Umkhenkce omde weSubzero, Idlelo eliCrusted I-Ice-Crusted (Dzud), kunye nokwahlukaniswa kwasebusika emaphandleni¶

Umkhenkce obude obude obungaphantsi komkhenkce obudityaniswe nomkhenkce ongangenekiyo phezu kwepakethe yekhephu (eyaziwa ngamazwe ngamazwe ngegama lentlekele yaseMongolia dzud, nakuMntla Merika wonke nakumantla eEurasia njengei-ice-lock yasebusika okanye ukugqabhuka kwe-arctic ende) yimeko kaxakeka yeeveki ezininzi apho amaqondo obushushu omoya ahlala okanye angaphantsi kwe-20 degrees Celsius-4 degrees Celsius (4 degrees Celsius-4 degrees) Fahrenheit) emva kwemvula ekhephuni, phakathi ebusika imijikelo yokunyibilika kwakhona komkhenkce, okanye ikhephu elinzulu ligqume imbonakalo yomhlaba yasemaphandleni. Ngokungafaniyo nesitshingitshane seqhwa esifutshane, i-arctic lock-in lock-in ivala ukufudumeza kwasemaphandleni kunye neenkqubo zothutho kwimigangatho yokutshintsha kwesigaba somzimba: ipropane yolwelo iyeka ukunuka ngaphakathi kwamatanki angaphandle kwi-42 degrees Celsius (-44 degrees Fahrenheit), engaphathwanga #2 idizili kunye neoyile yokufudumeza ziqina zibe yiparafini yewax gels evula isitokhwe segrafu esivulelekayo, sivuleke igrabile, igruluke igxumeke igrabile. ngaphezu kwemitha e-1 (iinyawo ezi-3.3) ubukhulu. Ukuba imeko kaxakeka yonyango okanye yokufudumeza kwenzeka ngexesha lokuhlala wedwa emaphandleni, tsalela umnxeba kwinombolo yakho yexesha likaxakeka (911 eUnited States naseKhanada, 112 kwi-European Union, 999 eUnited Kingdom) okanye ujonge kuluhlu lwethu lweenkcukacha amanani kaxakeka. Ngokhathalelo olubukhali lokuvezwa okubandayo, funda i-polar vortex, ukuqhambuka kwe-arctic, kunye nokusinda kwingqele yomoya, uphononongo izaqhwithi zasebusika kunye neqhwithi, kwaye ulungiselele ukulahleka kokubonakala nge amaqhwithela asemhlabeni, ukugqabhuka kwekhephu elimhlophe, kunye nemigca yokhuseleko.

Yenza oku ngoku¶

1. Hlanganisa bonke abahlali kwigumbi eligqunyiweyo elijonge kuMazantsi kwaye uqinisekise izixhobo zokujonga ikharbhon monoksayidi. Xa amaqondo obushushu angaphandle ehlala ngaphantsi kwe -35 degrees celcius (-31 degrees Fahrenheit) iiveki, ukufudumeza indlu yonke yasefama kukhupha amafutha agcinwe ngokukhawuleza. Zixhome iingubo zoboya ezinzima okanye iitela ngaphaya kweminyango ukuvala amagumbi angasetyenziswanga, i-thermostats esezantsi kumaphiko akhutshiweyo, kwaye uvavanye iialam zekhabhon monokside esebenza ngebhetri phambi kokukhanyisa nayiphi na inkuni, amalahle, okanye isifudumezi separafini.
2. Khulisa imizimba ye-propane eveziweyo yetanki kwaye usonge izihluzo ze-oyile zangaphandle phambi kokuba amaqondo obushushu afikelele -35 degrees celsius (-31 degrees Fahrenheit). Ulwelo lwepropane luyayeka ukubila kwirhasi enokusebenziseka ku -42 degrees celcius (-44 degrees Fahrenheit), kwaye uxinzelelo lwetanki lwehla kakhulu ukuba luqhube isithando somlilo kwi -35 degrees celcius (-31 degrees Fahrenheit) kwitanki egcweleyo (-31%). Gcoba ikhephu kwindawo yokulawula, ikhephu eligquma ibhanki lijikeleze amacala asezantsi etanki (okanye sebenzisa ingubo yokufudumeza yetanki ye-UL edweliswe ngu-UL), kwaye ungaze ufake idangatye elivulekileyo okanye amanzi abilayo kwitanki okanye kwintambo yerhasi.
3. Nyanga zonke iitrektara zedizili, iilori, iijenereyitha, kunye neetanki ze-oyile zokufudumeza zangaphandle nge-anti-gel cold-flow improver kunye #1 ne-kerosene edibeneyo yasebusika. Xa i-wax yeparafini icrystals iphuma kwi#2 yedizili ("cloud point" emalunga -9 degrees celcius [15 degrees Fahrenheit] kunye ne "gel point point" malunga no -18 degrees Celsius nyibilikisa umthwebeba. Gcina izihluzo zamafutha ezitshisiweyo kunye ne-wax yedizili ephinda ixutywe ne-liquefier ngaphakathi kwindlu yakho eshushu ukuze ucoce isihluzo setrektara eplagiweyo ngexesha likaxakeka lokutyisa imfuyo.
4. Lungisa umgca wokhuseleko oziimilimitha ezili-10 (0.375-intshi) phakathi kocango lwendlu, iplanga, itanki yepetroli, kunye neshedi. Iinkqubo ezinde ze-arctic zoxinzelelo oluphezulu zivelisa amakhephu emvula ngequbuliso kunye nemimoya ephuma ebusuku. Ungaze uhambe uye eshedini okanye itanki yesitokhwe ku-40 degrees celcius (-40 degrees Fahrenheit) ngaphandle kwentambo yesikhokhelo esisigxina, izibuko zokutyibiliza, i-balaclava, kunye nesibali-xesha sokungena nomntu ongaphakathi.
5. Yaphula kwaye uvuthe imingxuma yamanzi okusela imfuyo kabini ngemini usebenzisa i-shoreline cut and insulated floating covers. Imfuyo iyafa ngenxa yokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni kunye ne- impaction colic iintsuku phambi kokulamba ngexesha lomkhenkce onomkhenkce kuba ukutya ifula eyomileyo engenamanzi angamanzi kubangela ukuchaphazeleka kwerumen ebulalayo. Ungaze uvumele izilwanyana zihambe kwidama elinomkhenkce ukuze zisele kumngxuma ophakathi; sika izikhonkwane zamanzi okanye iindawo zokubeka elunxwemeni ezibiyelweyo ukusuka kunyawo oluqinileyo lwebhanki kwaye ukhuphe onke amaqhekeza omkhenkce anqunqiweyo phambi kokuba umngxuma uphinde ube ngumkhenkce.
6. Iqhekeza lomkhenkce elimenyezelayo kumadlelo asebusika kwaye ufuduse imihlambi kwindawo yokufihla umoya. Xa imvula eqhaqhazelis’ amazinyo okanye umjikelo wokunyibilika kwenza umkhenkce oneesentimitha ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-5 (0.8-ukuya-i-intshi ezi-2) phezu kwekhephu, amahashe, iinkomo, iigusha neebhokhwe zigqobhoza imilenze yazo engezantsi izama ukugwedla. Valela izilwanyana ngasemva kocingo lwe-20-percent-porosity-porosity windbreak, ukutya ifula enesiqu eside emva kwemini emva kwemini ukuze ubushushu bokubila bunyuke ezinzulwini zobusuku, kunye nomandlalo womhlaba onomkhenkce oziisentimitha ezingama-30 (ii-intshi ezili-12) zomququ owomileyo.

