o -35 degere Celsius (-31 degere Fahrenheit) no nā pule, ʻo ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ka hale mahiʻai holoʻokoʻa e hoʻopau koke i nā waihona wahie. E kau i nā pākeʻe hulu hipa kaumaha a i ʻole nā ​​kāwele ma nā ʻīpuka e hoʻopaʻa i nā keʻena i hoʻohana ʻole ʻia, nā thermostats haʻahaʻa i nā ʻēheu i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, a e hoʻāʻo i nā puʻupuʻu carbon monoxide ma mua o ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana i kahi lāʻau, lanahu, a i ʻole mea hoʻomehana ʻaila.
2. Hoʻokuʻu i nā kino pahu propane i hōʻike ʻia a uhi i nā kānana aila ʻaila waho ma mua o ka hiki ʻana o ka mahana i -35 degere Celsius (-31 degere Fahrenheit). Hoʻopau ka propane wai i ka paila ʻana i loko o ke kinoea hoʻohana ma -42 degere Celsius (-44 degere Fahrenheit), a hāʻule haʻahaʻa loa ke kaomi pahu e holo i ka umu ma -35 degere Celsius (-31 degere Fahrenheit) inā piha ka pahu. E holoi i ka hau mai ka puka makani hoʻoponopono, ka hau e hoʻolele ai i ka hau a puni nā ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa o ka pahu (a i ʻole e hoʻohana i ka uhi hoʻomehana pahu propane i helu ʻia ma UL), a mai hoʻopili i kahi lapalapa hāmama a i ʻole ka wai paila i kahi pahu a i ʻole laina kinoea.
3. **E mālama i nā kaʻa kaʻa diesel a pau, nā kaʻa, nā mea hana, a me nā pahu aila hoʻomehana waho me ka anti-gel cold-flow improver a me ka hui ʻaila ʻaila #1 i ka hoʻoilo. E mālama i nā kānana wahie spin-on a me ka wax wax diesel hou i loko o kou hale wela e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i kahi kānana tractor i hoʻopili ʻia i ka wā o ka hānai holoholona.
4. **E hoʻopaʻa i kahi laina hoʻopaʻa palekana 10-milimeter (0.375-ʻīniha) ma waena o ka puka o ka hale, ka hale wahie, ka pahu wahie, a me ka pā hale. Mai hele wāwae i ka hale paʻa a i ʻole ka pahu pahu ma -40 degere Celsius (-40 degere Fahrenheit) me ke kaula alakaʻi paʻa ʻole, nā maka aniani ski, kahi balaclava, a me kahi manawa hoʻopaʻa me kekahi i loko o ka hale.
5. Wāhi a puhi i nā lua wai inu holoholona ʻelua i kēlā me kēia lā me ka ʻoki ʻia ʻana o ke kahakai a me nā uhi lana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. Make nā holoholona i ka wai maloʻo a me ka maʻi colic i nā lā ma mua o ka pōloli i ka wā paʻa hau no ka mea ʻo ka ʻai ʻana i ka mauʻu maloʻo me ka ʻole o ka wai wai e make ai ka hopena o ka rumen. Mai ʻae i nā holoholona e hele ma luna o ka loko iʻa hau e inu ai mai ka lua waena; e ʻoki i nā ʻauwaʻa wai a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana kahakai i paʻa i ka pā mai ke kahua paʻa paʻa a e ʻoki i nā ʻāpana hau i ʻoki ʻia ma mua o ka hoʻomaha ʻana o ka lua.
6. E hoʻoheheʻe i nā ʻōpala hau i ka hoʻoilo a e hoʻoneʻe i nā holoholona i loko o kahi pā makani. Ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka ua a i ʻole ka pōʻai hoʻoheheʻe hoʻoheheʻe e hana i ka ʻōpala hau he 2-5-5-kenimika (0.8-a-2-inihi) ma luna o ka hau, nā lio, nā pipi, nā hipa, a me nā kao e haki i ko lākou mau wāwae lalo e hoʻāʻo ana e pa. E hoʻopaʻa i nā holoholona ma hope o ka pā makani 20-pakeneka-porosity, e hānai i ka mauʻu lōʻihi i ke ahiahi i hiki ke piʻi ka wela fermentation i ke aumoe, a me ka lepo maloʻo me 30 kenimika (12 iniha) o ka mauʻu maloʻo.

