I-Consumer Fireworks ye-Mortar Tip-Over, i-Dud Shell Misfires, kunye noKuqhushumba kweThubhu ephinde ilayisheke¶

Amaqokobhe eArtillery anokulayishwa kwakhona (44-millimeter / 1.75-intshi yeebhola zomthendeleko kunye namaqokobhe e-canister ) kunye ne-multi-shot ** iziphindaphindi zasemoyeni (500-gram kunye ne-200-gram "amaqebengwane") zezona ziqhushumbisi zinamandla ezithengiswa kuluntu ngokusemthethweni, ziqalisa ipyrotechnic breaks breaksive-flash stars-4 (iinyawo ezili-130 ukuya kuma-200) emoyeni kwizantya zomlomo ezidlula i-160 yeekhilomitha ngeyure (iikhilomitha ezili-100 ngeyure). Rhoqo ngonyaka malunga neeholide zesizwe kunye neminyhadala, amawaka-waka abasebenzisi kunye nababukeli bathwaxwa yintlekele ukunqunyulwa kwezandla, ukugqabhuka kwamehlo avulekileyo, ukutshisa okuneqondo lesithathu, kunye nomothuko obulalayo wecraniofacial blast ukusuka kwiindlela ezine eziphinda-phindayo zokusilela: incam yetyhubhu yodaka engabotshelelwanga okanye ikeyiki edutyulwe kaninzi kwindawo ephakamileyo ivuthisa isifuba sibe shushu; **ukukroba phantsi ityhubhu yodaka ethuleyo ** emva kokuba ifuse yokuxhoma ibonakala iphuma; ukuwisa iqokobhe eliphinda lilayisheke lijonge phantsi kwityhubhu ukuze intlawulo yelifti ivuthe phezu kweqokobhe kwaye kuqhunyiswe intlawulo yekhefu ngaphakathi kumbhobho ("imbiza yeentyatyambo / ukuvuthela ityhubhu"); okanye ubambe ikhandlela laseRoma okanye umthombo wasemoyeni ngesandla esingenanto xa iplagi esezantsi yodongwe ivuthela ngasemva iphuma ngasemva kwityhubhu yekhadibhodi.

I-Pyrotechnic visco fuses kunye ne-fuses yangaphakathi yokulibaziseka kwexesha iqulethe i-oxidizer (i-potassium nitrate okanye i-perchlorate) kwaye inokuqhuma ngokungabonakaliyo ngaphakathi kwimiba ye-fuse sheath yephepha ** imizuzu embalwa ** ngaphandle kokubonisa i-spark enye yangaphandle okanye i-wisp yomsi ngaphambi kokuba ngokukhawuleza ibethe i-black-powder lift charge. Ukwazi ukuba kutheni ungaze uhambe uye kumlilo othe cwaka kangangemizuzu engama-20**, kutheni umbhobho wePVC wePVC uqhekeka ube yi-X-ray-engabonakaliyo shrapnel ukuba isetyenziswe njengodaka oluphuculweyo, indlela yokuqinisa iityhubhu ze-polyethylene (HDPE) ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu ngeengxowa zesanti okanye iibhloko ze-cinder, kwaye kutheni i-firework ikhuselwe ngeso lentloko phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu ** - igcina amehlo kunye nobomi; gcina indawo yakho amanani kaxakeka ulungile, kwaye uphonononge ukudubula kweziqhushumbisi, ukutsha kwe-sparkler, kunye nokwenzakala kwebhombu, ukulimala kwamehlo kunye nokutshiza kweekhemikhali, kwaye ukutshisa kunye nokutshisa uncedo lokuqala.