Umthi wesigqibo: ukwahlukaniswa kwamaphandle ixesha elide kunye nemfuyo yedzud¶

flowchart TD
    Start["Umkhenkce omde weSubzero / Dzud Emergency: Ubushushu <= -30 C (-22 F) ukuya -45 C (-49 F) + I-Ice Crust okanye iKhephu eliNzulu"] --> Sector{"Yeyiphi inkqubo ebalulekileyo esilelayo?"}

    Sector -->|"1. UKUSHISA EKHAYA & UKUTSHXWA KWEFUTHA: I-Frenace Flame-Out okanye Uxinzelelo lwerhasi olungenamandla"| FuelCheck{"Ngawaphi amafutha okufudumeza asetyenziswa likhaya?"}

    FuelCheck -->|"ITanki yePropane (LPG)."| PropaneFix["IPROPANE VAPOR-LOCK PROTOCOL: 1. Khangela igeyiji yetanki: ukuba ingaphantsi kwe-30% ku -35 C (-31 F), uxinzelelo lomphunga lwehla ngaphantsi kwe-70 kPa (10 psi) 2. Cima izixhobo zerhasi ezingabalulekanga ukunciphisa umlinganiselo wokutsalwa ngumphunga 3. Coca iqhwa kwisixhobo sokulawula ikhephu kwisilawuli se-Bank okanye i-4. umlawuli)"]

    FuelCheck -->|"Ukufudumeza Ioyile (#2 Ioyile yeFuel) okanye iDizili"| OilFix["I-WAX GELLING & NEPROTOCOL YOHLULO: 1. Hlola isitya sokucoca itanki yangaphandle kunye nomgca woludaka lweparafini 2. Isihluzo sezindlu kunye nomgca usebenzisa iteyiphu yobushushu bombane okanye amalaphu amanzi ashushu (akukho zitotshi) 3. Faka enye indawo yesihluzo se-fuel esiplagiweyo kwaye wongeze i-fuel de-icer 4. Hlanganisa i-30% ukuya kwi-50% yeKerosene kwi-tank ye-50% #1"]

    Sector -->|"2. AMANZI EMFUYO & NOKUTSHITSHWA KWENGQONDO: I-Ice Crust (Dzud) + Iitanki zemfuyo eQinisiweyo"| HerdCheck{"Sesiphi esona sisongelo siphambili emhlambini?"}

    HerdCheck -->|"Imithombo yamanzi aMkhenkce"| WaterFix["IMFUYO YOKWENZIWA KWAMANDLA: 1. Ungaze uvumele iinkomo okanye amahashe emkhenkceni wedama 2. Biyela umkhenkce echibini kwaye unqumle umkhenkce ogudle udonga oluselunxwemeni."]