lāʻau hoʻoholo: lōʻihi subzero kaʻawale kua'āina a me ka dzud holoholona triage¶

flowchart TD
    Start["Hoʻolāʻihi ʻia ka Subzero Paʻu / Dzud Emergency: Nā Manawa <= -30 C (-22 F) a i -45 C (-49 F) + Ice Crust a i ʻole Deep Hau"] --> Sector{"ʻO wai ka ʻōnaehana koʻikoʻi e hāʻule nei?"}

    Sector -->|"1. HOME HEATING & FUEL LOCK: ʻO ka umu ahi-waho a i ʻole ke kaomi kinoea nāwaliwali."| FuelCheck{"He aha ka wahie wela e hoʻohana ai ka hale?"}

    FuelCheck -->|"Pahu Propane (LPG)."| PropaneFix["PROPANE VAPOR-LOCK PROTOCOL: 1. E nānā i ka pahu pahu: inā <30% ma -35 C (-31 F), hāʻule ke kaomi mahu ma lalo o 70 kPa (10 psi) 2. E hoʻopau i nā mea hana kinoea non-vital no ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka vaporization draw rate."]

    FuelCheck -->|"ʻAila Hoʻomaʻamaʻa (#2 Fuel Oil) a i ʻole Diesel"| OilFix["WAX GELLING & FILTER PROTOCOL: 1. E nānā i ke kīʻaha kānana pahu waho waho a me ka laina no ka paraffin sludge."]

    Sector -->|"2. WAI HĀNUHI a me ka laka ʻai: Ice Crust (Dzud) + Frozen Stock Tanks"| HerdCheck{"He aha ka mea hoʻoweliweli mua i ka bipi?"}

    HerdCheck -->|"Nā Punawai Hau"| WaterFix["KA HOʻOMAʻI O KA HĀNĀ: 1. Mai ʻae i ka pipi a i ʻole nā lio ma luna o ka loko hau 2. E pā i ka loko hau a ʻoki i ka pahu wai ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻaoʻao 3. E hoʻokuʻu koke i nā papa hau i ʻoki ʻia a kau i ka uhi lana i insulated 4. Ka wai mahana ma luna o 4 C (40 F) ke hiki."]

    HerdCheck -->|"Ice Crust / Pololi / Hu'i makani"| FeedFix["DZUD SHELTER & METABOLIC FEEDING: 1. E hoʻoneʻe i nā holoholona i loko o 20%-porosity windbreak shelter a i ʻole kahi moe ʻekolu ʻaoʻao 2. E hoʻōki i nā holoholona mai ka paʻi ʻana i ka ʻōpala hau ʻoi 3. E hoʻonui i ka ʻai mauʻu lōʻihi ma ka 1% no ka degere C ma lalo o ke anuanu koʻikoʻi haʻahaʻa 4. E hānai i ka ʻai mauʻu kaumaha loa ma 118:00 i ka 16:00:"]

    Sector -->|"3. KA KANAKA KANAKA A I OLE LAPAAU HOOKOLOKOLO: Ua Paa na Alanui no na Hebedoma"| IsolationFix["KE OLA KAʻawale ʻana i RURAL: 1. Mai hoʻāʻo e kaʻa kaʻawale ma ke kaʻa gelled ma -40 C (-40 F) 2. Ka wahie hoʻomehana ʻai ma ka neʻe ʻana a me ka hiamoe ʻana i loko o 1 lumi i loko + hale lole i loko 3. E hoʻokumu i ʻelua manawa i kēlā me kēia lā a i ʻole ka leka uila 4. Noi i ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka medevac a i ʻole ka mauʻu ma o ka hoʻouna."]

ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka meteorology a me ka physics o kahi dzud a me ka laka subzero lōʻihi¶

Ma nā pi'i li'ili'i, ho'okahi a 'ekolu mau lā ka lō'ihi o ka ho'oilo ma mua o ka ho'iho'i 'ana i ka mahana ma'amau. I loko o ka ʻāina, nā steppes latitu kiʻekiʻe, nā kīʻaha waena, a me nā pāpū arctic (e like me Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Siberia, Canadian Prairies, ka loko o Alaska, ka ʻĀkau Nui o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a me nā ʻāina ʻo Scandinavian), hiki i ka Siberian High a i ʻole Arctic anticyclone hiki ke laka i kahi ʻōpuʻu paʻa o ka ea frigid i loko o 30 mau lā.