Yenza oku ngoku¶

1. UNGAZE uphinde ubuye umva, ungqiyame, okanye ujonge ngaphakathi kwityhubhu yodaka okanye ikeyiki edubula kaninzi engaphumelelanga ("dud" okanye "hang-fire"), kwaye UNGAZE uzame ukulayita kwakhona ifyuzi emfutshane. Gcina wonke umntu ubuncinane 15 ukuya 30 yeemitha (50 ukuya 100 iinyawo) kude kwaye ulinde ubuncinane obungqongqo 20 imizuzu epheleleyo; Izinto zangaphakathi zokulibaziseka kwe-pyrotechnic zinokuqhuma ngokungabonakaliyo imizuzu ngaphambi kokuba ziqhume ngqo ebusweni bakho.
2. **Ukuba ikeyiki yasemoyeni edutyulwe kaninzi okanye iingcebiso ityhubhu yodaka olunye kwicala layo kwaye iqala ukudubula oonokrwece ngokuthe tye eyadini okanye esitalatweni, YILA IFLETI EMHLABENI ngoko nangoko emva komqobo okufutshane oqinileyo (ivili lemoto emileyo, udonga lwezitena, okanye isiqu somthi) ubuso bakho bujonge phantsi kunye nezandla ezigqume umva wentamo yakho kunye namehlo akho ngelixa iqokobhe linciphisa 8 i-ricochet ekuphakameni kwedolo ukuya esifubeni; musa ungazi ubaleke ume nkqo ukuya kwikeyiki encanyiweyo ukuyikhaba ime nkqo ngelixa isadubula.
3. Ukuba isiqhushumbo somlilo sibetha iliso okanye ubuso bomntu, SUKUHHHLULA iliso, SUKUkhupha ikhadibhodi okanye inkunkuma, kwaye UNGACINEZI igawusi ngqo kwibhola yeliso. Tayipha ikhaka eliqinileyo (umzantsi wesiqingatha sekomityi yokusela ugwebu okanye isikhuselo seliso sihleli phezu kwebunzi, ucinezele intshinga kunye nehlathi isebe likaxakeka esibhedlele kunye ne-ophthalmologist ngokukhawuleza; bona ukulimala kwamehlo kunye nokutshiza kweekhemikhali.
4. Ukuba iqokobhe elinokulayishwa kwakhona okanye i-firecracker iqhuma esandleni somntu (uqhushumbo lokunqunyulwa okanye iminwe ephihliweyo), faka uxinzelelo oluthe ngqo kwisihlahla esophayo/esiphunzini ngelaphu elomileyo elicocekileyo, uphakamise ingalo ngaphezu komgangatho wentliziyo, kwaye usebenzise i-tourniquet ngeesentimitha ezi-5 ukuya kwezisi-7 (ii-intshi ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-3) ngaphezulu kwesihlahla ukuba umnwe obomvu uyaqhubekeka, usonge umnwe obomvu. I-gauze emdaka emdaka ngaphakathi kwingxowa yeplastiki etywiniweyo, kwaye ubeke loo ngxowa ebhedini* yomkhenkce kunye nodaka lwamanzi** (ungaze ubeke izicubu ezinqunyuliweyo ngokuthe ngqo kumkhenkce ongenanto okanye umkhenkce owomileyo); bona ukopha.
5. Emva kokulinda imizuzu engama-20 iqokobhe elidubukileyo okanye ikeyiki echithiweyo, khuphula ityhubhu kumgama ngombhobho wegadi, emva koko untywilisele yonke i-dud okanye idibansi yodaka phantsi kwamanzi ngokupheleleyo kwi-emele ye-20-litre (5-gallon) yamanzi ngobusuku. Ungaze ujule iqokobhe elingathanjiswanga okanye ikeyiki yekhadibhodi efudumeleyo kumgqomo wenkunkuma wendlu, umgqomo wekhadibhodi yokufaka iglu okanye iglu kwigaraji rhoqo. Iiyure ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-4 kamva.
6. UNGAZE ubambe ikhandlela laseRoma, ityhubhu yodaka ephinda ilayisheke, okanye umthombo osemoyeni esandleni sakho - ngaphandle kweemuvi ezilahlekisayo okanye iividiyo zonxibelelwano lwentlalo. Ikhandlela ngalinye laseRoma kunye nomthombo uneleyibhile yesinyanzeliso yesilumkiso: "BONGA ESENTANDENI OKANYE UKHUSELEKELE UKUPOSWA - UNGABAMBI NGESANDLA." Xa i-bentonite ecinezelweyo yodongwe iplagi kunye ne-C200 iplagi yodongwe ecinezelweyo, iplagi ephantsi-C20 i-black-powder propellant idubula ngasemva ngaphandle kombhobho ngqo entendeni yesandla sakho nasesihlahleni.

Umthi wesigqibo: Iifireworks zivutha kakubi, ingcebiso-ngaphaya, kunye ne-blast trauma triage¶

flowchart TD
    Start["I-Fireworks Mortar, i-Dud Shell, okanye i-Blest Emergency"] --> Situation{"Yeyiphi imeko kaxakeka eyenzekayo ngoku?"}
    Situation -->|"IFuse eLit yaphuma / Ityhubhu yodaka ethuleyo ('Dud' okanye 'Hang-Fire')"| DudProtocol["1. KHALA UTHI 'MISIFI -HLALA' kwaye ugcine bonke ababukeli kwi-15 ukuya kwi-30 m (50 ukuya kwi-100 ft) kude; 2. UNGAZE uhambe ujonge phantsi kwityhubhu okanye uzame ukukhanyisela i-stub fuse; 3. Seta i-timer yefowuni kwaye ulinde i-20 MINUTES epheleleyo; 4. Tshiza ityhubhu ekude ngombhobho wegadi, emva koko sebenzisa iintambo ezinde ukuntywilisela ityhubhu/iqokobhe kwi-emele yamanzi eyi-20 L (5 gal) ngobusuku."]
    Situation -->|"Ikeyiki yokuDubulwa kaninzi okanye iThubhu yoMdaka eNcetyiweyo kwaye idubule kwisihlwele"| TipOver["1. KHALA 'YEHLA' kwaye uwise phantsi ngobuso phantsi ngoko nangoko; 2. Khasa ngasemva kwesigqubuthelo esiqinileyo (ibhloko yenjini yemoto/ivili, inqwanqwa lekonkile, udonga); 3. Ukugquma emva kwentamo kunye namehlo; UNGAZE uzame ukukhaba okanye ukumisa ikeyiki edubulayo; 4. Cima imililo yengca/yebrashi ngombhobho xa ukudubula kuyekwe ngokupheleleyo"]
    Situation -->|"I-Projectile, i-Spark, okanye i-Blest Struck eye okanye ubuso"| EyeTrauma["1. MUSA ukuhlikihla, uhlambulule ngenkani, okanye ucinezele izihlunu kwiliso elenzakeleyo; 2. Tape phantsi kwekomityi yephepha / i-foam phezu kwesokisi leso (ukuphumla kwithambo); 3. Gquma iliso elingonakalanga ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuyeka intshukumo yamehlo enovelwano; 4. Tsalela umnxeba ku-911/112/999 ukuze ufumane isithuthi esikhawulezileyo ukuya kwiziko le-Ophthalmic Trauma Centre."]
    Situation -->|"Ukugqabhuka kwesandla / Ukunqunyulwa kweminwe okanye ukutshiswa ngokuqatha"| HandBlast["1. Faka uxinzelelo oluqinileyo kwisiphunzi; sebenzisa i-arterial tourniquet 5 ukuya kwi-7 cm ngaphezu kwesihlahla ukuba ukhawuleza; 2. Ukutshisa okucocekileyo kwe-thermal flash (ngaphandle kokuvula ithambo / ukunqunyulwa) emanzini apholileyo ahambayo kwi-20 min; 3. Beka amanani anqunyuliweyo kwiyasuyasu elimanzi ngaphakathi kwingxowa evaliweyo ebekwe kwindawo eludaka lwamanzi omkhenkce."]