    HerdCheck -->|"Uqweqwe lomkhenkce / Indlala / Ukupholisa umoya"| FeedFix["I-DZUD SHELTER & NE-METABOLIC FEDDING: 1. Hambisa umhlambi uye kwi-20%-porosity shelter ye-windbreak okanye ishedi enamacala amathathu 2. Nqanda izilwanyana ekugibeni uqweqwe lomkhenkce obukhali 3. Yongeza i-1% yefula emide ngeqondo C ngaphantsi kweqondo lobushushu elisezantsi 4. Yondla ngeyona ndlela inzima 16:00 kwisidlo se-16:00"]

    Sector -->|"3. UKWAHLULWA KWEZONYANGO OKANYE OKUNIKEZELWA NGABANTU: Iindlela zivaliwe kangangeeveki"| IsolationFix["UKUSINDA KWAKWENZIWA KWAMAHHALA: 1. Ungaze uzame i-solo drive kwimoto ye-gelled kwi-40 C (-40 F) 2. Umlinganiselo wokufudumeza amafutha ngokuhambisa indawo yokuhlala kunye nokulala kwigumbi eli-1 langaphakathi + intente yangaphakathi 3. Misa irediyo okanye i-satellite check-in kabini ngosuku 4. Cela i-medevac engxamisekileyo okanye ukuhanjiswa kwehay ngokuthumela nge-dispatch."]

Ukuqonda i-meteorology kunye nefiziksi yedzud kunye ne-subzero lock-in ende¶

Kwiimozulu ezinemozulu epholileyo, izaqhwithi zasebusika zihlala zihlala intsuku enye ukuya kwezintathu phambi kokuba umoya ofudumeleyo ubuye ubuyisele amaqondo obushushu aqhelekileyo. Kwiindawo zangaphakathi zelizwekazi, iindawo eziphakamileyo ezinobude obuphezulu, iziseko zeentaba, kunye namathafa e-arctic (afana neMongolia, iKazakhstan, iSiberia, iCanadian Prairies, ingaphakathi laseAlaska, emantla eUnited States amaThafa Amakhulu, kunye neScandinavian laplands), indawo ethe gqolo Siberian High okanye **Arctic ye-Arctic yokutshixa i-anticyclone ye-Antik Iintsuku ezingama-30 ukuya kwezingama-90 zilandelelana.

Xa le ngqele ithatha ixesha elide ilandela ulandelelwano oluthile lwemozulu, izazi ngemozulu kunye nee-arhente zeentlekele zezolimo zihlela isiganeko zisebenzisa i-dzud typology yamazwe ngamazwe evunyiweyo yiWorld Meteorological Organisation (WMO) kunye neFood and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) yeZizwe eziManyeneyo:

Ukuthintela kunye nokusombulula i-subzero fuel lock: ipropane, i-oyile yokufudumeza, kunye nedizili¶

Owona mzuzu unobungozi kusapho lwasemaphandleni olukwanti ngexesha le--40 degrees Celsius (-40 degrees Fahrenheit) i-arctic lock-in kuxa isithando somlilo esisembindini okanye ijenereyitha yogcino lufa ngokukhawuleza, kungekhona ngenxa yokuba itanki yamafutha ingenanto, kodwa ngenxa yokuba amafutha afikelele kumda wesigaba somzimba.

1. Ipropane (LPG) isitshixo somphunga wetanki ku--42 degrees Celsius (-44 degrees Fahrenheit)¶

Irhasi yepetroleum elulwelo (ipropane ye-HD-5 yorhwebo) ihlala ngaphakathi kwitanki yentsimbi yangaphandle njengolwelo olubilayo phantsi komphunga ocinezelekileyo werhasi. Xa isithando somlilo esingaphakathi sivula, sitsala umphunga phezulu; oku kuhla koxinzelelo kubangela ukuba ipropane yolwelo ezantsi ibilise kwaye izalise umphunga. - I-42.2 degrees Celsius (-44 degrees Fahrenheit) Udonga lweNdawo yokuBilisa: Kuxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric, ipropane yolwelo ibila ku ** -42.2 degrees celcius (-44 degrees Fahrenheit)**. Ku 21 degrees celcius (70 degrees Fahrenheit), uxinzelelo lwetanki lumalunga 860 kilopascals (125 psi); ku -18 degrees celcius (0 degrees Fahrenheit), yehla ukuya ku 193 kilopascals (28 psi); kwi-35 degrees Celsius (-3degrees Fahrenheit) , iwela ku **55 kilopcals (8 psi), inqabile ngokwaneleyo ukuba iqhube umlawuliamanqanaba amabini; kwaye ku-*-42.2 degrees celcius (-44 degrees Fahrenheit)**, uxinzelelo lwegeyiji lubetha 0 kilopascals (0 psi) ngoko ke irhasi enguziro ihamba nokuba itanki izele ngama-80 ekhulwini. - Ukufakwa kwisikhenkcisi kwiitanki eziphantsi: Ulwelo olubilayo ipropane lufunxa ubushushu obufihlakeleyo ngeendonga zentsimbi zetanki. Ukuba itanki igcwele ngaphantsi kwama-25 ekhulwini, kukho indawo encinane kakhulu yentsimbi emanzi ukuze ikwazi ukufunxa ubushushu obungaphandle, iqhaqhazelisa ulwelo oluseleyo olungaphantsi kwama-42 ngokukaCelsius (-44 ngokukaCelsius) naxa umoya wangaphandle uku-30 ​​ngokukaCelsius (-22 degrees Fahrenheit).