Ke hahai kēia anu lōʻihi i nā kaʻina o ka wā, hoʻokaʻawale nā meteorologists a me nā keʻena pōʻino mahiʻai i ka hanana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka dzud typology honua i ʻike ʻia e ka World Meteorological Organization (WMO) a me ka Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) o ka United Nations:

Ka pale ʻana a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka laka wahie subzero: propane, ʻaila hoʻomehana, a me ka diesel¶

ʻO ka manawa pōʻino loa no ka ʻohana kuaʻāina kaʻawale i ka -40 degere Celsius (-40 degere Fahrenheit) paʻa i ka arctic i ka wā e make koke ai ka umu kikowaena a i ʻole ka mea hana hoʻihoʻi, ʻaʻole no ka nele o ka pahu wahie, akā no ka mea ua hiki ka wahie i kona palena kino.

1. Laka pahu mahu o Propane (LPG) ma -42 degere Celsius (-44 degere Fahrenheit)¶

Noho ʻia ke kinoea ʻaila wai (ʻoihana HD-5 propane) i loko o kahi pahu kila waho ma ke ʻano he wai paila ma lalo o ka mahu kinoea kaomi ʻia. Ke ho'ā ka umu ahi o loko, e huki ana ia i ka mahu mai luna mai; ʻO kēia hāʻule i ke kaomi e hoʻolapalapa ai ka propane wai ma lalo a hoʻopiha i ka mahu. - ** ʻO ka -42.2 degere Celsius (-44 degere Fahrenheit) Pahu Kohu Boiling:** Ma ke kaomi o ka lewa, huʻihu ka propane wai ma -42.2 degere Celsius (-44 degere Fahrenheit). Ma 21 degere Celsius (70 degere Fahrenheit), ʻo ke kaomi pahu pahu ma kahi o 860 kilopascals (125 psi); ma -18 degere Celsius (0 degere Fahrenheit), hāʻule ia i 193 kilopascals (28 psi); ma -35 degere Celsius (-31 degere Fahrenheit), hāʻule i ka 55 kilopascals (8 psi), ʻaʻole lawa ka holo ʻana i ka mea hoʻoponopono ʻelua pae; a ma -42.2 degere Celsius (-44 degere Fahrenheit), piʻi ke kaomi ana i ka 0 kilopascals (0 psi) no laila kahe ʻole ke kinoea ʻoiai he 80 pakeneka ka piha o ka pahu. - Autorefrigeration i loko o nā pahu haʻahaʻa: ʻO ka paila wai propane e hoʻopau i ka wela ma o nā paia kila o ka pahu. Inā ʻoi aku ka piha o ka pahu ma lalo o 25 pākēneka, ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi ka ʻili o ke kila pulu e hoʻomoʻa i ka wela o waho, e hoʻoluliluli i ke koena wai ma lalo o -42 degere Celsius (-44 degere Fahrenheit) ʻoiai ke ea waho -30 degere Celsius (-22 degere Fahrenheit).

Nā hana ulia pōpilikia e hoʻihoʻi i ke kahe propane:¶

1. E ho'ēmi i ka haʻawe mahuka BTU: E hoʻopau i nā mea hana kinoea lua (nā mea hoʻomehana wai, nā mea maloʻo, nā mea hoʻomehana hale kaʻa) a hoʻololi i hoʻokahi wale nō mea hoʻomehana honua i ka manawa.
2. E hoʻopaʻa i ka hau maʻemaʻe a puni ka ʻōpū o lalo o ka pahu: ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka hau a puni nā ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa o ka pahu e hoʻokaʻawale i ke kila mai ka hoʻoilo ʻana i ka pō. Mai kanu ʻoe i ka dome, valve pani, a i ʻole ka mea hoʻoponopono ma lalo o ka hau, a e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka puka makani hoʻokele i lalo i ka hau.
3. E hoʻoheheʻe i ka mea hoʻoponopono maloʻo me ka palekana: E ʻōwili i kahi mea hoʻoponopono paʻa i loko o kahi kāwele a ninini i ka wai paipu mahana (40 a 50 degere Celsius [104 a 122 degere Fahrenheit]) ma luna o laila, a i ʻole e hoʻohana i kahi pākeʻe hoʻomehana pahu propane i helu ʻia ma UL. Mai hoʻohana i ka puhi puhi a i ʻole ka lapalapa ahi.