I-Anatomy yegobolondo le-artillery yabathengi kwaye kutheni iityhubhu zodaka ziqhuma¶

Ukuze uqonde ukuba kutheni iityhubhu zodaka ezinokuphinda zilayisheke ziqhushumba emhlabeni okanye zidubule amaqokobhe kumgama ozimitha ezi-2 kuphela (iinyawo ezi-6) emoyeni ngaphambi kokuba uqhushumbise kwindlela yokungena, kufuneka uqonde ukuba iqokobhe le-airline elinezigaba ezibini lisebenza njani ngaphakathi kumbhobho:

1. Inqanaba loku-1 (I-Lift Charge kunye ne-Visco Leader Fuse):
2. Emazantsi kanye kuyo yonke ibhola engqukuva enokulayishwa kwakhona okanye iqokobhe letoti yesilinda kuhlala ipakethi encinci erhabaxa umgubo omnyama (umpu) ebizwa ngokuba yi lift charge.
3. Uhlaza ende i-visco fuse ibaleka ukusuka phezulu kumbhobho wodaka ukuya kutsho ecaleni kweqokobhe ukuya kulaa ntlawulo yokunyuswa komzantsi.
4. Xa ulayita incam yefuse eluhlaza kwaye ubuyela umva, i-fuse itshisa phantsi kwi-tube kwi-*5 ukuya kwi-7 imizuzwana **, ivutha intlawulo yokuphakamisa umgubo omnyama.
5. Ukuphehlelela iqokobhe kangangeemitha ezingama-50 (iinyawo ezili-165) ukuphakama, intlawulo yokunyuswa okutshisayo kufuneka yakhe uxinzelelo olumandla lwerhasi evalekileyo phakathi komzantsi weqokobhe kunye neplagi esezantsi evaliweyo yombhobho wodaka, ukudubula iqokobhe liphume emlonyeni njengebhola yenkanunu.
6. Inqanaba lesi-2 (I-Pyrotechnic Time-Delay Fuse kunye neFlash-Powder Break Charge):
7. Ngephanyazo kanye umrhumo wokuphakamisa ukhanyisa emazantsi etyhubhu, iphinda ivuthe ifuse emfutshane, ecothayo kakhulu ** i-pyrotechnic yokulibazisa ixesha (i-spoletta) ** eyakhelwe ngqo kwi-casing yeqokobhe ngokwayo.
8. Elo xesha i-fuse yenzelwe ukutshisa i-*2.5 ukuya kwi-3.5 imizuzwana ** ngelixa iqokobhe linyuka esibhakabhakeni, de iqokobhe lifike kwincopho yalo yeemitha ezingama-50 ngaphezulu - ngelo xesha ifuse yexesha libetha embindini intlawulo eqhumayo (i-flash powder) kwaye iqhushumba iqokobhe kwi-30-metres sphere of burning stars./strontium.

Iimowudi ezintathu zokusilela okubulalayo kwamaqokobhe odaka oluphinda lulayisheke¶

Ukuthelekisa ityhubhu yodaka: Kutheni i-HDPE ikhuselekile kwaye i-PVC yibhombu yokuqhekeka¶

Ungaze ufakele indawo umbhobho wemibhobho ye-hardware-yevenkile xa usakha i-fireworks rack engasemva kwendlu:

Indlela yokuqinisa iityhubhu zodaka kunye neekeyiki ezidutyulwe kaninzi ukuze i-tip-overs ingenzeki¶

Abantu abaninzi ababukeleyo bonzakala yi tip-overs zamaqebengwana asemthethweni adutyulwe emoyeni kunye nemibhobho yodaka engabotshwanga kunako nakuphi na ukungasebenzi kakuhle komlilo. Xa ukudubula kokuqala kuphuma kwityhubhu engabotshwanga ehleli kwingca yengca engalinganiyo okanye igrabile, i-recoil ezantsi igungqa isiseko esimxinwa ngasemva; ngokudubula kwesibini okanye kwesithathu, ikeyiki okanye ityhubhu iwela kwicala layo kwaye itshise intsalela 15 ukuya kuma-49 amaqokobhe aqhuma phezulu adubula ngqo kwizitulo zengca kwiveranda ngeekhilomitha ezili-160 ngeyure (iikhilomitha ezili-100 ngeyure).

Phambi kokukhanyisa ifuse enye, tshixa yonke ityhubhu kunye nekeyiki emhlabeni:

1. Iityhubhu zodaka eziphinda zilayishwe:
2. Ungaze ume ityhubhu enye yodaka ime nkqo engceni, kukungcola, okanye kwindlela yabahambi ngeenyawo uxhomekeke kuphela kwiplastiki yayo encinci esicaba okanye kwisiseko somthi.
3. Okanye ungcwabe umzantsi wesibini esithathwini sombhobho ngokuthe nkqo ngaphakathi 20-ilitha (5-gallon) ibhakethi epakishwe ngokuqinileyo nesanti eyomileyo okanye umhlaba, jija isiseko seplate kwindawo ebanzi 60-by-60-centimeter (2-by-2-foot) sheet of 19-millimeter (¾-intshi) plynderba yesanti okanye iibhloko ezine zesanti** okanye iiplanga zesanti ezisindayo** ngokuqinileyo kuwo onke amacala amane ombhobho.
4. Ukuba usebenzisa i-rack yodaka yomthi, qinisekisa ukuba i-rack yakhiwe ngeebhloko ze-spacer ezisecaleni kwaye zikrwelwe kwisiseko esibanzi esichasene nencam okanye ibekwe emhlabeni, kwaye ** i-engile i-rack kancinane (5 degrees) kude nababukeli ** (ungaze ubhekise kubo).
5. Ii-aerial shots ezininzi eziphindaphindayo (200g kunye ne-500g "iikeyiki"):
6. Iikeyiki ezinde, ezimxinwa ezingama-200-gram zineziko eliphezulu eliyingozi lomxhuzulane.
7. Soloko ubeka amaqebengwana kwindawo efileyo, emgangathweni oqinileyo (njengendlela yekhonkrithi okanye icwecwe elisicaba leplywood elibekwe phezu kwengca), kwaye ubeke izitena ezibini ezinzima, iipayi zekonkile, okanye iingxowa zesanti ngokuqinileyo kumacala achaseneyo ekeyiki (okanye ukuteyipha ikeyiki kwibhloko yecinder ngeteyiphu yokuqhotsa) ukuze ukuhlehla kungakwazi ukuyibhuqa kwicala layo.
8. Hlubula umva okanye susa iphepha lethishu eliphezulu phezu kwetyhubhu phambi kokuba ukhanyise ukuba uyalelwe yileyibhile ukuze iphepha elivuthayo elibhabhayo lingayitshisi ingca eyomileyo.

I-Hang-fires, misfires ("duds"), kunye nomgaqo onyanzelekileyo wemizuzu engama-20¶

I misfire (dud) sisitshisi esinefusesi etshileyo ngaphandle kokudubula isixhobo; a i-hang-fire sisixhobo somlilo esinefuse okanye into yokulibaziseka yangaphakathi **isavutha kancinane kwaye ngokungabonakali ngaphakathi kwebhokisi ** kwaye imalunga nokuqhushumba naphi na ukusuka kwimizuzwana eyi-10 ukuya kwimizuzu eyi-15 kamva.

Kuba ku-100 ekhulwini akunakwenzeka ukuchaza umahluko phakathi kwe-dud efileyo kunye ne-hang-fire esebenzayo ngokuyijonga, ukungqiyama phezu kwetyhubhu yodaka ethuleyo ukujonga ngaphakathi ngethotshi okanye ukuzama ukubamba isibane ukuya kwi-2-centimeter (0.8-intshi) stub ye-fuse engatshiyo ngoyena nobangela uxhaphakileyo we-fatal craniofacial firework trauma:

1. Kutheni ukulayita kwakhona i-stub fuse kubulala ngoko nangoko:
2. I-visco fuse eluhlaza ephuma kumphezulu weqokobhe lasemoyeni okanye i-firecracker itshisa ngaphandle malunga ne- 1 isentimitha ngesekhondi (imizuzwana eyi-2.5 nge-intshi nganye) ukukunika ifestile ekhuselekileyo ye-5-ukuya-7-yemizuzwana yokuhamba-hamba.
3. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphakathi kwe-casing, loo fuse eluhlaza ecothayo idibanisa ** i-quickmatch (umtya wekotoni omnyama-upowder-coated ngaphakathi kwityhubhu yephepha) **, etshisa nge-*30 ukuya kwi-100 yeemitha ngesekhondi (phantse ngoko nangoko)**.
4. Ukuba ifuse eluhlaza yangaphandle iphume embindini wezantsi kwaye ubuye umva ubuye ubambe isilayidi kwi-2-centimeter stub eseleyo, idangatye libetha umdlalo okhawulezayo wangaphakathi kwi-0.1 imizuzwana*, ugqabhuza iqokobhe ngelixa ubuso bakho nesandla zithe ngqo phezu komlomo.
5. Inyathelo ngenyathelo iprothokholi yokulahla i-dud:
6. Inyathelo loku-1: Khwaza "I-MISFIRE - WONKE UMNTU HLALA EBUYILE" kwaye unyanzelise i-15-to-30-meter (50-to-100-foot) indawo ecacileyo ngokupheleleyo imizuzu engama-20 ebekwe ixesha kwiwotshi okanye kwifowuni.
7. Inyathelo lesi-2: Emva kwemizuzu engama-20, yima umva kangangoko kwaye ukhukulise umphezulu wetyhubhu yodaka okanye ikeyiki ngomjelo wombhobho wegadi kangangemizuzwana engama-60.
8. Inyathelo lesi-3: Ngaphandle kokubeka intloko, isifuba, okanye ubuso phezu komphezulu ovulekileyo wombhobho (yima ecaleni uneengalo ezongeziweyo kunye neeglasi zokhuseleko), faka ityhubhu ezaliswe ngamanzi kwi-20-ilitha (5-gallon) ezele kwi-brim ngamanzi* ngoko iqokobhe eliphilayo 100 ekhulwini lintywiliselwe ngaphantsi kweeyure ezi-4* ukuya kutsho ngaphantsi kwamanzi iiyure ezi-2**
9. Inyathelo lesi-4: Ungaze uzame ukusika uvule iqokobhe ledud ukuze uphinde ufumane umgubo. Emva kokuntywila phantsi kwamanzi ngobusuku, lisonge kabini iqokobhe lekhadibhodi ezeleyo kwiingxowa zeplastiki ezinzima ukuze lingomi, kwaye utsalele umnxeba isebe lomlilo likamasipala okanye umgca wenkunkuma ongeyongxamiseko ukuze ufumane imiyalelo yokulahlwa kwendawo.