Inyathelo ngenyathelo likaxakeka ukubuyisela ukuhamba kwepropane:¶

1. Nciphisa umthwalo wokwenziwa ngumphunga we-BTU: Zicime izixhobo zegesi yesibini (izifudumezi zamanzi, izomisi, izifudumezi zegaraji) kwaye ujikelise kuphela isifudumezi sokuqala esinye ngexesha.
2. Ikhephu elicocekileyo elisebhankini lijikeleze isiqu esisezantsi setanki: Ukufaka ikhephu elixengaxengayo lijikeleze amacala asezantsi etanki kukhusela intsimbi ekupholiseni kwemitha yasebusuku. Ungaze ungcwabe idome, ivalve yokuvala, okanye isilawuli phantsi kwekhephu, kwaye ugcine indawo ejonge ezantsi yesilawuli sokuphefumla ibrashi icocekile kwiqabaka.
3. Thaba ngokukhuselekileyo isilawuli esinomkhenkce: Songa isilawuli esinomkhenkce ngetawuli uze ugalele amanzi etephu afudumeleyo (ama-40 ukuya kuma-50 ngokukaCelsius [104 ukuya kwi-122 ngokukaCelsius]), okanye usebenzise ingubo yokufudumeza yetanki yepropane edweliswe yiUL. Ungaze usebenzise iblowtorch okanye idangatye elivulekileyo.

2. Idizili kunye ne-#2 yokufudumeza iparafini ye-wax yeoli¶

Umgangatho #2 wedizili kunye ne-oyile yokufudumeza kwekhaya #2 iqulethe iihydrocarbons zeparafini ezibengezela kwi-wax platelets xa kubanda. Kwi-*Cloud Point (-9 ukuya -12 ngokukaCelsius [15 ukuya kwi-10 ngokukaFahrenheit])**, iikristale zewax zijika amafutha abe ngamafu kunye nezinto zokucoca iphepha; kwi Gel Point (-15 ukuya -18 degrees Celsius [5 ukuya ku-0 degrees Fahrenheit]), engaphathwanga #2 amafutha aqina ngaphakathi kwimigca yobhedu.

Inyathelo ngenyathelo likaxakeka likaxakeka kwi-geld fuel:¶

1. Ukuthintela ubusika ebusika phambi komkhenkce: Dibanisa #1 iDizili okanye #1 Ikerosene (K-1) kwiitanki zangaphandle #2 zamafutha (umxube we-50/50 wehla uye kutsho kumaqondo angama-35 ngokukaCelsius [-31 degrees Fahrenheit], kunye ne-100 ekhulwini #1 iparafini iqukuqela ukuya ku-42 degrees Celsius [-42 degrees Fahrenheit]). Yongeza UPhuculwa wokuHamba okubandayo (Anti-Gel) ngelixa isibaso siseshushu kune -5 degrees celcius (23 degrees Fahrenheit).
2. I-Emergency de-gelling at -40 degrees celcius (-40 degrees Fahrenheit): Ungaze uyikrazule injini yedizili ejelisiweyo ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Buyisela indawo yokucoca i-spin-on-fuel filter kunye ne-spare filter efudumeleyo egcwele isiqingatha se-**50 ekhulwini #1 i-kerosene kunye ne-50 yepesenti ye-Diesel Wax Re-Liquefier **, ugalele i-wax re-liquefier kunye ne-kerosene efudumele # 1 kwitanki, kwaye untente indlu yokucoca ngetaphu kunye ne-tape yokushisa yombane okanye isomisi seenwele imizuzu engama-30.

Ukusinda kwemfuyo ngexesha le-dzud: isondlo, izithinteli zomoya, kunye nokunqunyulwa kwamanzi¶

Ngexesha leziganeko ezinde ze-subzero kunye nama-dzud agqunywe ngumkhenkce, imfuyo iyatshabalala xa umoya obandayo ususa ubushushu ngokukhawuleza kunokuba umgudu wokwetyisa unokubilisa ifula, okanye xa ukungabikho kwamanzi alulwelo kunqanda ukuvubela kwerumen.