2. ʻO Diesel a me #2 ʻaila hoʻomehana paraffin wax gelling¶

Loaʻa ka ʻaila hoʻomehana home #2 maʻamau a me ka ʻaila hoʻomehana home #2 i loko o ka paraffin hydrocarbons e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā platelet wax i ke anuanu. Ma ka Cloud Point (-9 a i ka -12 degere Celsius [15 a 10 degere Fahrenheit]), hoʻohuli ʻia nā ʻeleʻele wax i ke ao a me nā mea kānana pepa; ma ka Gel Point (-15 a -18 degere Celsius [5 a 0 degere Fahrenheit]), hoʻopaʻa ʻole ka wahie #2 i loko o nā laina keleawe.

Nā hana ulia pōpilikia no ka wahie gelled:¶

1. Ka hoʻoilo pale ʻana ma mua o ka hoʻoilo ʻana: Hoʻohui i ka #1 Diesel a i ʻole #1 Kerosene (K-1) i loko o nā pahu wahie #2 o waho (he 50/50 ka hui ʻana e kahe ana i lalo a hiki i -35 degere Celsius [-31 degere Fahrenheit], a 100 pākēneka #1 ʻaila e kahe ana i -42 degere Celsius [-44] degere Fahren). Hoʻohui i ka Cold Flow Improver (Anti-Gel) ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka mahana o ka wahie ma mua o -5 degere Celsius (23 degere Fahrenheit).
2. Ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka gelling ma ka -40 degere Celsius (-40 degere Fahrenheit): Mai hoʻopā pinepine i ka ʻenekini diesel gelled. E hoʻololi i ka kānana wahie milo i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me kahi kānana ʻokoʻa mahana i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka 50 pākēneka #1 ʻaila a me 50% Diesel Wax Re-Liquefier, e ninini i ka wax re-liquefier a me ka ʻaila mahana #1 i loko o ka pahu, a e hoʻopaʻa i ka hale kānana me ka tarp a me ka lipine wela uila a i ʻole ka mea holoi lauoho no 30 mau minuke.

ʻO ke ola o nā holoholona i ka wā dzud: ka meaʻai, ka makani makani, a me ka ʻoki ʻana i ka wai¶

I loko o nā hanana subzero lōʻihi a me nā dzud i hau, e make nā holoholona ke ʻoi aku ka wela o ka makani ma mua o ka hiki ke hoʻomoʻa ʻana i ka ʻai, a i ʻole ka nele o ka wai wai e hoʻōki i ka fermentation rumen.

1. Lower Critical Temperature (LCT) and metabolic feeding¶

ʻO ka bipi a i ʻole ka lio makua me ka ʻaʻahu hoʻoilo maloʻo he Lower Critical Temperature (LCT) o -7 a -13 degere Celsius (19 a 9 degere Fahrenheit) (piʻi i +15 degere Celsius [59 degere Fahrenheit] inā pulu ka ʻaʻahu). 1. Ka 1-Pakeneka-Per-Degree Hay Rule: E hoʻonui i ka ʻai ʻana o ka ikehu maʻemaʻe e 1 pākēneka no kēlā me kēia 1 degere Celsius (2 degere Fahrenheit) i hāʻule ka makani ma lalo o ka LCT o ka holoholona. Ma -40 degere Celsius (-40 degere Fahrenheit), pono nā pipi maloʻo 30 pākēneka o ka ikehu hānai i kēlā me kēia lā. 2. Hanai i ka mauʻu kumu lōʻihi, ʻaʻole i nā ʻōpuʻu palaoa hikiwawe: Hoʻopuka nā mea rumina a me nā lio i ka wela nui ma o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa microbial o cellulose fiber (hay). ʻO ka pālua ʻana i ka palaoa maka ke kumu o ka lactic acidosis a me ka bloat; akā, hāʻawi i ka mauʻu koho manuahi a me ka mauʻu alfalfa. 3. E hānai i ka ʻai mauʻu kaumaha loa ma waena o 16:00 a me 18:00: Piʻi ka wela o ka fermentation Rumen 4 a 8 mau hola ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana, e hoʻohālikelike ana i ka wela wela o loko i nā hola anuanu loa i ke aumoe a i ke kakahiaka.