Uncedo lokuqala olukhawulezileyo lokudubula komlilo, iliso, kunye nokulimala kokutsha¶

1. Ugqabhuko-dubulo lwamehlo, intlantsi, kunye nokwenzakala kweprojekti (Umthetho we-"Cup Shield")¶

Iifireworks zibangela ukwenzakala kwamehlo amathathu ngaxeshanye: ukugqabhuka kweglowubhu ngesantya esiphezulu (ukusuka kwiqokobhe, rocket yebhotile, okanye iplagi yodongwe ebetha i-eyeball), **ukutsha kwe-corneal thermal ** (ukusuka kwi-1,200-degree-Celsius magnesium/i-aluminium iintlantsi), kunye nokutshiswa kwe-carbonalkaline yesinyithi/ikhemikhali ye-alkaline intsalela yepyrotechnic).

Ukuba nabani na ubethwe esweni okanye ekhalaza ngokungaboni kakuhle, intlungu, igazi elisweni, okanye uvakalelo olubuhlungu emva kokudubula komlilo:

1. UNGAZE uhlikihle iliso, UNGAZE uhlambe phantsi kwetephu yoxinzelelo oluphezulu, kwaye UNGAZE ucinezele ithishu egotyiweyo okanye iphedi yeyasuyasu ngqo kwibhola yeliso elenzakele ngokuqhushumba:
2. Ukuba impembelelo yomlilo ibangele ** ukuphuka kweglobhu evulekileyo (i-corneal okanye i-scleral laceration)**, ukucinezela ilaphu kwi-eyelid kukhama ijeli yangaphakathi yeso (vitreous humor kunye ne-iris tissue) ngaphandle ngokukrazula, kubangela ubumfama obungapheliyo; bona ukulimala kwamehlo kunye nokutshiza kweekhemikhali.
3. Jonga umfundi ngaphandle kokubamba iinkophe:
4. Ukuba umfundi ukhangeleka imilebe ye-teardrop, incopho, okanye engaqhelekanga, okanye ukuba i-iris emnyama emnyama/ithishu emnyama okanye igazi lizalise umphambili weliso (hyphema), i-eyeball igqabhuka okanye ichaneke kakhulu.
5. Sukuzama ukutsala ikhadibhodi, iplastiki, okanye ucingo oluncamatheleyo.
6. Faka ikhaka eliqinileyo, elinoxinzelelo lwekomityi ekhuselayo ngoko nangoko:
7. Sika umzantsi oziisentimitha ezi-5 (i-intshi ezi-2) ecocekileyo iphepha okanye ikomityi yokusela ye-styrofoam (okanye sebenzisa ikhuselo le-aluminiyam eliqinileyo elisuka kwikhithi yoncedo lokuqala) kwaye uyincamathelise kwisokethi yamehlo ukuze ungqameko luhlale ngokungqongqo kwi-ithambo eliqinileyo le-ebrow ridge ngaphezulu kunye ne-eyelid ezantsi, ungaze uchukumise i-eyebrow.
8. Gcina isigulane sihleli ngokuthe tye (i-45-degree angle) ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwe-intraocular kunye nokuthutha ngokukhawuleza kwisebe likaxakeka kunye ne-on-call ophthalmology.
9. (Kuphela ukuba uthuthu okanye intlantsi ivuthele esweni zero blunt impact kunye nomfundi ongqukuva ophilileyo, galela ngobunono ityuwa enetyuwa edikidiki okanye amanzi acocekileyo ebhotile kwiliso elivulekileyo phambi kokuba ukhusele).

2. Ukwenzakala kwezandla, iminwe ephithizelayo, kunye nokutshisa okukhazimlayo¶

1. Ukudubula kwesandla / ukunqunyulwa komnwe okonzakeleyo (ukusuka ekubambeni iqokobhe, iM-80, okanye ikhandlela laseRoma):
2. Yenza ixhoba lihlale okanye lilale ngokukhawuleza (umothuko kunye ne-vasovagal syncope zenzeka kwimizuzwana).
3. Songa isandla esophayo okanye isiphunzi sesihlahla kwitawuli engqindilili, ecocekileyo eyomileyo okanye isinxibo esingenazintsholongwane kwaye usebenzise uxinzelelo oluqinileyo lwesandla oluthe ngqo ngelixa uphakamisa ingalo ngaphezu kwenqanaba lentliziyo; bona ukopha.
4. Ukuba igazi elibomvu elibomvu le-arterial liyaqhubeka lintywila ngokunxiba ukusuka kwi-radial okanye kwi-urnar artery tear, sebenzisa urhwebo windlass tourniquet (okanye i-tourniquet yelaphu egotyiweyo eyi-5-centimeter-wide kunye nentonga eyomeleleyo yomoya) 5 ukuya kwi-7 yeesentimitha (2 ukuya kwi-3 iisentimitha ngaphezulu kwethambo elingaphantsi komthambo ongezantsi) ungaze ngqo phezu kwelungu lesihlahla ngokwalo) kwaye uqinise de kuphele ukopha.
5. Gcina onke amacandelwana omnwe oshunquliweyo: Hlambulula ubumdaka ngobunono ngesaline engenazintsholongwane ukuba ikhona (ungaze ukhuhle), songela idijithi ngeyasuyasu emdaka kancinane, uyitywine ngaphakathi kwingxowa yeplastiki engangeni manzi, uze uyidadale ngaphakathi kwisikhongozeli sesibini esigcwele isiqingatha somkhenkce kunye namanzi anesiqingatha. Ungaze uvumele umkhenkce ongenanto okanye umkhenkce owomileyo uchukumise ulusu lomnwe, oluba ngumkhenkce imithambo yegazi kwaye lwenza utyando ngokutsha lungenzeki.
6. I-Sparkler kunye nemithombo yokutsha kwe-thermal (1,100 ukuya kwi-1,600 degrees celsius):
7. Ucingo oluphathwa ngesandla izinto ezikhazimlayo luvutha nge-magnesium, i-aluminiyam, okanye i-titanium powder ku-1,100 ukuya kwi-1,600 degrees Celsius (2,000 ukuya kwi-3,000 degrees Fahrenheit)* - ishushu ngokwaneleyo ukunyibilikisa igolide kunye neglasi, kwaye ** ngaphezu kwe-15 amaxesha ashushu kunamanzi abilayo**. Nasemva kokuba iintlantsi zicimile, ucingo lwentsimbi olungenanto luhlala lungaphezulu400 degrees celcius ukuya kutsho kumzuzu, nto leyo ebangela ukutshisa kwesandla senqanaba lesithathu xa abantwana bebamba ucingo olushushu okanye beluphosa kwimbadada.
8. Ngoko nangoko bamba ukutsha kwe-thermal phantsi kwe-amanzi apholileyo, abalekayo athambileyo kangangemizuzu engama-20; ungaze usebenzise umkhenkce, ibhotolo, intlama yamazinyo, okanye i-ointment, susa imisesane kunye newotshi kwizandla ezitshileyo phambi kokuba iminwe idumbe, kwaye ugqume ngokukhululekileyo ngeplastiki yokuncamathela ecocekileyo-ifilimu okanye i-gauze engabiziyo engabambekiyo; bona ukutshisa kunye nokutshisa uncedo lokuqala.