1. Ubushushu obuphantsi obubalulekileyo (LCT) kunye nokutya kwe-metabolic¶

Inkomo esele ikhulile okanye ihashe elinedyasi eyomileyo yasebusika ineLower Critical Temperature (LCT)-7 ukuya ku -13 degrees celcius (19 ukuya ku-9 degrees Fahrenheit) (inyuke iye kutsho +15 degrees celcius [59 degrees Fahrenheit] ukuba idyasi imanzi). 1. I-1-Percent-Per-Degree Hay Rule: Yongeza umlinganiselo wamandla agaywayo nge-1 ekhulwini ngalinye kwi-1 degree Celsius (2 degrees Fahrenheit) apho umoya obandayo wehla ngaphantsi kwe-LCT yesilwanyana. Kwi-40 degrees Celsius (-40 degrees Fahrenheit), iinkomo ezomileyo zifuna ** 30 ekhulwini ngaphezulu kwamandla okutya yonke imihla**. 2. Yondla ifula enesiqu eside, hayi izikhonkwane eziziinkozo zequbuliso: Izilwanyana ezolusayo kunye namahashe zivelisa ubushushu obungundoqo *ngemicrobial fermentation of cellulose fiber (hay)**. Ukuphinda kabini iinkozo ezikrwada kubangela i-lactic acidosis ebulalayo kunye nokuqunjelwa; endaweni yoko, bonelela ngengca ekhethiweyo kunye ne-alfalfa hay. 3. Yondla esona sidlo sefula esona sinzima phakathi kwe-16:00 kunye ne-18:00: Ubushushu beRumen fermentation bufikelela incopho iyure ezi-4 ukuya kwezi-8 emva kokutya, ukuthelekisa incopho yemveliso yobushushu yangaphakathi neyona yure ibandayo yasezinzulwini zobusuku ukuya kuthi qheke ukusa.

2. Iprothokholi ekhuselekileyo yokunkcenkceshela imfuyo¶

Ungaze uvumele iinkomo okanye amahashe ukuba axinanisene echibini elinomkhenkce elijikeleze umngxuma ophakathi, oqhekeza ishelufu yomkhenkce kwaye ibangele ukurhaxwa okuninzi. 1. Biyela amachibi anomkhenkce kwaye unqumle iindawo zokubeka ngaselunxwemeni kuphela apho iimpuphu ziphumle kumzantsi wegrabile, usebenzisa iipali ukunciphisa ukufikelela kwizilwanyana ezi-2 okanye ezi-3 ngexesha. 2. Sasaza uthuthu lomthi, isanti, okanye inkunkuma yehay ngapha kwendlela enomkhenkce ukuze izilwanyana zingatyibiliki kwaye zicande isinqe. 3. Khupha onke amaqhekeza omkhenkce anqunqiweyo emngxunyeni ngoko nangoko ukuze udaka lungatyali umkhenkce okhawulezileyo, kwaye ugqume umngxuma ongama-80 epesenti ngesiciko seplanga esigqunyiweyo.

3. Izithinteli-moya ezenziwe ngobunjineli kunye nokhuseleko losana olusanda kuzalwa¶

Yakha izithinteli-moya nge-20 ekhulwini porosity* (iibhodi eziyi-15-centimeter [6-intshi] ezinezithuba eziyi-3.8-centimeter [1.5-intshi]) ukuze unciphise isantya somoya ngama-75 ekhulwini ukunqumla i-leeward zone kangange-10 ubude bocingo ngaphandle kokulahla ikhephu emhlambini. Umandlalo womhlaba onomkhenkce kunye** neesentimitha ezingama-30 (ii-intshi ezili-12) zomququ owomileyo** ukunqanda iqabaka kwinkunzi yenkomo kunye neqabaka yombele ezinkomeni, namathole asandul’ ukuzalwa omile endlwini phambi kokuba atyiswe umthubi oshushu (38 degrees Celsius [100 degrees Fahrenheit]) kwisithuba seeyure ezi-2 zokuzalwa.

4. Ukuthintela ukungaphumeleli kwehardware kunye nokugqabhuka komgca wehydraulic kwi-40 degrees Celsius (-40 degrees Fahrenheit)¶

Xa utyisa imihlambi ngesilayishi esingaphambili okanye ucoca iingoma zokufikelela kwifama ngexesha lomkhenkce onzulu, izixhobo ezisemgangathweni zoomatshini kunye ne-hydraulic ziba brittle: - Iprothokholi yokufudumala kweHydraulic: Ku -40 degrees celcius (-40 degrees Fahrenheit), ulwelo olubandayo lwehydraulic lune viscosity yeemolasi ezibandayo. Ukubandakanya iingalo zokulayishwa kwe-hydraulic okanye ukuqhubela amandla ngokukhawuleza emva kokuqalisa itrektara cavitates impompo ye-hydraulic kunye nokuvuthela imibhobho yerabha yoxinzelelo oluphezulu. Vumela itrektara ingasebenzi nge-1,000 ukuya ku-1,200 RPM 15 ukuya kwimizuzu engama-20 kwaye ujikelise isilinda sehydraulic nganye kancinane ngaphandle komthwalo ukujikeleza ulwelo olufudumeleyo phambi kokuba uphakamise iibhali zefula ezingqukuva ezinzima. - I-high-carbon steel embrittlement: Ngaphantsi kwe -30 degrees celcius (-22 degrees Fahrenheit), izikhonkwane zentsimbi ye-carbon steel hitch, amatsheyina elogi, kunye nemikhonto yebhali yokulayishwa ilahlekelwa bukuqina kwempembelelo (**i-ductile-to-brittle transition **). Ungaze uxhuzule ityathanga lokutsala elinomkhenkce okanye uwise umkhonto onzima webhali kumhlaba onomkhenkce, njengoko intsimbi inokugqabhuka njengentsimbi etyhidiweyo kwaye ikhuphele amaqhekeza esinyithi ngakwikhabhi.