2. Palekana subzero holoholona hoʻoinu kaola¶

Mai ʻae i ka pipi a i ʻole nā lio e ʻākoakoa ma luna o ka loko iʻa hau a puni kahi lua waena, kahi e haki ai ka papa hau a make nui. 1. Paʻa i nā loko iʻa hau a ʻokiʻoki i nā ʻāpana kahakai ma kahi wale nō e kau ai nā māiuuu ma lalo o ka ʻiliʻili paʻa, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pou e kaupalena i ke komo ʻana i 2 a 3 mau holoholona i ka manawa. 2. E hohola i ka lehu lāʻau, ke one, a i ʻole ka mauʻu maloʻo ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka waihona hau i ʻole e paheʻe nā holoholona a nahā i ko lākou pelvis. 3. E hoʻokuʻu koke i nā ʻāpana hau i ʻoki ʻia i waho o ka lua no laila ʻaʻole e hua ka ʻōpala i ka hoʻomaloʻo wikiwiki, a uhi i ka 80 pakeneka o ka lua me kahi poʻi lana lāʻau i hoʻopaʻa ʻia.

3. ʻO nā makani makani i hana ʻia a me ka pale ʻana i nā neonatal¶

E kūkulu i ka makani makani me ka 20 pakeneka porosity (15 kenimika [6 iniha] papa me 3.8 kenimika [1.5 iniha] āpau) no ka ʻoki ʻana i ka makani makani ma 75 pākēneka ma kahi ʻaoʻao liʻiliʻi he 10 manawa o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pā me ka hoʻolei ʻole ʻana i kahi hau hau ma luna o ka pua. ʻO ka lepo maloʻo me 30 kenimika (12 ʻīniha) o ka mauʻu maloʻo no ka pale ʻana i ka ʻāʻī ʻāʻī o nā bipi a me ka udder frostbite i loko o nā bipi, a maloʻo i nā keiki hānau hou i loko o ka hale ma mua o ka hānai ʻana i ka mehana (38 degere Celsius [100 degere Fahrenheit]) colostrum i loko o 2 mau hola o ka hānau ʻana.

4. Kāohi ʻana i ka hāʻule ʻana o ka lako a me ka haki ʻana o ka laina hydraulic ma -40 degere Celsius (-40 degere Fahrenheit)¶

I ka hānai ʻana i nā holoholona me ka mea hoʻoili mua a i ʻole ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā ala hele i ka wā maloʻo hohonu, lilo nā ʻāpana mechanical a hydraulic maʻamau. - Pānana hoʻomaʻamaʻa hydraulic: Ma -40 degere Celsius (-40 degere Fahrenheit), loaʻa ka wai hydraulic anuanu i ka viscosity o nā molasses anu. ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā lima hoʻoili hydraulic a i ʻole ka hoʻokele mana ma hope koke o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka tractor e hoʻoheheʻe i ka paila hydraulic a puhi aku i nā puʻupuʻu kiʻekiʻe. E hoʻokuʻu i ka tractor i ka 1,000 a i ka 1,200 RPM no 15 a 20 mau minuke a hoʻololi mālie i kēlā me kēia cylinder hydraulic me ka haʻahaʻa ʻole e kaʻa i ka wai mahana ma mua o ka hāpai ʻana i nā bale mauʻu kaumaha. - Ka hao kalapona kiʻekiʻe embrittlement: Ma lalo o -30 degere Celsius (-22 degere Fahrenheit), nā paʻi hoʻopaʻa kila kila, nā kaulahao lāʻau, a me nā ihe bale loader e nalowale ka paʻakikī (ductile-to-brittle transition). Mai hoʻokuʻu i ke kaulahao kaʻa hau a hoʻolei paha i ka ihe bale ma luna o ka lepo maloʻo, no ka mea, hiki i ke kila ke paʻi e like me ka hao a hoʻolele i nā ʻāpana metala i ke kaʻa.

Ke ola nei i nā pule he nui i ka noho kaʻawale ʻana o ke kanaka ma kahi home kuaʻāina subzero¶

Ke pani ʻia nā alanui kuaʻāina ma lalo o 2 mika (6.5 kapuaʻi) o ka hau paʻa i ka makani a noho ka mahana ma -40 degere Celsius (-40 degere Fahrenheit), ʻaʻole hiki i nā lawelawe pilikia, nā kaʻa lawe wahie, a me nā limahana hoʻoponopono pono ke hiki i nā home home mamao no ʻelua a ʻehā pule.