Iinombolo zengingqi zikaxakeka kunye neeprothokholi ze-arhente¶

Ukuba ukuqhuma komlilo kubangela ukwenzakala kwesandla, ukulimala kwamehlo, okanye isakhiwo / umlilo webrashi:

• ** I-United States kunye neKhanada: ** Fowunela ** 911 ** ngokukhawuleza. Izixhobo zomlilo zabathengi eUnited States zilawulwa yi- US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) phantsi koMthetho we-Federal Hazardous Substances Act (**16 CFR Parts 1500 kunye ne-1507 **, ekhawulela ubunzima be-aerial iqokobhe umgubo, ifuna i-3-to-9-yesibini i-fuse yexesha lokutshisa, kunye nokuvalwa kwe-mg ye-50mb ye-powder powder ngaphezu kwe-M-8mb engekho mthethweni) Iziko lotywala, icuba, imipu neziqhushumbisi (ATF), kunye NFPA 1123 / NFPA 1124 / NFPA 1126. ECanada, i-fireworks yabathengi (iKlasi F.1) ilawulwa yi-**Natural Resources Canada (i-NRCan Explosives Regulatory Division) **.
• United Kingdom: Fowunela 999 okanye 112. Ilawulwa yi-Ofisi yoKhuseleko lweMveliso kunye neMigangatho (OPSS)* kunye neSigqeba sezeMpilo noKhuseleko (HSE) phantsi kwe-Pyrotechnic Articles (Safety) Regulations 2015 kunye BS EN 15947 (eyahlulahlula iziqhushumbisi zibe Udidi F1 lwangaphakathi/udidi lomlilo olusezantsiIcandelo lomlilo elisezantsi8 icandelo lomlilo elisezantsi8 icandelo lomlilo eliphantsi / Iinyawo ezingama-26 ubuncinane umgama wababukeli*, Udidi F3 bonisa iifireworks ezifuna ama-25 eemitha / 82-eenyawo umgama ophantsi wababukeli, kunye Udidi F4 lobuchwephesha kuphela).
• ** IManyano yaseYurophu:** Fowunela 112. Ukulawulwa phantsi kwe-Umyalelo we-EU 2013/29/EU kumanqaku e-pyrotechnic (efuna ukumakishwa kwe-CE kunye ne-F1/F2/F3/F4 iindidi zemigama phantsi kwe-EN 15947).
• Ostreliya neNew Zealand: Fowunela 000 e-Australia okanye 111 eNew Zealand. Qaphela ukuba iifireworks zabasebenzisi abangenamvume zithintelwe kwiindawo ezininzi zaseOstreliya (ngaphandle koMmandla oMntla ngoMhla woMmandla kunye nezibonisi ezinelayisenisi) phantsi kwe-klzzwxh:0108, kwaye ngokungqongqo ixesha/uhlobo-luthintelwe ew Zealand phantsi kwe-WorkSafe NZ / EPA Izinto ezinobungozi (IFireworks) Regulations.
• ** I-Indiya kunye ne-Asia-Pacific: ** Shayela ** 112 ** eIndiya (kunye ** 101 ** yoMlilo / ** 108 ** ye-Ambulance), ** 119 ** eJapan naseMzantsi Korea, okanye ** 995 ** eSingapore.