Ukusinda ukuhlala wedwa kwiiveki ezininzi kwikhaya lasemaphandleni elingaphantsi kweqanda¶

Xa iindlela zasemaphandleni zikhukuliseka zivalwe ngaphantsi kweemitha ezi-2 (iinyawo ezi-6.5) zekhephu eliqiniswe ngumoya kwaye amaqondo obushushu ahlala ku--40 ngokukaCelsius (-40 degrees Fahrenheit), iinkonzo zongxamiseko, iilori ezihambisa amafutha, kunye nabasebenzi abalungisa izinto eziluncedo basenokungafikeleli kumakhaya akude kangangeeveki ezimbini ukuya kwezine.

1. Ukwenza i-micro-climate yangaphakathi ("Igumbi-Ngaphakathi-kwiGumbi")¶

Ukuba inkqubo yakho yokufudumeza ephambili iyasilela okanye uvimba wamafutha wehla ngaphantsi kweepesenti ezingama-25: 1. Khetha igumbi elinye elincinane langaphakathi (okanye igumbi elincinane elinesitovu esivunyiweyo sokutshisa iinkuni) kumgangatho omkhulu kude nodonga olunomoya. 2. Izikhonkwane zekomityi okanye izikhonkwane zokugquma iifestile ngaphezulu kweefestile zangaphandle kwaye zijinga amaleko amabini eengubo zoboya, iingxowa zokulala, okanye ukugquma amaqamza phezu kweglasi, ukutywina imiphetho esezantsi kwifestile ukunqanda ukwehla okuhambayo. 3. Beka ixesha eli-3 okanye eli-4 intente yokukhempisha phezu komatrasi oshinyeneyo okanye iiragi ngaphakathi kwelo gumbi. Abantu abane abalele ngaphakathi kwentente encinci enayiloni enedome emiswe ngaphakathi kwigumbi elingafudumeziyo banokugcina umoya ngaphakathi ententeni ukwi +12 degrees celcius ukuya +18 degrees celcius (54 degrees Fahrenheit ukuya ku-64 degrees Fahrenheit) besebenzisa ubushushu bomzimba bodwa, naxa yonke indlu isihla ngaphantsi komkhenkce.

2. Ukukhupha imibhobho yamanzi xa kuthelekiswa nokugcina imibhobho iphila¶

Kwi--40 degrees celsius (-40 degrees Fahrenheit), imibhobho yamanzi engafudumeziyo ngaphakathi kweendonga zangaphandle ingumkhenkce kwaye igqabhuke ku **2 ukuya kwiiyure ezi-4 *, ikhukulisa indlu ngomkhenkce xa inyibilika. - Ukuba usenobushushu kunye namandla/noxinzelelo lwamanzi: Vula iingcango zekhabhathi yekhitshi kunye negumbi lokuhlambela ngaphantsi kweesinki ukuze umoya wegumbi elifudumeleyo ufikelele kwimibhobho yodonga, kwaye uvumele zombini iimpompo ezishushu nezibandayo zithontsize kumjelo ozinzileyo wepensile (amanzi ashukumayo athwala ubushushu obusuka kunikezelo lomhlaba onzulu kwaye amelana nomkhenkce). - Ukuba ubushushu bakho buyasilela ngokupheleleyo: Sukulinda ukuba imibhobho igqabhuke. Vala ivalve yamanzi yendlu enkulu ngaphantsi komgca weqabaka (okanye cima i-breaker pump yequla), vula yonke itephu kweyona migangatho iphezulu kunye neyona isezantsi ukuvumela umoya ungene, khupha iplagi yedrain esezantsi esezantsi, khuphela itanki yesifudumezi samanzi ashushu, gungxula yonke indlu yangasese ukuze ukhuphe itanki, kwaye ugalele *non-toxic pink RV propylene glycol kwisitya ngasinye, i-antifreezeb-ptrapth ngoko ke amanzi amileyo kwimigibe ayiqhekezi i-porcelain okanye intsimbi. Ukufumana iinkqubo ezipheleleyo zokubuyisela umbhobho, jonga yethu imibhobho engumkhenkce isikhokelo sikaxakeka kwaye akukho bushushu kwisikhokelo sasebusika.

Iinombolo zengingqi zikaxakeka kunye neeprothokholi ze-arhente¶

Ngexesha leentlekele ze-subzero ezinde kunye nezitshixo zomkhenkce kwezolimo, qhagamshelana nothunyelo olungxamisekileyo lwezonyango kunye ne-arhente yakho yelizwe yezolimo okanye yokhuselo loluntu:

• EUnited States: Fowunela 911 ngezonyango okanye zokhuseleko lokufudumeza iimeko zikaxakeka. Ngoncedo lokutya kwemfuyo engxamisekileyo kunye nezibhengezo zentlekele, qhagamshelana ne-county yakho ** I-Arhente yoLawulo oluNgxamisekileyo (EMA)** kunye ne- USDA yeNkonzo yeFama yeNkonzo yeFama (FSA) (elawula iNkqubo yoKhuseleko lweMfuyo kunye noNcedo oluNgxamisekileyo kwiMfuyo). Ukubeka iliso iNkonzo yeMozulu yeSizwe (i-NWS) Izilumkiso eziBanda ngokuBandekileyo (weather.gov).
• Khanada: Fowunela 911 ngamapolisa, umlilo, kunye nokuhlangula i-paramedic. Ukubeka iliso I-Environment kunye noTshintsho lweMozulu eKhanada (ECCC) Izilumkiso eziBande Ngokugqithisileyo. Oomasipala basemaphandleni kunye neSebe lezoLimo kwiphondo baququzelela ukuthuthwa kwesondlo sasebusika ngexesha likaxakeka kunye nokubekwa phambili kwe-snowplow kunyango kunye nokuhanjiswa kwepetroli.
• United Kingdom: Fowunela 999 okanye 112 ngexesha likaxakeka, okanye 105 ukuze uxele ukunqunyulwa kombane (amakhaya asemaphandleni asemngciphekweni anokubhalisa kwi-Irejista yeeNkonzo eziPhambili). Ngexesha lokutshixa kwekhephu ezintabeni, Defra, Scottish Government, kunye neNational Farmers' Union (NFU) zilungelelanisa ukufikelela ngokungxamisekileyo kwefula.
• ** I-European Union kunye namazwe aseNordic: ** Shayela ** 112 ** kuwo onke amazwe angamalungu e-EU, iNorway, ne-Iceland. E-Sweden (MSB), eFinland (Pelastustoimi), Norway (DSB), kunye ne-Iceland (Almannavarnir), amagunya okhuselo loluntu aququzelela ukufuduswa kwezonyango kwinqwelo-mafutha ekhephu kunye nokuhanjiswa kwamafutha okufudumeza okungxamisekileyo.
• *I-Mongolia, i-Asia Ephakathi, kunye ne-Asia-Pacific: ** EMongolia, biza ** 101 / 105 ** ye- I-Arhente yoLawulo oluNgxamisekileyo yeSizwe (NEMA), eququzelela impendulo ye-dzud yesiz, idawo zokugcina amadlelo ebusika, kunye need Cross / FAO ukanjiswa kwefolishi. E-China, biza 110 / 119 / 120 **; epan, fowunela 119; e-Australia naseNew Zealand, fowunela 000 (Australia) okanye 111 (eNew Zealand) kwaye ulungelelanise intlalontle yesitokhwe selizwe eliphakamileyo ngokusebenzisa amaFama aManyeneyo eNZ okanye amaSebe aseburhulumenteni aMashishini asePrayimari.

Imibuzo ebuzwa qho¶

Kutheni le nto -40 ngokukaCelsius ilingana no -40 ngokukaCelsius, kwaye kutheni iinkqubo zoomatshini zisilela kwelo nqanaba?¶

Izikali zeCelsius kunye neFahrenheit zidibanisa kwi-degrees ezingama-40 ngenxa yefomula yokuguqulwa komgca. Ngaphandle kwaloo mathematika, i-degrees -40 yintsilelo yokungaphumeleli ngokomzimba kwiziseko ezisemaphandleni: i-HD-5 propane yorhwebo ifikelela kwindawo yokubilisa emoyeni kwi -42.2 degrees Celsius (-44 degrees Fahrenheit) kwaye ilahlekelwa nguxinzelelo lwetanki, i-nitrile irabha i-O-rings kunye ne-hydraulic hoses idlula kwi-glass transition kunye nokuqhekeka xa i-oyile iguquguqukayo, i-oyile ye-oyile ilahleka, i-oyile ilahleka, i-oyile ilahleka, i-oyile iguquguqukayo isiphumo sabo sokukrala.

Ngaba ndingagalela ukuxubha utywala okanye i-petroli kwitrektara yedizili okanye itanki yeoli yokufudumeza ukuze ndiyeke i-gelling kwi--40 degrees?¶

Ungaze ugalele ipetroli okanye ugalele utywala kwi-injini yale mihla yedizili okanye itanki ye-oyile yokufudumeza. Ipetroli yehlisa iqondo le-flash point yedizili ukuya kumanqanaba oqhushumbo kwaye itshabalalisa iimpompo zesitofu samafutha kaloliwe oxinzelelo oluphezulu, ngelixa utywala bubangela ukwahlukana kwesigaba kwaye corrodes ii-injection. Dibanisa kuphela #1 parafini ecocekileyo okanye #1 idizili kunye nokusetyenziswa ozinikeleyo, utywala-free yorhwebo idizili uphuculo-flow ebandayo kunye wax re-liquefiers.

Lingakanani ikhephu elifunekayo ukunyibilikisa ilitha enye (ikota) yamanzi okusela ukuba iqula liyaba ngumkhenkce?¶

Ikhephu elingumgubo elixengaxengayo linomlinganiselo wekhephu ukuya kumanzi we-10:1 ukuya kwi-15:1, okuthetha ukuba kufuneka unyibilike iilitha ezili-10 ukuya kwi-15 (2.6 ukuya kwiilitha ezi-4) zekhephu elixegayo ukuvelisa ilitha enye (ikota) yamanzi. Ukubeka ikhephu elomileyo ngqo embizeni eyomileyo phezu kwesitovu kutshisa imbiza yentsimbi ngelixa iipokotho zomoya zikhusela ikhephu ngaphezulu. Soloko ugalela iisentimitha ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-5 (i-intshi ezi-1 ukuya kwezi-2) zamanzi aqalisa ulwelo embizeni kuqala, pakisha ikhephu elishinyeneyo okanye amaqhekeza omkhenkce emanzini ashushu ngokunyukayo, kwaye uzise amanzi anyibilikisiweyo ukuba abile.