1. Ke hana ʻana i kahi micro-climate o loko ("Room-Within-a-Room")¶

Inā hāʻule kāu ʻōnaehana hoʻomehana mua a hāʻule paha nā waihona wahie ma lalo o 25 pakeneka: 1. E koho i hoʻokahi lumi liʻiliʻi i loko (a i ʻole kahi lumi liʻiliʻi me kahi umu ahi lāʻau i hōʻoia ʻia) ma ka papahele nui mai ka paia makani. 2. E kau i nā makau kīʻaha a i ʻole nā ​​ʻili kui kui ma luna o nā puka makani o waho a kau ʻia ʻelua papa o nā pākeʻe hulu hipa, ʻeke moe, a i ʻole ka hoʻopuʻi ʻana i ka pulupulu ma luna o ke aniani, e hoʻopaʻa i nā ʻaoʻao lalo i ka puka makani e hoʻōki i ka convective downdrafts. 3. E kau i 3-kau a i ʻole 4-kau hale hoʻomoana ma luna o kahi moena mānoanoa a i ʻole ka ʻahuʻula i loko o kēlā lumi. Hiki i nā kānaka ʻehā e hiamoe ana i loko o kahi hale lole nylon dome liʻiliʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia i loko o kahi lumi wela ʻole ke mālama i ka ea i loko o ka hale lole ma +12 degere Celsius a +18 degere Celsius (54 degere Fahrenheit a 64 degere Fahrenheit) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wela kino wale nō, ʻoiai ke hāʻule ka hale i lalo o ka hau.

2. ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka paipu me ka mālama ʻana i nā paipu¶

Ma -40 degere Celsius (-40 degere Fahrenheit), maloʻo nā paipu wai wela ʻole i loko o nā paia o waho a pohā i loko o 2 a 4 mau hola, e hoʻopiha ana i ka hale me ka hau ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. - Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe ka wela a me ka mana/ke kaomi wai: E wehe i nā puka kīhini a me ka lumi lumi lumi ma lalo o nā poho i hiki i ka ea lumi mahana i nā paipu o ka paia, a e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā kīʻaha wela a me ke anu i kahi ** kahawai-pencil-lead paʻa** (lawe ka wai hoʻoneʻe i ka wela mai ka lako lepo hohonu a pale i ka maloʻo). - Inā pau kou wela: Mai kali a pohā nā paipu. Hoʻopaʻa i ka pahu wai o ka hale nui ma lalo o ka laina hau (a i ʻole e hoʻopau i ka mea wāwahi punawai), e wehe i kēlā me kēia paipu ma ka papahele kiʻekiʻe a haʻahaʻa e hoʻokomo i ka ea, hoʻokahe i ka pahu hoʻoheheʻe haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, hoʻokahe i ka pahu hoʻomehana wai wela, holoi i kēlā me kēia halepaku e hoʻokaʻawale i ka pahu, a ninini ** ʻaʻole toxic RV propylene glycol antifreeze** i loko o kēlā me kēia luawai e kū ana ka wai ʻauʻau i loko o ka lua P-trap, ʻaʻole pohā ka wai ʻauʻau. porcelain a i ʻole ka hao. No nā kaʻina hana hoʻihoʻi paipu piha, e ʻike i kā mākou alakaʻi pilikia pilikia paipu paʻa a ʻaʻohe wela i ka hoʻoilo alakaʻi.

Nā helu ulia pōpilikia āpana a me nā protocols oihana¶

I loko o nā pōʻino subzero lōʻihi a me nā laka hau mahiʻai, e hoʻokaʻaʻike i ka hoʻouna hoʻouna pilikia olakino a me kāu ʻoihana mahiʻai a i ʻole nā ​​ʻoihana pale kīwila.

• ** ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa:** Kāhea iā 911 no nā pilikia hoʻomehana olakino a palekana paha. No ke kōkua hānai holoholona ulia pōpilikia a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka pōʻino, e kelepona i kou kalana Emergency Management Agency (EMA) a me ka USDA Farm Service Agency (FSA) (nāna e hoʻokele i ka Livestock Indemnity Program and Emergency Assistance for Livestock). Mākaʻikaʻi National Weather Service (NWS) Nā ʻōlelo aʻo anu loa (weather.gov).
• Kanada: Kāhea iā 911 no nā mākaʻi, ke ahi, a me ka hoʻopakele ʻana. Mākaʻikaʻi Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) Nā ʻōlelo aʻo anu loa. Hoʻonohonoho nā kūlanakauhale kuaʻāina a me nā Kuhina Mahiʻai kūloko i ka lawe ʻana i nā meaʻai hoʻoilo hoʻoilo a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka hau hau no ka lawe ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka wahie.
• United Kingdom: E kelepona iā 999 a i ʻole 112 no nā ulia pōpilikia, a i ʻole 105 e hōʻike i ka ʻoki ʻana i ka mana (hiki i nā hale kuaʻāina nāwaliwali ke kākau inoa ma ka Priority Services Register). I ka wā o nā laka hau mauna, ʻo Defra, ke Scottish Government, a me ka National Farmers' Union (NFU) hoʻonohonoho i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā meaʻai pilikia.
• European Union and Nordic Countries: E kelepona iā 112 ma nā mokuʻāina lālā o EU, Norewai, a me Iceland. Ma Suedena (MSB), Finland (Pelastustoimi), Norewai (DSB), a me Iceland (Almannavarnir), hoʻonohonoho nā luna hoʻomalu kīwila i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā kaʻa hau a me nā hoʻopuka wahie hoʻomehana pilikia.
• Mongolia, Central Asia, a me Asia-Pacific: Ma Mongolia, e kāhea iā 101 / 105 no ka National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA), nāna e hoʻonohonoho i ka pane ʻana o ka dzud aupuni, nā mālama hānai hoʻoilo, a me ka Keʻa ʻulaʻula / FAO hāʻawi ʻai. Ma Kina, e kelepona iā 110 / 119 / 120; ma Iapana, e kāhea iā 119; ma Australia a me New Zealand, e kelepona iā 000 (Australia) a i ʻole 111 (New Zealand) a hoʻonohonoho i ka pono waiwai o ka ʻāina kiʻekiʻe ma o Federated Farmers NZ a i ʻole State Department of Primary Industries.

Nīnau pinepine¶

No ke aha e like ai ka -40 degere Celsius -40 degere Fahrenheit, a no ke aha e hāʻule ai nā ʻōnaehana mechanical i kēlā manawa?¶

ʻO nā unahi wela Celsius a me Fahrenheit e hui ana ma -40 degere ma muli o ke ʻano hoʻololi laina. Ma waho aʻe o kēlā makemakika, ʻo -40 degere he paepae hōʻino kino no nā ʻoihana kuaʻāina: hiki i ka propane HD-5 pāʻoihana i kona wahi e hoʻolapalapa ai i ka lewa ma -42.2 degere Celsius (-44 degere Fahrenheit) a nalowale ke kaomi pahu, ʻo nā apo nitrile rubber maʻamau a me nā hoses hydraulic e hoʻololi i ke aniani a pohā i ka wā e hoʻololi ʻia ai ka paʻa o ka ʻaila. hoʻopuka.

Hiki iaʻu ke ninini i ka waiʻona a i ʻole ka ʻaila i loko o ka tractor diesel a i ʻole ka pahu aila hoʻomehana e hoʻōki i ka gelling ma -40 degere?¶

Mai ninini i ka ʻaila hinu a i ʻole ka waiʻona hoʻomaʻemaʻe hale i loko o ka mīkini diesel hou a i ʻole ka pahu aila hoʻomehana. Hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻo Gasoline i ke kiko uila o ka diesel i nā pae pahū a hoʻopau i nā pamu hoʻoheheʻe wahie maʻamau maʻamau, ʻoiai ʻo ka waiʻona ka mea e hoʻokaʻawale ai i ka pae a hoʻopau i nā injectors. E hoʻohui wale i ka ʻaila ʻaila maʻemaʻe #1 a i ʻole #1 diesel a hoʻohana i nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe anuanu a me nā wai hoʻoheheʻe hou ʻana.

ʻEhia ka nui o ka hau e hoʻoheheʻe ai i 1 lita (1 quart) o ka wai inu inā maloʻo ka luawai?¶

He 10:1 a hiki i ka 15:1 ka nui o ka hau o ka pauka maʻemaʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi, pono ʻoe e hoʻoheheʻe i 10 a 15 lita (2.6 a 4 mau galani) o ka hau maloʻo e hana ai i 1 lita (1 quart) wai. ʻO ka hoʻokomo pono ʻana i ka hau maloʻo i loko o ka ipuhao maloʻo ma luna o ka umu e wela ai ka ipu hao a ʻo nā ʻeke ea e hoʻokaʻawale i ka hau ma luna. E ninini mau i 3 a 5 mau kenimika (1 a 2 iniha) o ka wai hoʻomaka wai i loko o ka ipu hao, e hoʻokomo i ka hau hau a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana hau i loko o ka wai mehana me ka hoʻomāhuahua ʻana, a e hoʻoheheʻe i ka wai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.