Imibuzo ebuzwa qho¶

Kutheni kuyingozi nje ukujonga phantsi ityhubhu yodaka okanye uzame ukukhanyisa kwakhona umlilo ongakhange ucime?¶

Xa ulayita ifuse yangaphandle yokhuseleko eluhlaza kwiqokobhe lodaka oluphinda lilayishwe okanye ikeyiki ecothayo, loo fuse yangaphandle icothayo yenzelwe ukutshisa imizuzwana emi-5 ukuya kweyesi-7 phambi kokuba kulayite ifuse yangaphakathi ethi "quickmatch" okanye into yokulibaziseka yepyrotechnic evutha kwiqhezu lomzuzwana. Ukuba ifyuzi ibonakala iphuma ("misfire" okanye "hang-fire"), ilahle elivuthayo lingaqhubeka liqhuma lingabonakali ngaphakathi kumbindi wefuse yephepha okanye ibhokisi yekhadibhodi kangangemizuzu emininzi ngaphandle kokuvelisa nawuphi na umsi obonakalayo okanye iintlantsi, ngaphambi kokuba ngequbuliso ibethe intlawulo yokunyusa umgubo omnyama kwaye ikhuphe iqokobhe eliqhumayo ngeekhilomitha ezili-160 ngeyure (iikhilomitha eziyi-1600 ngeyure). Ngokufanayo, ukubamba isilayidi ukuya kwisiqu esifutshane esingatshiyo sefuse kugqitha ulibaziseko lokhuseleko lwemizuzwana emi-6 kwaye kubangele ukuhambelana okukhawulezayo kwangaphakathi ngoko nangoko esandleni sakho. Hlala ubuncinane kwi-15 ukuya kwi-30 yeemitha (50 ukuya kwi-100 iinyawo) kwaye ulinde imizuzu engama-20 epheleleyo phambi kokuba ufunxe umlilo owenziwe kakubi ngombhobho.

Kwenzeka ntoni xa uthe ngempazamo uwisa igobolondo leentolo ezinokuphinda lilayisheke kwityhubhu yodaka ijonge phantsi?¶

Lonke iqokobhe letoli elinokuphinda lilayisheke linomgubo walo omnyama wokuphakamisa umgubo opakishwe kwisiseko esisezantsi seqokobhe ukuze xa lilayita ngokuchasene neplagi esezantsi evaliweyo yombhobho wodaka, uxinzelelo lwerhasi ebanjiweyo ludubula iqokobhe kangangeemitha ezingama-50 (iinyawo ezili-165) esibhakabhakeni ngaphambi kokuba i-fuse yexesha langaphakathi yemizuzwana emi-3 iqhume eyona ntlawulo iphambili yokudubula emoyeni. Ukuba ulayisha iqokobhe lijonge phantsi ebumnyameni, intlawulo yokuphakamisa ihlala phezulu kwiqokobhe elijonge esibhakabhakeni esivulekileyo. Xa ulayita i-fuse, intlawulo yokuphakamisa ivele idanyaze umphezulu ovulekileyo wetyhubhu njengomthombo ngaphandle kokuphakamisa iqokobhe ngesentimitha enye-kodwa isakhanyisa i-fuse yemizuzwana emi-3 yangaphakathi yokulibaziseka. Kwimizuzwana emithathu emva koko, isiqhushumbisi esikhulu sogqabhuko-dubulo lwe-eriyali yogqabhuko-dubulo lugqabhuka kanye ngaphakathi kumbhobho okumgangatho ophantsi ("ukuvuthelwa kweentyatyambo zeentyatyambo"), kujulwa iinkwenkwezi ezivuthayo kunye neengqukuva ngokuthe tye kwiyadi.

Kutheni ungaze usebenzise umbhobho wePVC omhlophe ukwenza i-fireworks mortar rack?¶

Umbhobho wePVC omhlophe okanye ongwevu uqinile kwaye uyaqhawuka phantsi kwamaza othusayo agqabhukileyo. Ukuba iqokobhe lomlilo liyagqabhuka ngaphakathi kumbhobho wePVC (ngenxa yokuba wawulayishwe ujonge phantsi okanye unexesha elineziphene), umbhobho wePVC uyaqhekeka njengombhobho oqhekezayo ube ngamawaka eeraza ezibukhali zeplastiki eziphaphazela ngaphezulu kweemitha ezingama-300 ngomzuzwana (1,000 leenyawo ngomzuzwana). Okubi nangakumbi, ngenxa yokuba iplastiki yePVC ingenazo iintsimbi ezinzima, ezo ziqwenga zeplastiki ezingcwatyiweyo ziphantse zingabonakali kwiiX-reyi eziqhelekileyo zesibhedlele, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima kakhulu koogqirha botyando lokwenzakala ukuba bazifumane baze bazisuse esifubeni, entanyeni, okanye emehlweni exhoba. Iityhubhu zodaka ezisemthethweni zenziwa kuphela kwi-High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), ikhadibhodi enzima yenxeba le-spiral, okanye i-filament-wound fiberglass, ekrazula okanye ikrazuke kunokuba iqhekeke ibe yi-shrapnel eqinile.

Kutheni amakhandlela aseRoma evuthela ezandleni zabantu xa befanele ukudubula iibhola ezincinci ezinemibala ngaphambili?¶

Ikhandlela laseRoma yityhubhu yekhadibhodi ende epakishwe ngamaleko atshintshanayo omgubo wokulibaziseka okucothayo, iinkwenkwezi ezinemibala yepyrotechnic, kunye neentlawulo zokuphakamisa umgubo omnyama, otywinwe kwisiphelo somqheba osezantsi ngeplagi ecinezelweyo yodongwe olomileyo lwe-bentonite. Njengoko ibhola nganye idubula ezantsi kombhobho, ubushushu noxinzelelo lwakha ngokuthe ngqo kuloo plagi yodongwe isezantsi. Ukuba udonga lwekhadibhodi lunomgangatho omncinci wokwenza izinto, lufumile kwaye lome, okanye ukuba iplagi yodongwe esezantsi iyaqhekeka, inkwenkwezi elandelayo ye-1,200-degree-Celsius evuthayo kunye nentlawulo yomgubo omnyama ivuthela ngasemva ibheke ngasemva isiphelo setyhubhu ngqo entendeni kunye nesandla sakhe nabani na oyibambeyo. Soloko ungcwaba isiqingatha esisezantsi sekhandlela laseRoma kwi-emele yesanti okanye umhlaba okanye uyiteyiphe ngokukhuselekileyo kwisibonda somthi - ungaze usibambe ngesandla okanye ukhombe nakubani na.