Kutheni iigusha kunye neenkomo zisifa emva kokutya ingca eqhaqhazelisa amazinyo ngexesha le-hoafrost dzud?¶

Xa i-hoarfrost enzima okanye i-rime ice coat yomisa ingca yasebusika kwi--35 degrees celsius (-31 degrees Fahrenheit), inkomo okanye imazi elambileyo itya iikhilogram eziliqela zekristale yomkhenkce engaphantsi kwe-subzero kunye neziqu. Obo bunzima bomkhenkce buhlisa ubushushu bangaphakathi bomkhenkce busuka kuma-39 degrees celcius (102 degrees Fahrenheit) ngaphantsi kwe-30 degrees celcius (86 degrees Fahrenheit), iintsholongwane ezimangalisayo zerumen, ukunqanda ukuhamba kwamathumbu, kubangela ukuqunjelwa okukrakra, kunye nokuphuphuma kwesisu kwiimazi neemazi ezimithiyo.

Ndingenza ntoni ukuba umntu okwifama ekwanti uhlaselwa yiqabaka kwaye akakwazi ukufikelela esibhedlele kangangeentsuku?¶

Vavanya umngcipheko wokuphinda ube ngumkhenkce phambi kokufudumeza ilungu. Ngokutsho kweWilderness Medical Society kunye nezikhokelo ze-Red Cross, ukuba kukho naliphi na ithuba lokuba isandla okanye unyawo oluneqabaka lunokuba ngumkhenkce okwesibini, gcina izicubu zingumkhenkce de kube kuqinisekiswe igumbi elifudumeleyo elizinzile, kuba ukunyibilika kunye nokukhenkcezwa kwakhona kubangela ukugqabhuka kweseli eyintlekele. Wakuba ungaphakathi kwigumbi elifudumeleyo, ntywilisela isiphelo kumanzi ajikelezileyo ashushu ukuya kuma 37 ukuya kuma 39 degrees celcius (98.6 ukuya ku 102.2 degrees Fahrenheit) kangangemizuzu engama-30 de ibe nokunwebeka, nika ibuprofen ukuba ikhona, zisonge ngokukhululekileyo idijithi nganye nganye ngeyasuyasu eyomileyo engenazintsholongwane ngaphandle kokukhupha amadyungudyungu acacileyo eenyawo. Ukuthatha ikhosi yoncedo lokuqala kwi-Red Cross, iSt John Ambulance, okanye umboneleli wendawo ulungiselela iintsapho zasemaphandleni ukunakekelwa kwexesha elide.

Izikhokelo ezinxulumeneyo¶

• I-Polar vortex, ukuqhambuka kwe-arctic, kunye nokusinda kwiqabaka emoyeni
• Izikhephu zeqhwa ezisemhlabeni, ukugqabhuka kwekhephu elimhlophe, kunye nemigca yokhuseleko
• I-Hypothermia kunye ne-frostbite uncedo lokuqala olungxamisekileyo
• Akukho bushushu ebusika: ukusinda kwangaphakathi kunye nokufudumeza okukhuselekileyo

Imithombo kunye nezikhokelo ezisemthethweni¶

• Umbutho wokuTya kunye nezoLimo weZizwe eziManyeneyo (i-FAO) kunye ne-World Meteorological Organisation (WMO): Isilumkiso sikaDzud kwangethuba, iPastoral Winter Disaster Typology (White, Black, Ice, Cold, kunye ne-Combined Dzuds), kunye neziKhokelo zokuXhasa imfuyo eNgxamisekileyo.
• Inkonzo yoLwandiso lweSebe lezoLimo laseUnited States (USDA) kunye neNorth Dakota / Montana State University Extension: Ulawulo lwemfuyo yaseBusika ngexesha eliBanda kakhulu, uBuqondo obuBonelekileyo (LCT) uLungiso lweRation, kunye nobuNjineli boKunkcenkceshela kweSitokhwe seSubzero.
• I-National Propane Gas Association (NPGA) kunye ne-NFPA 58 (I-Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code): I-Propane Vapor Pressure Temperature Curves, uThintelo lwe-Autorefrigeration ye-Cold-Weather, kunye ne-Regulator Snow/Ice Clearance Safety.
• Uphando lwaseUnited States lweMimandla ebandayo yoMkhosi kunye neLebhu yezobuNjineli (CRREL): Incwadana yokuSebenza kweMozulu ebandayo: I-Diesel Fuel Waxing/Gelling Remediation, i-Subzero Battery Management, kunye ne-Extreme Cold Shelter Engineering.
• I-Wilderness Medical Society (WMS): IziKhokelo zokuSebenza kwezonyango zoThintelo noNyango lweFrostbite kunye neNgozi yeHypothermia kwiNdawo eKude neNcinci.