No ke aha e make ai nā hipa a me nā pipi ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana i ka mauʻu hau i ka wā o ka hau hau?¶

Ke hoʻomaloʻo ka hau hau nui a i ʻole ka rime i ka mauʻu i ka hoʻoilo ma -35 degere Celsius (-31 degere Fahrenheit), ʻai ka bipi pōloli a i ʻole ka hipa wahine i kekahi mau kilokani hau hau subzero me nā kumu. ʻO ka nui o ka hau e hāʻule i ka wela o loko o ka rumen mai 39 degere Celsius (102 degere Fahrenheit) ma lalo o 30 degere Celsius (86 degere Fahrenheit), nā microbes rumen kupanaha, hoʻopau i ka neʻe ʻana o ka ʻōpū, hoʻoulu i ka bloat nui, a me ka hāʻule ʻana o ka wā lōʻihi i nā hipa wahine hāpai a me nā bipi.

He aha kaʻu e hana ai inā loaʻa i kekahi kanaka i loko o ka hale mahiʻai kaʻawale i ka hau nui a ʻaʻole hiki ke hele i ka haukapila no nā lā?¶

E noʻonoʻo i ka pilikia o ka hoʻomaha hou ʻana ma mua o ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ka lālā. Wahi a ka Wilderness Medical Society a me ke Keʻa ʻulaʻula, inā loaʻa ka lima a me ka wāwae i ka hau hau i ka lua o ka manawa, e mālama i ka ʻiʻo i ka hau a hiki i ka paʻa ʻana o kahi lumi mahana, no ka mea, ʻo ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ka hoʻokuʻu hou ʻana ke kumu o ka haki ʻana o nā cell catastrophic. Ke komo i loko o kahi lumi hoʻomaha paʻa, e hoʻokomo i ka ʻaoʻao i loko o ka wai kaʻapuni i hoʻomehana ʻia i 37 a 39 degere Celsius (98.6 a 102.2 degere Fahrenheit) no 30 mau minuke a hiki i ka pliable, hāʻawi i ka ibuprofen inā loaʻa. ʻO ka lawe ʻana i kahi papa kōkua mua mai ke Keʻa ʻulaʻula, St John Ambulance, a i ʻole kahi mea lawelawe kūloko e hoʻomākaukau i nā ʻohana kuaʻāina no ka mālama kaʻawale lōʻihi.

Nā alakaʻi pili¶

• Polar vortex, arctic outbreak, a me ke ola hau anuanu
• ʻO ka makani hau, puhi hau keʻokeʻo, a me nā laina palekana
• ʻO ka Hypothermia a me ka hau hau ke kōkua mua
• ʻAʻohe wela i ka hoʻoilo: ola i loko a me ka hoʻomehana hoʻihoʻi palekana

Nā kumu a me ke alakaʻi kūhelu¶

• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and World Meteorological Organization (WMO): Dzud Early Warning, Pastoral Winter Disaster Typology (White, Black, Ice, Cold, and Combined Dzuds), and Emergency Livestock Feeding Guidelines.
• ** Ke Keʻena ʻOihana Mahiʻai o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (USDA) Extension Service a me North Dakota / Montana State University Extension:** Winter Livestock Management during Extreme Cold, Lower Critical Temperature (LCT) Ration Adjustments, and Subzero Stock Watering Engineering.
• National Propane Gas Association (NPGA) a me NFPA 58 (Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code): Propane Vapor Pressure Temperature Curves, Cold-Weather Autorefrigeration Prevention, and Regulator Snow/Ice Clearance Safety.
• United States Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL): Cold Weather Operations Manual: Diesel Fuel Waxing/Gelling Remediation, Subzero Battery Management, and Extreme Cold Shelter Engineering.
• Wilderness Medical Society (WMS): *Nā Kūlana Hoʻomaʻamaʻa Lapaʻau no ka Kāohi ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i ka frostbite a me ka Hypothermia kuʻuna ma nā wahi mamao a me ka Austere.