Ukuba umlilo ubetha umntu esweni, kutheni ndingacinezeli ilaphu lokuhlamba elimanzi okanye ipakethe yomkhenkce emehlweni abo?¶

Impembelelo ye-firework enesantya esiphezulu ihlala ikrazula okanye iqhekeza udonga lwangaphandle lwe-eyeball (ukulimala kweglobhu evulekileyo). Ukuba ucinezela ilaphu lokuhlamba, ipakethe yomkhenkce, okanye igauze ngqo kwibala leliso eligqabhukileyo-okanye uvumele ixhoba ukuba lihlikihle iliso lalo-uxinzelelo lwangaphandle lucudisa ulwelo lwangaphakathi kunye nethishu ye-iris ngaphandle ngokukrazuka, kubangele ubumfama obungenakuguqulwa. Endaweni yoko, ungaze ubeke uxinzelelo kwi-eyeball ngokwayo: usike umzantsi kwiphepha elicocekileyo okanye ikomityi yokusela amagwebu kwaye uyicofe phezu kwesokethi yeso ukuze umphetho uphumle ngokungqongqo kwithambo le-brow elilukhuni kunye ne-cheekbone, kwaye uye kwangoko kwisibhedlele sikaxakeka kunye nogqirha wamehlo.

Kutheni le nto iibhokisi ze-fireworks zichithwa kwiigaraji kunye nezindlu kwiiyure zomlilo emva kokuba umboniso uphelile?¶

Iikeyiki zasemoyeni ezidutyulwe kaninzi kunye neziseko zomthombo zakhiwe ngeetyhubhu ezininzi ezishinyeneyo zekhadibhodi ezidityaniswe kunye nomaleko onzima wodongwe kunye nephepha. Emva kokudubula, amalahle amancinane abengezelayo ephepha elinekhabhoni kunye namalahle ahlala evaleleke nzulu ngaphakathi kwimingxuma encamatheleyo phakathi kweityhubhu apho kungafikeleliyo ukuchaphaza kwamanzi ngokukhawuleza. Xa abaninimzi bachola amaqebengwana ekhadibhodi "achithiweyo" kwimizuzu eli-15 emva komboniso kwaye bawaphose kwinkunkuma yeplastiki ecaleni kweepleyiti zephepha ezomileyo ngaphakathi kwigaraji okanye ngokuchasene ne-vinyl siding yendlu, abo bangcwatywayo baqhuma amalahle kangangeeyure ezi-1 ukuya kwezi-4 de bavuthe inkunkuma baze bayitshise indlu. Soloko untywilisela iifireworks ezichithiweyo phantsi kwamanzi ngokupheleleyo kwi-emele okanye ikiriva ngobusuku phambi kokuba uzibeke kwinkunkuma yangaphandle.

*Esi sikhokelo sibonelela ngokhuseleko olungxamisekileyo, ukulahlwa komlilo ongalunganga, kunye nesikhokelo soncedo lokuqala lokwenzakala kwiingozi zomlilo wabathengi kwaye asithathi indawo yelayisensi ye-pyrotechnic okanye ukhathalelo lwezonyango. Cinga ngokuthatha izandla ekulawuleni ukopha ("Yeka i-Bleed") kunye nekhosi yoncedo lokuqala kwi-Red Cross, i-Ambulance yaseSt John, okanye umbutho woqeqesho lwezonyango olungxamisekileyo.

Izikhokelo ezinxulumeneyo¶

• Ukudubula kweziqhushumbisi, ukutsha kwe-sparkler, kunye nokwenzakala kwebhombu
• Ukulimala kwamehlo kunye nokutshiza kweekhemikhali
• Ukutshisa kunye nokutshisa uncedo lokuqala
• Ukopha kakhulu kunye nesicelo se-tourniquet

Imithombo kunye nezikhokelo ezisemthethweni¶

• IKomishoni yoKhuseleko lweMveliso yoMthengi wase-US (i-CPSC, eUnited States): iMfundo yoKhuseleko lweMililo, iNgxelo yoNyaka yokuSebenza koMlilo, kunye neMimiselo ye-Federal Fireworks (i-16 CFR Parts 1500 kunye ne-1507)
• I-Academy yaseMelika ye-Ophthalmology (AAO, eUnited States): iFireworks uKhuseleko lwaMahlo kunye noNcedo lokuQala lwe-Ocular Trauma First (Shield kwaye Ungagubhi iProtocol)
• Umbutho woKhuseleko loMlilo weSizwe (i-NFPA, eUnited States): i-NFPA ye-1123 yeKhowudi yokuBonisa iiFireworks kunye neSikhokelo seMfundo yoLuntu yoMsebenzisi
• UMlawuli wezeMpilo noKhuseleko (HSE) kunye ne-Ofisi yoKhuseleko lweMveliso kunye neMigangatho (OPSS, eUnited Kingdom): Ukusebenza kunye kuKhuseleko lweFireworks kunye ne-BS EN 15947 Amanqaku ePyrotechnic Amacandelo oKhuseleko (F1, F2, F3)
• Imithombo yendalo yaseKhanada (iCandelo loLawulo lweziqhushumbisi ze-NRCan, eKhanada): uKhuseleko lweMililo yaBathengi, uQhagamshelwano loMdaka, kunye neNkqubo yokuLahla uMlilo